Oracle SQL Query Tuning Hints WHERE Clause

Try to avoid operations on database objects referenced in the WHERE clause. Given Query SELECT ename, hiredate, sal FROM emp WHERE SUBSTR(ename,1,3) = 'SCO'; VARIABLE name VARCHAR2(2 ! e"e# name $% &SCOTT& SELECT ename, hiredate, sal FROM emp WHERE ename = NVL (:name, ename); SELECT ename, hiredate, sal FROM emp WHERE TRUNC (hire a!e) % TR'(C (S)S*ATE!+ SELECT ename, hiredate, sal FROM emp WHERE ename )) em*n+ % &SCOTT,,--&+ SELECT ename, hiredate, sal FROM emp WHERE .a/ & 3000 . / + SELECT ename, hiredate, sal FROM emp WHERE sal 3= 0;

Alterna

SELECT ename, hiredate, sal FROM emp WHERE ename LIKE 'SCO%'; VARIABLE name VARCHAR2(2 ! e"e# name $% &SCOTT&

SELECT ename, hiredate, sal FROM emp WHERE ename LIKE NVL (:name

SELECT ename, hiredate, sal FROM emp WHERE hiredate BET"EEN TRUN %N$ TRUNC (S#S$%TE) & '((

SELECT ename, hiredate, sal FROM emp WHERE ename = 'SCOTT %N$ em*n+ = ,,--;

SELECT ename, hiredate, sal FROM emp WHERE .a/ 1 2000;

SELECT ename, hiredate, sal FROM emp WHERE sal 4 0;

HAVING Clause

The HAVING clause filters selected ro s only after all ro s have been fetched. !sin" a WHERE clause h su$$in"# etc. HAVING clauses should only be used hen colu$ns ith su$$ary operations applied to clause. Given Query SELECT d0dname, AV1 (e0sal! FROM emp e, dept d WHERE e0deptn2 % d0deptn2 1RO'3 B) d0dname 5%VIN6 dname 4% &RESEAECH& A(* dname 4% &SALES&+

Alternati SELECT d0dname, AV1 (e0sal! FROM emp e, dept d "5ERE e0deptn2 % d0deptn2 A(* dname 4% &RESEAECH& A(* dname 4% &SALES& 1RO'3 B) d0dname+

Com ine! Su "ueries

%ini$i&e the nu$ber of table loo'ups (sub)uery bloc's* in )ueries# particularly if your state$ents includ

$ulticolu$n !./ATEs. Se#arate Su "ueries SELECT ename FROM emp WHERE sal % (SELECT MA5 (sal! FROM l2267p! A(* #2mm % (SELECT MA5 (#2mm! FROM l2267p!+

Com ine! Su "u

SELECT ename FROM emp WHERE (sal,#2mm! % (SELECT MA5 (sal MA5(#2mm FROM l2267p!+

E$ISTS% NOT IN% Ta le &oins

-onsider the alternatives E0I+T+# IN and table joins depends on your data. SELECT ename FROM emp E WHERE E7ISTS (SELECT FROM WHERE A(*

hen doin" $ultiple table joins. None of the

&5& dept deptn2 % E0deptn2 dname % &ACCO'(TI(1&!+

SELECT ename FROM emp E WHERE deptn2 IN (SELECT deptn2 FROM dept WHERE deptn2 % E0deptn2 A(* dname % &ACCO'(TI(1&!+ SELECT ename FROM dept *, emp E WHERE E0deptn2 % *0deptn2 A(* *0dname % &ACCO'(TI(1&+

'ISTINCT

Avoid joins that re)uire the /I+TIN-T )ualifier on the +E,E-T list in )ueries hich are used to de end of a one2to2$any relationship. The /I+TIN-T operator causes 3racle to fetch all ro s satisf and filter out duplicate values. E0I+T+ is a faster alternative# because the 3racle opti$i&er reali& satisfied once# there is no need to proceed further and the ne4t $atchin" ro can be fetched. Given Query SELECT $ISTINCT ' e*!n+, ' name FROM dept *, emp E WHERE *0deptn2 % E0deptn2+ Alternative

SELECT ' e*!n+, ' name FROM dept * WHERE E7ISTS (SELECT &5& FROM emp E WHERE E0deptn2 % *0d

ION ALL

-onsider hether a !NI3N A,, ill suffice in place of a !NI3N. The !NI3N clause forces all ro s !NI3N to be sorted and $er"ed and duplicates to be filtered before the first ro is returned. A

includin" duplicates and does not have to perfor$ any sort# $er"e or filter. If your tables are $ duplicate records*# or you don5t care if duplicates are returned# the !NI3N A,, is $uch $ore effi (NION SELECT a##t, 8alan#e FROM de8it WHERE trandate % &9:;*EC;</& UNION SELECT a##t, 8alan#e FROM #redit WHERE trandate % &9:;*EC;</&+

(NION A

SELECT a##t, 8alan#e FROM de8it WHERE trandate % &9:;*EC;</& UNION ALL SELECT a##t, 8alan#e FROM #redit WHERE trandate % &9:;*EC;</&+

'ECO'E

-onsider usin" /E-3/E to avoid havin" to scan the sa$e ro s repetitively or join the sa$e tabl not necessarily faster as it depends on your data and the co$ple4ity of the resultin" )uery. Also# chan"e your code hen ne values are allo ed in the field. SELECT CO'(T(=! FROM emp WHERE stat7s % &)& A(* ename LI>E &SMITH?&+ ;;;;;;;;;; SELECT CO'(T(=! FROM emp WHERE stat7s % &(& A(* ename LI>E &SMITH?&+ SELECT CO'(T($ECO$E(stat7s, &)&, &5&, ('LL!! )@#27nt, CO'(T($ECO$E(stat7s, &(&, &5&, ('LL!! (@#27nt FROM emp WHERE ename LI>E &SMITH?&+

Anti &oins
An anti2join is used to return ro s fro$ a table that that are present in another table. It $i"ht be used E%. to return only those ro s in /E.T that didn5t join to anythin" in E%.1 SELECT = FROM dept WHERE deptn2 NOT IN (SELECT deptn2 FROM EM3!+ SELECT FROM WHERE %N$ dept0= dept, emp dept0deptn2 % emp0deptn2 (A! em*'RO"I$ IS NULL;

SELECT = FROM dept WHERE (OT E7ISTS (SELECT NULL FROM emp WHERE emp0deptn2 % dept0deptn2!+

Outer &oins

Nor$ally# an outer join of table A to table 6 ould return every record in table A# and if it had a $ate in as ell. Every ro in table A ould be output# but so$e ro s of table 6 $i"ht not appear in the result s ebery ro in table A# as ell as every ro in table 6. The synta4 for a full outer join is ne in 3racle 7i# it is possible to produce full outer joins sets usin" conventional +8,. 7pdate emp set deptn2 % < Bhere deptn2 % : + #2mmit+ Conventional SQL SELECT empn2, ename, dept0deptn2, dname FROM emp, dept WHERE emp0deptn2(A! % dept0deptn2 '(IO( ALL SELECT empn2, ename, emp0deptn2, ('LL FROM emp, dept WHERE emp0deptn2 % dept0deptn2(A! A(* dept0deptn2 IS ('LL OR*ER B) :,2,9,C+ EM3(O ;;;;;;;;;; ,9D< ,C<< ,/2: ,/DD ,D/C ,D<,,-2 ,,-,-9< ,-CC ,-,D ,< ,< 2 ,<9C E(AME *E3T(O *(AME ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;; SMITH 2 RESEARCH ALLE( 9 SALES WAR* 9 SALES EO(ES 2 RESEARCH MARTI( 9 SALES BLA>E 9 SALES CLAR> < SCOTT 2 RESEARCH >I(1 < T'R(ER 9 SALES A*AMS 2 RESEARCH EAMES 9 SALES FOR* 2 RESEARCH MILLER < : ACCO'(TI(1 C O3ERATIO(S Ne) Synta* SELECT empn2, ename, (VL(dept0deptn2,emp0deptn2! FROM emp F'LL O'TER EOI( dept O( (emp0deptn2 % dept0deptn2! OR*ER B) :,2,9,C+

EM3(O ;;;;;;;;;; ,9D< ,C<< ,/2: ,/DD ,D/C ,D<,,-2 ,,-,-9< ,-CC ,-,D ,< ,< 2 ,<9C

E(AME *E3T(O *( ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;; SMITH 2 RE ALLE( 9 SA WAR* 9 SA EO(ES 2 RE MARTI( 9 SA BLA>E 9 SA CLAR> < SCOTT 2 RE >I(1 < T'R(ER 9 SA A*AMS 2 RE EAMES 9 SA FOR* 2 RE MILLER < : AC C O3

VIEWS
The inline vie is a construct in 3racle +8, here you can place a )uery in the +8, 9R3%# clause# just

3:# so hy use the co$plicated select in the first place; Why not just create the vie ; Well# one "ood "ives you another database object to $aintain# and adds $ore co$ple4ity to your syste$. 6y placin" t you have all of the code needed to support the )uery in one place.

T+e ,o)er o- Inline Vie)s

Overvie)
The inline vie is a construct in 3racle +8, here you can place a )uery in the +8, 9R3%# clause# just

3:# so hy use the co$plicated select in the first place; Why not just create the vie ; Well# one "ood "ives you another database object to $aintain# and adds $ore co$ple4ity to your syste$. 6y placin" t you have all of the code needed to support the )uery in one place. If you have a )uery as the follo in" ... SELECT 8RO9 "5ERE %N$ a !a:/e i = :i : = (SELECT 9%7 (:) 8RO9 !a:/e "5ERE i = :i ) orth to chec' if an inline vie # instead of the sub)uery ill be faster.

... it can be

E*am#le . /Re#lace Su "uery -or 0A$1

Wit+ Su "uery
CREATE TABLE test (id I(T, heiFht I(T, a##@date *ATE!+ I(SERT I(TO test (id, heiFht, a##@date! SELECT MO*(ROW('M,: !, *BMS@RA(*OM0RA(*OM, S)S*ATE;: A*BMS@RA(*OM0VAL'E( ,: ! FROM all@28Ge#ts+ D9/, r2Bs #reated0 COMMIT+ CREATE I(*E5 test@id" 2n test (id, a##@date, heiFht!+ Inde" #reated0 A(AL)HE FOR FOR FOR TABLE test COM3'TE STATISTICS TABLE ALL I(*E5ES ALL I(*E5E* COL'M(S+

Ta8le analIJed0 a/!er .e..i+n .e! !ime ;.!a!i.!i<.=!r=e; a/!er .e..i+n .e! .>/;!ra<e=!r=e; V%RI%BLE :1 NU9BER e?e< ::1 := 10

%LTER SESSION SET TI9E$;ST%TISTICS=TRUE; %LTER SESSION SET S@L;TR%CE=TRUE; SELECT Br+m "5ERE %N$ ma?(heiAh!) !e.! i = ::1 a<<; a!e = (SELECT 9%7(a<<; a!e) 8RO9 !e.! "5ERE i = ::1);

MA5(HEI1HT! ;;;;;;;;;;; :C- D 9/9 Elapsed$ $ $ 0:2

E"e#7ti2n 3lan ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; SELECT STATEME(T OptimiJer%CHOOSE (C2st%2 Card%: BItes%:,! : SORT (A11RE1ATE! 2 : I(*E5 (RA(1E SCA(! OF &TEST@I*5& ((O(;'(IK'E! (C2st%2 Card%: BItes%:,! 9 2 SORT (A11RE1ATE! C 9 FIRST ROW (C2st%2 Card%D BItes%D ! / C I(*E5 (RA(1E SCA( (MI(LMA5!! OF &TEST@I*5& ((O(;'(IK'E! (C2st%2 Car !C*r+B AeC1;+ra;1DE20'!r< AeC1;+ra;1DE20'+=! e?*/ain=.<+!!F!iAer .+r!=e?ee/a .G.=n+ #all #27nt ;;;;;;; ;;;;;; 3arse : E"e#7te : Fet#h 2 ;;;;;;; ;;;;;; t2tal C #p7 elapsed dis6 M7erI #7rrent ;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 ;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; 0 0 C r2Bs ;;;;;;;;;; : ;;;;;;;;;; :

Wit+ Inline Vie)

V%RI%BLE :1 NU9BER e?e< ::1 := 10 SELECT heiAh! 8RO9 (SELECT 8RO9 "5ERE OR$ER B# "5ERE RO"NU9 = HEI1HT ;;;;;;;;;; :C- D 9/9 E"e#7ti2n 3lan ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; SELECT STATEME(T OptimiJer%CHOOSE (C2st%2 Card%: BItes%:9! heiAh! !e.! i = ::1 i $ESC, a<<; a!e $ESC, heiAh! $ESC) 1;

: 2 9

: 2

CO'(T (STO3>E)! VIEW (C2st%2 Card%D BItes%,-! I(*E5 (RA(1E SCA( *ESCE(*I(1! OF &TEST@I*5& ((O(;'(IK'E! (C2st%2 Card%D

!C*r+B AeC1;+ra;1DE21'!r< AeC1;+ra;1DE21'+=! e?*/ain=.<+!!F!iAer .+r!=e?ee/a .G.=n+ #all #27nt ;;;;;;; ;;;;;; 3arse : E"e#7te : Fet#h 2 ;;;;;;; ;;;;;; t2tal C #p7 elapsed dis6 M7erI #7rrent ;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; 0 9 0 D 2 C: 0 0 0 0 2 ;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; 0 9 0 D 2 C9 r2Bs ;;;;;;;;;; : ;;;;;;;;;; :

E*am#le 2 /Re#lace Su "uery -or 0A$1

3ri"inal 8uery fro$ a trace session= SELECT sBit#h@time,rat@id FROM tariNN WHERE eNNdate % (SELECT MA5(eNNdate! FROM tariNN WHERE eNNdate .% TR'(C($8:! A(* Bee6daI % $82 A(* t@id % $89! A(* TO@CHAR(sBit#h@time,&HH2C$MI&! .% TO@CHAR($8:,&HH2C$MI&! A(* Bee6daI % $82 A(* t@id % $89 OR*ER B) TO@CHAR(sBit#h@time,&HH2C$MI&! *ESC

Wit+ Su "uery
alter sessi2n set timed@statisti#s%tr7e+ sele#t Oal7e Nr2m OPparameter Bhere name % &7ser@d7mp@dest&+ alter sessi2n set sMl@tra#e%tr7e+ V%RI%BLE :1 V%RC5%R2(1() e?e< ::1 := '0,'0H'1(((:13:30:31' V%RI%BLE :2 NU9BER e?e< ::2 := 2 V%RI%BLE :3 NU9BER e?e< ::3 := 31,

SELECT .Ii!<h;!ime, ra!;i 8RO9 !ariBB "5ERE eBB a!e = (SELECT 9%7(eBB a!e) 8RO9 !ariBB "5ERE eBB a!e 1= TRUNC(TO;$%TE(::1,'$$'99'####:552H:9I:SS')) %N$ IeeC aG = ::2 %N$ T;I$ = ::3) %N$ TO;C5%R(.Ii!<h;!ime,'552H:9I') 1= TO;C5%R(TO;$%TE(::1,'$$'99'####:552H:9I:SS'),'

%N$ IeeC aG = ::2 %N$ !;i = ::3 OR$ER B# TO;C5%R(.Ii!<h;!ime,'552H:9I') $ESC; SWITCH@TI RAT@I* ;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; :;EA(;<9 :;EA(;<:

E"e#7ti2n 3lan ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; SELECT STATEME(T OptimiJer%CHOOSE (C2st%C Card%: BItes%2:! : SORT (OR*ER B)! (C2st%C Card%: BItes%2:! 2 : FILTER 9 2 TABLE ACCESS (F'LL! OF &TARIFF& (C2st%2 Card%: BItes%2:! C 9 SORT (A11RE1ATE! / C FILTER D / I(*E5 (RA(1E SCA(! OF &3>@TARIFF& ('(IK'E! (C2st%2 Card%: BItes%: T:.R39= !C*r+B ?GJ'!r< ?GJ'+=! e?*/ain==.erF*I #all #27nt ;;;;;;; ;;;;;; 3arse : E"e#7te : Fet#h 2 ;;;;;;; ;;;;;; t2tal C .+r!=e?ee/a .G.=n+ r2Bs ;;;;;;;;;; C ;;;;;;;;;; C

#p7 elapsed dis6 M7erI #7rrent ;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; 0 0 0 0 0 : 0 9;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; 0 : 0 9-

Misses in li8rarI #a#he d7rinF parse$ OptimiJer F2al$ CHOOSE

Wit+ Inline Vie)

V%RI%BLE :1 V%RC5%R2(1() e?e< ::1 := '0,'0H'200E:13:30:31' V%RI%BLE :2 NU9BER e?e< ::2 := 2 V%RI%BLE :3 NU9BER e?e< ::3 := 31,

SELECT .Ii!<h;!ime, ra!;i$ 8RO9 (SELECT .Ii!<h;!ime, ra!;i 8RO9 !ariBB "5ERE eBB a!e 1= TRUNC(TO;$%TE(::1,'$$'99'####:552H:9I:SS')) %N$ IeeC aG = ::2 %N$ !;i = ::3 OR$ER B# eBB a!e $ESC) "5ERE TO;C5%R(.Ii!<h;!ime,'552H:9I') 1= TO;C5%R(TO;$%TE(::1,'$$'99'####:552H:9I:SS'),'

SWITCH@TI RAT@I* ;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; :;EA(;<9 :;EA(;<: E"e#7ti2n 3lan ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; SELECT STATEME(T OptimiJer%CHOOSE (C2st%C Card%: BItes%22! : VIEW (C2st%C Card%: BItes%22! 2 : SORT (OR*ER B)! (C2st%C Card%: BItes%2:! 9 2 FILTER C 9 TABLE ACCESS (B) I(*E5 ROWI*! OF &TARIFF& (C2st%2 Card%: BItes%2:! / C I(*E5 (RA(1E SCA(! OF &3>@TARIFF& ('(IK'E! (C2st%2 Card%:! T:.R39= !C*r+B ?GJ'!r< ?GJ'+=! e?*/ain==.erF*I #all #27nt ;;;;;;; ;;;;;; 3arse : E"e#7te : Fet#h 2 ;;;;;;; ;;;;;; t2tal C .+r!=e?ee/a .G.=n+ r2Bs ;;;;;;;;;; C ;;;;;;;;;; C

#p7 elapsed dis6 M7erI #7rrent ;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; 0 0 0 0 0 0 :< C ;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; 0 0 :< C

Misses in li8rarI #a#he d7rinF parse$ OptimiJer F2al$ CHOOSE

E*am#le 3 /cannot +ave 4oin )it+ CONNECT 561

Have you ever tried to join to a hierarchical )uery (a )uery usin" -3NNE-T 6> and .RI3R* only to "et t ORA; :C9,$ #ann2t haOe G2in Bith CO((ECT B)

3ne of the li$itations of hierarchical )ueries is that you cannot join to the$. Ho ever# there are often t the$ any ay. 9or instance# if the hierarchy table only has surro"ate 'eys# and you ould li'e to display ho you can use <Inline Vie s< to join tables to a hierarchical )uery. SELECT leOel, L3A*(& &,2=leOel;2!QQename ename, empn2, mFr, dept0deptn2, dept0dname FROM emp, dept WHERE emp0deptn2 % dept0deptn2 CO((ECT B) 3RIOr empn2 % mFr START WITH empn2 % ,-9<+ ORA; :C9,$ #ann2t haOe G2in Bith CO((ECT B) SELECT E0empleOel, S'BSTR(E0ename,:,:/! RE(AMER, E0empn2, dept0deptn2, dept0dname FROM dept, (SELECT /eKe/ em*/eKe/, LL%$(' ',2M/eKe/N2)))ename ename, em*n+, mAr, 8RO9 em* CONNECT B# LRIOR em*n+ = mAr ST%RT "IT5 em*n+ = ,-3() E

e*

WHERE E0deptn2 % dept0deptn2 L EM3LEVEL E(AME EM3(O *E3T(O *(AME ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;; : >I(1 ,-9< : ACCO'(TI(1 2 CLAR> ,,-2 : ACCO'(TI(1 9 MILLER ,<9C : ACCO'(TI(1 2 EO(ES ,/DD 2 RESEARCH 9 SCOTT ,,-2 RESEARCH C A*AMS ,-,D 2 RESEARCH 9 FOR* ,< 2 2 RESEARCH C SMITH ,9D< 2 RESEARCH 2 BLA>E ,D<9 SALES 9 ALLE( ,C<< 9 SALES 9 WAR* ,/2: 9 SALES 9 MARTI( ,D/C 9 SALES 9 T'R(ER ,-CC 9 SALES 9 EAMES ,< 9 SALES

E*am#le 3 /ROWN(0 . ,ro lem1

A ro nu$ restriction startin" ith ? or's=

R3WN!% does not or' for ran"es that don5t start at ?. A R3WN!% restriction startin" ith ? or's= SELECT ROW('M,ename Nr2m emp WHERE ROW('M BETWEE( 1 an L ROW('M ;;;;;;;;;; : 2 9 E(AME ;;;;;;;;;; SMITH ALLE( WAR* ill not or'. 9or e4a$ple= 3 3

Ho ever# if you try to use a ran"e it

SELECT ROW('M,ename Nr2m emp WHERE ROW('M BETWEE( 2 an L n2 r2Bs sele#ted !sin" an Inline Vie to "et around this li$itation=

SELECT t:0rn, t:0ename FROM (SELECT RO"NU9 rn, ename 8RO9 em*! t: WHERE t:0rn BETWEE( 2 and 9 L The $ain tric' to this )uery is the <internal< select state$ent. This select state$ent in the fro$ clause#

table# then returns the values (alon" ith the psuedo2colu$n R3WN!%* to the <outside< )uery. The ou the results of the internal )uery. In order to access the internal )uery5s colu$ns fro$ the e4ternal )uer )uery an alias (<t?< hi"hli"hted belo *= This allo s you to refer to the colu$ns usin" the <t?< (hi"hli"ht psuedo2colu$n and therefore a reserved ord# you need to alias that colu$n in the internal )uery in or )uery=

E*am#le 7 /ROWN(0 an! OR'ER 56 ,ro lem% TO,8N Queries1

The follo in" )uery for$ is al$ost ron"= FM "RON63 MF

sele#t = Nr2m emp Bhere ROW('M .% / 2rder 8I sal des#+ EM3(O ;;;;;;;;;; ,/DD ,C<< ,/2: ,D/C ,9D< E(AME ;;;;;;;;;; EO(ES ALLE( WAR* MARTI( SMITH

EOB M1R HIRE*ATE SAL COMM *E3T(O ;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; MA(A1ER ,-9< 2;A3R;-: 2<,/ 2 SALESMA( ,D<- 2 ;FEB;-: :D 9 9 SALESMA( ,D<- 22;FEB;-: :2/ / 9 SALESMA( ,D<- 2-;SE3;-: :2/ :C 9 CLER> ,< 2 :,;*EC;2

The users intention as $ost li'ely to "et the the top2five paid people 2 a top2N )uery. What the ill "e five e happen to hit*# sorted by salary. If you use an inline vie ith the 3R/ER 6> inside the inline vi sele#t = Nr2m (.e/e<! M Br+m em* +r er :G .a/ EM3(O ;;;;;;;;;; ,-9< ,,-,< 2 ,/DD ,D<E(AME ;;;;;;;;;; >I(1 SCOTT FOR* EO(ES BLA>E e.<) Bhere r2Bn7m .% /+

EOB M1R HIRE*ATE SAL COMM *E3T(O ;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; 3RESI*E(T :,;(OV;-: / : A(AL)ST ,/DD <;*EC;-2 9 2 A(AL)ST ,/DD 9;*EC;-: 9 2 MA(A1ER ,-9< 2;A3R;-: 2<,/ 2 MA(A1ER ,-9< :;MA);-: 2-/ 9

E*am#le 9 /,agination )it+ ROWN(01

.a"ination

ith R3WN!% can be used to "et ro s N thru % of a result set. The "eneral for$ of this is a

SELECT M 8RO9 (SELECT a'M, RO"NU9 rn 8RO9 (en!er G+=r >=erG here) a "5ERE RO"NU9 1= :9%7;RO") "5ERE rn 4= :9IN;RO"; SELECT M 8RO9 (SELECT a'M, RO"NU9 rn 8RO9 (SELECT M 8RO9 em*) a "5ERE RO"NU9 1= D) "5ERE rn 4= 2;

EM3(O E(AME EOB M1R HIRE*ATE SAL COMM *E3T(O ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;

,C<< ,/2: ,/DD ,D/C ,D<-

ALLE( WAR* EO(ES MARTI( BLA>E

SALESMA( SALESMA( MA(A1ER SALESMA( MA(A1ER

,D<- 2 ;FEB;-: ,D<- 22;FEB;-: ,-9< 2;A3R;-: ,D<- 2-;SE3;-: ,-9< :;MA);-:

:D :2/ 2<,/ :2/ 2-/

9 / :C

9 9 2 9 9