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f, [a, b] de srekli bir fonksiyon olsun f nin erisi x=a, x=b dorular
b
|f(x) | dx dir.
f(x) dx dir.
a
f(x) dx dir.
a
x [a, c] alan
f(x) dx a
f(x) dx dir.
b
rnekler :
f(x)= 2x dorusu x-ekseni x=1 ve x= 2 dorularyla snrlanan blgenin alann bulunuz.
2
1.
2xdx = x2
1
2
2
f(x)= x
4
S=
f(x) dx =
1
x
0
3
=1x
4 3
1
4
1
= 1 x3
12
x2 dx
4
4
1
= 1 . 43 - 1 . 13 = 64 - 1 = 63 br2
12
12
12 12 12
Grld zere, integral alma sayesinde paralama ynteminden daha basit bir
yntemle alan hesapladk.
132
MATEMATK 6
f(x) = Sinx erisinin [0, ] aralnda kalan paras ve x- ekseni ile snrlanan
alan hesaplaynz.
S=
Sinx dx = - Cosx
0
0
= - (Cos - Cos0)
= - (-1) +1 = 1+1
= 2br2
|x| = x, x0
-x, x<0
f(x)dxa
f(x) dx+
a
f(x) dx
c
|x| dx =
-2
= - 02 -
-x dx +
-2
3
2 0
2
x
x
+
x dx = 2
2 0
-2
(-2) 2
+ 9 - 0 = 4 + 9 = 13 bulunur.
2
2
2 2 2
133
MATEMATK 6
zm :
1
S=-
(x2+x-6) dx
f(x) dx =-2
-2
3
2
= - x + x - 6x
= -1 - 1 + 6 +
3
2 1 -2
3 2
-8 + 4 + 12 = -2 -3 +36 - 16 + 12 +72 = 99
3 2
6
6
x=-2
= 33 br2
2
x=1
(x3-5x2+6x) dx -
S=
4
(x3-5x2+6x) dx = x - 5 x3+3 x2
4 3
2
0
4
- x - 5 x3 +3x2
= 4 - 40 +12 - 81 - 45+27-4 + 40 - 12
4
4 3
3
3
2
= 4 - 40 + 12 - 81 + 45 - 27 + 4 - 40 + 12 = 50 - 80 - 81 = 600-563 =37
3
4
3
1
3
4
12
12
(12)
(4)
(3)
134
MATEMATK 6
2
7.
zm : x =1 kritik nokta
x-10 ise x1
x1
=
x1<0 ise -(x-1)
x 1
|x-1| =
x-1
-(x-1) olduundan
-(x-1) dx+
|x-1| dx =
;
;
2
2
+ x -x
(x-1) dx = -x + x
2
2
0
1
= -1 + 1 + 2 - 2 - 1 + 1 = - 2 + 2 = -1 + 2 = 1 bulunur.
2
2
2
3
8.
0
zm :
x [0, 1) f(x) = [|x|] = 0
x [1, 2) f(x) = [|x|] = 1
x [2, 3) f(x) = [|x|] = 2
3
[|x|]x dx =
0
0 dx +
0
xdx+
1
2
2x dx = 0+ x + x2
2 1
2
2 - 1 + 9 - 4 = 3 + 5 = 13 bulunur.
2
2
2
4
9.
-1
zm :
1 ; f(x) > 0 ise
0 ; f(x) = 0 ise
-1 ; f(x) < 0 ise
f(x) in iaretini inceleyelim.
Sgn f(x) =
135
MATEMATK 6
x2 - 3x+2
Sgn
(x2-3x+2)dx
-1
dx+
-1
+ (-x)
-1dx+
1
1dx=
2
+x
1
-1
10. x0 iin
-1
zm :
x [-1, 0) [|x|] = -1
1 ; x>0 ise
Sgnx = -1 ; x<0 ise
0 ; x=0 ise
x [0, 1) [|x|] = 0
x [1, 2] [|x|] = 1
2
[|x|]
Sgnx
1
-1
dx =
(-1) dx +
-1
-1
0
-dx +
-1
11.
0 dx +
0
dx = - x
1 dx
1
+x
-1
= -1 + 2 -1 = 0
1
zm :
0, aralnda Cosx -Sinx = 0 denkleminin kk x = tr.
2
4
x iin Cosx Sinx ve |Cosx-Sinx| = Cosx - Sinx
4
x> iin Cosx< Sinx ve |Cosx -Sinx| =-(Cosx - Sinx)
4
= Sinx - Cosx dir.
136
MATEMATK 6
|Cosx - Sinx| dx =
(Cosx - Sinx) dx +
Cosx dx +
Sinx dx -
4
0
= Sinx
- Cosx
Sinx dx -
+ Cosx
Cosx dx
(Sinx - Cosx) dx
4
0
- Sinx
= 2 + 2 + 2 -1-1+ 2 = 4 2 = 2 2 -1 bulunur.
2
2
2
2 2
12. Aadaki integralleri hesaplayalm.
3
3
(x2-4x+2) dx = x - 4 x2+2x
= 27 - 18+6 - 1 +2-2 =
3 2
3
3
1
a)
1
-3 - 1 = - 10 bulunur.
3
3
Cos(-) = Cos ; Sin(-) = -Sin
3
b)
= -2 (Cos1 - Cos(-1))
-1
/4
1 dx = tgx 4
Cos 2x
0
c) S =
0
/2
d) S =
0
137
MATEMATK 6
1 dx = Arctgx
= Arctg 1- Arctg0 = - 0 =
0
1+x2
4
4
e) S =
0
e 5x dx = 1 e 5x
= 1 (e 5.1-e 5.0) = 1 (e 5-1)
5
5
5
0
f) S =
0
5
= e -1
2 5
bulunur.
g) S =
Sin |x| dx =
Sin(-x) dx+
0
-
Sinx dx =
Cosx
-Sinx dx+
-
Sinx dx =
0
- Cosx
1+1+1+1 = 4 bulunur.
2
h)
Sgn[|x|] dx =
-1
=
-1
0dx +
0
[|x|]
[|x|]
dx =
2
1
4x
2
= 2-1+12-8+108-81 = 86
3
[|Sinx|] Sinx dx =
33dx =
+ 27x
j)
2 dx+
2
= (-1) +2 -1 = 0 dr.
1
1 dx+
1
+x
-1
Sgn(1) dx
1
dx = -x
1
Sgn (0) dx +
0
-dx+
-1
-Sinx dx = Cosx
= Cos2 - Cos
138
MATEMATK 6
3
k)
|x2-3x+2|
( x2-3x+2)dx+
dx=
x3 - 3 x2 +2x
3 2
(x 2-3x+2) dx
dx +
3
= x -3 x2+2x)
3 2
(x2-3x+2)
3
+ x - 3 x2+2x
1 3 2
2
Sgn(x2-5x+6)
l)
dx =
1dx1
x
x2-5x+6
2
+
1dx = x
1dx+
2
+x
=
3
3
-
O +
S=
(-x2+7x-6) dx
f(x) dx =
2
3
2
= - x + 7x - 6x
3
2
5
2
139
MATEMATK 6
f(x) = (x-3 )2 - 25
4
2
4
S=-1
3
(x2-3x-4) dx = (- x + 3 x2 +4x)
3 2
-1
= - 64 +24+16 - 1 +3 -4
3 2
3
= 141
6
15. f(x) = x2 -8x fonksiyonunun erisine x -ekseni ile snrlanan blgenin alann
bulunuz.
f(x) =x2 -8x =(x-4) 2 -16
8
S =-
(x 2-8x) dx
f(x) dx =
0
3
= x - 4x2
=
3
0
3
8
- 4.64 = 512 - 256
3
3
256
=
br2 bulunur.
3
140
MATEMATK 6
S=
Sinx dx
2
7
4
Sinx dx = - Cosx
+ Cosx
7
4
a)
Sin
[|x|]
2
dx =
Sin 2 dx =
4
0 dx +
0
2
1 dx +
1
dx 1
Sin dx
Sin 3 dx +
2
Sin dx +
2
Sin0 dx +
0
0 dx +
2
dx = x
- x
-dx +
3
0 dx =
4
141
MATEMATK 6
b)
-1 dx = Cotgx
Sin2x
1 dx = lnx
x
c)
1
x = x x2-2x = 0 x(x-2) = 0
2
x1 = 0 veya x-2 = 0 x2 = 2 dir.
2
S=
0
=x
2
142
2
2
(x- x ) dx =
2
2
0
3 2
-x
6
x dx 0
= 2- 4 = 2 br2
3 3
x2 dx
2
MATEMATK 6
(-x2+2x-x2) dx = - 2
S=
1 3
x2 dx +2
x dx = -2 x
3
2
2 x
0 2
(4x-2x2) dx= 4
S=
0
x dx -2
0
2 2
3 2
x2 dx = 4 x
-2 x
2 0
3 0
= 2.4 - 16 = 8 - 16 = 8 br2
3
3 3
143
MATEMATK 6
/4
S=
/2
Sinx dx +
Cosx dx = -Cosx
/4
4
0
+ Sinx
y=x
3
2
(x )2 = 3x
3
x4 = 3x
9
zm :
x4 -27x = 0
x(x3 - 27) = 0
x1 = 0 veya x2 = 3
x=
3
S=
3x -
x2
=2 3
3
144
x3
dx =
0
3 3
-x
9 0
0
y2
y = 3x
3
3 x dx - 1
3
x2 dx =
0
= 2 3 2 3 27 - 3 = 12 3 -3 br2
3
MATEMATK 6
S=
(x-1) -
(x2-1)
dx =
2
3
(x-x2) dx= x - x
=
2 3 0
( 1 - 1 ) = 3 - 2 = 1 br2
2
3
(3) (2)
(-x2 -x2
S=
-2
+8) dx =
-2
145