UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON SCHOOL OF PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY

QPM (PHYS2024): Problem sheet 2 (5 February 2014)

(to be handed within Friday following week at noon) Note 1: Marks are out of 20. If they add up to more than 20, the maximum is still 20/20 but it is advisable to solve as many problems as possible to saturate the maximum. Note 2: Solutions of the problems imply use of expressions and numbers given in the lectures even when not explicitly recalled.

A. General questions on Thermodynamics

1. How is the entropy dierence dened in Thermodynamics? 2. How is the heat dened? State it in a formula and words. 3. Argue that p dV is an inexact (not exact) dierential. Hint: Use the fundamental relation of TD: T dS = p dV + dU . 4. What function f (p, V ) would make p dV + f (p, V ) dp an exact dierential?

[10] [2.5] [2.5] [2.5] [2.5] [10]

B. Ideal gas
As an application of TD and to demonstrate the power of the formalism of dierential forms, show that if one denes the ideal gas temperature TI (T ) from the ideal gas equation p V = N KB TI (T ) , this is related to the absolute temperature T (from the second law) by TI (T ) T Hint: The internal energy of an ideal gas is solely a function of the temperature, U = U (T ), and 2S 2S = . V T T V

C. On the fundamental relation of thermodynamics

Recall: the fundamental relation of thermodynamics, for a gas, is T dS = dU + p dV . (1)

[6]

1. What are the natural variables of the internal energy U and the entropy S by using the fact that they are exact dierentials? [3] 2. From the denition of an exact dierential show that: S 1 = T U ,
V

p S = T V

.
U

Hint: Use the fact that dS is an exact dierential 1

[3]