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tổng quan về viễn thông
tổng quan về viễn thông
Nt
mng
Nt
mng
Nt
mng
Lin
kt
Lin
kt
Lin kt
Thu
bao
Thu
bao
Thu
bao
Hnh 3.6: Cc thnh phn trong mng vin thng
3.2.2 Khi nim mng li v mng truy nhp
Mng truy nhp (Access Network) l mt phn ca mng vin thng, thc hin kt
ni cc thu bao vi cc tng i ni ht. Mng truy nhp l phn mng tnh t im cung
cp (nt truy nhp-Access Point) dch v n khch hng, n l mng trung gian cho php
ngi dng c th s dng c cc dch v t nh cung cp dch v (Service Provider-SP).
Mng truy nhp hay cn gi l mng thu bao hoc mng ni ht chim khong 50% ca u
t vo mng vin thng.
S pht trin ca cng ngh mng truy nhp tm thi chm li vo nhng nm trc
1980. Sau s pht trin li tng dn n mt trng thi gn nh l cuc chin tranh gia
cc k thut khc nhau. Trong mt khong thi gian di ti nm 1980, mng truy nhp
chim hu ht cc u th bi cc nh khai thc c quyn u t cho mng cp ng gia
thu bao v tng i ni ht ca h. Cp ng c s dng trc tin l cho mng thoi
cng cng (PSTN), sau l cc ng thu knh v th ba l mng in bo.
Cc gii php truy nhp mi c bt u pht trin vo nhng nm 80. Phn ln
trong s chng ch b sung cho mng thoi cp ng; trong s cn c mng di ng t
bo v tng t, mng d liu cng cng v mng cp TV. Tuy nhin k thut v tuyn sm
tr nn hu dng, thm ch cn cnh tranh vi c cc dch v mng cp ng, c bit l
trong cc vng c mt thu bao thp. Phng thc truyn dn s dng tip theo trong cc
mng trung k nhng nm 80 l cp si quang. Hin nay, cp si quang tr nn rt ph
bin, ngay c trong mng truy nhp nh gi thnh c xu hng gim.
S kt hp ca tnh a dng trong cng ngh v th trng khai thc t do dn n
mt tnh trng rt phc tp. V d tiu biu nht c l l in thoi, cc mc dch v s
sm c cc nh khai thc mi cho trong mi trng cnh tranh t do trn mng truy nhp
cp ng, v tuyn, cp ng trc hoc cp si quang (t nht l cho cc khch hng khi
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kinh doanh). Trong tin trnh mi ny, in thoi di ng c nhn l mt gii php thay th
hn l mt phn b xung i vi mng thoi c nh.
p ng nhu cu dch v ca khch hng, to nn nhu cu tng cao hn nhu cu
do mng in thoi truyn thng to nn, cc nh khai thc tng cng tm kim cc kh
nng cng ngh khc nhau, theo xu hng v gi thnh v cc ch tiu cht lng, tnh c
lp, kh dng ca chng.
Mng li (core network) l khi nim a ra ch cc thit b truyn thng quan
trng trong mng vin thng. Khi xy dng mng vin thng hay xem xt kin trc mt
mng li, ngi ta bc tch hai khi nim l mng li v mng truy nhp. Cc mng truy
nhp s c kt ni ti mng li - mng nn tng- cung cp cc dch v tng ng.
Mng li bao gm cc h thng chuyn mch, nh tuyn ng trc v cc h thng truyn
dn ng trc (backbone), trn c s tn hiu c truyn dn v x l chuyn ti cc
mng truy nhp tng ng ph hp.
3.2.3 Cc thit b mng
Mng vin thng l tp hp cc thit b mng c kt ni vi nhau theo mt cu
trc, kin trc nht nh v c thit lp, qun l nh cc h thng qun l tin cy. Trong
mng vin thng c khi nim v lin kt - s dng kt ni cc thit b trong cng mng
vi nhau v lin mng - dng kt ni cc mng vi nhau, cc mng c th khc nhau
c v cu trc cng nh giao thc s dng. Cu trc mng c th l cu trc sao, cu trc
vng, cu trc hn hp. Trong mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng PSTN cc thit b
mng c k n nh: Tng i, b tch ghp knh, b tp trung thu bao xa, thit b bo
hiu, thit b truyn dn, Trong mng my tnh: router, hub, gateway, bridge, Trong
mng di ng: tng i MSC, cc trm chuyn tip BSC, trm thu pht sng BTS,
gateway, trong mng VoIP: Gateway, gatekeeper, signaling gateway, Nh vy, ta thy
cc thit b trong cc mng vin thng rt ang dng v chng loi tuy nhin xu hng
chung hin nay l cc thit b s ngy cng a nng (tch hp), thng minh, bo mt v gn
nh hn.
3.2.4 Cc thit b u cui pha ngi s dng
Thit b u cui (Terminal Device) l thit b giao tip vi ngi s dng
*
v l cu
ni gia ngi s dng v mng. Thit b u cui c nhiu loi, chng rt khc nhau v
chc nng v yu cu dch v. V d: in thoi, my tnh, my Fax,
Khi nhc ti thit b khng th khng nhc ti cc giao din chun vi my mc
khc, c bit trong lnh vc vin thng. Do mt mng phc v nhiu thit b u cui nn
giao din gia thit b u cui v mng phi c chun ho vi nhau. Thit b u cui c
th l s hu ca mt c nhn hoc mt tp th (cc dch v cng cng), n thc hin cc
chc nng c bn nh sau:
- Bin i thng tin ca con ngi thnh tn hiu trong mng (in, quang ) v
ngc li.
*
Ngi s dng user: cn c gi l i tng s dng, c th l con ngi hoc my mc t ng.
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- Nhn cc thao tc ca con ngi thit lp qua mng cng cng.
- Vi s pht trin ca cng ngh, thit b u cui ngy cng linh hot, thn thin,
thng minh v gn nh hn.
- Giao din vi con ngi (Man-Machine): thn thin, d dng, a nhim, c th di
ng
- Giao din vi mng (UNI- User Network Interface): phi c chun ho, tng
thch vi nhiu mng.., cc ph, qun l d dng, bo mt tt, c chun tng
thch vi nhiu mng, nhiu v tr khc nhau.
Cc dng thc thng tin:
- Thoi (Voice): tnh thi gian thc, c th chu c t l li cao
- Ch (letter): th tn in bo: i hi tnh chnh xc
- Hnh nh, ho: dng tnh v ng: Yu cu v rng bng thng, tnh thi
gian thc, chnh xc cao (t l li bit thp)
Ngy nay, khi cc loi hnh dch v rt a dng v c cht lng cng rt khc
nhau. iu dn n thit b u cui cng rt phong ph tng ng cho tng loi hnh
dch v . Khi cng ngh in t, cng ngh thng tin ngy cng pht trin, kh nng tch
hp nhiu tnh nng trong cng mt thit b u cui ang c ch trng. Hin nay, c
nhiu thit b u cui c th s dng khai thc nhiu loi hnh dch v khc nhau v c
th s dng cho nhiu loi mng vi cng ngh khc nhau.
3.3 QUAN IM PHN TNG KHI XY DNG MNG
3.3.1 ngha ca vic phn tng
gim phc tp ca vic thit k v ci t cc mng trao i thng tin c
xy dng theo quan im phn tng (layering). Mi h thng thnh phn ca mng c
xem nh mt cu trc a tng (tng n c xy trn tng kia).
S lng cc tng cng nh tn v chc nng ca tng tng l ty thuc vo cc nh
thit k. Nguyn tc chung l mi tng tip nhn cc dch v t tng di n, ng thi li
cung cp mt b cc dch v cho tng pha trn. Vic cc dch v ny c cung cp nh th
no th cc tng trn khng c bit.
Cch phn tng trong cc mng c th khc nhau, song trong cng mt mng th cc
h thng thnh phn phi c cu trc tng (s lng tng, chc nng mi tng) l nh nhau.
Nhng tc dng khc ca cc tng c chun ho:
- Thit k d dng hn (cc h thng phc tp c chia thnh nhiu h thng nh
d qun l)
- Hiu qu hn cho vic pht trin sau ny (thay th mt tng)
- Vic nh ngha trch nhim ca mi tng s gip cho vic chun ho cc chc
nng mi.
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- Nhng chc nng nht nh s thuc v mt giao thc ca mt tng nht nh.
3.3.2 Cc tiu ch xy dng m hnh cc tng chc nng trong mng trao i thng tin
- S lng cc tng khng nhiu qu n gin ha vic thit k mng, song
cng khng c t qu v khi cc bi ton cn gii quyt trn mi tng li tr
nn qu phc tp;
- To ranh gii cc tng sao cho s tng tc v m t cc dch v gia chng l
ti thiu;
- Chia cc tng sao cho cc chc nng khc nhau c tch bit vi nhau; cc tng
s dng cc loi cng ngh khc nhau cng c tch bit;
- Cc chc nng ging nhau c t vo cng mt tng; cc chc nng c nh
v sao cho c th thit k li tng m nh hng t nht n cc tng k n;
- To ranh gii cc tng sao cho c th chun ha cc giao din tng ng v theo
kinh nghim c chng t l thnh cng;
- Khi d liu c x l mt cch khc bit th cn phi to mt tng mi;
- Cc thay i v chc nng hoc giao thc trong mt tng khng c nh hng
n cc tng khc (m bo tnh trong sut gia cc tng);
- Mi tng ch c cc ranh gii (giao din) vi cc tng k trn v di n.
- C th chia mt tng thnh cc tng con khi cn thit; nguyn tc chia tng con
c p dng tng t nh trn; khi khng cn thit cc tng con c th hy b.
3.3.2 Khi nim v giao thc, giao din v chng giao thc truyn thng
Cc my tnh mun trao i thng tin vi nhau th chng phi hiu c nhau.
Chng phi ni chung mt ngn ng. Ngn ng chung ny chnh l giao thc truyn d liu.
Trong trng hp n gin nht, khi ch c hai my tnh tham gia trao i bn tin th cng
cn phi thng nht mt lot cc tha thun (v d nh mc v dng ca tn hiu, phng
php xc nh kch thc ca bn tin, phng php kim tra li ) hai bn c th hiu
nhau.
Cc tha thun cn phi t c tt c cc tng, t thp nht (vt l) cho n tng
cao nht (trin khai cc dch v cho ngi s dng). Th tc giao tip gia hai nt mng
c m t bng mt b cc qui tc giao tip ca tng cp tng tng ng.
Khi nim v giao thc v giao din:
- Nhng qui tc hnh thc xc nh tun t v dng ca cc bn tin trao i gia
cc thnh phn mng trn cng mt tng, nhng cc nt khc nhau, c gi l
giao thc (protocol).
- Cc khi chc nng thc hin cc giao thc ca cc tng k nhau trong cng mt
nt cng giao tip vi nhau thng qua cc qui tc cht ch. Nhng qui tc
c gi l giao din (interface). Giao din xc nh b cc dch v m tng ny
c th cung cp cho tng kia. Cc khi chc nng ca mt tng cn phi bo m
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tun th giao thc ca tng mnh cng nh l cc giao din vi cc tng k trn
v di.
Khi nim v chng giao thc truyn thng
gim mc phc tp trong thit k phn cng v phn mm truyn thng my
tnh, cc chc nng cn thit c t chc thnh mt dy cc tng, mi tng c xy dng
da trn tng trc n. Ngoi nhng tiu chun quc t sn c, cn c nhiu giao thc ring
c s dng. Tt c cc giao thc ny u s dng mt dng phn tng no . S lng
tng, tn, ni dung, chc nng tng tng ca mng ny c th khc vi mng kia.
Tp hp cc tng v cc giao thc ca mi tng gi l chng giao thc. Chng giao
thc ny c t chc m bo c vic giao tip gia cc nt trong mng.
truyn thng thnh cng, hai my tnh phi s dng chnh xc cng mt chng giao thc.
Mi tng s tun theo chng giao thc ny vi cng mt tiu chun chi tit.
Hnh 3.7 minh ha cc khi nim v giao thc, giao din v chng giao thc ca h
thng my tnh. y chng giao thc gm c n tng, Mi tng trn mt my tnh thc hin
mt cuc i thoi vi tng tng ng ca my tnh khc. Cc lut v cc quy c c s
dng trong cuc i thoi ny c bit n nh l giao thc ca tng ny. Chng ta c th
ni rng giao thc ch r ngha, nh dng ca thng tin m mt tng gi xung tng di.
Thng tin ny c nhn v c hiu bi tng tng ng ti pha bn kia nu nh
cng s dng cng giao thc ny.
Nh c giao thc, mi tng bn di cung cp cc dch v cho tng trn n. i khi
cc c t dch v c tch ri khi cc c t giao thc. Chng ta c th ni dch v ca 1
tng xc nh tng nh th no theo cch nhn ca tng trn n. V d, nu mt tng cung
cp dch v truyn d liu c hoc khng c ch tm li, th tng trn c th s dng dch
v ch c tm li hay khng l tu . Vic cc dch v c thc hin nh th no
trong mt tng c ch r trong c t giao thc.
63
Tng n
Tng 5
Tng 4
Tng 3
Tng 2
Tng 1
Tng n
Tng 5
Tng 4
Tng 3
Tng 2
Tng 1
Giao thc tng n
Giao thc tng 5
Giao thc tng 4
Giao thc tng 3
Giao thc tng 2
Giao thc tng 1
My ch B Phn mm
ng dng
Phn mm My ch A
ng dng
Mi trng vt l
Truyn thng o
gia cc thc th
ngang hng ti tng
4
Truyn thng vt l
gia tng 4 ca my
ch A v B
Dch v cung cp
bi tng 3
Giao in gia tng
2 v tng 3
Hnh 3.7: Phn cp giao thc
Cc giao din gia cc tng c nh ngha cng n gin, cng r rng cng tt v
mi tng thc hin mt tp hp c th cc chc nng.
3.3.3 M hnh kt ni cc h thng m OSI
Vo cui thp nin 70, t chc tiu chun ho quc t (ISO) lp ra mt tiu ban
nhm pht trin mt khung chun cho kin trc mng my tnh, chnh l m hnh tham
chiu cho vic kt ni cc h thng m (OSI). Mc ch ca m hnh ny l gim thiu s
khng tng thch gia cc h thng my tnh.
Nm 1982, ISO pht hnh bn d tho cc tiu chun quc t mang tn ISO 7498.
Ti liu ny ch a ra khung chun cho vic thit k cc giao thc truyn thng ch khng
a ra cc c tnh k thut chi tit cn thit cho tnh tng thch. CCITT v ITU-T pht
hnh ti liu ny trn khuyn ngh X.200.
Ban u OSI c thit k cho truyn thng my tnh. Ngy nay d liu v thoi
khng nht thit phi c tch ra thnh cc mng khc nhau. Nhiu khi mng khng bit v
khng quan tm ti vic d liu ang truyn cha thng tin g. ISO v ITU-T nh r tt c
cc h thng v mng mi theo nguyn l phn tng ca OSI. Tuy nhin c mt vi h thng
ton cu khng c thit k theo OSI, tiu biu nht l Internet. Internet da trn cc chun
sn c, nhng khng c ph chun bi ISO hoc ITU-T.
Tn OSI xut pht t mc ch lm cho cc h thng tr thnh m vi h thng
khc trong vic truyn thng. Cc nh sn xut c t do s dng cc c tnh k thut
m ny. Tuy nhin vn tn ti nhiu h thng truyn d liu c quyn, cc c tnh k
thut ca h thng ny l c quyn ca nh sn xut. Do vy chng khng th s dng c
cho cc h thng khc.
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Trong m hnh OSI, truyn thng c chia thnh 7 tng (xem Hnh 3.9).
Khi chng ta xem xt n cc chc nng mi tng thc hin, chng ta s nhn thy
cc tng cng thp cng c nhiu chc nng lin quan n cng ngh mng s dng cho
truyn d liu thc s. Cn cc tng cng cao cng c nhiu chc nng phc v cho cc ng
dng phm mm chy trn cc my ch. Trong m hnh OSI, tt c cc tng t tng 4 n
tng 7 c thc hin ch trong truyn thng cc my trm cui, chng khng thc hin
qu trnh truyn d liu u-cui thc s. Qu trnh ny thuc v cc tng t 1 n 3. Mc
ch ca cc tng cao nht l tr gip cho cc ng dng phn mm, v thc hin c
iu ny cc tng cao nht cung cp cc dch v phc tp hn ch khng ch n gin l mt
lung d liu. Lung d liu ny c tng mng cung cp v c th cha li. Trong trng
hp dch v phc hi li khng c giao thc tng giao vn cung cp th cc nh thit k
phn mm ng dng phi thit k mt lc phc hi li trong ng dng ca mnh.
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical
Giao thc tng ng dng
ng dng
Trnh din
Phin
Giao vn
Mng
Lin kt d liu
Vt l
Phn mm
ng dng
My ch B
Giao thc tng trnh din
Giao thc tng phin
Giao thc tng giao vn
Network
Data link
Physical
Mng
Lin kt d liu
Vt l
a)
b)
c)
a)
b)
c)
Mng truyn thng cp di
Mi trng vt l
a) Giao thc tng mng
b) Giao thc tng lin kt d liu
c) Giao thc tng vt l
Tng 7
Tng 6
Tng 5
Tng 4
Tng 3
Tng 2
Tng 1
Phn mm
ng dng
My ch A
Hnh 3.8: M hnh tham chiu OSI
Tng vt l
Tng vt l lin quan n qu trnh truyn dn tn hiu qua mt knh truyn thng.
Vn chnh ca vic thit k l m bo khi mt bn gi bt 1 th bn kia cng phi nhn
c bt 1 ch khng phi bt 0. Cc c tnh k thut in hnh ca tng vt l gm: tc
bt, gi tr in p s dng biu din bt 0 v bt 1, s chn cm v loi b ni
(connector) s dng. Tng vt l trong cc h thng c thit k gim thiu li khi hot
ng. Trong trng hp c li th cc tng trn s b nh hng.
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Cc c t ca tng vt l lin quan n cc giao din in, c v phng tin truyn
dn vt l. Phng tin truyn dn c hiu l di tng vt l, nhng cc c tnh n
yu cu c cha trong c t ca tng vt l.
Tng lin kt d liu
Tng lin kt d liu c nhim v to lp cc khung, gi chng ti knh truyn thng
vt l thng qua tng vt l; nhn khung, kim tra li v chuyn khung khng c li ln tng
mng. Tng lin kt d liu pha nhn gi tn hiu xc nhn cho tng lin kt d liu pha
truyn. Pha truyn c th truyn li khung nu trong mt khong thi gian nht nh pha
nhn khng gi tn hiu xc nhn.
ISO nh r tng lin kt d liu cho cc mng LAN v chia cc c t thnh 2 tng
con:
- Tng iu khin truy nhp phng tin (MAC Medium Access Control)
- Tng iu khin lin kt logic (LLC Logical Link Control)
Do tnh cht phc tp ca tng lin kt d liu trong cc mng LAN m s phn chia
ny l cn thit. Trong mng LAN, cc my tnh c ni ti cng mt dy cp, chng chia
s kh nng truyn dn ca mt knh qung b (a truy nhp hoc truy nhp ngu nhin).
Tng con MAC lin quan n cc chc nng ph thuc phn cng mng. Hai v d ph bin
nht ca cc cng ngh mng LAN l CSMA/CD (Ethernet) v Token Ring. Tng con LLC
quan tm nht n kha cnh ton vn d liu nh: truyn li d liu, xc nhn vic nhn d
liu. i vi cc lin kt im-im n gin hn th khng cn phi tch tng MAC. Trong
trng hp ny, ch mt c t giao thc tng lin kt d liu cng c th bao ph ton b
tng lin kt d liu.
Trong mng LAN, mi my tnh c ring mt a ch MAC (a ch phn cng). a
ch ny c s dng xc nh ngun v ch ca mi khung trn knh qung b. Nh c
a ch MAC, cc my tnh c th c mt kt ni im-im thng qua mt knh qung b
c chia s bi nhiu kt ni im-im. Cn ch rng a ch MAC ch c s dng
bn trong mng LAN ch khng c truyn ti cc mng khc.
Tng mng
Cc tng bn di tng mng ch quan tm n cc kt ni im-im gia 2 nt.
Tng mng c nhng kin thc v kin trc mng v cng vi tng mng ca cc nt n
phc v, cc gi d liu c nh tuyn thng qua mng ti ch. Mi nt c ring mt
a ch ton cc (tng mng).
Vn chnh yu l xc nh c bao nhiu gi tin c nh tuyn t im ngun ti
im ch. Vic nh tuyn c th da trn cc bng nh tuyn c nh ti tng mng v
chng him khi thay i, hoc cc tuyn c th thay i phn nh ti trng hin thi ca
mng.
Khi c nhu cu, cc my ch ca mng c th t do gi cc gi tin. Chng thng
khng c bit g v mt lu lng ca cc my ch khc hoc ca cc kt ni trn
mng. Tnh c, nu c nhiu my ch cng trao i thng tin ti mt thi im v c qu
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nhiu gi c truyn th s to ra cc khu vc d b tc nghn trn mng. Vic iu khin
tc nghn cng thuc v tng mng.
Trong cc mng d liu cng cng, chc nng tnh cc thng c xy dng bn
trong tng mng. Phn mm trong tng mng phi m xem c bao nhiu gi tin hoc k t
m mi khch hng gi a ra thng tin tnh cc.
Trong mt mng qung b bit lp (chng hn Ethernet) vic nh tuyn n gin n
mc c th khng cn n tng mng. a ch MAC c th nhn dng cc my ch. Tuy
nhin nu cc mng ny c ni ti cc mng khc, th cc a ch mng bt buc phi c.
Ch rng cc a ch MAC s dng trong tng lin kt d liu l khng quan trng bn
ngoi mng LAN.
Tng giao vn
Tng giao vn l tng u-cui thc s u tin. Cc giao thc t tng giao vn tr
ln ca cc trm s dng mng nh mt kt ni im-im truyn thng. Thng ip
ngun trn ng i c th c tng mng tch ra v tng phin bn nhn s l ni u tin
cc gi nh thuc cng mt thng ip gp li nhau.
Tng giao vn hot ng nh mt tng giao din gia cc tng thp (dnh cho vic
kt ni mng) v cc tng cao (dnh cho cc dch v ng dng). Nhim v ca tng ny l
m bo ngn chn thng xuyn vic truyn dn t u cui n u cui khng c li v
cc gi tin khn gb mt trong qu trnh truyn thng. thc hin iu ny trong tng giao
vn c th bao gm cc th tc truyn li hoc th tc xc nhn.
Tng giao vn thng cung cp 2 lp dch v c s cho tng phin:
- Truyn cc thng ip v gi d liu ring bit qua mng. Cc thng ip c
truyn c th ti ch theo th t khc nhau v li c th xut hin. V d giao thc
UDP User Datagram Protocol ca Internet (khng thuc v cc giao thc OSI) v
giao thc giao vn, lp 1 (TP1) ca OSI (IS 9072).
- Knh truyn im-im khng li s chuyn cc thng ip theo cng mt th t nh
khi chng c gi. V d giao thc iu khin truyn thng (TCP) ca Internet
(khng c trong chun giao thc OSI) v TP4 ca OSI (IS 8072/8073)
Tng phin
Tng giao vn m bo cho s thnh cng trong truyn thng u-cui gia cc my
tnh. Thc t, qu trnh truyn thng c thc hin bi 4 tng bn di tng phin. Ba tng
cao nht khng cn thit cho qu trnh truyn d liu, nhng chng to s tng thch cho
cc ng dng v do vy cc chng trnh ng dng chy trn cc my c th hiu c
nhau.
Tng phin cho php s dng trn cc my khc nhau thit lp cc phin lm vic vi
nhau. V d, n cho php ngi s dng truy nhp vo mt h thng chia s thi gian xa
hoc cho php truyn tp gia 2 my tnh.
Tng phin cho php truyn thng cc d liu bnh thng, ging nh tng giao vn
thc hin, nhng n cn cung cp mt s dch v m rng hu ch cho cc ng dng. Chng
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hn dch v qun l iu khin m thoi. Cc phin lm vic c th cho php truyn thng
2 hng hoc 1 hng ti mt thi im. Nu truyn thng mt hng c cho php, tng
phin c th cho bit hng no ang s dng. Tng phin cn cung cp chc nng qun l
th bi, v vi s tr gip ca chc nng ny ch c my no nm th bi mi c th thc
hin mt thao tc nguy cp.
Mt dch v khc ca tng phin l dch v truyn thnh cng cc tp kch thc ln.
Nu khng c dch v ny th ch cn mt li n gin trong qu trnh truyn thng cng c
th ph hy c mt tp v do phi truyn li c tp. hn ch iu ny, tng phin cung
cp cch chn cc im kim tra vo trong lung d liu, v do vy nu c li th ch cn
truyn li d liu t im kim tra cui cng.
Tng trnh din
Nh chng ta thy, cc tng thp ch yu lin quan ti qu trnh truyn c th t cc
bt hoc d liu t ngun n ch. Thay vo , tng trnh din lin quan n dng thng tin
c truyn i. Mi my tnh c th c cch biu din d liu ni ti ring ca n, do vy
nhng tho thun v chuyn i l cn thit cc my tnh c th hiu c nhau.
Nhim v ca tng trnh din l m ha d liu c cu trc theo cc nh dng ca
my tnh thnh lung d liu ph hp cho truyn dn. Chng hn nh vic nn d liu. Tng
trnh din pha nhn gii m d liu c nn thnh dng biu din c yu cu. Tng
trnh din gip c 2 my tnh hiu c ngha ca lung bt nhn c theo cng mt cch.
Cc my tnh khc nhau c cch biu din d liu ni ti khc nhau. Tt c cc my
tnh ln IBM u s dng m trao i thp phn c m ho nh phn m rng
(EBCDIC Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code), m k t 8 bt;
trong khi thc t tt c cc my khc u s dng m ASCII 7 hoc 8 bt. Cc chp
Intel nh s cc byte ca n t phi sang tri, trong khi cc chp Motorola th li
nh s t tri qua phi. Do cc hng sn xut my tnh him khi thay i cc quy
c ca ring mnh nn cc chun ton cu cho vic biu din d liu ni ti s
khng bao gi c chp nhn.
Mt gii php m bo tnh tng thch l nh ngha mt chun cho dng biu din
mng ca d liu. Nh vy bt k my tnh no cng c th truyn thng c vi cc my
tnh khc nu n chuyn i nhng biu din d liu ni ti thnh dng mng c chun
ho ny.
Tng ng dng
Tng ng dng bao hm cc ng dng truyn thng s dng dch v ca cc tng
thp hn. Cc ng dng ca ngi s dng thc hin cc cng vic trn my tnh khng
thuc vo tng ng dng, nhng chng trao i thng tin nh s tr gip ca giao thc tng
ng dng. Chng trnh x l vn bn l mt v d v ng dng ca ngi s dng.
phc v cc ng dng ngi s dng, cc ng dng truyn thng cn thit nh
truyn tp hoc mt u cui ASCII thng c nh ngha nh cc giao thc tng ng
dng. ng dng truyn thng cung cp cho cc ng dng ngi s dng nhng dch v
khng ph thuc nh sn xut. Cc dch v tng ng dng thng sn c i vi cc lp
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trnh vin ging nh cc dch v khc cu h iu hnh. Vi s tr gip ca cc dch v ny,
nh lp trnh phn mm ng dng khng phi lo lng g v qu trnh truyn thng d liu
thc t. H c th s dng tt c cc dch v ca chng giao thc c thc hin trn mi
trng pht trin phn mm ca h.
Th in t (Email) l mt v d v cc giao thc ng dng. Trong v d ny, ngoi
cc chc nng ging vi cc chc nng ca giao thc truyn tp, n cn cung cp
cc chc nng vit sn nh xo, gi v c th. V d, nhng c tnh k thut ca
tng ng dng nh ngha nh dng ca trng a ch v trng thng ip.
phn bit gia chng trnh ng dng v tng ng dng c xc nh bi mt
giao thc, chng ta hy ly th in t lm v d. Chng ta c th c mt ng dng
chy bn trn tng ng dng. Chng trnh ny c th cung cp 9 mu, mt trnh
son tho thn thin ngi s dng, cc ca s nh a ch v nh ni dung
thng ip. N cng c th cung cp mt phng php nh a ch thn thin ngi
s dng chng hn nh khi chng ta nh mt a ch ch l John th a ch ny
s c phn mm chuyn i thnh dng m tng ng dng hiu c.
Cn ch rng dch v tng ng dng cung cp cho chng ta cc dch v truyn
thng nhng chng ta c th phi nng cao cc dch v ny cng vi mt phn mm ng
dng s dng n cho cc mc ch ni b.
3.3.4 Chng giao thc TCP/IP
TCP/IP l mt b giao thc c pht trin bi cc cc d n nghin cu cp cao
(ARPA) ca b quc phng M. Ban u n c s dng trong mng ARPANET. Khi
cng ngh mng cc b pht trin, TCP/IP c tch hp vo mi trng iu hnh UNIX
v s dng chun Ethernet kt ni cc trm lm vic vi nhau. n khi xut hin cc my
PC, TCP/IP li c chuyn mang sang mi trng PC, cho php cc my PC chy DOS v
cc trm lm vic chy UNIX c th lin tc trn cng mt mng. Hin nay, TCP/IP c s
dng rt ph bin trong mng my tnh, m in hnh l mng Internet.
Hnh 3.9: M hnh OSI v TCP/IP
TCP/IP c pht trin trc m hnh OSI. Do , cc tng trong TCP/IP khng
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tng ng hon ton vi cc tng trong m hnh OSI. Chng giao thc TCP/IP c chia
thnh bn tng: giao din mng (network interface), lin mng (internet), giao vn
(transport) v ng dng (application).
RARP ARP
TCP
Data link
IP
UDP
DNS
Application layer
Transport layer
Internet layer
Network
Access layer
FTP Telnet
SMTP NNTP
RIP
IGMP ICMP BGP OSPF
TFTP
etc...
Media
(physical)
Ping
RPC
NFS
BOOTP etc...
Hnh 3.10: M hnh phn lp b giao thc TCP/IP
Hnh 3.10 cho thy tng ng dng trong m hnh TCP/IP tng ng vi ba tng trong
m hnh OSI l tng ng dng, tng trnh din v tng phin. Tng ny cn c gi l tng
x l (process). Tng giao vn tng ng vi tng giao vn trong m hnh OSI. Tng ny
cn c gi l tng trm-ti-trm (host-to-host). Tng lin mng tng ng vi tng mng
trong m hnh OSI. Tng giao din mng tng ng vi tng lin kt d liu v vt l trong
m hnh OSI. Hnh 3.11 cho ta thng tin chi tit hn v m hnh TCP/IP vi cc giao thc
thng dng ng vi cc tng.
3.3.4.1 Tng ng dng
Tng ng dng cung cp cc dch v di dng cc giao thc cho ng dng ca
ngi dng. Mt s giao thc tiu biu ti tng ny gm:
FTP (File Transfer Protocol): y l mt dch v hng kt ni v tin cy, s
dng TCP cung cp truyn tp gia cc h thng h tr FTP.
Telnet (TERminaL NETwork): Cho php cc phin ng nhp t xa gia cc my
tnh. Do Telnet h tr ch vn bn nn giao din ngi dng thng dng du nhc
lnh tng tc. Chng ta c th nh lnh v cc thng bo tr li s c hin th.
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol): Trao i cc ti liu siu vn bn h tr
WEB.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Truyn th in t gia cc my tnh. y
l dng c bit ca truyn tp c s dng gi cc thng bo ti mt my ch th hoc
gia cc my ch th vi nhau.
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POP3 (Post Office Protocol): Cho php ly th in t t hp th trn my ch.
DNS (Domain Name System): Chuyn i tn min thnh a ch IP. Giao thc
ny thng c cc ng dng s dng khi ngi dng ng dng ny dng tn ch khng
dng a ch IP.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): Cung cp cc thng tin cu hnh
ng cho cc trm, chng hn nh gn a ch IP.
SNMP (Simple Network Managament Protocol): c s dng qun tr t xa
cc thit b mng chy TCP/IP. SNMP thng c thc thi trn cc trm ca ngi qun
l, cho php ngi qun l tp trung nhiu chc nng gim st v iu khin trong mng.
3.3.4.2 Tng giao vn
Tng giao vn chu trch nhim chuyn pht ton b thng bo t tin trnh-ti-tin
trnh. Ti tng ny c hai giao thc l TCP v UDP. Mi giao thc cung cp mt loi dch v
giao vn: hng kt ni v phi kt ni.
Giao thc TCP
Mt giao thc tng giao vn thng c nhiu chc nng. Mt trong s l to mt
truyn thng tin trnh-ti-tin trnh (chng trnh-ti-chng trnh). thc hin iu ny,
TCP s dng cng. Mt chc nng khc ca giao thc tng giao vn l to mt c ch iu
khin lung v iu khin li mc giao vn. TCP s dng giao thc ca s trt thc
hin iu khin lung. N s dng gi xc nhn, thi gian ch v truyn li thc hin
iu khin li.
TCP l mt giao thc hng kt ni. N c trch nhim thit lp mt kt ni vi pha
nhn, chia lung d liu thnh cc n v c th vn chuyn, nh s chng v sau gi
chng ln lt.
Giao thc UDP
UDP (User Datagram protocol) l mt giao thc truyn thng phi kt ni v khng
tin cy, c dng thay th cho TCP theo yu cu ca ng dng. UDP c trch nhim truyn
cc thng bo t tin trnh-ti-tin trnh, nhng khng cung cp cc c ch gim st v qun
l.
UDP cng cung cp c ch gn v qun l cc s cng nh danh duy nht cho cc
ng dng chay trn mt trm ca mng. Do t chc nng phc tp nn UDP c xu th hot
ng nhanh hn so vi TCP. N thng c dng cho cc ng dng khng i hi tin
cy cao trong giao vn.
Mt s giao thc tiu biu tng ng dng s dng UDP gm:
- Giao thc truyn tp thng thng (TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol)
- Giao thc qun l mng n gin (SNMP Simple Network Management
Protocol)
- H thng tp mng (NFS Network File System)
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- H thng tn min (DNS Domain Name System)
3.3.4.3 Tng lin mng
Tng lin mng trong chng giao thc TCP/IP tng ng vi tng mng trong m
hnh OSI. Chc nng chnh ca tng mng l nh a ch lgic v nh tuyn gi ti ch.
Giao thc ng ch nht tng lin mng chnh l giao thc lin mng (IP - Internet
Protocol). Ngoi ra cn c mt s giao thc khc nh ICMP, ARP v RARP.
Giao thc IP
IP l mt giao thc phi kt ni v khng tin cy. N cung cp dch v chuyn gi n
lc nht. N lc nht y c ngha IP khng cung cp chc nng theo di v kim tra li.
N ch c gng chuyn gi ti ch ch khng c s m bo. Nu tin cy l yu t quan
trng, IP phi hot ng vi mt giao thc tng trn tin cy, chng hn TCP.
IP cng l mt dch v phi kt ni, c thit k cho mt mng chuyn mch gi. Phi
kt ni c ngha mi datagram c x l c lp, mi gi c th i ti ch trn mt ng
i khc nhau, chng c th n sai th t. Mt s datagram c th b mt, b hng trong khi
truyn. IP da vo mt giao thc tng cao hn x l nhng vn ny.
a ch IP
Hin nay, a ch IP s dng cho a ch mng v Host trong mi trng lin mng
hin nay l IPv4 (IP version 4). Tuy nhin, a ch IPv6 v IPv9 cng c nghin cu v
th nghim thnh cng. Trong phn ny, chng ta ch nghin cu IPv4.
mc ng dng, chng ta c th coi mt lin mng l mt mng n l kt ni cc
trm vi nhau. mt trm truyn thng vi trm khc, chng ta cn mt h thng nh
danh ton cu. Ni cch khc, chng ta cn t tn duy nht cho mi trm. H thng nh
danh ny ch c s dng ti tng ng dng, khng th s dng tng mng v trn mng
cn c cc thc th khc gn ti, chng hn router.
Mt lin mng c to nn t s kt hp ca cc mng vt l (LAN hoc WAN) kt
ni vi nhau qua cc router. Khi mt trm truyn thng vi mt trm khc, gi d liu c th
di chuyn t mt mng vt l ny n mng vt l khc bng cch s dng cc router ny.
Ngha l vic truyn thng ti mc ny cng cn c mt h thng nh danh ton cc. Mt
trm phi c th truyn thng vi mt trm bt k m khng phi lo lng v mng vt l phi
i qua. Ngha l ti tng ny, mt trm cng phi c nh danh duy nht v ton cc. Hn
na, nh tuyn ti u v hiu qu, mi router cng phi c nh danh duy nht v ton
cc ti tng ny.
S hiu nhn dng c s dng tng lin mng ca b giao thc TCP/IP c gi
l a ch lin mng hay a ch IP. N l a ch nh phn 32 bt, c thc thi trong phn
mm, dng nh danh duy nht v ton cc mt trm hoc mt router trn lin mng.
Cc a ch IP l duy nht theo ngha mi a ch nh danh mt v ch mt thit b
(trm hoc router) trn lin mng. Hai thit b trn lin mng khng th c cng a ch IP.
Tuy nhin, mt thit b c th c nhiu a ch IP nu chng c kt ni ti nhiu mng vt
l khc nhau.
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Cc a ch IP l ton cc theo ngha h thng nh a ch ny phi c tt c cc
trm mun kt ni ti lin mng chp nhn.
Mi a ch IP gm 4 byte (32 bt), nh ngha hai phn: a ch mng (NetID) v a
ch trm (HostID). Cc phn ny c chiu di khc nhau tu thuc vo lp a ch. Cc bt
u tin trong phn a ch mng xc nh lp ca a ch IP.
d c v d nh, cc a ch IP thng c biu din di dng thp phn du
chm. Trong cch biu din ny, cc byte c tch ring v c biu din di dng thp
phn; phn tch cc byte ny l mt du chm (Hnh 3.11).
11000000 00000001 00000010 00000011
192. 1. 2. 3
Hnh 3.11: a ch IPv4
a ch IP c chia lm 5 lp, k hiu l A, B, C, D v E. Chiu di phn a ch
mng v phn a ch trm ca cc lp l khc nhau. Cc bit u tin ca byte u tin ca
a ch IP c dng nh danh lp a ch (0 - lp A; 10 - lp B; 110 - lp C; 1110 - Lp
D v 1111 - lp E).
IPv6
Giao thc tng lin mng trong b giao thc TCP/IP hin nay l IPv4. IPv4 cung cp
truyn thng trm-ti-trm gia cc h thng trn Internet. Cho d IPv4 c thit k tt,
nhng n vn c mt s hn ch m tr nn khng ph hp vi s pht trin nhanh ca
Internet:
- IPv4 s dng 32 bt nh a ch v chia khong a ch thnh cc lp A, B, C,
D, E. Khong a ch IPv4 l khng cho s pht trin nhanh chng ca Internet.
- Internet phi iu tit truyn video v m thanh thi gian thc. Cc kiu truyn
ny yu cu tr ti thiu v kh nng dnh trc ti nguyn. Nhng iu cha c h tr
trong IPv4.
- IPv4 khng h tr mt m v chng thc.
vt qua nhng hn ch ny, IPv6 c pht trin. Trong IPv6, giao thc IP
c thay i iu tit s thay i khng th on trc ca Internet. nh dng v chiu
di ca a ch IP c thay i cng vi nh dng gi. Cc giao thc lin quan nh ICMP
cng c thay i. Cc giao thc khc tng lin mng nh ARP, RARP v IGMP khng
cn. Chc nng ca chng c a vo giao thc ICMP. Cc giao thc nh tuyn, nh
RIP v OSPF, cng c cht sa i thch ng nhng thay i ny.
IPv6 c mt s u im so vi IPv4:
- Khong a ch ln hn. a ch IPv6 di 128 bt, ngha l gp bn ln chiu
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di a ch IPv4.
- nh dng tiu tt hn. IPv6 s dng nh dng tiu mi, trong cc
ty chn c tch khi phn tiu c s v nu cn, c thm vo gia phn tiu c
s v d liu. Do vy, lm n gin v tng tc x l nh tuyn v hu ht cc ty chn
u khng cn c router kim tra.
- Cc ty chn mi. IPv6 c mt s ty chn mi cho php cc chc nng b
sung.
- Cho php m rng. IPv6 c thit k cho php m rng khi c yu cu.
- H tr cp pht ti nguyn. Trong IPv6, trng loi dch v c b i,
nhng mt c ch (c gi l nhn lung) c thm vo cho php ngun yu cu x l
gi c bit. C ch ny c th c s dng h tr lu lng video hoc m thanh thi
gian thc.
- Bo mt hn. Ty chn mt m v chng thc trong IPv6 cung cp tnh ton
vn v tnh bo mt ca gi.
3.4 CC PHNG THC CHUYN GIAO THNG TIN QUA MNG
Thut ng ch chuyn giao c ngha l chuyn thng tin t ngi s dng ny
n ngi s dng khc. Mi lin h gia cc ch v yu cu ca nhng dch v khc
nhau l rt r rng. Trong mt thi gian kh di, cc mng vin thng c thit k cho
truyn thoi, nhng bc tranh ny thay i khi truyn d liu cng cng bt u bng n.
Hn na, truyn d liu i hi cc yu cu khc v truyn dn v tt yu dn n s pht
trin ca cc ch truyn ti ph hp vi truyn d liu. Bc pht trin tip theo l yu
cu truyn video, tin ti l truyn thng a phng tin.
Cc thit b mng v u cui mi ch l phn cng, cc link l lin kt ni cc
phn t mng vi nhau to thnh mng li v mt vt l. Thc t khi nhc n mng th
ngoi nhng thit b k trn cn phi hiu c cc thng tin truyn trn mng, cc giao thc
truyn thng qua cc giao din v phng thc ca chng.
Khi cc dng thc thng tin i vo mng th chng c chuyn thnh tn hiu rt a
dng, c th chia tn hiu lm hai loi tn hiu l tn hiu tng t v tn hiu s. Thng tin
chuyn giao qua mng l tn hiu s c a ra t thit b u cui (thng tin ca cc lp
giao thc cao). Thng tin ny sau c chuyn giao qua mng theo cc phng thc
chuyn giao (khc nhau. Trong cng ngh mng hin nay c 4 phng thc chuyn giao:
phng thc chuyn giao kiu knh, phng thc chuyn giao kiu gi, phng thc chuyn
giao kiu khung v phng thc chuyn giao kiu t bo.
Gii php l tng xc nh ra phng thc chuyn giao l n phi ph hp vi
tt c cc dch v m c tnh ti lu lng a dch v. Thc t ch ra l gii php ny
c thc hin vi phng thc chuyn giao kiu t bo.
3.4.1 Chuyn giao kiu knh
Thi im ban u khi mi c mng in thoi, thng tin c truyn dng tn hiu
lin tc trn khp tt c ng kt ni t mt thu bao in thoi ny n thu bao in thoi
74
khc. Khi k thut s ra i (t thp k 60) th h thng PCM
*
c pht trin. H thng ny
c thit k cho phng thc chuyn knh CS (Circuit Switch) v truyn dn theo khe thi
gian. S phn chia vo cc khe thi gian yu cu thng tin c chia vo cc khi c cng
di bng khe thi gian. Nu mt khi pht t in thoi, n c biu din bng mt
mu, th n cng c th cha lu lng d liu, Telex, tn hiu cnh bo... Phng thc
chuyn knh khng cn bit ph nhi vo thng tin. Khi c gim st bi phng tin bo
hiu.
c im ca chuyn giao kiu knh l: trn cc lin kt ta chia thnh cc knh thng
tin tch bit nhau v vn c bn ca kiu chuyn giao ny l to ra mt kt ni. Cc nt
mng thc hin chc nng chuyn mch. Thit b chuyn mch ti mt nt s chuyn tn
hiu t knh vo n knh ra v th ngi ta gi l chuyn mch knh. Trn cc lin kt, h
thng c chia thnh cc knh thng tin (trunk circuit) nh cc mch trung k trong mng
in thoi. Cc knh trung k l ti nguyn ca h thng phc v chung.
Khi c cuc gi qua mng, cc tng i phi trao i thng tin bo hiu nhm
thit lp mt kt ni, i qua cc lin lin quan, cc nt lin quan ni xuyn sut t my u
cui ch gi n my u cui b gi. Sau giai on hnh thnh kt ni l giai on trao i
thng tin t my u cui ny n my u cui kia. Trong giai on trao i thng tin ny
khng c cuc gi no khc s dng cc knh thng tin c gn cho kt ni trn. Sau
khi cuc gi kt thc cc knh c gn ti cc lin kt chuyn t trng thi phc v
(trng thi b chim) sang trng thi ri, lc ny cc lin kt sn sng phc v cc cuc gi
khc sau .
Trong h thng in thoi s hin nay mt knh thoi tng ng vi mt khe thi
gian trong khung truyn dn E1 gm 32 khe thi gian, tc tn hiu lung E1 l
2048kbit/s. Mt khe thi gian tng ng tc 64kbit/s (tc ca mt knh thoi
s). Tng i in thoi to kt ni gia knh vo v knh ra vi tc 64kbit/s,
ngha l mi giy phi chuyn cho cuc gi n ang phc v 8000 ln, mi ln
chuyn song song 8 bit.
Tm li, chuyn giao kiu knh c 5 c im chnh:
- Thng tin c truyn i trong cc khe thi gian c di c nh.
- Khng linh hot v bng thng.
- Chuyn mch da trn v tr khe thi gian trong khung PCM.
- Khng c pht hin li.
- Thch hp vi thoi, video v d liu tc thp.
3.4.2 Chuyn giao kiu gi
Chuyn giao kiu gi c ngha l thng tin c chia thnh cc gi ( di gi c th
khc nhau) v gi c gn nhn truyn ti qua mng. Nhn l tiu v c th gm c
ui gn thm vo cui gi (nh ui gn cc lp 2-3 trong m hnh OSI). Nhn c
*
PCM Pulse Code Modulation: iu xung m (bin i tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu s thng qua vic m
ha cc xung bin tn hiu)
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dng cho vic chuyn mch knh v pht hin li... Mng phi c trch nhim chuyn giao
gi n ng ch v theo ng th t, m bo thi gian tr cho php.
Gi tin (packet): thng tin t thit b u cui a vo mng c t chc thnh cc
gi tin. chuyn tng n v tin (n v d liu ca ngi s dng), mng a vo nhng
bit ph pha trc n v tin thnh tiu (header), khi n ch mng s xo tiu ny i.
Cc gi tin cn c chuyn n ch theo ng th t. Mt gi tin gm phn tiu
(header) v d liu ngi s dng (user data). D liu ngi s dng l cc bt thng tin gi
t thit b u cui ti mng.
Mi n v d liu ngi s dng s c gn mt header, header bao gm m ho
thng tin v ngi s dng ch, th t ca gi tin Gi tin c 2 loi: c di c nh v
c di thay i. Trong mng d liu chuyn gi (IP) th gi c di thay i.
Lin kt: Cc gi c chuyn ch trong mt khung, khung l 1 PDU (n v d
liu giao thc) ca lin kt. Mt gi c th cha trong mt khung hay nhiu khung. Cc
PDU c chuyn trn lin kt bi php ghp knh thng k c ngha l cc khe thi gian
(Timeslot-vit tt l TS) trong khung ca mt lin kt chuyn ch thng tin cho ht gi ny
n gi khc do 1 TS c th dng cho nhiu cuc gi ng thi bng lin kt khng b
cc cuc gi chim dng.
Nt: ti nt phi thc hin chc nng chuyn gi PS (Packet Switch). Trong mt nt
chuyn gi, tt c cc hng vo c nh chung trong mt b nh m vo, mi hng
ra c mt b nh ring. Thit b chuyn gi ti nt s kim tra tiu gi bit c ch
ca gi l thit b u cui no. Cn c vo bng nh tuyn, nt s quyt nh chuyn gi
ny sang b nh ra hng no. Quy trnh chuyn thc hin bng cc bus (song song). T b
nh ra, cc gi c chuyn ln ng truyn, ng vo khung v c truyn i ti mt nt
mi ni tip.
Trn lin kt d liu, a vo nhng trng ph iu khin nhng th tc chuyn
khung v pht hin ra gi b li (trng ny c tn l FCS: dy kim tra khung).
Trong phng thc chuyn giao gi ngi ta t chc cc lin kt bo hiu thc hin
cc chc nng kim sot li, sa li, lm cho cc gi chuyn qua lin khng b li. Mt chc
nng quan trng ca phng thc chuyn gi l c th iu tit dng chy lu lng, nu
cc gi i vo nt vi tc qu nhanh so vi tc u ra dn n kt qu b nh m
trong nt b y. Nt s nhn ra trng thi ny v pht thng tin iu khin ngc v pha
ngun gi gi ngn vic tip tc pht cc gi n na cho ti khi no khng gian b nh
c gii phng, khi qu trnh gi gi n li tip tc. y chnh l l chc nng iu
khin lung flow control trong phng thc chuyn gi.
S khc nhau gia phng thc chuyn knh (CS) v phng thc chuyn gi
(PS)
Tc chuyn giao thng tin ca phng thc gi bng tc chuyn knh v
phng thc chuyn knh mng khng a cc bit ph vo. Nhng i vi phng thc
chuyn gi, tc chuyn giao thng tin nh hn tc knh truyn v mng a thm
cc bt ph to tiu v hot ng theo c ch iu khin lung. V vy nh gi tc
76
knh ngi ta a ra khi nim thng lng (throughput), n ph thuc vo cht lng
ng truyn v kch thc gi.
Tc chuyn giao cc lin kt i vi phng thc chuyn knh lun lun bng
nhau, song i vi phng thc chuyn gi c th khc nhau. Tuy nhin, trong truyn s liu
phng thc chuyn gi c u im hn so vi phng thc chuyn knh nh tc gi v
tc phin nhn c th khc nhau v thi gian ca phin truyn thng ngn.
Phng thc chuyn knh thun tin cho thng tin thoi v mt cuc gi c con
ngi tham gia thng din ra trong khong thi gian vi pht nhng truyn d liu l hai
my trao i t ng, thi gian chuyn giao thng tin thng rt ngn (c giy) do vy nu
phi thit lp kt ni bng quay s th hiu qu khng cao. Mt nhc im ca phng thc
chuyn knh l n s dng knh khng hiu qu bng phng thc chuyn gi. V d,
trong dch v thoi, k c khi hai bn u cui khng c thng tin trao i th knh vn b
chim hon ton (64kb/s) trong khi nu l truyn theo kiu gi th trong khong thi gian
khng c thng tin trao i, ngi ta c th s dng knh kt ni chuyn gi thng tin
ca cc dch v khc.
3.4.3 Chuyn giao kiu khung
Gn ging phng thc chuyn giao kiu gi, nhng phng thc chuyn giao kiu
khung l nh tuyn khung Frame Relay (FR) ch khng phi nt nh tuyn.
Trong phng thc chuyn giao ny, nt ch x l lp 1 v 2 m khng x l lp 3
(lp trong m hnh OSI). Mt khung t mt lin kt vo c chuyn tip sang lin kt ra
khng qua x l gi mc 3 do vy tc lu thot nhanh hn. Nu mng d liu chuyn
gi th tc b hn ch mc 2Mb/s, nhng mng FR c th t ti tc hng chc
Mb/s.
FR c pht trin tn dng tt nht c im chia s bng thng ca phng thc
khung v sa cha nhc im ca tr qu ln trong mng gi. FR p dng k thut chuyn
mch c coi l c tc nhanh hn k thut chuyn gi X25. FR l k thut nh hng
kt ni v c di gi c th thay i tng t nh phng thc chuyn gi. Cc gi c
phn loi ti thiu ho vic gim st ng i ca chng qua mng. Nu gi li vic ti
truyn khng c yu cu, thit b nhn s phi pht hin li. Nh vy, tc qua mng s
c ci thin ng k.
Mng FR cn cc lin kt c cht lng cao, nu khng th vic ti truyn t im
u cui n u cui s gy tr ng k hoc thm ch khng th thc hin c phin
truyn thng.
3.4.4 Chuyn giao kiu t bo
Phng thc chuyn giao kiu t bo l s tho hip gia phng thc chuyn giao
kiu knh v gi, n c pht trin vi quan im tr thnh phng thc chung. Cc t
bo c di c nh d mt t bo c di ln hn di ca mt khe thi gian (TS).
Tng t nh cc gi trong ch gi, mi t bo c mt nhn, nhng di ca n c nh
cho nn khng cn thm phn ui xc nh c u l im cui t bo.
77
Chuyn giao kiu gi l mt cng ngh hin i, y l kt hp ca cng ngh
ATM/SDH ngha l ti nt, thc hin chc nng chuyn mch ATM (Asynchronous
Transfer Mode phng thc chuyn giao khng ng b) hay chuyn gi nhanh, cc gi c
kch thc bng nhau gi l cell. Mt t bo (cell) gm 53 byte trong c 5 byte tiu v
48 byte l ti trng.
Phng thc ny hi t c nhng u im ca CS v PS do thi gian tr nh
nh CS nhng li c kh nng iu khin lu lng c nh PS, v th s dng knh
truyn rt hiu qu, c bit c th to ra kt ni vi tc cao cung cp cc dch v bng
rng.
Mng in thoi s ISDN c th cung cp dch v PSTN vi tc nh hn hoc
bng 2Mb/s gi l mng N-ISDN (ISDN bng hp), vi cng ngh ATM c th to ra B-
ISDN (mng ISDN bng rng). SDH l cng ngh truyn dn s ng b to ra lin kt gia
cc nt ATM).
3.4.5 Ch chuyn giao hng kt ni v phi kt ni
Vi chuyn giao kiu knh th ch yu l chuyn giao theo phng thc hng kt
ni. Cn cc ng dng ca mng chuyn giao kiu gi c th l chuyn giao theo c hai
phng thc l phng thc hng kt ni (connection-oriented) hay phi kt ni
(connectionless).
Sau y chng ta nghin cu phng thc chuyn giao hng kt ni trong chuyn
giao kiu gi, vi phng thc ny tt c thng tin tn hiu ca mt phin truyn thng c
nh tuyn trn cng mt ng trong mng (mi tn en trong Hnh 3.12).
Hnh 3.12: Chuyn giao hng kt ni v phi kt ni
Qu trnh chuyn giao c chia lm ba giai on :
Thit lp kt ni: u tin l thng tin xc lp kt ni c gi cng vi cc b a
ch. Thng tin a ch dng s ca knh logic (LCN) c lu tr trong mi nt n i qua,
khi mt ni kt o (logic) c thit lp.
Duy tr kt ni (Truyn dn d liu): ch c a ch dng LCN c gi km theo
cc gi d liu. Khi nt mng c LCN s bit l u gi gi tin
LCN = x
LCN = y
LCN = z
LCN = x
Chuyn giao hng kt ni
Chuyn giao phi kt ni
78
Gii phng kt ni: mt gi gii phng c gi yu cu xo thng tin a ch
(LCN) cc nt gii phng kt ni.
Khi chuyn giao phi kt ni c s dng th cc gi lun lun s dng ng i
ph hp nht thng qua mng (mi tn trng trong Hnh 3.13). Chuyn giao trong trng
hp ny ch c mt giai on l truyn dn d liu. Do mi gi d liu u c b thng
tin a ch (a ch c ngun v ch) y .
Trong chuyn giao phi kt ni, cc gi khng nht thit phi n ni theo th t, bi
v chng i trn cc ng khc nhau c tr khc nhau. Bn thu phi theo di th t ca
cc gi nn s phc tp hn nhiu.
C th ly v d n gin m t kiu chuyn giao nh hng kt ni v khng
nh hng kt ni (phi kt ni) l so snh hai phng thc trong chy ua nh hng.
Gi s rng trong mt i ngi chy u tin s nh du con ng ca anh ta xuyn quc
gia ng i ca anh ta chy ti ch. Ngi chy cui cng s xo cc du (tng t nh
chuyn giao hng kt ni). Trong i khc, mi ngi s t phi tm con ng cho mnh
ti ch (tng ng vi chuyn giao phi kt ni).
79
CU HI N TP CHNG 3
1. Hy sp xp mc tng dn quy m ca cc mng my tnh sau:
A. WAN, LAN, MAN C. WAN, MAN, LAN
B. LAN, MAN, WAN D. LAN, WAN, MAN
2. Cu hnh mng no c cc node thng tin khng c ni trc tip vo trung tm iu
khin?
A. Hnh Sao (Star) C. Hnh vng (Ring)
B. Hnh Xa l (BUS)
3. Mng thi MAN l:
A. Metropolitan Area Network
B. Medium Area Network
C. Medium Access Network
D. Metropolitan Access Network
4. Cu hnh mng no c cc node thng tin c ni vo trung tm iu khin?
B. Hnh Sao (Star) C. Hnh vng (Ring)
B. Hnh Xa l (BUS)
5. T no sau y c nh ngha l ng truyn dn tn hiu lin tc gia hai im trn
mng?
A. Node C. HOST
B. Link D. Modem
6. c im no sau y l mt trong nhng xu hng pht trin ca mng vin thng?
A. Bng hp C. Tc thp
B. Bng rng, a phng tin D. Cht lng km
7. Tiu ch trong k thut phn tng khi cho thay th mt tng bng mt tng khc l:
A. Tc ng mnh n cc tng khc
B. Tc ng n h thng
C. Khng lm nh hng n cc tng khc
D. Khng thc hin thay th c
8. Tp cc quy tc, quy c bt buc cc thnh phn ca mng khi tham gia cc hot ng
truyn thng phi tun theo gi l:
A. Cu hnh mng (Topology) C. Tin trnh (process)
B. Giao thc (Protocol) D. Mi trng (environment)
80
9. Tp hp cc giao thc ca mi tng trong m hnh nhiu tng gi l:
A. Chng giao thc C. Phn tng
B. Giao thc D Phn lp
10. M hnh tham chiu OSI c chia thnh bao nhiu tng?
A. 5 C. 7
B. 6 D. 8
11. Tng lin kt d liu l tng bao nhiu trong m hnh tham chiu giao thc OSI?
A. 2 C. 4
B. 1 D. 5
12. Trong m hnh giao thc OSI, tng 3 l tng no trong cc tng sau y?
A. Vt l C. Phin
B. Mng C. ng dng
13. Trong m hnh OSI, tng no sau y cung cp cc dch v cho tng Phin?
A. Tng lin kt d liu C. Tng mng
B. Trnh din
14. Trong m hnh OSI, tng no c nhim v to lp cc khung, gi chng ti knh truyn
thng thng qua tng vt l, nhn khung, kim tra li, chuyn khung khng c li ln tng
mng, ng thi iu khin tc nghn?
A. Tng vt l C. Tng lin kt d liu
B. Tng ng dng D. Tng phin
15. Chng giao thc TCP/IP c chia thnh bao nhiu tng?
A. 4 C. 5
B. 6 D. 7
16. Tng ng dng trong m hnh TCP/IP tng ng vi nhng tng no trong m hnh
tham chiu OSI?
A. Tng ng dng, Tng Phin, Tng Giao vn
B. Tng Trnh din, Tng Phin, Tng Giao vn
C. Tng ng dng, Tng Trnh din, Tng Phin
D. Tng ng dng, Tng Trnh din, Tng Vt l
17. Tng Lin mng trong m hnh TCP tng ng vi tng no trong m hnh tham chiu
OSI?
A. Tng Vt l C. Tng Giao vn
B. Tng Lin kt d liu D. Tng Mng
18. Tng giao din mng trong m hnh chng giao thc TCP tng ng vi nhng tng no
trong m hnh tham chiu OSI?
81
A. Tng Vt l v Tng Lin kt d liu
B. Tng Lin kt d liu v Tng Mng
C. Tng Vt l v Tng Mng
D. Tng Lin kt d liu v Tng Giao vn
19. TCP l giao thc truyn thng
A. Phi kt ni v tin cy
B. Hng kt ni v tin cy
C. Phi kt ni v khng tin cy
D. Hng kt ni v khng tin cy
20. UDP l giao thc truyn thng
A. Phi kt ni v tin cy
B. Hng kt ni v tin cy
C. Phi kt ni v khng tin cy
D. Hng kt ni v khng tin cy
21. Giao thc truyn file s dng giao thc trong lp vn chuyn:
A. TCP C. SCTP
B. UDP
22. H thng tn min s dng giao thc trong lp vn chuyn:
A. TCP C. SCTP
B. UDP
23. a ch IPv4 gm bao nhiu bit?
A. 16 C. 64
B. 32 D. 128
24. a ch IPv4 c chia thnh bao nhiu lp?
A. 3 C. 7
B. 5 D. 9
82
TI LIU THAM KHO CHNG 3
[1] Understanding Telecommunications. Ericsson Telecom, Telia and Studentlitteratur,
1997.
[2] Aattalainen T. Introduction to Telecommunications Network Engineering. 2
nd
edition,
Artech House, ISBN: 1580535003, 2003.
[3] Freeman R. L. Fundamentals of Telecommunications. John Wiley & Sons, 1999.
[4] Tarek N. S., Mostafa H. A. Fundamentals of Telecommunications Networks. John Wiley
and Sons, 1994.
[5] Behrouz A. Forouzan with Sophia Chung Fegan. TCP/IP Protocol Suite. Mc Graw Hill,
2000.
[6] Nguyn Quc Cng. Internetworking vi TCP/IP. NXB Gio Dc, 2001.
[7] W. Richard Steven. TCP/IP Illustrated Volume 1-The Protocols. Addison
WesleyLongman, Inc, 1994.
[8] Nguyn Thc Hi. Mng my tnh v cc h thng m. NXB Gio Dc, 1997.
83
CHNG IV-CC VN V TRUYN DN
GII THIU CHNG
Chng ny gii thiu cc khi nim c bn v cc k thut chnh c s dng
trong mng truyn dn, l cc phng thc truyn dn thng tin, cc mi trng truyn
dn v vn ghp knh. Phn u cung cp cc khi nim c bn trong truyn dn, cc loi
truyn dn n cng, bn song cng v song cng. gip hc vin c c mt s kin
thc tng qut v s pht trin mnh m v ng dng ca cc cng ngh truyn dn trn
mng li vin thng hin nay, ni dung chng cng cp n cc cng ngh v c im
ca phng thc truyn dn s dng cp kim loi, cp quang cng nh c v tuyn. Bn
cnh , hc vin cng c trang b kin thc v k thut ghp knh, mt trong nhng khi
nim c bn v rt quan trng trong h thng truyn dn.
Thng thng, cc h thng truyn dn c dung lng ln hn dung lng cn thit
ca mt ngi s dng n l, song dung lng ca h thng li t hn tng nhu cu dung
lng ln nht ca tt c ngi s dng. V vy, vic s dng k thut ghp knh, qu trnh
kt hp nhiu tn hiu ca cc ngi dng khc nhau truyn dn ng thi trn cng mt
knh truyn dn, s gp phn lm tng hiu qu s dng knh truyn v tit kim chi ph.
Sau khi hc xong chng ny, hc vin cn nm c cc khi nim c bn v
truyn dn; phn bit c cc cng ngh truyn dn s dng mi trng truyn dn khc
nhau; khi nim v ghp knh v cc k thut ghp knh c s dng trn mng li, trn
c s tip tc nghin cu cc vn phc tp hn trong qu trnh tip cn mng vin
thng nhng chng sau v cc mn hc chuyn su khc.
4.1 MT S KHI NIM C BN V TRUYN DN
Trc khi hiu c v truyn dn, cn bit mt s khi nim c bn sau chng ta
mi c th hiu su hn v cc lnh vc khc: rng bng tn (bandwidth-cn gi l bng
thng); mi trng truyn dn; vt mang (carrier); iu ch v truyn dn bng tn gc; hai
dy, bn dy, lai ghp; n cng, song cng; ti to; khuch i; m ng truyn v cui
cng l ghp knh.
rng bng tn (Bandwidth)
rng tn s c th s dng cho mt kt ni c gi l rng bng tn. i vi
in thoi, cc khuyn ngh ca ITU-T cho rng cc kt ni c th x l tn s trong khong
300 n 3400 Hz, ngha l rng bng l 3,1kHz. Thng thng, tai ngi c th nhn bit
m thanh c tn s trong khong 15 n (xp x) 15000Hz, nhng cc php o ch ra rng
khong tn s 300-3400Hz l hon ton ting ni c nhn bit r rng, v chng ta
c th nhn ra c ting ni ca ngi ni.
Bi vy, microphone trong in thoi phi phn ng vi cc tn s trong khong
300-3400Hz v bin i chng thnh tn hiu in vi bin (cng ) chp nhn c
trong ton b di tn. Loa trong my in thoi cng c yu cu tng t.
84
15 300 3400 15000
f Hz
Hnh 4.1: rng bng 300-3400 cho nghe tng i y
Ngi ta ni rng rng bng tng t ny c th (so snh cha chun xc) tng
ng vi rng bng s:
Mng Tng t S
PSTN 300-3400Hz 64kb/s (sau khi m ho PCM)
GSM 300-3400Hz 13kb/s (sau khi m ho c bit ti tng i, tc
bt c chuyn thnh 64kb/s)
Mi trng truyn dn
Ba mi trng quan trng nht hay c s dng trong truyn dn l: cp ng, cp
quang v v tuyn (xem chi tit trong Mc 4.3).
V nguyn tc, tt c cc mi trng truyn dn c s dng cho thng tin im-
im, nhng ch cng ngh v tuyn c th truyn thng vi cc u cui di ng.
H thng truyn dn quang c nhng u im c trng v dung lng, cht lng v kinh
t. V mt kinh t, cc h thng s dng cp ng ch c th c s dng trn phn cui
ca tuyn truyn dn ti cc thu bao c nh ni c nhu cu dung lng thp. Cp ng vn
c s dng phm vi rng gia cc thu bao vi tng i ch yu do thc t lch s.
Vt mang (carrier)
V bn cht, vt mang l tng t, ngha l chng mang mt vi loi sng no :
sng nh sng hay sng in t. Theo ngha vt l thun ty, nh sng cng l nhng sng
in t, nhng nh c c tnh c bit ca nh sng m ta nhn nhn cp quang nh l vt
mang tn hiu ca chnh n. Ni cch khc, thng tin c truyn ti l s trong hu ht cc
trng hp, t nht l tn hiu t cc b m ha thoi, video v my vi tnh. H thng GSM
th hin s kt hp ca thng tin s trn vt mang tng t (sng v tuyn), cho n nay cc
b m ha thoi c t trong in thoi di ng (trong mng in thoi c nh, cc b
m ha thoi lun lun c t trong tng i ni ht hay cc nt truy nhp).
iu ch v truyn dn bng gc
Bng cch cho php thng tin cn truyn c iu khin vt mang theo cch no ,
chng h bng cch bt v tt sng nh sng, thng tin c th c nhn tng i hay thit
b u cui. Cch iu khin vt mang ny c gi l iu ch.
K thut truyn dn thng tin thoi trn cc i dy ng ban u (truyn dn bng
gc) vn l k thut c s dng nhiu nht gia mt in thoi c nh v nt chuyn
85
mch. N p dng nguyn l thng tin tng t khng s dng vt mang gia mt my in
thoi v mt b m ha thoi.
2 dy, 4 dy v b lai ghp
Truyn dn tng t trong mng truy nhp c mt u im l: hai hng thoi cng
truyn trn cng i dy cp. K thut ny c gi l truyn dn 2 dy, n c u im l
gim gi thnh mng, nhng li yu cu s dng cc b lai ghp ti giao din gia mng truy
nhp v mng trung k v trong my in thoi. i vi truyn dn 4 dy, tn hiu thoi
c truyn ring bit trn mi hng. B lai ghp (im chuyn i gia phn 4 dy v 2
dy) c th gy ra cc vn lin quan n cht lng nht nh (ting vng). Hnh 4.2 minh
ha cc khi nim ny.
2 si 2 si
4 si
B lai ghp
Hnh 4.2: 2 dy, 4 dy v b lai ghp
n cng, song cng: truyn dn khng i xng
Trong qung b truyn hnh (TV), vic gi thng tin theo mt hng l qu , k
thut ny c gi l n cng. Song cng ngha l thng tin c gi ng thi theo hai
hng gia hai im (xem chi tit trong Mc 4.2). K thut gi thng tin video vi rng
bng ln theo mt hng v hng ngc li s c lng thng tin nh hn (nh cc tn
hiu iu khin) c gi l truyn dn khng i xng. K thut ny l k thut hng u
trong vic cung cp cc dch v thng tin cht lng cao v dch v video theo yu cu cng
nh Internet di rng.
Khuch i ti to
Do hin tng suy hao, cn c thit b c bit t gia cc nt khi khong cch
truyn dn vt qu mt gi tr nht nh (cn ph thuc c vo mi trng truyn dn).
Thit b c t ti nhng im c gi l cc b lp trung gian. Cc b lp c th
c s dng thun ty cho mc ch khuch i (khi m sng mang tng t tr nn qu
yu) hoc kt hp khuch i v ti to, khi nhng tn hiu bng tn gc s suy gim
(xem Hnh 4.3).
86
B khuch i
Hnh 4.3: Khuch i
Ti to c ngha l nhng tn hiu thng tin b mo c c v din dch, c to
li v khuch i ti hnh dng ban u trc khi chng c truyn i (Hnh 4.4). Vic ti
to gip loi b ton b tp m v nhiu khc nh hng ln tn hiu. Vic ti to khng p
dng c i vi truyn dn tng t khi m nhiu cng c khuch i cng tn hiu.
R
Hnh 4.4: Ti to
M ng truyn
ti to nhng tn hiu s th cc b ti to phi nhn c thng tin nh thi sao
cho nhng tn hiu n c th c c ti cc khong thi gian chnh xc. Bi vy m cc
m ng truyn c bit c s dng ngn cn cc chui bt 0 (khng c tn hiu
nh thi).
Ghp knh
Thc hin v duy tr cc ng truyn dn trong mng vin thng l mt cng vic
tn km i vi cc nh khai thc mng. Chi ph c th gim nu truyn nhiu cuc gi trn
cng mt kt ni vt l (chng hn nh cc i dy). K thut nh th ny c s dng
trong c mng tng t v s cho h thng a knh c gi l ghp knh (xem chi tit
trong Mc 4.4).
phn trn m t mt vi khi nim c bn v truyn dn. Hnh 4.5 m t cc
khi nim quan trng nht v cc phng thc c sp xp theo th t mc s dng.
87
Ghp knh
thi gian
Ghp knh
tn s
M ng Gii m
iu ch Gii iu ch
Ghp knh
bc sng
Gii ghp knh
bc sng
A/D A/D
Gii ghp
knh tn s
Gii ghp
knh thi gian
R
V tuyn
Cp ng
Cp quang
1 0 0 1 1 0 1
Thng tin s
Thng tin tng
t
Thng tin tng
t
1 0 0 1 1 0 1
Thng tin s
Hnh 4.5: Cc khi nim c bn trong truyn dn
Phn tip theo trong chng ny tp trung ch yu v cc khi nim truyn dn c
bn nht: cc kiu truyn dn n cng, bn song cng v song cng; cc mi trng truyn
dn v cc phng thc ghp knh.
4.2 KHI NIM V TRUYN DN N CNG, BN SONG CNG V SONG
CNG
Trong h thng vin thng vic thc hin truyn dn thng tin c th l theo mt
chiu hoc l theo hai chiu. Cc h thng thng tin theo mt chiu duy nht th c gi l
thng tin n cng; cc h thng c th thng tin theo hai chiu th c gi l h thng
thng tin song cng. H thng thng tin song cng li c chia thnh bn song cng v
song cng hon ton.
i vi phng php thng tin n cng tn hiu c truyn dn ch theo mt
hng. V d, vi pht thanh truyn hnh, tn hiu ch c gi i t my pht n thit b
u cui l thit b thu v tuyn; hoc v d khc nh h thng nhn tin ch cho php ngi
dng thu bn tin theo ch ci v con s.
i vi phng php thng tin bn song cng, tn hiu c truyn dn theo hai
hng, nhng vic truyn tin trn mi hng ch c thc hin ti mt thi im. V d
nh h thng thng tin v tuyn di ng (in m), ngi ni phi xc nhn bng nt
chuyn sang ch nghe th bn kia mi c ni.
88
Ngun tin ch
n cng:
Tn hiu ch truyn dn theo mt chiu.
V d: v tuyn truyn thanh, truyn
hnh (TV) v dch v nhn tin.
Ngun/
ch
ch/
Ngun
Bn song cng:
Tn hiu truyn dn theo mt chiu k
tip nhau. V d: H thng v tuyn
(in m trong qun i v hng hi)
v mt s h thng truyn d liu.
Ngun +
ch
Ngun +
ch
Song cng hon ton (song cng):
Tn hiu truyn dn theo hai chiu trong
cng thi im. V d: H thng thoi
v mt s h thng di ng hin i.
Hnh 4.6: M hnh truyn dn n cng, bn song cng, song cng
Trong phng php truyn dn song cng hon ton, tn hiu c truyn dn theo
hai hng trong cng mt thi gian. V d nh thng tin thoi thng thng, hai ngi c
th ni chuyn ng thi. Hu ht cc h thng vin thng hin i s dng nguyn l song
cng hon ton, n gin thng gi l h thng song cng.
4.3 CC MI TRNG TRUYN DN
Truyn dn l qu trnh truyn ti thng tin gia cc im kt cui trong mt h thng
hay trong mng vin thng. C nhiu mi trng truyn dn khc nhau c s dng cho
truyn dn, trong ba mi trng quan trng nht l:
- Cp ng, s dng 2 kiu chnh: cp i v cp ng trc.
- Cp quang, s dng trong cp si quang.
- Sng v tuyn, s dng trong cc h thng thng tin mt t im-ti-im hoc cc
h thng ph sng khu vc (nh in thoi di dng) hoc cho thng tin ph sng khu
vc thng qua v tinh.
4.3.1 Truyn dn bng cp kim loi
Trong nhng ngy u ca k thut vin thng, cp kim loi l mi trng truyn
dn l tng cho vic kt ni cc thu bao hnh thnh nn mng vin thng. C hai loi
cp kim loi chnh l cp i (paired cable), ph hp cho truyn dn tc thp v cp ng
trc (coaxial cable), c dng cho cc phn cp truyn dn tc cao.
Cp i:
Trc y, cp i thng thng c dng cho vic truyn dn tn hiu tng t.
Tuy nhin, sau ny cp i cn c s dng truyn tn hiu s v c bit ngy nay cp
ng xon i c s dng ph bin truyn tn hiu s trong vic ng dng cng ngh
ng dy thu bao s DSL (Hnh 4.7).
89
V
V cch ly
i si
Pair
Quad
Quad
Hnh 4.7: Cp xon i
Trn mng cp kim loi hin ti th cht cch in c s dng bng giy, tuy nhin
nu cht cch in bng nha th tt hn (khng nhy cm vi m, suy hao t ti cc tn
s cao..) do n c dng trong cc cp i hin i. Phn ln mng cp hin nay u s
dng loi cp chn (buried cable).
Phn dy dn tn hiu thng thng c lm bng ng vi nhiu loi ng knh
khc nhau nh 0,4; 0,5; 0,6 v 0,7 mm. Cc si li trong cp c xon vo nhau theo cp 2
hoc 4 dy tu thuc vo ng dng c th. Phn li chnh ca cp kim loi c hnh thnh
nh vo cc cp dy xon (2 hay 4) theo cc lp ng tm. Cc cp xon ny t lin tip
nhau v c thay i mt cch ngu nhin gim s mt cn bng. Mi mt li cp c th
cha: 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600 i.
Bng 4.1: Mc suy hao ca cp ng xon i
MC SUY HAO C TNH THEO dB/Km CA CP I
TI TN S 1MHz
ng knh si (mm) V giy V nha
0,4 24-26 19-22
0,5 19-22 15-18
0,6 15-18 12-15
0,7 13-16 11-14
0,9 11-14 8-11
1,1 9-14
Phn li cp thng thng c bao ph bi mt hay nhiu lp giy hay nha
tch bit cc i trong cp vi nhau. Phn v ngoi cp thng l nha hoc kim loi (ch
hay nhm) hay l hn hp nha v l kim loi bo v cp chng li s can nhiu v in
cng nh cc nh hng v mt c hc.
Mc suy hao trong khong 1 km ca mi loi cp ph thuc vo ng knh v
tn s lm vic. Nh chng ta bit rng suy hao l mt vn quan trng trong truyn dn
s, bng di y s a ra gi tr suy hao trn mt km.
90
C rt nhiu yu t nh hng n cht lng truyn dn tn hiu trong cp kim loi.
Ngoi xuyn m ra cn mt s loi can nhiu khc (sm st, nhiu in t bn ngoi, ) c
th nh hng ti truyn dn v lm gim cht lng dch v.
Cp ng trc:
Cp ng trc c dng cho c h thng ghp knh theo tn s FDM v h thng
ghp knh theo thi gian TDM. Cp ny bao gm li kim loi chnh gia v mt lp dn
khc bao ph bn ngoi c hnh ng. Cp ng trc c th phc v cho cc tuyn truyn dn
dung lng cao (10.800 knh thoi trong h thng FDM). Chng thng c lp t theo
tng i phc v thng tin trn hai hng gia cc tng i ni c lu lng ti tp trung
cao.
Trong cp ng trc, lp dn hnh ng bn ngoi c lp bo v chng li cc nh
hng ca can nhiu nn c th khng gy nhiu v khng b gy nhiu bi cc si cp xung
quanh (Hnh 4.8). Nhng loi cp ny cng c th b nh hng bi cc iu kin bt thng
do c im ca tr khng do c th gy ra suy hao, c bit l suy hao thng xuyn xy
ra vi cc si cp c.
Hnh 4.8: Cp ng trc
CCITT a ra 3 loi cp ng trc vi cc tc bt khc nhau, Bng 4.2 m t kch
thc v tc bt i vi cc h thng truyn dn s:
Bng 4.2: Tc truyn tn hiu s trong cp ng trc
Kiu cp ng trc Kch thc Tc bt
Loi li cc nh 0,6 - 2,8 mm 34 Mbit/s
Loi li nh 1,2 - 4,4 mm 140 Mbit/s
Loi li bnh thng 2,6 - 9,5 mm 565 Mbit/s
Phn li cp bn trong thng bao gm cc si dy ng. Phn dn bn ngoi c
cu to t cc l ng, trong mt s loi cp th n c hn cht thnh mt ng. tng
kh nng chng nhiu tn s thp th nhng ng ny cn c bao bc bng mt ai thp.
4.3.2 Truyn dn v tuyn
u im ln nht ca truyn dn v tuyn so vi truyn dn cp l khng cn bt k
mt ng dy dn no. Cc h thng v tuyn c lp t nhanh gn, khng cn o xi,
chi ph u t t.
Trong mng vin thng ngy nay, cc h thng v tuyn chuyn tip thng s dng
nhng tn s v tuyn t 1GHz n 4GHz. Cc tn s ny c hi t bng cc anten
parabol v p dng cho khong cch thng tin t vi km n 50 km tu thuc vo tn s s
91
dng v c tnh ca h thng. Sng v tuyn ti nhng tn s ny truyn thng, gi l
truyn dn tm nhn thng. Tn s cng cao th suy hao cng cao v khong cch truyn cng
ngn. Ti cc tn s rt cao, cc iu kin thi tit tc ng n suy hao v cht lng truyn
dn gy hn ch di tn kh dng ph hp vi truyn dn v tuyn.
Mt nhn t quan trng lm hn ch s dng truyn dn v tuyn l s cn kit v
tn s do ngy cng c nhiu h thng v tuyn xut hin v hu ht cc tn s thch hp
c s dng.
Hnh 4.9: Kt ni v tuyn
Mt phng thc truyn dn khc cng l mt ng dng ca sng v tuyn l
truyn dn v tinh. Trong thng tin v tinh, thit b chuyn tip trung gian chuyn ng theo
qu o xung quanh tri t thay v c thit lp c nh trn mt t. Trm mt t truyn
thng tin n v tinh bng mt tn s, v tinh ti to v truyn thng tin tr v bng mt
tn s khc. Cc tn s s dng nm trong di tn t 1 GHz n 30 GHz.
Cc v tinh s dng trong vin thng thng c nh v ti qu o a tnh, v tr
c coi l khng thay i ti mi thi im nu nhn t im quan st ti trm mt t.
Khong cch n qu o ny khong 36.000km tnh t tri t nn tr truyn dn xp x
240ms t trm mt t pht n trm mt t thu. Ngi ni phi ch tr li khong 0,5 giy,
iu ny lm gin on thng tin lin tc. Mt vn khc i vi truyn thng v tinh l
ting vng, thng thng ting vng cng b tr khong 0,5 giy.
V tinh
Trm
mt t
Trm
mt t
Mng
quc gia
Mng quc t
Hnh 4.10: H thng v tinh
92
4.2.3 Truyn dn bng cp si quang
Trong nhng nm gn y, vi nhng tnh nng u vit v chi ph u t ngy cng
gim, cng ngh thng tin quang v ang pht trin rt nhanh. Thng tin quang c
trin khai trong c mng ng di (lin tnh v quc t) v mng ni ht. Trong mng thng
tin quang th mi trng truyn dn si quang v cp si quang ng vai tr ht sc quan
trng. c tnh ca si quang v cp si quang nh hng rt ln n cht lng ca h
thng. V vy cn nghin cu k lng v cu to, tnh cht v cc thng s ca si quang
la chn, thit k, xy dng v bo dng tuyn thng tin cp si quang theo cc tiu
chun v yu cu t ra.
Mun hnh thnh mt tuyn thng tin quang, ngoi cp si quang phi c thit b
thng tin quang. Thit b thng tin quang c cc b phn ch yu nh chuyn i m nhnh
pht, b chuyn i m nhnh thu, chuyn tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang, chuyn tn hiu
quang thnh tn hiu in, cc knh nghip v, v.v.
Ti pha pht, vic chuyn tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang ch yu s dng cc
ngun quang bng bn dn. Hin ti c 2 loi ngun quang ch yu, l diode pht x nh
sng (LED) v laser diode (LD). Mi loi ngun quang ny c u im v nhc im ring
v c ng dng vo tng tuyn thng tin quang c th. Ngc li, u thu, tn hiu
quang c chuyn thnh tn hiu in nh diode tch quang. Mi loi diode tch quang
cng c c tnh ring v s dng thch hp cho mi tuyn c th do , phi la chn
ngun quang v diode tch quang ph hp khi thit k mt tuyn thng tin cp si quang no
.
Cp quang
My pht
My thu
B pht quang
B thu quang
Hnh 4.11: B bin i in/quang (E/O)
So vi cc mi trng truyn dn khc, cp quang c rt nhiu u im nh: nh v
linh hot, c kh nng chng nh hng ca trng in t, c dung lng truyn dn ln,
suy hao t v khng dn in v.v. Do cp quang tr thnh mt mi trng truyn dn
quan trng trong mng vin thng ni chung.
u im ca h thng thng tin quang:
- Khong cch gia cc trm lp ln hn
- Kch c ca cp nh
- Linh hot
- Khi lng nh
- Khng b xuyn knh
- Bng tn ln
- C kh nng chng li nhiu in t
Si quang:
93
Si quang l loi si in mi c ch s chit xut thp. Si c cu trc hnh tr, lm
bng vt liu in mi trong sut, bao gm li truyn nh sng v bao quanh li l v c
ch s chit sut nh hn ch s chit sut ca li to iu kin nh sng truyn c
trong li (Hnh 4.12). Ngoi ra, v cn c tc dng bo v li. trnh try xc v v tng
bn c hc, si quang thng c bao bc thm mt lp cht do tng hp. Lp v bo
v ny s ngn chn cc tc ng c hc vo si, gia cng thm cho si, bo v si khng
b nt do ko dn hoc xc do c xt b mt; mt khc to iu kin bc si thnh cp sau
ny. Lp v bc ny c gi l lp v bc s cp.
Li V Lp v bc s cp
Hnh 4.12: Cu trc si quang
Tu thuc tng loi si m c s phn b chit xut khc nhau trong li si. Nu
chit xut phn b u th gi l si chit xut bc, nu phn b theo qui lut tng dn dn
gi l si chit xut gradient. Kch thc ca si ph thuc loi si, ng knh v d ca cc
loi si thng l 125m. Tng hp ba yu t l phn b chit xut, phng thc truyn
sng nh sng qua li v kch thc ca li, c th chia thnh ba loi si:
- Si a mode chit xut bc.
- Si a mode chit xut gradient.
- Si n mode (chit xut bc).
Si chit sut phn
b
Si chit sut bin i u
Si n mode
Si a
mode
Hnh 4.13: Cc kiu si quang
Ngoi ra, khi phn loi theo cu trc vt liu si quang c chia thnh cc loi nh:
- Si thu tinh (loi si thng thng)
- Si li thu tinh v cht do
- Si thu tinh nhiu thnh phn
- Si cht do,
94
4.4 CC PHNG PHP GHP KNH
4.4.1 Ti sao phi ghp knh?
Ghp knh l qu trnh kt hp nhiu tn hiu truyn dn ng thi trn cng mt
ng truyn dn. Hu ht cc h thng truyn dn trong mng vin thng c dung lng
ln hn dung lng yu cu bi mt ngi s dng n l v nh hn tng dung lng yu
cu ti a ca tt c ngi s dng, do , nng cao hiu qu truyn dn v gim chi ph,
ngi ta thc hin chia s bng tn sn c ca cc h thng cp ng, cp quang hay h
thng v tuyn (h thng n l dung lng cao) cho nhiu ngi s dng.
Demux/
Mux
Mux/
Demux
Knh 1
Knh 2
Knh 3
Knh 4
xxxx
Mi trng
truyn dn
dng chung
Knh 1
Knh 2
Knh 3
Knh 4
xxxx
Hnh 4.14: Nguyn l ghp knh
Hnh 4.14 minh ha nguyn l ghp knh, thit b ghp/tch knh (Mux/demux) l
thit b thc hin vic ghp knh v tch knh trong truyn dn.
C nhiu phng php ghp knh song thng hay nhc ti nht l ghp knh
theo tn s v ghp knh theo thi gian.
4.4.2 Nguyn l ghp knh theo tn s v theo thi gian
Ghp knh theo tn s (FDM) bin tn mi tn hiu ln mt tn s sng mang khc
nhau. Cc tn hiu iu ch c truyn i qua cng mt knh truyn v b lc n bng
s phn chia cc tn hiu khi n bn thu. Bng tn ca h thng c chia thnh nhiu cc
knh hp khc nhau, mi knh dnh cho mt ngi s dng trong ton b thi gian truyn
tin (thng s dng cho truyn tin thoi). Bng vic thay i b la chn tn s pha thu,
ta c th d dng thay i nhn thng tin t a im pht khc. Hnh 4.15 minh ha
nguyn l ghp knh FDM vi trc honh l trc thi gian.
300 Hz 3400 Hz
Knh 1
Knh 2
Knh 3
3,1 kHz
f [kHz]
10 15 20
Hnh 4.15: Ghp 3 knh phn chia theo tn s
95
Ghp knh theo thi gian (TDM) l phng php ghp knh mi hn FDM, phng
php ny a cc bn tin khc nhau, v d, cc t m PCM ca nhng ngi s dng khc
nhau, vo cc khe thi gian khng chng ln ln nhau. Mi knh ca ngi s dng dng
mt bng tn ln nhng ch trong mt khong nh thi gian, gi l khe thi gian. Thng tin
ca mi ngi s dng s chim mt khe thi gian ca mt khung v nguyn l phn chia
theo thi gian cho php nhiu ngi s dng truy nhp mng ti cng mt thi im v s
dng cng mt tn s sng mang. Hnh 4.16 minh ha phng php ghp knh TDM vi
trc honh l trc thi gian.
Ghp knh theo bc sng (WDM) c dng cho truyn dn cp quang. Nhn thy
vic s dng ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian c nhiu hn ch i vi cc yu cu tng
dung lng truyn dn nn WDM c thay th. Ghp knh theo bc sng cho php cc
knh c truyn ti nhng bc sng khc nhau cho cng mt hng hay c hai hng trn
cng mt si quang. Mc d c tn ring nhng ghp knh theo bc sng l mt bin dng
ca ghp knh theo tn s. t c tc bt ln hn 10Gbit/s ngi ta kt hp ghp
knh theo thi gian vi ghp knh theo bc sng.
A B C A B C A B C
Knh A
Knh B
Knh C
t
T/3
T
Hnh 4.16: Ghp knh theo thi gian cho 3 knh
96
CU HI N TP CHNG 4
1. H thng truyn thng theo mt chiu duy nht th gi l:
A. n cng C. Bn song cng
B. Song cng
2. C nhng phng tin truyn dn c bn no c s dng truyn thng tin?
A. Cp kim loi, Cp si quang
B. Cp si quang, Mi trng v tuyn
C. Cp kim loi, Cp si quang, Mi trng v tuyn
D. Cp kim loi, Mi trng v tuyn
3. Coaxial Cable gi l:
A. Cp ng trc C. Cp i
B. Cp quang D. Cp ng xon i
4. Optical Fiber Cable gi l:
A. Cp ng xon i C. Cp ng trc
B. Cp si quang D. Cp kim loi
5. Mt nhn t quan trng hn ch vic s dng truyn dn v tuyn l:
A. Gi thnh cp C. Ti nguyn tn s
B. di cp D. H thng phc tp
6. Truyn dn v tuyn s dng:
A. Cp ng trc truyn dn
B. Khng cn dy dn cng c th truyn dn
C. Cp quang truyn dn
D. Cp ng xon i truyn dn
7. Trong truyn dn s dng v tinh a tnh, tr truyn dn t trm Mt t pht n trm
Mt t thu l:
A. Hon ton khng c tr
B. C tr nhng khng ng k
C. Tr truyn dn xp x 250ms
D. Khng truyn dn c v qu xa
8. Vt liu thng c s dng lm si quang thng l:
A. ng
B. Hp kim
C. Thy tinh, nha
D. Vt liu c bit khc
9. Diode pht x nh sng c tn vit tt l:
A. LD C. LED
97
B. PD D. APD
10. chng li hin tng suy hao th thng chng ta dng
A. B pht C. B lp
B. B thu D. B lc
11. u im ca h thng thng tin quang
A. Khong cch gia cc trm lp ln hn
B. Kch c ca cp nh
C. Khi lng nh
D. Tt c cc trng hp trn
12. Phn chia theo chit sut, c cc loi si quang l
A. Si a mode chit xut bc v Si a mode chit xut gradient.
B. Si a mode chit xut bc v Si n mode (chit xut bc)
C. Si a mode chit xut bc, Si a mode chit xut gradient v Si n mode
D. Si a mode chit xut gradient v Si n mode (chit xut bc)
13. Mc ch ca ghp knh l:
A. Tit kim chi ph truyn dn C. Tit kim tn s truyn dn
B. Gim thi gian truyn dn D. Rt ngn c ly truyn dn
14. Trong k thut FDM, nhiu ngi dng cng s dng c mt mi trng truyn
dn, ti nguyn mng no c s dng?
A. Thi gian C. M
B. Tn s D. Kt hp thi gian v tn s.
15. Trong k thut TDM, nhiu ngi dng cng s dng c mt mi trng truyn
dn, ti nguyn mng no c s dng?
A. Thi gian C. M
B. Tn s D. Kt hp thi gian v tn s
16. H thng truyn thng theo mt chiu duy nht th gi l
A. n cng C. Bn song cng
B. Song cng
17. C nhng phng thc truyn dn c bn no c s dng truyn thng tin
A. Cp kim loi, Cp si quang
B. Cp si quang, Mi trng v tuyn
C. Cp kim loi, Cp si quang, Mi trng v tuyn
D. Cp kim loi, Mi trng v tuyn
18. Coaxial Cable gi l
A. Cp ng trc C. Cp i
B. Cp quang D. Cp ng xon i
19. Vt liu thng c s dng lm dy dn trong cp ng xon i
A. ng C. Nhm
98
B. St D. Thy tinh
20. Optical Fiber Cable gi l g
A. Cp ng xon i C. Cp ng trc
B. Cp si quang D. Cp kim loi
21. Xuyn m v cc loi can nhiu khc nh hng ti truyn dn nh th no
A. Ci thin cht lng truyn dn
B. Khng nh hng ti cht lng truyn dn
C. Lm gim cht lng truyn dn
D. C nh hng ti cht lng truyn dn nhng khng ng k (c th b
qua) d vi bt k khong cch no
22. Cu trc ca cp ng trc nh th no
A. Gm mt dy dn kim loi m khng c v
B. Gm mt cp dy dn xon vo nhau
C. Gm hai cp dy dn xon vo nhau
D. Gm li kim loi chnh gia v mt lp dn khc bao ph bn ngoi c
hnh ng
23. Mt nhn t quan trng hn ch vic s dng truyn dn v tuyn
A. Gi thnh cp C. Ti nguyn tn s
B. di cp D. H thng phc tp
24. Truyn dn v tuyn s dng
A. Cp ng trc truyn dn
B. Khng cn mi trng vt l no cng c th truyn dn
C. Cp quang truyn dn
D. Cp ng xon i truyn dn
25. Trong truyn dn s dng v tinh a tnh, tr truyn dn t trm Mt t pht
n trm Mt t thu l
A. Hon ton khng c tr
B. C tr nhng khng ng k
C. Tr truyn dn xp x 250ms
D. Khng truyn dn c v qu xa
26. Vt liu thng c s dng lm si quang thng l:
A. ng
B. Hp kim
C. Thy tinh, nha
D. Vt liu c bit khc
27. Diode pht x nh sng c tn vit tt l g
A. LD C. LED
B. PD D. APD
99
28. Hin tng tn sc xy ra trong trong hnh thc truyn dn no sau
A. Cp quang C. Cp ng xon i
B. Cp ng trc D. V tuyn
29. Hin tng suy hao trong si quang l hin tng mt phn nh sng
A. c khuych i
B. B hp th hoc b khc x
C. B chuyn sang tn hiu in
D. B o pha
30. Hin tng do mi hn quang gy ra
A. Khng c suy hao
B. C mc suy hao l 0.2dB
C. Khng cho nh sng i qua
D. Khng nh hng g c
31. Khi u ni vo b connector th suy hao do mi hn quang gy ra l
A. Khng c suy hao
B. C suy hao nhng khng ng k
C. C mc suy hao l 1.5dB
D. Khng th truyn nh sng qua c
32. Mc suy hao ph thuc nhiu nht vo
A. C ly truyn dn
B. Cng sut my pht
C. Cng sut my thu
D. Loi tn hiu truyn i
33. chng li hin tng suy hao th thng chng ta dng
A. B pht C. B lp
B. B thu D. B lc
34. u im ca h thng thng tin quang
A. Khong cch gia cc trm lp ln hn
B. Kch c ca cp nh
C. Khi lng nh
D. Tt c cc trng hp trn
35. Phn chia theo chit sut, c cc loi si quang l
A. Si a mode chit xut bc v Si a mode chit xut gradient.
B. Si a mode chit xut bc v Si n mode (chit xut bc)
C. Si a mode chit xut bc, Si a mode chit xut gradient v Si n
mode
D. Si a mode chit xut gradient v Si n mode (chit xut bc)
36. Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian c tn vit tt nh th no
100
A. FDMA C. FDM
B. TDM D. TDMA
37. Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s c tn vit tt l g
A. FDMA C. FDM
B. TDM D. TDMA
38. Trong k thut FDM, nhiu ngi dng s dng c mi trng truyn dn,
ti nguyn mng no c s dng
A. Thi gian C. M
B. Tn s D. Kt hp thi gian v tn s.
39. a truy nhp ghp knh phn chia theo tn s c tn vit tt l g
A. FDMA C. FDM
B. TDM D. TDMA
40. a truy nhp ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian c tn vit tt l g
A. FDMA C. FDM
B. TDM D. TDMA
41. Trong cc phng php sau, phng php no s dng h thng sng mang
truyn a tn hiu
A. TDMA C. TDM
B. FDM
42. Trong phng php ghp knh phn chia theo tn s, ngi dng c th c s
dng
A. Ton b s knh
B. Nhiu knh cng lc
C. Mi mt knh
D. Knh ty chn
43. Trong cc phng php ghp knh sau, phng php no s dng khe thi gian
A. TDM C. FDMA
B. FDM
101
TI LIU THAM KHO CHNG 4
[1] Understanding Telecommunications. Chapter 4: Transmission Techniques. Ericsson
Telecom, Telia and Studentlitteratur, 1997.
[2] Robert G. Winch. Telecommunication Transmission Systems. McGraw-Hill, Inc, , ISBN
0-07-113768-8,1993.
[3] LG Information&Communication, Ltd. H thng thng tin quang/v tuyn. NXB Thanh
nin, 1996.
[4] Warren Hioki. Telecommunications.Chapter 14: Fiber Optics. 2
nd
ed, Prentice Hall, Inc,
1995.
[5] Cao Phn, Cao Hng Sn. C s k thut thng tin quang - Ti liu gio dc i hc
cng ngh. Hc vin Cng ngh BCVT, H Ni, 6/2000.
[6] TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng. Thng tin di ng 3G. Hc vin Cng ngh BCVT, 2004.
102
CHNG V - CC VN V CHUYN MCH
GII THIU CHNG
Trong mng vin thng, cc h thng chuyn mch, nh tuyn ng vai tr l cc
nt mng v c xem nh l tri tim ca mng li. Nh vy, c ngha chuyn mch c vai
tr ht sc quan trng, c ngha quyt nh kh nng phc v, hot ng ca mng li.
Cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh, cc cng ngh v chuyn mch v nh tuyn cng
pht trin rt nhanh. Chuyn mch tri qua s pht trin lu di, t tng i c in cho
n tng i s, t cng ngh chuyn mch knh sang cng ngh chuyn mch gi
Chng 5, trnh by cc khi nim c bn v chuyn mch v nh tuyn. Hin nay
trong thc t c nhiu k thut chuyn mch c s dng, tu thuc tnh cht ca cc hnh
loi dch v yu cu. Ph bin nht l k thut chuyn mch knh v k thut chuyn mch
gi. Ni chung vic thit k v ng dng hai k thut ny c nhiu im chung. Xu hng
pht trin ca cng ngh chuyn mch ang dn chuyn sang chuyn mch gi nhm p
ng kh nng cung cp a dch v, a phng tin, tn dng c ti nguyn mng
Phn 5.2 trnh by cc khi nim v chuyn mch knh, cc k thut chuyn mch
knh thi gian s v chuyn mch knh khng gian s v s kt hp cc k thut trong
cc h thng chuyn mch. K thut chuyn mch gi cng vi nguyn l hot ng ca n
c trnh by trong Phn 5.3.
Khi mng vin thng ang chuyn dn sang ng dng chuyn giao theo phng thc
gi, cc b nh tuyn ng vai tr rt quan trng. Khi nim v nh tuyn v s phn loi
chng c trnh by chi tit trong Phn 5.4 ca chng ny.
Cng vi Chng 4 v Chng 6, Chng 5 cung cp nhng ni dung lin quan n
nhng vn k thut rt quan trng trong vin thng. Hc vin cn phi nm bt c khi
nim cn bn v chuyn mch v nh tuyn; vai tr ca chng trong mng vin thng;
Nhng k thut chuyn mch, nh tuyn v xu hng pht trin ca chng.
5.1 TI SAO PHI CHUYN MCH?
thit lp mt tuyn ni theo yu cu t mt thu bao ny ti mt thu bao khc th
mng phi c thit b chuyn mch la chn mt tuyn ni ph hp. Trong mng in
thoi, cc h thng chuyn mch ny c gi l cc tng i. Thu bao s nhn c cuc
ni theo yu cu nh vo cc thng tin bo hiu truyn qua ng dy thu bao. Thng tin
bo hiu ny rt cn thit cho vic truyn cc thng tin iu khin ca mt cuc gi hay
truyn trn cc mch kt ni cc tng i vi nhau.
T chc lin minh vin thng quc t ITU- T nh ngha chuyn mch nh sau:
Chuyn mch l s thit lp ca mt kt ni c th t mt li vo n mt li ra mong
103
mun trong mt tp hp cc li vo v ra cho n khi no t c yu cu truyn ti thng
tin
Ngy nay t thng tin khng ch biu th li ni chng ta nghe c trong tai nghe
my in thoi m n cng biu th s kt hp tt c cc thng tin t mt vi dch v vin
thng.
Ngy nay chng ta xem xt quan nim khc nhau ca chuyn mch. Hin ti thit b
chuyn mch phi c kh nng iu khin cc dch v nhiu hn trc y bao gm m
thanh cht lng cao, Video theo cc tiu chun khc nhau, thng tin LAN ni LAN, truyn
ti cc tp d liu ln v cc dch v tng tc mi trn mng truyn hnh cp. c thm
nhiu cc thng tin chuyn mch lin quan n ngi s dng dch v. V d thng tin bo
hiu cng phi c chuyn mch.
Cng ngh chuyn mch
Chuyn mch knh
Chuyn mch gi
Chuyn tip
khung
Chuyn mch
t bo
ATM DQDB
( di c nh)
( di thay i)
PSTN
CSPDN ISDN PSPDN
Hnh 5.1: Cc k thut chuyn mch
Kt qu l, tnh phong ph v k thut chuyn mch trong mng ni ht tng trong
nhng nm gy y. u tin chng ta ch c chuyn mch knh rt thch hp cho cc dch
v khng ng b nh dch v thoi. Cng t , ngy cng c nhiu s thu bao c yu cu
cao hn v dung lng truyn dn v bng tn rng, v mt s k thut khc xut hin. Kt
qu l cc yu cu c p ng bng truyn s liu, chuyn mch knh b sung k thut
chuyn mch gi vo thp k 70 trong th k 20. Ngy nay chng ta cng dng k thut
chuyn tip khung (frame relay) v hai kiu chuyn mch t bo theo truyn ti khng ng
b ATM v bus kp hng i phn tn (distributed queue dual bus- DQDB). Ngun gc ca
chuyn tip khung v cc k thut chuyn mch t bo c ch r phn chuyn mch gi.
Hn na, cc phn t chuyn mch c th iu khin c a vo trong mng
truyn dn, nh gip cho vic truyn dn thc hin vi tin cy cao hn v tr nh
hn. B u ni cho s gi y thay th cc khung phn tn v cc b ghp knh s l cc
phn t truyn dn truyn thng.
104
5.2 CHUYN MCH KNH
Trong thc t hin nay, c rt nhiu k thut chuyn mch ang c p dng. Trong
, ph bin nht l k thut chuyn mch knh v k thut chuyn mch gi. Ni chung
vic thit k v ng dng hai h thng chuyn mch ny c nhiu im ging nhau.
Chuyn mch knh c nh ngha l k thut chuyn mch m bo vic thit lp
cc ng truyn dn dnh ring cho vic truyn tin ca mt qu trnh trao i thng tin gia
hai hay nhiu thu bao khc nhau. Chuyn mch knh c ng dng cho vic lin lc mt
cch tc thi, qu trnh chuyn mch c a ra mt cch khng c cm gic v s chm
tr (thi gian thc) v tr bin thin gia ni thu v ni phn phi tin hay bt k phn
no ca h thng truyn tin.
Chuyn mch knh tn hiu s l qu trnh kt ni, trao i thng tin cc khe thi
gian gia mt s on ca tuyn truyn dn TDM s. C hai c ch thc hin qu trnh
chuyn mch knh tn hiu s - C ch chuyn mch khng gian s v c ch chuyn mch
thi gian s. Phn sau y s m t nguyn tc cu to v hot ng ca cc tng chuyn
mch theo c ch khng gian cng nh thi gian, trn c s , xy dng trng chuyn
mch kt hp bo m kch thc ln bt k theo yu cu.
5.2.1 Tng chuyn mch khng gian s
Tng chuyn mch khng gian s S (Space Switch Stage) cu to t mt ma trn
chuyn mch kch thc N u vo v M u ra vt l. Lu rng y l h thng TDM-s,
do mi ng vt l cha n knh thi gian m chng mang cc tn hiu PCM. Nh vy
kt ni mt khe thi gian bt k no trong mt ng PCM bt k pha u vo ca ma trn
chuyn mch ti khe thi gian tng ng (ngha l c cng m s TS) ca mt ng PCM
bt k pha u ra ca ma trn th mt im chuyn mch thch hp ca ma trn chuyn
mch cn phi hot ng trong sut thi gian ca TS v lp li vi chu k T=125 micro
giy trong sut qu trnh to knh. Trong cc thi gian khc,vn im chuyn mch c
th s dng cho cc qu trnh ni khc. Tng t nh vy i vi tt c cc im chuyn
mch khc ca ma trn c th c s dng thit lp knh ni cho cc cuc gi khc
nhau.
Chuyn mch khng gian tn hiu TDM-s thng thit lp ng thi mt s lng
ln cc cuc ni qua ma trn vi tc tc th trong mt khung tn hiu 125microsec, trong
mi cuc ni tn ti trong thi gian ca mt khe thi gian TS. Mt cuc gi in thoi c
th ko di trong khong thi gian nhiu khung tn hiu PCM (thng thng khong 1,2 - 2
triu khung v tng ng vi thi gian khong t 3 n 5 pht). Do vy mt kiu iu khin
theo chu k n gin cho mt mu ni l cn thit. iu ny d dng t c nh mt b
nh RAM iu khin cc b lin quan ti ma trn chuyn mch khng gian.
Hnh 5.2 minh ho nguyn tc cu to v hot ng ca mt tng chuyn mch
khng gian S. Chuyn mch tng S cu to t 2 thnh phn c bn - Ma trn chuyn mch v
khi iu khin chuyn mch cc b.
Ma trn chuyn mch vung kch thc NxN, trong hng dng cho cc ng
PCM pha u vo v ct dng cho cc ng PCM pha u ra. Ti giao im ca hng v
ct u ni im chuyn mch v thng thng l cng logic AND hay cng logic ba
105
trng thi. Ch rng AND hay cng logic ba trng thi l mch logic khng nh, do vy
chuyn mch cho cng mt khe thi gian gia u vo v u ra ca phn t chuyn mch.
Cc im chuyn mch trong mi ct c iu khin bi mt b nh iu khin C-Mem
(Control Memory).
Khi iu khin cc b bao gm b m khe thi gian TS-Counter, b chn a ch
Selector v b nh iu khin C-Mem thc hin chc nng iu khin cc b ma trn
chuyn mch. B nh C-Mem lu tr cc s liu lin quan ti cc im chuyn mch tng
ng vi cc khe thi gian TS trong khung tn hiu cho.
Hnh 5.2: Nguyn l chuyn mch tng S
M a ch nh phn c gn cho mi im chuyn mch trong mt ct. Mi a ch
thch hp sau s c s dng chn mt im chuyn mch yu cu thit lp cuc
ni gia mt u vo vi mt u ra ca ma trn chuyn mch. Cc a ch chn ny c
nh trong b nh iu khin C-Mem theo th t khe thi gian tng ng vi biu thi
gian kt ni hin thi. Nh vy i vi ct 1, a ch ca im chuyn mch s c thng
mch trong thi gian TS#0 s c nh trong nh c a ch 0 ca C-Mem cho ct, a ch
ca im chuyn mch s thng mch trong khe thi gian TS#1 s c nh trong nh a
ch 1. Tng t nh vy i vi tt c cc i ch khc trong tng chuyn mch.
T hnh v trn ta c th nhn thy rng mi C-Mem ch iu khin mt ct ca ma
trn v do cch trang b ny gi l iu khin u ra. Tt nhin cng c th trang b iu
khin theo u vo.
nm vng bn cht ca cc vn trn c s l thuyt trnh by trn, sau y
m t nguyn tc hot ng chuyn mch to knh ca tng S. cho vic miu t c
hon ton xc nh chng ta hy kho st mt v d c th. V d m t hot ng ca tng S
Cc
ng
vo
106
phc v cho mt cuc ni gia TS#0 ca lung tn hiu PCM1 u vo vi TS#0 ca lung
tn hiu PCM1 pha u ra.
Cn c vo yu cu chuyn mch c th cho, trc ht h thng iu khin trung
tm CC (Central Control) ca tng i ca s to cc s liu iu khin np vo b nh
C-Mem ca tng S. T hnh v trn r rng im chuyn mch duy nht c th m bo cho
yu cu kt ni PCM1 pha u vo vi PCM1 pha u ra l AND
11
do CC to m a
ch nh phn cho phn t AND
11
ny. V theo yu cu phi thc hin chuyn mch cho khe
thi gian TS#0 do vy CC s chim nh c a ch m nh phn 0 tng ng ca C-Mem.
Cc s liu c bn c CC np a ch nh phn AND
11
vo nh 0 ca C-Mem tng S,
xong n giao quyn iu khin cho khi iu khin cc b iu khin trc tip qu trnh tip
theo.
Nh th, bt u mt khung tn hiu PCM tn hiu ng h th nht tc ng vo b
m khe thi gian TS-Counter lm cho b m ny thit lp trng thi 0 c m nh phn
tng ng vi a ch nh 0 ca C-Mem, nh b chn a ch Selector m trng thi ny
c a ti BUS a ch ca b nh C-Mem. ng thi vi vic to m a ch, Selector
to ra tn hiu iu khin c a ti C-Mem do ni dung cha trong nh 0 c a ra
thanh ghi-gii m. V ni dung ny li chnh l a ch ca phn t chuyn mch AND
11
, do
to c tn hiu iu khin im chuyn mch ny, nh tn hiu PCM cha trong
khe thi gian TS#0 ca PCM1 pha u vo c chuyn qua phn t chuyn mch AND
11
hng ti PCM1 pha u ra ca ma trn chuyn mch S, tc l thc hin chc nng
chuyn mch.
Kt thc thi gian ca TS#0, xung ng h th 2 tc ng vo TS-Counter lm n
chuyn sang trng thi 1 c m nh phn tng ng vi a ch nh 1 ca C-Mem. Nh vy
kt thc vic to tn hiu iu khin cho AND
11
i vi qu trnh chuyn mch cho TS#0
theo yu cu. Tng t nh vy i vi cc khe thi gian tip theo v th tc c lp li
vi chu k T = 125microsec trong sut qu trnh thit lp ni cho cuc gi ang xt.
Khi cuc gi kt thc CC nhn bit v n s gii phng cuc ni mt cch n gin
bng hot ng xo s liu ghi vo C-Mem nh nu khi bt u cuc gi. Trong cc
tng chuyn mch S thc t, cc bt tn hiu PCM thng c ghp knh to lung tc
cao v bin i thnh dng song song trc khi qua tng S.
5.2.2 Tng chuyn mch thi gian s
Nh chng ta thy r trn y, cu to v hot ng ca chuyn mch tng S ch
thc hin cho cc qu trnh chuyn mch c cng ch s khe thi gian ga ng PCM vo
v ng PCM ra. Trong trng hp tng qut c yu cu trao i khe thi gian gia u
vo v u ra khc nhau th phi ng dng tng chuyn mch thi gian T (Time Switch
Stage).
Hnh 5.3 minh ho qu trnh trao i khe thi gian gia TS#2 v TS#5 cho hai
khung lin tip nhau gia ng PCM vo v PCM ra ca tng chuyn mch T.
107
Hnh 5.3: Trao i khe thi gian
V cc khe thi gian TS c sp xp lin tip nhau theo th t tng dn do vy
trao i thng tin gia cc khe thi gian TS#2 v TS#5, tn hiu PCM trong TS#2 cn phi
c lu tm thi ti tng T trong khong thi gian 5-2 = 3TS trong cng mt khung, sau
vo khe thi gian ca TS#5, tn hiu PCM c a ra ng PCM pha u ra ca tng
chuyn mch.
Trng hp nu cn chuyn mch gia khe thi gian u ra vi khe thi gian c
ch s ln hn pha u vo, v d TS#6 v TS#2 nh minh ho trn Hnh 5.4 th tn hiu
khng th tr trong cng mt khung m phi tr ti khung tip theo. C th l (N-6) + 2 khe
thi gian, trong N l s khe thi gian trong khung PCM, y N = n+1 = 32.
Hnh 5.4: Nguyn l chuyn mch thi gian
Tr (N-6)+2
108
Nh vy, trong trng hp ny, thc hin chuyn mch gia khe thi gian TS#6
ca khung lin trc u vo sang TS#2 ca khung lin sau u ra, thng tin phi c lu
tr trong b nh mt khong thi gian l (N-6) + 2 = (32-6) + 2 = 28TS.
Nguyn l cu to ca chuyn mch tng T bao gm 02 thnh phn chnh l b nh
tin S-Mem (Speak Memory) v b nh iu khin C-Mem (Controller Memory) nh Hnh
5.5 minh ho di y. Chc nng c bn ca S-Mem l nh tm thi cc tn hiu PCM
cha trong mi khe thi gian pha u vo to tr thch hp theo yu cu m n c gi
tr t nh nht l 1TS ti cc i l (N-1)TS.
Nu vic ghi cc tn hiu PCM cha trong cc khe thi gian TS pha u vo ca
tng chuyn mch T vo S-Mem c thc hin mt cch tun t th c th s dng mt b
m nh phn Module(n) cng vi b chn rt n gin iu khin. Lu rng khi tn
hiu ng h phi hon ton ng b vi cc thi im u ca TS trong khung tn hiu
PCM c s dng trong h.
B nh C-Mem c chc nng dng iu khin qu trnh c thng tin lu m
ti S-Mem. Cng nh C-Mem trong chuyn mch tng S, b nh C-Mem ca tng T cng c
N nh bng s lng khe thi gian trong khung tn hiu PCM s dng. Trong thi gian
mi TS, C-Mem iu khin qu trnh c mt nh tng ng thch hp trong T-Mem. Nh
vy hiu qu tr ca tn hiu PCM ca T-Mem c xc nh mt cch r rng rnh mch
bi hiu s gia cc khe thi gian ghi v c tin PCM b nh S-Mem.
Hnh 5.5: Chuyn mch tng T
Nguyn l hot ng ca chuyn mch thi gian T s c trnh by sng t theo v
d sau y :
109
Gi s c yu cu chuyn mch phc v cho cuc ni gia TS#5 ca lung tn hiu
PCM u vo vi TS#9 ca lung tn hiu PCM u ra ca chuyn mch tng T nh minh
ho trn hnh v trn
Cn c yu cu chuyn mch, h thng iu khin trung tm CC ca tng i s to
cc s liu iu khin cho tng T. thc hin iu ny CC s np s liu v a ch nh
phn nh s 5 ca T-Mem vo nh s 9 ca C-Mem, sau CC giao quyn iu khin
cc b cho chuyn mch tng T trc tip thc hin qu trnh trao i khe thi gian theo yu
cu chuyn mch.
Tip theo cho qu trnh m t c hon ton xc nh v d theo di, chng ta
kho st thi im bt u TS#0 ca khung tn hiu PCM. Qu trnh ghi thng tin PCM cha
trong cc khe thi gian pha u vo b nh S-Mem c thc hin mt cch ln lt v
ng b nh hot ng phi hp gia b m khe thi gian TS-Counter v b chn a ch
Selector 1. C th l khi bt u khe thi gian TS#0, tn hiu ng h tc ng vo TS-
Counter lm n thit lp trng thi 0 to t hp m nh phn tng ng vi a ch m nh
phn ca nh 0 trong S-Mem. B chn a ch Selector 1 c s dng iu khin c
hay ghi b nh S-Mem (RAM), trong trng hp ny n chuyn m a ch ny bo Bus a
ch Add ca S-Mem ng thi to tn hiu iu khin ghi W, do vy t hp m tn hiu PCM
cha trong khe thi gian TS#0 ca lung s u vo c ghi vo nh 0 ca S-Mem
Kt thc thi gian TS#0 cng l bt u TS#1 song ng h li tc ng vo TS-
Counter lm cho n chuyn sang trng thi 1 to a ch nh phn cho nh s 1 ca S-
Mem. Selector1 chuyn s liu ny vo Bus a ch ca S-Mem, ng thi to tn hiu iu
khin ghi W do t hp m tn hiu PCM trong khe thi gian TS 1 ca lung s u vo
c ghi vo nh 1 ca T-Mem. Qu trnh xy ra tng t i vi cc khe thi gian TS#2,
TS#3, TS# 4, TS #5 v tip theo cho ti khe thi gian cui cng TS#n ca khung. Sau
tip tc lp li cho cc khung tip theo trong sut thi gian thit lp cuc ni yu cu.
ng thi vi qu trnh ghi tn hiu vo S-Mem, C-Mem thc hin iu khin qu
trnh c cc nh ca S-Mem a tn hiu PCM ra lung s PCM vo cc khe thi gian
cn thit thch hp tng ng theo yu cu. C th din bin qu trnh xy ra nh sau:
Bt u khe thi gian TS#9, tn hiu ng h tc ng vo TS-Counter lm n
chuyn trng thi to m nh phn tng ng a ch nh s 9 ca C-Mem. B chn a ch
Selector2 chuyn s liu ny vo Bus a ch ca C-Mem ng thi to tn hiu iu khin
c R cho b nh C-Mem, kt qu l ni dung cha trong nh s 9 ca C-Mem c a
ra ngoi hng ti Bus a ch c pha u vo ca Selector1. V ni dung ca nh s 9
C-Mem l a ch nh phn ca nh s 5 ca S-Mem do vy b chn a ch Selector1
chuyn a ch nyvo Bus a ch ca S-Mem, ng thi n to c tn hiu iu khin
c R ca S-Mem. Kt qu l ni dung cha trong nh s 5 ca S-Mem c a ra ngoi
vo khong thi gian ca khe thi gian TS#9, ngha l thc hin ng chc nng chuyn
mch yu cu cho trc. Qu trnh tip tc lp li nh trn vi chu k 125microsec vi cc
khung tip theo cho ti khi kt thc cuc ni.
C ch hot ng ca chuyn mch tng T nh trnh by trn y l qu trnh ghi
tn hiu PCM vo S-Mem c thc hin mt cch tun t, cn qu trnh c tn hiu PCM
t S-Mem ra c thc hin theo yu cu theo cch ngu nhin. Ch lm vic nh vy
110
ca chuyn mch tng T gi l ghi tun t c ngu nhin vit tt l SWRR (Serial Write
Random Read). Ngoi ch SWRR trong thc tin cn phi s dng ch ghi ngu
nhin c tun t RWSR (Random Write Serial Read) m chng ta s kho st khi m t
cu trc v hot ng ca tng chuyn mch s ghp kt hp T-S-T sau ny.
Trong cc ng dng thc t ca cc khi chuyn mch tn hiu s ta thng phi gii
quyt hai vn quan trng l cht lng dch v QoS (Quality Of Service) v dung lng
cn thit ca khi chuyn mch yu cu. Cht lng dch v ch yu ph thuc vo hin
tng blocking v hin tng ny vi xc sut kh ln khi ch s dng cc chuyn mch
tng S. i vi tng T nh m t trn y n c th bo m chc nng chuyn mch
khng blocking cho tt c cc khe thi gian trong lung tn hiu PCM m n m nhim
phc v. i vi chuyn mch khng gian s, khi kch thc tng S tng ln th s lng
chn ra ca vi mch cng s rt ln gy kh khn ch to vi mch. Cn vic tng dung lng
ca chuyn mch tng T th b hn ch bi cng ngh ch to vi mch nh RAM v cc
mch logic iu khin lin quan. Nh vy vic tng dung lng trng chuyn mch s
bo m cho s lng thu bao v trung k ln tu theo yu cu ch cn cch phi xy
dng trng chuyn mch s dng kt hp cc chuyn mch tng T v S tiu chun. C rt
nhiu phng n ghp kt hp gia cc chuyn mch tng S v T, v d nh T-S, S-T, S-T-
S, T-S-T, T-S-S-T v.v...
Do c kh nng tip thng hon ton v khng c hin tng blocking nn ngi ta
mong mun ch s dng mt tng T. Tuy vy mt tng T ch dng lm khi chuyn mch
khng blocking c dung lng ti a 1024 TS. Vi cu trc hai tng T-S v S-T ch thch
hp cho cc tng chuyn mch dung lng nh v va. Nhng vi phng n ny xc sut
blocking s tng nhanh cng vi s tng dung lng ca tng chuyn mch T. Do vy cc
tng i dung lng va v ln nhm mc tiu gim blocking v tng dung lng khi
chuyn mch ngi ta thng dng cu trc ba tng.
Trc y, cu trc S-T-S c s dng nhng t cui thp nin 70 tr li y cu
trc T-S-T chim u th hn v ngy nay cu trc ny c s dng rng ri nht. S d
trc y ngi ta s dng S-T-S l v vi trnh cng ngh lc trnh chi ph ln cho
tc hot ng cao ca vi mch. Ngy nay cc u im v tc cao ca RAM b li
c v chi ph gi thnh cho c hai cng ngh chuyn mch S v chuyn mch T do m
cu trc T-S-T c a chung hn.
Trong cc tng i dung lng cc ln, cc chuyn mch tng S c tc dng chia
nh trng chuyn mch thnh mt s tng thnh phn nhm hn ch kch thc ca chng
do cc cu trc 4 hoc 5 tng T-S-S-T hoc T-S-S-S-T c ng dng. Lu rng
vic s dng cu trc chuyn mch tng S a tng gim c tng chi ph gi thnh nhng
s tng chi ph gii quyt vn blocking.
Tm li vic la chn cu trc c th ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh phc tp,
kch thc trng chuyn mch, lu lng phc v, kch thc Module, kh nng kim tra
o th bo dng, m rng dung lng v.v... Do cc tnh cht mang tnh u im nh
trnh by trn, cu trc T-S-T c s dng rng ri nht v n c thit k di dng
cc Module c kch thc ph hp vi cng ngh, ng dng thc t v d pht trin, d vn
hnh v bo dng.
111
5.3 CHUYN MCH GI
K thut chuyn mch gi ngy nay tr thnh mt k thut rt c tim nng v
quan trng trong lnh vc Vin thng bi v n cho php cc ngun ti nguyn vin thng s
dng mt cch hiu qu nht. Chuyn mch gi c th thch ng vi din rt rng cc dch
v v yu cu ca khch hng. Trn th gii ngy nay, mng chuyn mch gi cng ang
c pht trin rt mnh m v s dng ch yu cho cc dch v truyn thng s liu gia
cc my tnh. Tuy vy chuyn mch gi cng ang th hin hiu qu v tnh hp dn ca n
cho cc dch v vin thng khc nh in thoi, Video v cc dch v bng rng khc.
Nguyn l ca chuyn mch gi l da trn kh nng ca cc my tnh tc cao v
cc quy tc tc ng vo bn tin cn truyn sao cho c th chia ct cc cuc gi, cc bn
tin hoc cc giao dch (Transaction) thnh cc thnh phn nh gi l Gi tin. Tu thuc
vo vic thc hin v hnh thc ca thng tin m c th c nhiu mc phn chia. V d mt
cch thc hin ph bin c p dng ca chuyn mch gi hin nay l bn tin ca Ngi s
dng c chia thnh cc Segments v sau cc Segments li c chia tip thnh cc gi
(Packet) c kch thc chun ho. Hnh v di y minh ho giao thc ct gi theo nguyn
tc nu trn.
Hnh 5.7: Nguyn l ct mnh v to gi
Cc Segment sau khi c chia ct t Bn tin ca khch hng s c x l chun
ho tip bng cch dn u (Leader) v ui (Trailer), nh vy chng cha ba trng
s liu l: u cha a ch ch cng cc thng tin iu khin m mng yu cu v d nh
s th t ca Segment #, m knh Logic tch cc thng tin khch hng ghp knh,
nh du Segment u tin v Segment cui cng ca bn tin v nhiu thng tin khc lin
quan ti chc nng qun l v iu khin t u cui-ti-u cui.
i vi cc gi tin truyn qua mng chuyn mch gi cn phi cha cc mu to
khung nh du im u v im cui ca mi gi. Tiu (Header) ca gi tng t
nh u ca Segment, ngoi ra n cn c thm cc thng tin m mng chuyn mch yu cu
iu khin s truyn ti cu cc gi qua mng, v d nh thng tin cn b sung vo tiu
Transaction / Message c di L
u Trng tin CRC Trng tin c di ti M bit
(M>=N)
Tiu Ti tin (Ti Nbit) CRC
To khung bt u
To khung kt thc
Segment#1 Segment#2 .. Segment#n
Bn tin
Segment
Gi
112
ca gi l a ch Ngun, a ch ch, s th t ca gi v cc khi s liu iu khin
chng vng lp, qun l QoS, suy hao, lp gi v.v...
Trng kim sot li CRC cho php h thng chuyn mch gi pht hin sai li xy
ra trong gi nu c, nh m bo yu cu rt cao v chnh xc truyn tin.
Tng s tin cha trong cc trng s liu u ca Segment v Tiu ca Gi l rt
quan trng. Thng thng cc trng s liu ny c khong t 64 n 256 bit trong tng s
N khong 1000 bit. Hnh v sau y minh ho cu trc gi tin trong mng chuyn mch gi.
Hnh 5.8: Cu trc gi tin trong chuyn mch gi
Cc gi tin s c chuyn qua mng chuyn mch gi t Node chuyn mch ny ti
Node chuyn mch khc trn c s Lu m v pht chuyn tip, ngha l mi Node
chuyn mch sau khi thu mt gi s tm thi lu gi mt bn sao ca gi vo b nh m
cho ti khi c hi pht chuyn tip gi ti Node tip theo hay thit b u cui ca Ngi
dng c m bo chc chn. Bi v mi qu trnh thng tin c ct nh thnh cc gi
ging nhau nn cc bn tin d di hay ngn u c th chuyn qua mng vi s nh hng
ln nhau t nht v nh s chuyn ti cc gi qua mng gn nh nhau c thc hin trong
thi gian thc nn chuyn mch c th p ng c yu cu hot ng mt cch nhanh
chng k c khi c s thay i mu lu lng hoc c s hng hc mt phn hay nhiu tnh
nng khc ca mng.
Hnh 5.9 minh ho nguyn tc hot ng ca mng chuyn mch gi. Cc bn tin
ca khch hng t my ch gi A s khng c gi i mt cch tc th v trn vn qua
mng ti my b gi nh trong mng chuyn mch bn tin, m s c ct v to thnh cc
gi chun Node chuyn mch gi ngun PSWs. Mi gi s c pht vo mng mt cch
ring r c lp v chng s dch chuyn v Node chuyn mch gi ch PSW
theo mt
ng dn kh dng tt nht ti bt k thi im no, ng thi mi gi s c kim tra
gim st li trn dc hnh trnh.
113
Hnh 5.9: Mng chuyn mch gi
Ti PSW
PSW
S
User A
114
khin. Gi s liu vo c th c truyn vo BUS s liu dng ni tip hoc song song v
sau c chuyn ti b m u ra bi b iu khin m n xc nhn c a ch ca
gi cha trong trng tin nh hng.
5.4 NH TUYN
5.4.1 Khi nim v nh tuyn
nh tuyn l mt cng vic quan trng trong qu trnh truyn tin qua mng. N
c thc hin tng mng (tng 3 theo m hnh tham chiu OSI). Mc ch ca nh tuyn
l chuyn thng tin ca ngi s dng t im ngun n im ch.
Qu trnh nh tuyn (routing) bao gm hai hot ng chnh, l: xc nh ng
truyn (path determination) v chuyn tip thng tin (forwarding) theo ng (cn c
gi l switching). Vic truyn thng tin i theo con ng chn c th ni l kh n gin
(v mt thut ton), trong khi , vic xc nh ng truyn phc tp hn rt nhiu.
Hnh 5.11: nh tuyn
Trong cc mng thng tin khc nhau, vic xc nh ng truyn cng din ra khc
nhau. Tuy nhin, cch xc nh ng truyn no cng bao gm hai cng vic c bn. Th
nht l thu thp v phn pht thng tin v tnh trng ca mng (v d nh trng thi ng
truyn, tnh trng tc nghn...) v ca thng tin cn truyn (v d nh lu lng, yu cu
dch v...). Cc thng tin ny s c s dng lm c s cho vic xc nh ng truyn.
Th hai l chn ra ng truyn kh dng (cng c th l ng truyn ti u) da trn cc
thng tin trng thi trn. ng truyn kh dng l ng truyn tho mn mi yu cu ca
thng tin cn truyn (v d: tc ) v iu kin ca mng (v d: kh nng ca ng
truyn). Cn ng truyn ti u (theo mt tiu chun no ) l ng truyn tt nht trong
nhng ng truyn kh dng.
Mc ch ca bi ton nh tuyn:
T cc phn trnh by trn y c nhn xet rng thuc tnh Topo quan trng ca
mng chuyn mch gi hin thc l tn ti nhiu ng, nhiu hng c th s dng
115
truyn ti cc gi s liu gia ngun v ch. ng nhin s hot ng ca mng phi bao
gm cc phng php nh cc gi tin tm c ng i tt nht hoc tng i tt.
Thut ng ng tt c th hiu theo cc tiu ch khc nhau. V d l ng i
ngn nht, cht lng truyn dn tt nht, tin cy cao nht, tr nh nht hay t b tc
ngn v.v...
Vic tm c mt tuyn (hng) tt nht qua mng chuyn mch gi l mt bi
ton rt phc tp. Thng tin cn phi c xc nh v m t r rng v sn sng, kh
dng ca nhng ng c th truyn tin khc nhau, chn v nh ngha cc tiu ch ti u v
cui cng l hng qua phi truyn c gi s liu ti ch. C nhiu phng php nh
tuyn c ng dng trong mng chuyn mch gi.
5.4.2 Phn loi nh tuyn
Mt k thut nh tuyn phi thc hin hai chc nng chnh sau y:
- Quyt nh chn ng theo nhng tiu chun ti u no .
- Cp nht thng tin nh tuyn, tc l thng tin dng cho chc nng 1.
C rt nhiu k thut nh tuyn khc nhau. S phn bit gia chng ch yu cn c
vo cc yu t lin quan n hai chc nng k trn. Cc yu t thng l:
- S thch nghi vi trng thi hin hnh ca mng.
- S phn tn ca cc chc nng nh tuyn trn cc node mng.
- Cc tiu chun ti u chn ng.
T ta c th c k thut nh tuyn tnh (Static routing-Fixed routing hay cn gi
l nh tuyn khng thch nghi) v k thut nh ng (k thut nh tuyn thch nghi-
Adaptive routing); k thut nh tuyn tp trung (Centralized routing) v k thut nh tuyn
phn tn (Distributed routing);...
Cc phng php nh tuyn cng c th phn loi da vo cch to tuyn ng
(nh tuyn ngun v nh tuyn tng bc) hay da vo s phn cp cc node mng (nh
tuyn phn cp v nh tuyn khng phn cp)...
nh tuyn tnh v nh tuyn ng
nh tuyn tnh hay nh tuyn khng thch nghi l k thut nh tuyn trong
vic nh tuyn ch phi thc hin mt ln khi xy dng mng. Sau , cc thng tin v vic
nh tuyn c lu trong cc bng nh tuyn cho cc node. Sau ny, khi mng hot ng,
nu gi tr ca link thay i th cc bng nh tuyn ny cng khng c cp nht li. Nu
mun thay i cc thng tin trong bng nh tuyn, ngi qun tr mng phi trc tip ra
lnh thc hin cc thut ton nh tuyn to ra thng tin nh tuyn mi. Thng thng,
vi nh tuyn khng thch nghi, bng nh tuyn c th a ra mt s con ng thay th
khi con ng chnh gp s c (qu ti, hng).
nh tuyn ng hay nh tuyn thch nghi l k thut nh tuyn trong vic
tnh ton ng truyn ti u c thc hin nhiu ln trong khi mng hot ng. C sau
mt khong thi gian quy nh trc hoc mi khi mng c s thay i v cu hnh, trng
thi th thng tin v mng li c gi ti nhng ni c nhim v thc hin nh tuyn
116
tin hnh nh tuyn li. C mt loi thut ton nh tuyn c gi l nh tuyn thch nghi
cch ly. Theo cch nh tuyn ny, cc node khng gi, cng khng nhn thng tin thay i
v tnh trng mng. Cc node la chn con ng tu theo kt qu ca nhng ln truyn
trc c phn hi li.
Hnh 5.12: nh tuyn ng vi kh nng thay th tuyn hng
nh tuyn tp trung v nh tuyn phn tn
Mt cch phn loi ph bin chia cc phng php nh tuyn ra lm hai loi, da
trn cch tnh ton nh tuyn: nh tuyn tp trung v nh tuyn phn tn. Khi vic tnh
ton c thc hin ti mt im v sau kt qu c chuyn ti cc node trong mng, ta
gi l nh tuyn tp trung. Cn khi vic tnh ton c thc hin cc node trong mng,
ta gi l nh tuyn phn tn.
Trong nh tuyn tp trung, trung tm tnh ton cn phi bit tt c cc thng tin v
mng. Cc node c nhim v gi thng tin v cu hnh ca phn mng xung quanh n v
cho trung tm ny. ng thi, cn c mt khong thi gian c th truyn thng tin cp
nht ti tt c cc node. i vi trung tm x l, phi m bo yu cu rt cao v tin cy
trong hot ng, bi hot ng ca mng b nh hng rt ln nu trung tm x l ny gp
s c. Chnh v l do ny m nh tuyn tp trung khng c s dng nhiu trong cc mng
hin ti.
Cc thut ton nh tuyn ngn nht da trn thut ton Dijkstra, c bit l thut
ton Floyd thch hp vi vic x l tp trung bi cc thut ton ny khi thc hin tnh ton
cn c y thng tin v mng. Cc thut ton ny cng c th c dng trong m hnh
x l phn tn. Nhng, khi , cc node u cn phi bit thng tin v ton b cu hnh
mng, nn mi khi mng c thay i, thng tin ny cn phi c chuyn ti tt c cc node,
lm cho chi ph ca vic nh tuyn tng ln rt cao.
nh tuyn phn tn gip nng cao tin cy ca mng, khi c mt node hng, vic
nh tuyn cc node xung quanh cng khng b nh hng. Thm na, bng nh tuyn ti
mi node nhanh chng c cp nht hn.
nh tuyn ngun v nh tuyn tng bc
Cc phng php nh tuyn cng c th phn loi da vo cch to ra tuyn ng.
Nu tuyn ng c xc nh ngay t node ngun, cc node trung gian trn ng i
ch lm nhim v chuyn tip gi tin th ta gi l nh tuyn ngun (Source routing hay
Host-Intelligent). Cn nu tuyn ng khng c xc nh ngay t u, m c phn
117
thnh nhiu on do cc node khc nhau chn, th ta gi l nh tuyn tng bc (Hop-by-
Hop hay Router-Intelligent).
Theo phng php nh tuyn ngun, mi gi tin khi truyn trn mng u phi
mang theo ton b thng tin v tuyn ng ca mnh. mi node ch vic cn c vo thng
tin ny m chuyn tip gi tin. Cn theo cch nh tuyn tng bc, mi gi tin ch cn
mang a ch ch l . Do , tiu ca gi tin s b hn.
nh tuyn tng bc p ng nhanh hn vi nhng thay i trong mng (nhng
thay i ny nh hng ti gi tin ngay khi gi tin ang c truyn trong mng). Nhng
ng thi, nh tuyn tng bc c th lm cho cc gi tin b chuyn i theo vng. Cn nh
tuyn ngun m bo gi tin s i thng ti ch.
nh tuyn phn cp v khng phn cp
Trong nh tuyn khng phn cp, tt c cc node c coi l ngang hng vi nhau.
Trong khi , nh tuyn phn cp phn cc node ra thnh nhiu cp khc nhau. Cc node
thuc cc node khc nhau c nhng kh nng nh tuyn thng tin khc nhau.
nh tuyn phn cp n gin hn nhiu so vi nh tuyn khng phn cp, tuy
nhin, kt qu khng tt bng.
Trong nh tuyn phn cp, cc node ch cn bit thng tin v cc node ng cp,
cng vng, m khng cn bit cu hnh ca mng cc vng khc, cp khc. nh tuyn
sang mt node vng khc, n chuyn cng vic ln cho node cp trn.
Trong nh tuyn khng phn cp, bng nh tuyn mi node cha thng tin v tt
c cc node trong mng n c th ti. Do , cn phi c lng b nh ln hn lu tr
bng nh tuyn, ng thi cng cn nhiu ng truyn dnh cho vic trao i thng tin
nh tuyn gia cc node hn. u im ca nh tuyn khng phn cp l n c th p ng
tt vi vn x l lu lng, i ph tt vi li xy ra, do nng cao c tin cy ca
mng. Trong khi , nh tuyn phn cp lm cho hot ng ca mng b ph thuc vo cc
node cp trn, nu cc node ny hng, mng s b tch ra thnh nhiu phn khng lin lc
c vi nhau.
118
CU HI N TP CHNG 5:
1. Cng ngh chuyn mch c th chia thnh
A. Chuyn mch phn thi gian s v chuyn mch khng gian s
B. Chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi
C. Chuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian v chuyn mch gi
D. Chuyn mch khng gian s v chuyn mch gi
2. C th ni chuyn mch knh tin cy hn chuyn mch gi, ng hay sai?
A. ng
B. Sai
3. Chuyn mch knh tn dng ti nguyn knh truyn tt hn chuyn mch gi?
A. ng
B. Sai
4. Chuyn mch knh tn hiu s gm nhng loi no sau y
A. Chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch IP
B. Chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch khng gian s S
C. Chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi
D. Chuyn mch thi gian s T v chuyn mch khng gian s S
5. Trong chuyn mch knh khng gian s S, mi khe thi gian u vo c kt
ni ti khe thi gian TS u ra.
A. 1 C. 16
B. 2 D. 30
6. Trong chuyn mch knh khng gian s S, gi s khe thi gian u vo l TS#4,
th khe thi gian u ra no c th c kt ni
A. TS#0 C. TS#16
B. TS#4 D. Khe thi gian bt k khc TS#0 v TS#16
7. Trong chuyn mch knh khng gian s S, mi cuc gi ch c thc hin trong
1 khung PCM duy nht
A. ng
B. Sai
8. Chuyn mch khng gian s S, c cu to t nhng thnh phn c bn no
A. Khi giao din thu bao v Khi trung k
B. Khi giao din thu bao v khi iu khin chuyn mch cc b
C. Ma trn chuyn mch v khi iu khin chuyn mch cc b
D. Ma trn chuyn mch v Khi giao din thu bao
119
9. Trong ma trn chuyn mch khng gian S, hng c s dng cho cc lung
PCM u vo?
A. ng
B. Sai
10. Trong ma trn chuyn mch khng gian S, ct c s dng cho cc lung PCM
u ra?
A. ng
B. Sai
11. Trong chuyn mch knh thi gian s T, mi khe thi gian u vo c kt ni
ti khe thi gian TS u ra.
A. 1 C. 16
B. 2 D. 30
12. Chuyn mch thi gian s T gm hai thnh phn chnh l
A. Ma trn chuyn mch v khi iu khin chuyn mch cc b
B. Ma trn chuyn mch v b nh iu khin C-Mem
C. B nh tin S-Mem v b nh iu khin C-Mem
D. B nh tin S-Mem v khi iu khin chuyn mch cc b
13. Trong chuyn mch knh thi gian s T, nu khe thi gian u vo l TS#4, khe
thi gian u ra l TS#10, th tn hiu cn phi lu tm trong khong thi gian bao
nhiu.
A. 4TS C. 10TS
B. 6TS D. 26TS
14. Trong chuyn mch knh thi gian s T, nu khe thi gian u vo l TS#10, khe
thi gian u ra l TS#4, th tn hiu cn phi lu tm trong khong thi gian bao nhiu.
A. 4TS C. 10TS
B. 6TS D. 26TS
15. Trong chuyn mch knh thi gian s T, nu khe thi gian u vo l TS#18, khe
thi gian u ra l TS#26, th tn hiu cn phi lu tm trong khong thi gian bao
nhiu.
A. 8TS C. 24TS
B. 18TS D. 26TS
16. Trong chuyn mch knh thi gian s T, nu khe thi gian u vo l TS#24, khe
thi gian u ra l TS#18, th tn hiu cn phi lu tm trong khong thi gian bao
nhiu.
A. 8TS C. 24TS
B. 18TS D. 26TS
17. tng dung lng, phng n no sau y thng c la chn
A. T-S C. T-S-T
B. S-T D. S-T-S
120
18. Th t cc bc thng s dng qu trnh to gi trong cng ngh chuyn
mch gi l
A. Bn tin, segment, gi tin
B. Bn tin, gi tin, segment
C. Bn tin, gi tin
D. Bn tin, segment.
19. Trong chuyn mch gi, cc gi tin ca mt bn tin c th
A. i t ngun ti ch theo mt ng c thit lp sn
B. i t ngun ti ch theo mt s ng c thit lp sn
C. i t ngun ti ch theo nhiu ng khc nhau
D. i t ngun ti ch theo yu cu ca ch
20. Trong chuyn mch gi, cc gi tin ca cc bn tin khc nhau
A. Ch c th i t ngun ti ch trn cng mt ng c thit lp
sn
B. Ch c th i t ngun ti ch trn mt s ng c thit lp sn
C. Khng th truyn i trn cng mt ng
D. C th i t ngun ti ch trn cng mt ng
21. Trong m hnh OSI, chc nng nh tuyn c thc hin tng no
A. Tng 1 C. Tng 4
B. Tng 3 D. Tng 7
22. Qu trnh nh tuyn bao gm hai hot ng chnh no sau y
A. Xc nh ng truyn v chuyn tip thng tin
B. Xc nh ng truyn v phn mnh bn tin to thnh gi tin
C. Phn mnh bn tin to thnh gi tin v chuyn tip thng tin
D. Phn mnh bn tin thnh gi tin v ti hp cc gi tin thnh bn tin
23. Khi phn chia nh tuyn theo s thch nghi vi trng thi hin hnh ca mng,
c nhng loi k thut nh tuyn no
A. nh tuyn tnh v nh tuyn ng
B. nh tuyn phn tn v nh tuyn tp trung
C. nh tuyn phn cp v nh tuyn khng phn cp
D. nh tuyn ngun v nh tuyn tng bc
24. Khi phn chia nh tuyn theo s phn tn ca cc chc nng nh tuyn trn
cc node mng, c nhng loi k thut nh tuyn no
A. nh tuyn tnh v nh tuyn ng
B. nh tuyn phn tn v nh tuyn tp trung
C. nh tuyn phn cp v nh tuyn khng phn cp
D. nh tuyn ngun v nh tuyn tng bc
25. K thut nh tuyn ng hay cn gi l k thut nh tuyn no sau y
121
A. K thut nh tuyn thch nghi
B. K thut nh tuyn khng thch nghi
C. K thut nh tuyn tp trung
D. K thut nh tuyn phn tn
26. K thut nh tuyn tnh hay cn gi l k thut nh tuyn no sau y
A. K thut nh tuyn thch nghi
B. K thut nh tuyn khng thch nghi
C. K thut nh tuyn tp trung
D. K thut nh tuyn phn tn
122
TI LIU THAM KHO CHNG 5
[1] Understanding Telecommunications. Volume 1, Chapter 3: Switching and switch
control. Ericsson Telecom, Telia and Studentlitteratur, 1997.
[2] F.J. Redmill and A.R.Valdar. SPC Digital Telephone Exchanges. Peter Peregrinus Ltd.,
London, United Kingdom, 1990.
[3] Aattalainen T. Introduction to Telecommunications Network Engineering. 2
nd
edition,
Artech House, ISBN: 1580535003, 2003.
[4] Freeman R. L. Fundamentals of Telecommunications. John Wiley & Sons, 1999.
[5] Tarek N. S., Mostafa H. A. Fundamentals of Telecommunications Networks. John Wiley
and Sons, 1994.
[6] Moore M. S. Telecommunications: A Beginners Guide. McGraw-Hill, 2002.
[7] Dng Vn Thnh, C s k thut chuyn mch, Hc vin cng ngh BCVT.2000.
[8] TS. L Hu Lp, ThS. Hong Trng Minh. Cng ngh chuyn mch IP. H Ni,
11/2002.
[9] Gerald R. Ash. Dynamic Routing in Telecommunications Networks. McGraw-Hill, 1998.
[10] Tng cc Bu in, VNPT-Kokusai Denshin Denwa Co., Ltd, Nippon Telegraph and
Telephone Corporation. Chuyn mch s v cc h thng qun l mng. NXB Khoa hc
v K thut, 1997.
123
CHNG VI
BO HIU V NG B TRONG MNG VIN THNG
GII THIU CHNG
Trong mng vin thng bo hiu c coi l mt phng tin chuyn thng tin v
cc lnh t im ny n im khc, cc thng tin v cc lnh ny c lin quan n qu trnh
thit lp, gim st v gii phng cuc gi. c th tip cn cc kin thc c bn v bo
hiu, ta c th chia bo hiu thnh hai loi: Bo hiu cho mng chuyn mch knh v bo
hiu cho mng chuyn mch gi. Trong , bo hiu cho mng chuyn mch knh li c
chia thnh hai loi l bo hiu ng thu bao v bo hiu lin i. Bo hiu ng thu bao
l bo hiu gia my u cui vi tng i, cn bo hiu lin i l bo hiu gia cc tng
i vi nhau. Chng ny a ra cc khi nim, kin thc c bn v bo hiu. Trong s
trnh by cc c s l thuyt v bo hiu cho mng chuyn mch knh v bo hiu trong
mng chuyn mch gi.
Trong mng vin thng cc thit b c th hot ng c vi nhau, chng phi
c cung cp cc tn hiu ng b. Mng ng b l mt mng chc nng khng th thiu
c trong mng vin thng quc gia s hin i. Cng vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca
cc h thng chuyn mch s, truyn dn s, cng ngh SDH, ATM... vai tr quan trng ca
vic ng b mng vin thng ngy cng gia tng.Yu cu v ng b mng l iu kin
quan trng cn thit trin khai v khai thc hiu qu cc cng ngh mi cht lng cao
trn mng li. ng b c nh hng ln n n nh v cht lng dch v ca mng
thng tin. Khi nim v vai tr ca ng b cng nh cc phng php ng b mng c
trnh by trong phn 6.2 ca chng ny, c bit cui chng 6, mng ng b ca mng
vin thng Vit nam (ca VNPT) c cung cp cho ngi c, cc hc vin c th hiu
hn v thc t v ng b.
Sau khi hc chng ny, cc hc vin cn phi nm bt c khi nim v bo hiu
v ng b trong mng vin thng. C nhng loi bo hiu no; bo hiu trong mng chuyn
mch knh v trong mng chuyn mch gi c thc hin nh th no; C nhng phng
thc ng b mng nh th no v mng Vin thng ca VNPT ang s dng phng thc
ng b no.
6.1 BO HIU
6.1.1 ngha ca vn bo hiu
Trong mng vin thng bo hiu c coi l mt phng tin chuyn thng tin v
cc lnh t im ny n im khc, cc thng tin v cc lnh ny c lin quan n thit lp,
gim st v gii phng cuc gi. Bo hiu thc hin 3 chc nng chnh:
- Chc nng gim st: gim st ng thu bao, ng trung k...
124
- Chc nng tm chn: chc nng iu khin v chuyn thng tin a ch
- Chc nng khai thc v vn hnh mng: phc v cho vic khai thc mng mt
cch ti u nht.
Thng thng bo hiu c chia lm 2 loi ty thuc vo phng thc x l tn
hiu bo hiu v ng dng ca n l bo hiu cho mng chuyn mch knh v bo hiu cho
mng chuyn mch gi. Chng ta s i tm hiu hai loi bo hiu ny.
6.1.2 Bo hiu trong mng chuyn mch knh
Trong mng chuyn mch knh, bo hiu c chia thnh hai loi l bo hiu ng
thu bao v bo hiu lin i. Bo hiu ng thu bao l bo hiu thc hin cho cc my
u cui, thng l my in thoi vi tng i ni ht, cn bo hiu lin tng i l bo
hiu gia cc tng i vi nhau. Ta c th m phng s phn chia ny nh hnh v di.
Hnh 6.1: Cc loi bo hiu trong mng chuyn mch knh
Bo hiu lin tng i gm 2 loi l bo hiu knh ring CAS (Channel Asociated
Signaling) v bo hiu knh chung CCS (Common Channel Signaling). Bo hiu knh ring
hay cn gi l bo hiu knh lin kt l h thng bo hiu trong bo hiu nm trong knh
ting hoc trong mt knh c lin quan cht ch vi knh ting, cn bo hiu knh chung l
h thng bo hiu trong bo hiu nm trong mt knh tch bit vi cc knh ting v
knh bo hiu ny c s dng chung cho mt s lng ln cc knh ting.
6.1.2.1 Bo hiu knh ring
Bo hiu knh ring l h thng bo hiu trong cc tn hiu bo hiu c truyn
trn knh ting hoc trn ng ring c lin quan rt cht ch vi knh ting, v nh TS#16
ca h thng PCM30, c ngha l i vi h thng bo hiu ny mi knh ting c mt
ng bo hiu ring c n nh, cc tn hiu bo hiu c th c truyn theo nhiu
cch khc nhau: trong bng, ngoi bng, hoc trong khe thi gian 16 trong t chc a khung
ca h thng PCM.
C nhiu h thng bo hiu knh ring khc nhau c s dng nh:
BO HIU
Bo hiu knh
ring (CAS)
Bo hiu knh
chung (CCS)
Bo hiu ng
dy thu bao
Bo hiu lin
i
125
- H thng bo hiu xung thp phn, cn gi n tn.
- H thng bo hiu 2 tn s, v d h thng bo hiu s 4 ca CCITT.
- H thng bo hiu xung a tn, v nh h thng bo hiu s 5 v h thng bo hiu
m R1 ca CCITT.
- H thng bo hiu a tn b khng ch, v nh h thng bo hiu a tn m R2 ca
CCITT.
Ta thy rng, trong cc h thng bo hiu ny, thng thng cc tn hiu c truyn
di dng xung hoc tone, hoc t hp ca cc tn s tone, cn gi l h thng bo hiu a
tn.
Bo hiu a tn c s dng rng ri cho chc nng tm chn, bng cch s dng 2
trong 5 hoc 6 tn s nm trong bng tn knh ting, tiu biu nht l h thng bo hiu R2
ca CCITT.
Khi mt cuc gi c kt ni t tng i ni ht ti tng i tip theo th mt knh
thoi gia hai tng i c dnh ring cho cuc gi ny. Cng thi im mt knh thoi
khc c chim ch cho mc ch truyn bo hiu v mi mt ng thoi c knh bo
hiu ring khi cuc gi c thit lp. Cc pha chnh ca qu trnh bo hiu lin i c
minh ho qua hnh v di. Knh thoi u tin v cc knh thoi lin quan c chim
t tng i A ti tng i B. Sau s ca thu bao c truyn ti tng i B v n s cp
tn hiu chung cho thu bao B. Khi thu bao B nhc my tr li th tuyn ni thoi s c
thit lp v cuc m thoi c th bt u.
Hnh 6.2: Bo hiu knh kt hp gia cc tng i
Nu thu bao B t my trc th tn hiu gii phng hng v s c truyn t
tng i B ti tng i A v khi m thu bao A t my hay qu mt khong thi gian nh
Tng i
A
Tng i
B
Chim
Cng nhn chim
a ch
B- tr li
m thoi
Xo hng v
Xo hng i
Cuc gi c gii to
A t my hoc vt
qu thi gian cho php
Thu bao B t my
Tng i B dnh mt knh
v cc thit b thu a ch
Thu cc con s ca thu bao
B, cp chung cho thu bao B
Thu bao B nhc my
Thu bao A Thu bao B
126
trc th tng i A s gi tn hiu gii phng hng i. Ngay lc cuc gi s c gii
phng trn c hai tng i.
Tt c cc h thng bo hiu nu trn u c nhc im chung l tc tng
i thp, dung lng thng tin b hn ch do vy trong nhng nm 1960, khi cc tng i
c iu khin bng chng trnh lu tr (SPC) c a vo s dng trn mng thoi, th
r rng rng cn phi a vo mng mt phng thc bo hiu mi vi nhiu c tnh u
vit hn so vi cc h thng bo hiu truyn thng.
Trong phng thc bo hiu mi ny, cc ng s liu tc cao gia cc b x l
ca cc tng i SPC c s dng mang mi thng tin bo hiu. Bo hiu CAS th vn
c s dng trong cc mng in thoi nhng n ang c thay th bi h phng php
bo hiu chun v c nng lc hn gi l bo hiu knh chung CCS.
Cc ng s liu ny tch ri vi cc knh ting. Mi mt ng s liu ny c th
mang thng tin bo hiu cho vi trm n hng ngn knh ting. Kiu bo hiu mi ny
c gi l bo hiu knh chung v tiu biu l h thng bo hiu knh chung s 7.
6.1.2.2 Bo hiu knh chung
H thng bo hiu lin i tin tin hn c gi l CCS (Common Channel
Signaling). N da trn nguyn tc truyn thng tin gia cc my tnh ni m cc khung
thng tin c trao i gia cc my tnh theo yu cu. Cc khung ny bao gm thng tin v
tuyn ni di dng cc bn tin bo hiu v a ch ca tng i b gi, cc con s a ch v
thng tin khi thu bao B nhc my tr li. Trong hu ht cc trng hp trn ch cn mt
knh s liu gia hai tng i. Knh s liu 64 kbit/s trn mt khe thi gian ca mt khung
PCM th c th dng cho tt c thng tin iu khin gia cc tng i.
Hnh 6.3: Bo hiu knh chung gia cc tng i
Tng i
A
Tng i
B
IAM (Bn tin a ch khi to)
m thoi
CBK (Xo hng v )
CLF (Xo hng i)
RLG (Gii phng)
Thu bao B t my
Thu bao A Thu bao B
SAM (Bn tin a ch tip theo)
ACM (Bn hon thnh a ch )
Hi m chung
Nhn s thu bao B
Chung
ANC (Bn hon tr li, tnh cc)
Thu bao B nhc my
127
Mt chun quc t c p dng rng ri ca CCS c gi l CCS7 hay cn gi l
h thng bo hiu knh chung s 7 (SS7), ngoi ra cn c nhng tn gi khc nhng t c
s dng hn nh CCITT#7 hay ITU-T7. Hin nay, h thng bo hiu s 7 ang c s
dng nh mt phng thc bo hiu tin cy, hiu qu cho cc mng vin thng.
Vic thit lp mt cuc gi yu cu cc thng tin bo hiu nh hnh 6.3 nhng i
vi CCS thng tin bo hiu c mang trong cc khung s liu c truyn gia cc tng
i qua mt knh s liu chung.
Trong hnh v trn chng ta xem mt v d v s dng bo hiu CCS gia cc tng
i trn mng khi kt ni thu bao c nh A v thu bao B. Cc con s a ch c truyn
t thu bao A ti tng i ni ht. Khi tng i A nhn cc con s a ch ny n s tin hnh
phn tch v xc nh hng ca cuc gi. T cc thng tin ny tng i A s tm ra a ch
ca tng i m n cn gi cc bn tin bo hiu ti cho vic kt ni cuc gi. Sau tng
i s to ra mt gi s liu cha a ch ca tng i B. Bn tin bo hiu ny c gi l
bn tin a ch khi to IAM v c gi ti tng i B. Cc con s cn li khng c trong
IAM s c gi qua mt hay nhiu bn tin a ch sau SAM.
Khi tng i B nhn c tt c cc con s a ch ca thu bao B n s cng nhn
bng bn tin kt thc a ch (ACM) xc nhn rng tt c cc con s nhn c mt
cch chnh xc. Bn tin ny cng mang cc thng tin nu cuc gi ny phi tnh cc hay
khng, thu bao c phi tr cc khng. Tng i B s gi hi m chung ti thu bao A v
tn hiu chung ti thu bao B v B chung.
Khi thu bao B nhc my tr li, tn hiu nhc my ANC c gi bt u tnh
cc. Tng i B ngt chung v hi m chung. Sau hai tng i thit lp mch thoi v
cuc m thoi c th bt u. Khi thu bao B t my th tng i B s pht hin trng thi
ny v gi tn hiu CBK ti tng i A v tng i A gi li tn hiu CLF. Tt c cc tng
i trn ng truyn chuyn tip tn hiu CLF ti tng i k tip v cc tng i nhn
c s cng nhn bng tn hiu RLG. Bn tin RLG ny mang thng tin rng tuyn ni
c gii phng v cc knh cng c gii phng v sn sng cho cc cuc gi mi.
6.1.3 Bo hiu trong mng chuyn mch gi
Nh trong phn trn trnh by, bo hiu c th c chia thnh hai loi, ty thuc
vo ng dng v vai tr ca n: bo hiu trong mng chuyn mch knh v bo hiu trong
mng chuyn mch gi. Vi s pht trin mnh m ca cc mng da trn gi, ko theo cc
vn k thut lin quan cng phi c nhng thay i. Bo hiu trong mng chuyn mch
gi l mt trong nhng vn rt quan trng trong qu trnh pht trin mng vin thng da
trn gi.
Trong mng chuyn mch gi, bo hiu c thc hin thng qua cc giao thc bo
hiu. Ty thuc vo cng ngh c s dng cho tng mng c th m bo hiu thc hin
trong cc mng l khc nhau. Tuy nhin, cng ging nh trong mng chuyn mch knh,
chng ta cng c th xem c hai loi bo hiu trong mng chuyn mch gi hay chnh xc
hn c hai loi nhm giao thc bo hiu trng mng chuyn mch gi: cc giao thc bo
hiu lp ng dng v cc giao thc bo hiu lp li. Cc giao thc bo hiu lp ng dng
thc hin cc chc nng c bn ca mt cuc gi: thit lp, duy tr v gii phng phin
128
truyn thng. Cn cc giao thc bo hiu lp li thc hin chc nng iu khin, qun l cc
phn t trn mng.
Bo hiu trong mng chuyn mch gi l mt ni dung rt ln, tm hiu k v vn
ny cn phi xem xt cho tng giao thc c th ca tng mng khc nhau. Hin nay, c
rt nhiu t chc vin thng trn th gii cng a ra nhiu loi giao thc bo hiu khc
nhau. Trong ni dung bi ging ny, khng i su vo ni dung ny.
6.2 NG B
6.2.1 S cn thit phi ng b mng vin thng
Mng ng b l mt mng chc nng khng th thiu c trong mng vin thng
quc gia s hin i. Cng vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca cc h thng chuyn mch s,
truyn dn s, cng ngh SDH, ATM... vai tr quan trng ca vic ng b mng vin thng
ngy cng gia tng.Yu cu v ng b mng l iu kin quan trng cn thit trin khai
v khai thc hiu qu cc cng ngh mi cht lng cao trn mng li.
ng b c nh hng ln n n nh v cht lng dch v ca mng thng tin.
Vic mt ng b hay km ng b gy nn rung pha, tri pha, trt... lm suy gim cht
lng dch v, mc nh hng c th tm tt nh bng di y:
Bng 6.1: nh hng ca vic mt ng b hoc km ng b i vi mt s dch v
Loi dch v Mc nh hng khi mt ng b hoc km ng
b
Truyn cc vn bn m ho Gii m li. Phi truyn li
Dch v video
Khung hnh dng trong vi giy. C ting pp pp
trong m thanh
Dch v truyn s liu
Mt hoc lp li s liu. C th mt khung.
Gim thng knh
Dch v truyn Fax
Gim s thnh cng ca cc cuc gi
Lm mt cc dng ch.
Gim thng knh.
Truyn s liu qua Modem
C th gy pht sai ni dung trong vng t 0,01 giy n
2 giy. Lm ri cuc gi.
Dch v thoi
Nghe ting bch bch trong in thoi. Quay sai s,
nhm chung.
129
6.2.2 Cc phng php ng b mng
cc thit b trong cng mng li hot ng ng b vi nhau v cng theo mt
thi gian chun, i hi tn hiu ng b phi c tin cy cao v phng php thc hin
ng b ti u. Hin nay, c nhiu phng php ng b mng khc nhau, sau y ta i tm
hiu cc phng php ny.
1.Phng php cn ng b
Mng s dng phng php cn ng b l mng trong cc ng h ti cc nt
chuyn mch c lp vi nhau; tuy nhin chnh xc ca chng c duy tr trong mt
gii hn hp xc nh.
Trong ch cn ng b s dng cc ng h c chnh xc cao hot ng t do
v cc b nh m thch hp gim sai lch tn s. Cc ng h ny trong thc t hot
ng khng ng b vi nhau nhng sai lch tn s b gii hn cht lng ng b chp
nhn c. Cc ng h ti mi nt phi duy tr chnh xc cao ca chng trong sut thi
gian lm vic ca thit b.
Mng quc t l mng cn ng b v mi mng quc gia c c ng h ch ring
bit, c lp. m bo cht lng ca kt ni quc t, ITU ra cc khuyn ngh cho
mng cn ng b. i vi ng h ch quc gia chnh xc ti thiu phi l 10
-11
.
2. Phng php ng b ch t
Phng php ng b ch t da trn nguyn tc mt ng h c cp chnh xc cao
nht hot ng nh mt ng h ch, cc ng h khc c hot ng bm (tham chiu )
theo ng h ch.
M
G
M
G
Hnh 6.4: Phng php cn ng b
M: ng h ch
(Master Clock)
G: Chuyn mch quc t
(Gateway)
Tn hiu ng b
ng h ch
ng h t
Hnh 6.5: Phng php ng b ch - t
130
Trong phng php ch t, s dng vng kho pha duy tr sai pha gia ng h
ch v cc ng h t khng i hoc tin ti 0. Cc ng h t phi bm theo ng h ch
v kch c b nh m v mch iu khin phi c thit k thch hp s hn ch c
trt. Mc tiu ca ng b l hn ch tc trt bng cch s dng mt s phng php
iu khin tn s v pha.
Trong ng b ch t phn cp, tt c cc ng h c sp xp theo cc cp. Thng
tin v trng thi phn cp ca ng h v cht lng tuyn ni c phn b lin tc ti mi
nt v c nh gi, phn tch bi h thng iu khin. Nguyn tc ch t phn cp c d
phng c kh nng hot ng tt, tin cy cao hn v thch hp vi cc kiu cu trc
mng. Hot ng ca mng nh sau: mt tn hiu nh thi c truyn ti mt s nt cp
cao la chn. Sau khi cc nt ny ng b cc ng h ca chng ti ngun chun, loi
tr cc jitter, tn hiu nh thi li truyn ti cc nt cp thp hn bng cc tuyn ni s ang
tn ti. Mc thp hn li ng b cho cc nt pha di v qu trnh c tip tc nh vy. V
vy tt c cc nt c ng b mt cch trc tip hoc gin tip ti cng mt ng h ch
v c cng tc ng h.
Trong trng hp c li ng h ch, mt ng h phn cp tip theo t ng
c la chn. ng h ch (hoc cc ng h ch) thng thng l cc chun s cp
(Ceasi hoc Rubidi) trong khi , ng h t ch l ng h c n nh va phi nh
ng h tinh th. ng b c thit lp thnh mng c c ch qun l nghim ngt. S
lng ng dn ng h ch n ng h t ph thuc vo iu kin ca mng nhng t
nht l hai.
M
S
2
M
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
n
M
ng h t cp n
Tn hiu ng b d phng
Tn hiu ng b s cp
ng h ch
Hnh 6.6: Phn cp trong phng php ng b ch-t c d phng
131
V mt kinh t - k thut y l mng ng b c dng rng ri trn th gii
3. Phng php ng b tng h
y l nguyn l thc hin ng b trong mt mng s nhiu lin kt m khng c
ng h ch. Trong ng b tng h mi nt ly trung bnh cc ngun tham chiu vo v
s dng n cho ng h truyn dn v cc b ca nt. Phng php ny ch s dng cho
mng a phn c cu trc li.
u im ca ng b tng h l kh nng duy tr hot ng ca n khi mt ng h
nt b hng.
Nhc im:
- Tn s cui cng rt phc tp, v n l mt hm ca tn s cc b dao ng, topo
mng, tr truyn dn v cc tham s khc.
- S bin i tr ng truyn hoc tr nt c th lm nhiu lon nghim trng tn s
nt v thay i lu di trong tn s h thng.
- Vic thiu ngun chun c nh lm cho ng b tng h khng thch hp i vi
kt ni lin mng.
ng b tng h c hai loi:
- iu khin kt cui n (Single - ended control)
- iu khin kt cui kp (Double - ended control)
3.a. iu khin kt cui n.
iu khin kt cui n thch hp vi s dng trong mt mng tu . Trong phng
php ny lung vo mch iu khin ng h tng i bao gm b pha trung bnh gia ng
h ni ht v tt c cc ng h vo. Nhc im ca iu khin kt cui n l chu nh
hng trc tip ca bin i tr ng truyn do thay i nhit .
3.b. iu khin kt cui kp.
PRC
Nt
Hnh 6.7: ng b tng h c ngun ch
132
iu khin kt cui kp ci tin c h thng ng b, hn na n c lp vi bin
i tr. Mc d s ny phc tp hn song n rt c li trong mt mng bao gm cc
tuyn ni di. u vo mch iu khin l thng tin lch pha o c, v thng tin "kt cui
n ti tt c cc nt ang hot ng. Khi s dng phng php ny tn s mng khng bin
i khi tr bin i.
4. Phng php ng b kt hp
4a. Kt hp phng php ng b ch t v ta ng b
tng tin cy ca mng, cn phi thit lp cc ng h d phng v tuyn ni
d phng. Cu hnh ny i hi mt mch vng bo v pht hin li v chuyn mch qua
tuyn hoc ng ni d phng.
Qu trnh chuyn i sang d phng l hon ton t ng. Cc thng tin gim st
cht lng ng b chuyn sang d phng khi cn thit l:
- Thng tin v nt ch ca cc ng h cc b.
- S lng v cht lng cc ng ni trn tuyn xc nh t ng h tham chiu
ti cc ng h cc b.
- Cp ca ng h cc b.
Cc nt trong mng c phn thnh mt s mc. Mc 1 c xem l mc ch. Cc
nt c ng ni trc tip ti mc 1 l mc 2. Cc nt c ng ni trc tip ti mc 2 l
PRC
Vng 1
Cp 1
Cp 2
Cp 3
PRC
Vng 2
Cp 1
Cp 2
Hnh 6.8: ng b kt hp
133
mc 3... Mi nt kim tra tn s ca tn hiu nh thi vo t mt s v tr cao hn v trung
bnh ca cc tn s c s dng iu khin ng h cc b. Trong trng hp c cu
phi ngn chn c li do nhng nh hng bt li ca ng truyn.
Trong mt mng vin thng rng, di cy phn cp c th rt ln. Trng hp ny
phi trin khai nhiu ng h ch. Ti mt thi im, mt vng thuc khu vc iu khin
ca mt ng h ch hot ng cn ng b vi cc vng khc. Mi nt c th gm cc thit
b sau:
- ng h tinh th cc b
- B la chn tuyn ng b ch
- B ly trung bnh tn s
- Giao din iu khin, qun l
Phng php ny thch hp cho cc khu vc c a hnh di, iu kin thit lp cc
tuyn truyn dn an ton kh khn. N kt hp c c u im ca cn ng b v ch t,
hot ng tin cy v kh nng hot ng cao khi cc ng h ch theo chun s cp.
4b. Kt hp phng php ng b ch t v ng b tng h
- ng b tng h vi mt tham chiu ch v cc mc phn cp: Phng php ny
kt hp c u im ca ng b tng h v ch t. Nu ngun tham chiu hng, cc nt
vn hot ng tng h.
tng mc tin cy v kh nng hot ng lin mng c th s dng s tng
h d phng nng hoc a ch, s ng b cng tng t nh ng b tng h c phn
cp nhng vi 2 ch tr ln. M hnh ng b kt hp c d phng :
Cp 1
Cp 2
Cp 3
ng h
Hnh 6.9: ng b tng h c mt tham chiu ch v phn cp
134
5.Phng php ng b ngoi
Mt s ti liu v ng b trnh by v phng php ng b ngoi, thc cht
phng php ng b ngoi l s dng mt s ngun thi gian v tn s c sn nh GPS
(H thng nh v ton cu) hoc tham chiu theo ng h ch ca mt quc gia khc (gi l
ng h ch gi)... Gii php ng b ny c u im l tit kim u t tuy nhin c
chnh xc khng cao v ph thuc vo nhiu yu t phi k thut khc.
6. So snh cc phng php
t chc ng b mng vin thng quc gia, c th la chn cc phng php nu
trn. Vic la chn cn da trn c s phn tch cc yu t k thut v kinh t. Bng tng
hp sau y cho thy cht lng v chnh xc ca mng ng b ph thuc vo phng
php c la chn (phn tch da trn thng s n nh tn s).
Bng 6.2: Bng so snh cc phng php ng b mng
Phng
php
u im
Nhc
im
Cu hnh phc tp
Phm vi
ng dng
Cn ng
b
n nh
tn s cao
Gi
thnh
cao
n gin t phc tp Mng quc t
ng b
ch t
Tin cy
Gi
thnh
trung
bnh
Ph hp vi cu
hnh mng hnh
sao
phc tp
trung bnh
-Mng quc gia
-Mng ni ht
Hnh 6.10: ng b kt hp c d phng
D phng
C1
ng h ch
C1
D phng
C1
ng h
Cc nt
ng b
Nt t
Truy nhp
135
ng b
tng h
Tin cy, Gi
thnh thp
Phc tp
Ph hp vi cu
hnh mng li
Phc tp Mng ni ht
u nhc im ca cc phng php c bn: cn ng b, ng b ch t, ng b
tng h c tm tt so snh trong bng. Vic s dng cc phng php ng b kt hp
tuy phc tp nhng cho php khc phc nhc im v tn dng u im ca cc phng
php c bn.
6.2.3 Gii thiu v mng ng b ca Vit nam
Trong phn ny chng ta tm hiu mng ng b ca Vit Nam. Hin nay, Vit
Nam mng vin thng ln nht, y nht do Tp on Bu chnh Vin thng Vit Nam
VNPT qun l v khai thc, v vy, trong phn ny chng ta s i tm hiu mng ng b ca
VNPT.
Mng ng b l mng chc nng trong mng vin thng chung ca VNPT, mng
ng b c ngha ht sc quan trng trong vic nng cao cht lng mng lui. Cng vi
s pht trin ca mng vin thng, mng ng b c u t xy dng.
Mng ng b ca VNPT hot ng theo phng thc ch t c d phng. Cc ng
h cp di l ng h t bm theo cc ng h cp trn k n l ng h ch.
Mng ng b ca VNPT ang pht trin hnh thnh 4 cp bao gm: cp 0, cp 1,
cp 2, cp 3 nh m hnh phn cp mng ng b ca ITU
- Cp 0: l cp ca cc ng h ch quc gia (PRC)
- Cp 1: l cp mng c ng b trc tip t ng h ch (PRC) ti cc tng i
nt chuyn tip quc t, chuyn tip quc gia v cc ng h th cp.
- Cp 2: l cp mng c ng b t ng h ca cc nt chuyn tip quc t hoc
chuyn tip quc gia hoc ng h th cp ti cc tng i HOST v cc tng i c trung
k vi cc nt chuyn tip quc t v chuyn tip quc gia.
- Cp 3: l cp mng c ng b t ng h ca cc tng i HOST v t cc
tng i c trung k vi cc nt chuyn tip quc t v chuyn tip quc gia ti cc thit b
thuc phn mng cp thp hn.
Cc pha (giai on) trong qu trnh xy dng mng ng b cho mng vin thng
quc gia v trin khai cc ng h ng b th cp cho cc mng vin thng khu vc:
Pha 1 ca qu trnh xy dng mng ng b trin khai lp t hai ng h ch
PRC s dng ngun mu Cesium ti H ni v thnh ph H Ch Minh. Hai ng h ny
c a vo khai thc s dng chnh thc t thng 8/1995.
Pha 2 thc hin nng cp mng ng b, lp t mi ng h ch PRC ti
nng, ci to nng cp cc ng h ch PRC ti H ni v tp H Ch Minh v trang b thm
mt s ng h th cp SSU ti H ni, nng, Tp H Ch Minh, H tnh, Quy nhn.
Pha 3 ca qu trnh xy dng pht trin mng ng b ang c chun b tin hnh
vi d n u t c ph duyt. Trong pha 3 s trang b thm mt s cc ng h th
136
cp SSU/BITS v mt s modul ng b c kh nng tip nhn cc tn hiu ng b
2MHz.
Hnh 6.11: Phn b ng h ch PRC v ng h th cp SSU
trn mng vin thng hin nay
1. ng h ch PRC :
Ba ng h ch PRC (theo khuyn ngh G.811/ITU-T) dng ngun mu CESIUM
c b tr ti 3 ni: H ni, nng v TP. H ch Minh. Hin nay ng h ch quc gia
PRC l ng h ch nng v nng c v tr trung tm phn b tn hiu trong c nc.
PRC NG
SSU-QNN
SSU-HN
SSU-HTH
SSU-NG
SSU-HCM
PRC HN
PRC HCM
137
ng h ch quc gia PRC ti nng bao gm cc khi chc nng sau y:
- B to tn s mu Ceasium OSA 3210
- B thu tn hiu GPS ( GRU 5581)
- Oscilloquartz SA PRC 6500
- Khi tip nhn, t ng phn tch v chn u vo ( SASE 4458)
- Khi phn chia cc u ra OSA 5530
- Khi gim st cnh bo LAU 5570
- B i ngun DC/DC OSA 5590
- B cp ngun AC/DC
ng h PRC ti H ni v Tp H Ch Minh bao gm cc khi chc nng sau y:
- B to tn s mu Ceasium OSA 3210
- Oscilloquartz SA & Tracking Oscillator OSA 5540
- Khi gim st OSA 5570.50
- B pht 5 MHz OSA 5545.34
- B x l 2048 MHz OSA 5525.14
- Khi phn chia cc u ra OSA 5530
- B i ngun DC/DC OSA 5590
- B cp ngun AC/DC
2. ng h th cp :
Hin nay trn mng vin thng Vit nam trang b mt s ng h th cp SASE
5548 (Stand Alone Synchronisation Element).
SASE 5548 c kch thc tng i gn : 399 x 535 x 265 mm, khi lng 15 kg.
3. Chc nng tip nhn v cp tn hiu ng b ca cc h thng tng i
Cc tng i quc t ( Gateway) v cc tng i chuyn tip quc gia (Toll) nhn tn
hiu ng b t ng h ch PRC.
Cc tng i cp tnh (Host), cc tng i c trung k vi tng i chuyn tip quc
gia nhn tn hiu ng b t cc ng h th cp hoc t cc tng i chuyn tip quc gia
(Toll).
Cc tng i cp huyn, tng i v tinh, tng i c trung k ni vi cc Host nhn
tn hiu ng b t cc Host hoc ng h cp trn k n.
Mi tng i cn c cp tn hiu ng b t cc ngun ng b cp cao hn (t
nht l t 2 ngun ng b cp cao hn) v phi xc nh th t u tin i vi cc tn hiu
ng b cp cho mi tng i.
- Tn hiu ng b u tin th nht l t ng h ch nng, tn hiu ng b u
tin th hai l t ng h H ni i vi nt thuc khu vc pha Bc.
138
- Tn hiu ng b u tin th nht t ng h ch nng, tn hiu ng b u tin
th hai t ng h thnh ph H Ch Minh i vi nt thuc khu vc pha Nam
- Tn hiu ng b u tin th nht t ng h ch nng, tn hiu ng b u tin
th hai v th 3 t ng h ch thnh ph H Ch Minh v t ng h H ni i vi nt
thuc khu vc min trung.
139
CU HI N TP CHNG
1. Bo hiu khng thc hin nhng chc nng no sau y:
A. Chc nng chuyn mch kt ni cho cc cuc gi
B. Chc nng gim st ng thu bao, ng trung k
C. Chc nng tm chn
D. Chc nng khai thc v vn hnh mng
2. Hin tng tc nghn trn cc ng trung k xy ra khi:
A. Thu bao b gi bn
B. Khng c ng trung k ri ni ti tng i i phng
C. Mt s ng trung k ti tng i pha b gi b kho
D. Mt s ng trung k ang thc hin o th
E. C bn cu trn u ng
3. Trong nhng trng hp no th, thu bao ch gi nhn tn hiu bo bn
A. Thu bao b gi ang thc hin cuc gi khc
B. Thu bao b gi t knh my
C. Ht trung k gia tng i ch gi v tng i pha b gi
D. C 3 trng hp trn u ng
4. Thng thng bo hiu c chia thnh nhng loi no?
A. Bo hiu knh ring v bo hiu knh chung
B. Bo hiu knh lin kt v bo hiu knh chung
C. Bo hiu knh ring v bo hiu lin i
D. Bo hiu ng thu bao v bo hiu lin i
5. Bo hiu ng thu bao l bo hiu c s dng
A. Thc hin bo hiu gia cc tng i
B. Thc hin bo hiu gia tng i ni ht v thu bao
C. Thc hin bo hiu cho cc lin mng
D. Tt c trn u sai
6. Bo hiu lin i c s dng
A. Thc hin bo hiu gia cc tng i
B. Thc hin bo hiu gia tng i ni ht v thu bao
C. Thc hin bo hiu cho cc lin mng
140
D. Tt c trn u sai
7. Bo hiu knh lin kt CAS l vit tt ca cm t no sau y:
A. Channel Associated System
B. Circuit Associated System
C. Channel Associated Signalling
D. Circuit Associated Signalling
8. Vi bo hiu knh ring (bo hiu knh lin kt), cu ni no sau y l ng
A. Tn hiu bo hiu c truyn trn knh ting hoc trn knh ring c lin quan
rt cht ch vi knh ting.
B. Tn hiu bo hiu c truyn i trn mt knh ring, c lp vi knh ting.
C. Tn hiu bo hiu ca cc cuc gi khc nhau c truyn i trn cc knh ring
r nhau.
D. Tt c trn u sai.
9. Vi bo hiu knh ring, tn hiu bo hiu ng truyn trong khe thi gian no ca
PCM32
A. TS#0 C. TS#16
B. TS#1 D. TS#31
10. Bo hiu knh chung CCS l vit tt ca cm t no sau y:
A. Common Channel Signalling
B. Common Channel System
C. Channel Common Signalling
D. Channel Common System
11. Trong bo hiu knh chung cu ni no sau y l ng
A. Tn hiu bo hiu v tn hiu thoi u c truyn i chung trong mt knh.
B. Tn hiu bo hiu nm trong mt knh tch bit vi cc knh ting v knh bo
hiu ny c s dng chung cho mt s lng ln cc knh ting.
C. Tt c cc knh u dng chung mt bn tin bo hiu.
D. Tt c trn u sai.
12. Trong bo hiu knh chung, bn tin IAM l bn tin
A. Bn tin a ch khi to
B. Bn tin hon thnh a ch
C. Bn tin a ch k tip
D. Bn tin gii ta
141
13. Trong bo hiu knh chung, bn tin ACM l bn tin
A. Bn tin a ch khi to
B. Bn tin hon thnh a ch
C. Bn tin a ch k tip
D. Bn tin gii ta
14. Trong phng php ng b mng theo Phng php cn ng b th
A. Cc thnh phn trong mng khng cn ng b
B. ng h ti mi nt mng l c lp vi nhau
C. Mt ng h c chnh xc cao s chi phi cc ng h khc.
D. Cc ng h tham kho ln nhau duy tr ng b
15. Trong phng php ng b mng theo Phng php ng b ch t th
A. Cc thnh phn trong mng khng cn ng b
B. ng h ti mi nt mng l c lp vi nhau
C. Mt ng h c chnh xc cao s chi phi cc ng h khc.
D. Cc ng h tham kho ln nhau duy tr ng b
16. Cu ni mi mng vin thng ch c s dng duy nht mt phng php ng b
trnh cc nh hng mt ng b do c nhiu tn hiu ng b khc nhau t nhiu
ngun ng h ng hay sai?
A. ng B. Sai
17. C bao nhiu loi ng b theo phng php ng b tng h:
A. 2 C. 4
B. 3 D. 5
18. Mng ng b ca Tp on Bu chnh Vin thng Vit Nam VNPT hot ng theo
phng thc no?
A. Phng thc cn ng b
B. Phng thc tng h
C. Phng thc ch t
D. Phng thc ch t c d phng
19. Mng ng b ca VNPT c pht trin hnh thnh my cp
A. 2 C. 4
B. 3 D. 5
142
20. Hin nay, ngun ng h ch quc gia ca mng vin thng VNPT l
A. H ni
B. Nng
C. TP. H Ch Minh
21. Ngy nay mng IP ch yu s dng k thut bo hiu knh chung s 7 CCS thc hin
bo hiu cuc gi
A. ng
B. Sai
22. Bo hiu trong mng gi c thc hin thng qua phong thc no sau y
A. Bo hiu knh ring CAS
B. Bo hiu knh chung CCS
C. Cc giao thc bo hiu
D. Khng cn bo hiu
23. Trong ng b mng, khng th kt hp phng php ng b ch t v phng php
ng b tng h
A. ng
B. Sai
143
TI LIU THAM KHO CHNG 6
[1] Understanding Telecommunications. Volume 1, Chapter 7: Signalling; Synchronisation
Plan and synchronisation network (page 435-439). Ericsson Telecom, Telia and
Studentlitteratur, 1997.
[2] Digital Telecommunication Networks. Part 2.5: Network Synchronous Systems; Part 3.1
Signalling Systems. Fujitsu (FTS-T1070-E), 1996.
[3] Stefano Bregni. Synchronization of Digital Telecommunications Networks. John Wiley &
Sons, 2002.
[4] P. K. Bhatnagar. Engineering networks for Synchronization, CCS7, and ISDN. IEEE
Press, IEEE Telecommunications handbook series, 1997.
[5] Nguyn Th Thanh K, H thng bo hiu knh chung, Trung tm o to BCVT1, 1997
[6] TS. V Tun Lm, KS. V Hong Sn Phng qun l nghin cu khoa hc RIPT. Cu
trc mng ng b v phng php thit k, Ti liu hi ngh khao hc ln th 4
(11/2002) PTIT, trang 47-55.
[7] V Vn Thng. Ti liu tp hun v qun l mng ng b Vit Nam. 1997.
144
HNG DN TR LI CU HI
Chng 1
1. D
2. C
3. D
4. A
5. A
6. C
7. B, C, D
8. A
9. C
10. B
Chng 2
1. A
2. B
3. D
4. A,C
5. A
6. C
7. B
8. B
9. C
10. D
11. B
Chng 3
1. B
2. B, C
3. A
4. A
5. B
6. B
7. C
8. B
9. A
10. C
11. A
12. B
13. D
14. C
15. A
16. C
17. D
18. A
19. B
20. C
21. A
22. B
23. B
24. C
Chng 4
1. A
2. C
3. A
4. B
5. C
6. B
7. C
8. C
9. C
10. C
11. D
12. C
13. A
14. B
15. A
Chng 5
1. B
2. B
3. D
4. A
5. B
6. B
7. A
8. A
9. A
10. B
11. D
12. C
13. A
14. C
15. D
16. B
17. A
18. A
19. B
20. A
21. B
Chng 6
1. A
2. B
3. D
4. D
5. B
6. A
7. C
8. A
9. C
10. A
11. B
12. A
13. B
14. B
15. C
16. B
17. A
18. D
19. C
20. B
21. B
22. C
23. B
145
THUT NG VIT TT
A/D Analog-Digital Converter B chuyn i tng t-s
ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line ng dy thu bao s khng
i xng
ANSI American National Standards Institute Vin cc tiu chun quc gia
Hoa K
APD Avalanche PhotoDiode Diode quang thc
ARPA Advanced Reseach Project Agency Cc cc d n nghin cu cp
cao
ARPANET Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network
Mng d n nghin cu cp
cao
ASK Amplitude Shift Keying Kho dch bin
ATM Asynchronous Trasport Module Module truyn ti d b
AT&T American Telephone & Telegraph Cng ty in thoi v in bo
M
BER Bit Error Rate T s li bit
B-ISDN Broadband ISDN ISDN bng rng
BSC Base Station Controler B iu khin trm gc
BSI British Standazation Institute Vin chun ho Anh
BTS Base Transceiver Station Trm thu pht gc
BW Band Width rng bng tn
CAS Chanel Associated Signalling Bo hiu knh kt hp
CATV CAble TeleVision Truyn hnh cp
CBK Clear Back Xo hng v
CC Central Control iu khin trung tm
CCIR Council Committee International for
Radio
U ban t vn quc t v v
tuyn in
CCITT Consultative Committee for
International Telegraphy and
Telephony
y ban t vn v in thoi v
in bo quc t
CCS Common Channel Signalling Bo hiu knh chung
CCS Common Channel Signalling System H thng bo hiu knh chung
CCS-7 Common Channel Signal System-7 H thng bo hiu knh chung
s 7
CDMA Code Division Multiplex Access a truy nhp phn chia theo
m
146
CH Channel Knh
CLF Clear Forward Xa hng v
C-Mem Control Memory B nh iu khin
CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check Kim tra d chu trnh
CS Circuit Switch Chuyn mch knh
CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
Collision Detection
a truy nhp cm nhn sng
mang/pht hin va chm
CSPDN Circuited Switched Public Data
Network
Mng s liu cng cng
chuyn mch knh
DCN Data Communication Network Mng truyn s liu
DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Giao thc cu hnh trm ng
DIN Deutche Industrie-Normen Vin chun ha cng nghip
H Lan
DNS Domain Name System H thng tn min
DQDB Distributed queue dual bus Bus kp hng i phn tn
EIA Electronic Industry Association Hi cng nghip in t
ELED Edge - emitting LED LED pht x cnh
EMI ElectroMechanical Interference Nhiu in t
ETSI European Telecommunications
Standards Institude
Vin tiu chun vin thng
Chu u
FCC Federal Communication Commission y ban truyn thng lin bang
FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing Ghp phn chia theo tn s
FDMA Frequency Division Multiplex Access a truy nhp chia tn s
FP LD Fabry Perot Laser Diode Laser diode c khoang cng
hng FP
FTP File Transfer Protocol Giao thc truyn tp
GAN Global Area Network Mng ton cu
GPS Global Positioning System H thng nh v ton cu
GSM Global System for Mobile
Communication
Thng tin di ng t bo s
HDSL High Bit Rate Digital Subscriber Line ng dy thu bao s tc
cao
HDTV High Density Television Truyn hnh phn gii cao
HLR Home Location Register B ng k nh v thu bao
nh
HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Giao thc truyn siu vn bn
HTTT H thng truyn thng tin
ISI Inter Symbol Interference Nhiu giao thoa du hiu
147
IAM Initial Address Message Bn tin a ch khi to
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers
Vin nghin cu k thut in
v in t
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force Lc lng c nhim v k
thut Internet
IP Internet Protocol Giao thc Internet
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network Mng s a dch v tch hp
ISO International Oganization for
Standarrdization
T chc chun ha quc t
ISP Internet Service Provider Nh cung cp dch v Internet
IT Information Technologies Cng ngh thng tin
ITU International Telecommunication
Union
Lin minh vin thng quc t
ITU-R ITU Radiocommunication Sector Lin minh vin thng quc t-
Tiu ban v tuyn
ITU-T
ITU Telecommunication
Standadization Sector
Lin minh vin thng quc t-
Tiu ban chun ha vin thng
LAN Local Area Network Mng cc b
LASER Light Amplification by Stimulated
Emission of Radiation
Khuch i nh sng bc x
kch thch
LCN Logic Channel Number S ca knh logic
LD Laser diode it Laze
LED Light Emitting Diode Diode pht quang
LLC Logical Link Control iu khin lin kt logic
MAC Media Access Control iu khin truy nhp phng
tin, cn gi l a ch MAC
MAN Metropolitan Area Network Mng th
MM MultiMode a mode
MOS Mean Opinion Score kin khch hng
MS Mobile Station Trm di ng
MSC Mobile Switch Center Tng i thng tin di ng
NFS Network File System H thng tp mng
NGN Next Generation Network Mng th h sau
N-ISDN Narrowband ISDN ISDN bng hp
NP Network Performance Hiu nng mng
OSI Open System Interconnection M hnh lin kt cc h thng
m
PC Personal Computer My tnh c nhn
PCM Pulse Code Modulation iu ch xung m
148
PD Photodiode Detector Diode tch quang
PIN Positive Intrinsic Negative Cu trc PIN
PRC PReference Clock Ngun ng h tham kho
PS Packet Switch Chuyn mch gi
PSPDN Packet Switched Public Data Network Mng s liu cng cng
chuyn mch gi
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network Mng in thoi cng cng
QAM Quadrature Modulation iu ch bin cu phng
QoS Quality Of Service Cht lng dch v
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Kho dch pha cu phng
RAM Random Access Memory B nh truy cp ngu nhin
RWSR Random Write Serial Read Ghi ngu nhin c tun t
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Phn cp s ng b
S-Mem Speak Memory B nh tin
SMS Short Message Service Dch v nhn tin ngn
SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Giao thc truyn th n gin
SNMP Simple Network Managament
Protocol
Giao thc qun l mng n
gin
SNR Signal - to - Noise Ratio T s tn hiu trn tp m
SONET Synchronous Optical NETwork Mng quang ng b
SPC Storage Programme Control Chng trnh lu tr
SWRR Serial Write Random Read Ghi tun t c ngu nhin
TBC Thit b u cui
TCP Transmission Control Protocol Giao thc iu khin truyn
dn
TDM Time Division Multiplexing Ghp knh theo thi gian
TDMA Time Division Multiplex Access a truy nhp phn chia theo
thi gian
TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol Giao thc truyn tp thng
thng
TS Time Slot Khe thi gian
TV Television Truyn hnh
UDP User Datagram Protocol Giao thc d liu ngi s
dng
UHF Ultra High Frequency Siu cao tn
UNI User Network Interface Giao din ngi - mng
USDOD United State Department Of Defense B quc phng M
VHF Very High Frequency Tn s rt cao
149
VLR Visitor Location Register B ng k nh v thu bao
khch
VNPT Vietnam Posts and
Telecommunications Group
Tp on Bu chnh Vin
thng Vit Nam
VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol Thoi da trn IP
VPN Virtual Private Network Mng ring o
WAN Wide Area Network Mng din rng
WAP Wireless Application Protocol Giao thc ng dng khng dy
WDM Wave Division Multiplexing Ghp knh theo bc sng
WWW World Wide Web Dch v Web trn ton th gii
150
PH LC: LCH S PHT TRIN VIN THNG
- 1800-1837 Nhng pht trin ban u: Volta khm ph ra chic pin u tin; Fourier v
Laplace trnh by nhng lun thuyt ton hc; Ampere, Faraday v Henry thc
hin nhng thc nghim trn in v t trng; nh lut m (Ohm, 1826);
Gauss, Weber v Wheatstone pht trin nhng h thng in bo u tin.
- 1838-1866 in bo (telegraph): Samuel Morse hon thin h thng in bo ca chnh
mnh; Steinhill pht hin l tri t c th c s dng lm ng dn in;
in bo l dch v vin thng u tin xut hin nm 1844; sng ch cc k
thut ghp knh ; William Thomson tnh ton c p ng xung ca ng dy
in bo (1855); Cc ng cp xuyn i ty dng c lp t. H thng
in bo i trc in thoi hn 30 nm.
- 1845 Lut Kirchoff.
- 1864 Phng trnh Maxwell d on bc x in t.
- 1876-1899 in thoi (telephony): Alexander Graham Bell pht minh ra in thoi (1876);
xut hin tng i in thoi u tin vi 8 ng dy; Edison pht minh ra b
chuyn i nm cc-bon; cc mch cp c a vo s dng; Almond
Strowger sng ch ra tng i c in kiu tng nc (step by step, 1887). Trong
tng i tng nc ny mt cuc gi c thit lp v c to tuyn da trn
hng lot cc thao tc c in lin tip, c iu khin bi cc thao tc ca
ngi s dng ti my ch gi.
- 1887-1907 in bo khng dy (wireless telegraphy): Heinrich Hertz xc minh l thuyt
Maxwell; nhng gii thch ca Marconi v Popov; Marconi sng ch h thng
in bo khng dy hon chnh (1897); bt u nhng dch v thng mi, gm
c cc h thng xuyn i ty dng.
- 1904-1920 in t truyn thng (Communication electronics) : Lee De Forest sng ch ra
Audion (ba cc) da trn diode Fleming; pht minh ra cc b lc c bn; thc
nghim qung b radio AM; Bell System hon thin ng dy in thoi xuyn
lc a vi cc b lp in t (1915) ; a vo dch v in thoi sng mang
ghp knh ; H.C. Armstrong hon thin b thu radio siu to phch
(superheterodyne, 1918) ; trm qung b thng mi u tin.
- 1920-1928 Carson, Nyquist, Johnson v Hartley gii thiu l thuyt truyn dn.
- 1923-1938 Truyn hnh (Television): H thng c hnh nh c thc hin ; nhng phn tch
l thuyt v yu cu bng thng ; DuMont v nhng ngi khc hon thin cc
ng tia catt chn khng ; bt u nhng th nghim v thc nghim qung b.
- 1931 Bt u dch v nh my t xa (teletypewriter).
- 1934 H.S. Black pht trin b khuch i hi tip m.
- 1936 Bi bo ca Amstrong ch r trng hp radio iu tn (FM).
- 1937 Alec Reeves hnh thnh khi nim iu xung m (PCM).
151
- 1938-1945 Cc h thng radar v viba pht trin trong i chin th gii ln th 2 ; FM
c s dng rng khp trong truyn thng qun s ; cc phn cng, in t v
l thuyt c ci thin trn tt c cc lnh vc.
- 1944-1947 Biu din ton hc ca nhiu ; pht trin cc phng php thng k tch tn
hiu.
- 1948-1950 C.E. Shannon pht hnh cc bi bo nn tng v l thuyt thng tin.
- 1948-1951 Sng ch ra cc thit b transistor.
- 1950 Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian (TDM) c p dng vo in thoi.
Hamming trnh by m pht hin li u tin.
- 1953 Cc chun Tivi mu c cng b M.
- 1955 J. R. Pierce xut cc h thng truyn thng v tinh.
- 1958 H thng truyn d liu ng di c pht trin cho mc ch qun s.
- 1960 Maiman trnh by laser u tin.
- 1961 Cc mch tch hp c ng dng trong sn xut thng mi.
- 1962 Truyn thng v tinh bt u cng Telstar 1.
- 1962-1966 Dch v truyn d liu c thng mi; PCM chng t s thch hp cho truyn
thoi v TV; l thuyt truyn dn s c pht trin; Viterbi trnh by nhng c
cu sa li mi; cn bng thch nghi c pht trin.
- 1964 H thng chuyn mch in thoi in t hon ton c a vo cung cp dch
v.
- 1965 Mariner IV truyn nhng bc nh t Sao Ha v Tri t.
- 1966-1975 Chuyn tip v tinh c thng mi ha; cc lin kt quang s dng laser v si
quang c a vo s dng; ARPANET c to ra (1969) theo sau l cc
mng my tnh quc t.
- 1976 Ethernet LAN do Metcalfe v Broggs (Xerox) sng ch.
- 19681969 Bt u s ha mng in thoi.
- 19701975 Chun PCM c CCITT trin khai.
- 19751985 Pht trin cc h thng quang dung lng cao; s pht trin mnh ca cng ngh
quang v cc h thng chuyn mch tch hp hon ton; x l s tn hiu bng vi
x l.
- 19801983 Khi ng ca Internet ton cu da trn giao thc TCP/IP.
- 19801985 Cc mng di ng t bo hin i cung cp dch v; NMT Bc u, AMPS
M, m hnh tham chiu OSI c T chc chun ha quc t (ISO) nh ngha.
Bt u chun ha h thng di ng t bo s th h hai.
- 19851990 S pht trin mnh ca LAN; Hon thnh chun ha Mng s a dch v tch
hp (ISDN); cung cp cc dch v truyn thng d liu cng cng rng khp; cc
h thng truyn quang thay th cc h thng cp ng trong truyn dn di rng
ng di; SONET c pht trin. Hon thnh chun ha GSM v SDH.
- 1989 Tim Berners-Lee (CERN) c ban u cho vn kin kt ni Web trn WWW
(World Wide Web).
152
- 19901997 H thng t bo s u tin, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM),
c thng mi v pht trin mnh trn ton th gii; s xa b quy nh ca
vin thng bt u Chu u v cc h thng truyn hnh v tinh tr nn thng
dng; S dng Internet v dch v m rng nhanh chng nh c WWW.
- 19972001 Cng ng vin thng c bi b quy nh v kinh doanh pht trin nhanh
chng; cc mng t bo s, c bit l GSM m rng trn ton th gii; nhng
ng dng thng mi ca Internet m rng v mt phn truyn thng thoi
truyn thng c chuyn t mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng (PSTN)
sang Internet; cht lng LAN c ci thin vi cng ngh Ethernet tin tin c
tc ln ti tm Gigabit/s
- 20012005 Truyn hnh s bt u thay th truyn hnh qung b tng t; cc h thng truy
nhp bng rng m rng kh nng cung cp dch v Internet a phng tin ti
mi ngi; dch v thoi tr thnh dch v truyn thng c nhn khi s xm nhp
ca cc h thng t bo v PCS tng ln; cc h thng di ng t bo th h th
hai c nng cp cung cp c dch v d liu chuyn mch gi nhanh tc
cao hn.
- 2005 Truyn hnh s s thay th dch v tng t v bt u cung cp cc dch v
tng tc ngoi dch v qung b; cc h thng di ng t bo th h th 3 v cc
cng ngh WLAN s cung cp cc dch v d liu tin tin cho ngi s dng di
ng; cc dch v di ng ni ht s m rng, ng dng cho nhng cng ngh
khng dy khong cch ngn trong nh v cng s s tng ln; mng vin thng
ton cu s tin trin hng ti mt bng mng chuyn mch gi chung cho tt
c cc loi dch v.
153
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nd
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