Chart of exceptions

Phylum or Group Besides bryophytes, all other land plants have vascular tissue Common Name Dominant generation Characteristics Unique body structures Vascular Tissue? Vascular plant=tra cheophyt es veins=vas cular tissue No Megaph ylls? (big leaves) Seeds? Flowers?

Bryophytes

Liverworts= Gametophyte [earliest land plant to evolve lack stomata] Mosses Hornworts

1) Have signaling proteins that are involved in desiccation tolerance 2) Osmosis to move water 3) Swimming sperm 4) No supportive tissue 5) No true organs/roots/stems/le aves

Hydroids= poorly developed conducting tissues -transport H2O externally by capillary action Operculum= cap-like structure on sporophyte Peristome teeth= increase efficiency of speed dispersal are hygroscopic= change shape when humidity changes; dont release spores all at once

No

No

No

Dung mosses=only bryophyte w/ relationship w/ animals sphagnum mosses= peat mosses capture CO2, good fuel & absorption

Lycophytes Microphylls & Tracheids

Club Mosses Spike Mosses Quill worts

Sporophyte

1) Independent gametophyte & sporophyte 2) Have Microphylls(scales)= little leaveswith a (single midvein) more SA for

Yes

No

No

No

3)

Monilophytes Ferns (Euphyllophyt Horsetails es: multiflagellate d sperm, overtopping growth, megaphylls) Megaphylls

Sporophyte

1)

2)

3)

4)

Gymnosperms Conifers (Euphyllophyt es) Heterospory

Sporophyte

5) 1)

2) 3) 4) 5)

6)

photosynthesisprod uce more glucose Strobili= formed when sporangia clustered at the tips of branches Independent gametophyte and sporophyte generations Megaphylls=big leaves, (multiple veins) Multiflagellated sperm= easier fertilization Overtopping growth= allow better compete for light= increase plant height Homospory Megaphylls=big leaves, (multiple veins)= true leaf Heterospory No water required for fertilization Sporophyte dominance Reduction of megaspores in sporangium Undergo secondary growth=(increase girth)

Indusium= Annulus= Sori= Fiddle head=

Yes

Yes

No

No

Highly flammable Grow in sandy environments

Vascular Cambium= Cork Cambium= Tap root=

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Angiosperms (Euphyllophyt es) Triploid endosperm Double fertilization Flowers

Flowering plants

Sporophyte

7) 1)

2) 3)

4) 5) 6)

7) 8)

9)

10)

primary growth= apical meristem (increase length) WOOD Megaphylls=big leaves, (multiple veins) Flowers Production of triploid endosperm (nutritive tissue) Double fertilization Leaves with venation Ovules and seeds enclosed in a carpel Carpel= ovary+style+stigma Fruits Phloem with companion cells (earlier plants did not have this) Reduced gametophytes=enable faster development Germination of pollen on a stigma

yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Name Terms

Function At maturity Differences

Xylem Tracheids= long thin dead water conducting cell that contain lignin in their cell walls and have pits in their walls to allow for cross-flow of water between xylem cells (Evolved before vessel elements) Lignin= tough polymer that can be found in deposits in cell wall of tracheids Bulk Flow of Water (UP to leaves) Dead -Have pits -Stronger than vessels -lots of small holes

Vessels Libriform fibers= short, narrow, extremely strong lignified walls, lines vessels for structural support ONLY doesnt transport H2O

Phloem Companion cells= Sieve cells= Sieve plates=

Used by

Gymnosperms

Dead -Holes at both ends -shorter & wider -Thinner walls -Not next to each otherstacked on top of each other Angiosperms

Alive -Thin walls -Not super thick, lack lignin & cellulose

Angiosperms & Gymnosperms(minus the companion cell)

Name

Ground Tissues Parenchyma= Collenchyma= Sclerenchyma=

Dermal Tissues

Vascular Tissues Vascular bundle= xylem+phloem

Name Function Unique structures

Root

Shoots

Eudicot EX Birch Beets= betalain pigmentsdeep red coloration Bean= bilateral flowers legumes= symbiosis w/ nitrogen fixing bacteria -asterids= tomatoe + sunflower -2 types of mesophyll: palisade mesophyll spongy mesophyll Number of cotyledons Leaf venation Root systems 2 cotyledons Netlike veins=reticulate venation Tap root= the taproot branches off and gives rise to lateral roots. It will go deep into the soil (found in BOTH gymnosperms & Eudicots) Common Can be either woody or herbaceous Leticels= slits that are on the stems of woody eudicots for gas exchange Vascular bundle is arranged in a ring cortex distinguishable from the pith 3 slits (3 germination apertures) Seed will extend the embryonic root (radicle) down and the shoot tip up=aerial germination

Monocot EX: Corn, herbs Grass orchid

Magnolids

1 cotyledon Parallel veins Fibrous root system adventitious roots= roots of the seedlings arising from the stems or leavesvery shallow roots MOST OF THEM LACK THIS Not common, generally herbaceous except: screw pine Vascular bundle is scattered Cortex indistinguishable from the pith 1 slit (1 germination aperture) Push the coleoptile(protective tissue that covers the apical meristem) up through the soil and Monosulcuate grains= have only onepore like monocots

Secondary growth

Stem Anatomy

Pollen characteristics Germination

BEANS Basically the cotyledon will extend out of the soil and will split and produce leaves Reproductive structures Flower groups Examples 4 or 5

shoot tip grows straight up=subterranean germination Cotyledon will stay underground Primitive stamen & carpel Multiples of 3 (stamen & carpel also in multiples of 3)

Things that aid in seed/spore dispersal Monilophytes Byrophytes

Annulus Elaters Peristome Teeth