Manitoba HVDC Research Centre Inc. 244 Cree Crescent Winni e!

" Manitoba" Canada R3# 3W1 $ 2%4 &'& 124% ( 2%4 &'& 1277 sa)es* scad.co+ ,,,.h-dc.ca

Introduction to PSCAD and Applications

Training Course Presented by the Manitoba HVDC Research Centre

Course Date: Location: Lead Instructor:

1 / 73

PSCAD GETTI G!STARTED T"T#RIA$S

Getting Started and %asic &eatures

.re ared b/: Date: Re-ision: Date:

Dharshana Muthu+uni 0u!ust 2%%1 3 March12" 2%%7

2 / 73

Getting Started ! Tutorial ' #b(ecti)e*s+, 2ettin! 3a+i)iar ,ith .4C0D. 2ettin! 3a+i)iar ,ith di33erent sections o3 the Master Librar/. Di33erent ,a/s to access the +aster )ibrar/. Creatin! a si+ )e case. Data entr/. .)ottin! and contro). Interacti-e contro)s.

T'-' Create a ne, case b/ usin! either the Menu or Toolbar. 0 ne, case shou)d a ear in the Workspace settings entit)ed noname [psc]. Ri!ht5c)ic6 on this Wor6s ace settin!s entr/ and se)ect 4a-e 0s7 and !i-e the case a na+e. 89$:: Do not use any spaces in the name! Create a 3o)der ca))ed c,../PscadTraining/Tutorial01'- 4a-e the case as case01.psc T'-2 9 en the +ain a!e o3 /our ne, case. ;ui)d a case to stud/ the inrush heno+ena ,hen ener!i<in! a trans3or+er. $he co+ onent data is as sho,n. $he trans3or+er is rated ==/12.47 6V.
RL

66 kV,60 Hz Source Z ! "#$O%m& ' ()#)* deg Z0 ! +,#$) O%m& ' *0#,6 deg

RRL

66 kV B:S
8966 BRK Timed Breaker Logic Open@t0

Ia

BRK

-.- Tran&/ormer (#) 0V1 Z ! 6#+, 2 3u44 4oad 4o&& ! 0#"2 5o 4oad 4o&& ! 0#)2 5o 4oad current + 2
+e6

(i!.1 $rans3or+er ener!i<in! circuit.

67

6+

3 / 73

T'-3 .)ot the currents >Ia? and -o)ta!es >:@==? on the HV side o3 the trans3or+er. Ia and :a contains the three ,a-e3or+s o3 the three hases.

ote,

(i!.2 ;asic ste s to create a !ra h ,ith a se)ected si!na). T'-4 $he LV side o3 the trans3or+er is not connected to a )oad or an/ other s/ste+ eAui +ent. $he brea6er is c)osed at %.1 s to ener!i<e the trans3or+er == 6V side. Inrush is re)ated to core saturation. Veri3/ that saturation is inc)uded in the +ode) used 3or this si+u)ation. 0s6 /our instructor to eB )ain the )ar!e resistance connected to the HV side. Inrush current +a!nitude de ends on the C oint on ,a-eD s,itchin! conditions. Ese a +anua) s,itch to o erate the brea6er. 8ote the oint on ,a-e de endenc/ o3 the inrush ea6.

4 / 73

0ain ### BRK9;ontro4

; O

BRK

(i!.3 $,o state s,itch attached to a contro) ane).

T'-5 Modi3/ the case to inc)ude a 12.47 6V/%.1 MV0 >Wound rotor t/ e? induction +achine. $his case ,i)) be used to stud/ the rocess o3 startin! an Induction +otor. $he co+ onent data is as sho,n.
+7#,( kV B:S

*+m :'> ),m OH

;apacitor *00 KVar& per p%a&e ,7#) <uH= ,0#$, <u3=

0ain ### R9;+

; O

R9;+ IG 3eeder ;O:?L8@ ?I S8;TIO5 B9mot 8mot 5

R9;+ +

85,*,

S%ort 4ine o/ (#, km Z ! 0#7 8., A0#" 8." O%m&'m Z0 ! 0#" 8." A0#+ 8.7 O%m&'m :&e de/au4t Ba4ue& /or t%e capacitance&
8trB B9mot 0#00+ Timed Breaker Logic Open@t0

T%i& G4ock mode4& t%e mec%anica4 c%aracteri&tic& o/ a tHpica4 4oad#

0ec%anica4 TorFue D C7 E 0#* D TI5 0#0

TI5

)00 kV1 Induction mac%ine# SFuerrie4 ;age THpe# +"#* kVIL.LJ (#6$( kV I?%a&eJ Irated ! 0#07*0, <k1= Inertia ! 0#(76( <&= Stator re&i&tance ! 0#00) ?: Rotor Re&i&tance ! 0#00* ?:

I0 S 0#0 TL

Fou +a/ use the ,ire +ode to connect di33erent co+ onents. 1 / 73

T'-6 :nter the co+ onent data. ote, Ese Ct/ ica)D data 3or the +achine. T'-7 .)ot the currents on either side o3 the trans3or+er >ia and ib?. T'-8 $he in ut torAue to the +achine is eAua) to '%G o3 the sAuare o3 the s eed. Deri-e this si!na) usin! contro) b)oc6s. i.e
Tm = %.' w 2

Ese contro) b)oc6s to i+ )e+ent the abo-e eAuation.

Four instructor ,i)) eB )ain the ca)cu)ation ro!ra+ structure o3 :M$DC and the de3inition o3 Ce)ectricD and Ccontro)D t/ e +ode)s. T'-9 $he brea6er >initia))/ o en? shou)d be c)osed at %.2s to start the +otor. T'-'1 .)ot the +achine s eed" the +echanica) torAue and the de-e)o ed e)ectric torAue. ote, 4o+e -ariab)es can be +easured 3ro+ ,ithin the co+ onent. $hese are nor+a))/ )isted under the ara+eter section Internal output ariables!

I: ti;e per;its.

T'-'' 0dd a )oad o3 1 MV0 at %.'5 o,er 3actor at 12.47 6V. $he sa+e trans3or+er su )ies this )oad. Does the )oad see an unacce tab)e -o)ta!e sa! durin! +otor startH

= / 73

Data:
Motor
1%% 6V0 Induction +achine. Wound rotor $/ e. 13.' 6V>L5L? 7.=&7 6V >.hase? Irated I %.%2'%4 J60K Inertia I %.72=7 JsK 4tator resistance I %.%%1 .E Rotor Resistance I %.%%' .E

Short $ine
4hort )ine o3 7.4 6+ LM I %.2 :54 M N%.3 :53 9h+s/+ L% I %.3 :53 M N%.1 :52 9h+s/+ Ese de3au)t -a)ues 3or the ca acitances

Mechanical $oad ;odel

T%i& G4ock mode4& t%e mec%anica4 c%aracteri&tic& o/ a tHpica4 4oad#
0ec%anica4 TorFue D C7 E 0#* TI5

Capacitor leg

7 / 73

;apacitor *00 KVar& per p%a&e R9;+ ,7#) <uH= ,0#$, <u3=

' / 73

PSCAD ESSE TIA$ TRAI I G

$utoria)s 1 O =
1. 2. 3. 4. 1. =. 7. '. Initia)i<in! a si+u)ation 4,itchin! stud/ $rans3or+ers and inrush $rans+ission )ines .o,er e)ectronic s,itchin! Induction +achine d/na+ics 4/nchronous Machines and contro)s Wind 3ar+s and doub)/ 3ed +achines

.re ared b/: Dharshana Muthu+uni Date: 0u!ust 2%%1 Re-ision: 2 Date: (eb 1=" 2%%7

& / 73

Tutorial 1 Two Area Power System Initializing the simulation to a specific load flow. T1.1 Create a new case by using either the Menu or Toolbar. A new case should appear in the Workspace settings entitled noname [psc]. Right-click on this Workspace settings entry and select Save As and give the case a na e. !"T#$ Do not use any spaces in the name! Create a %older called c !!"PscadTraining"T#$1. Save the case as T_01_a.psc T1.% "pen the ain page o% your new case. &uild a case representing a si pli%ied two area power syste as shown in the %igure below. A '' k trans ission line connects Station A to a ()) MW wind %ar . All other connections to Station A are represented by an e*uivalent +,) k- source. The e*uivalent source i pedance is derived %ro a steady state %ault study at .) /0. The line is represented by its series reactance. The trans%or er is represented by its i pedance1 re%erred to the +,) k- side.

Dind 3arm

+00 0V1 Tran&/ormer ""'7"0 kV, Z ! 0#+ pu 0#+,

)) km 4ine 7"0 kV 0#0(,

Station 1

RRL

7"0 kV 8F# &ource ?+ K+ ?7 K7 K7

Z9po&itiBe ! +0 O%m& at ** deg# Z9zero ! ( O%m& at *7 deg#

RL

(i!1. $,o area s/ste+ T1.& The wind %ar is also represented by a network e*uivalence. The positive se*uence i pedance o% this source at ,, k- is ( "h at 23 deg. #TE, Re%erred to the +,) k- side the i pedance value Ans:48.577 at 890

T1.' The voltage behind the e*uivalent i pedance at the wind %ar is ,' k-. The phase angle is 4 degrees. 5eter ine the power %low across the line. (ote Converted to the 230 kV side, the equivalent volta e is 243.939 kV at 7 de

1% / 73

RL

RRL

(ote !he si"#li$ied %al%ulations are outlined in the a%%o"#an&in )orksheet.

'athCA(

T1.) 6lot the power and reactive power %low at both ends o% the line. These signals can be obtained %ro the voltage source odels as internal outputs. T1.* 7se proper scale %actors inside the "utput Channels8 to convert 67 values to MW and M-ar. -eri%y the results. T1.+ /ow do you change the ti e step1 the si ulation ti e and the plot ti e9 /ow do you deter ine the si ulation ti e step9 T1., Can you save results to e:ternal output %iles %or post processing9 T1.- ;% you speci%ied to write data to output %iles1 where are they located9

Sa.e the case!

The case should be saved as T_01_b.psc be%ore proceeding. 5i%%erent parts o% the si ulation odel can be arranged inside page odules. 6SCA5 allows <nested8 page odules. ;% you ake a change to your e:isting case1 6SCA5 will identi%y the page odules where changes took place. "nly these odules will be re-co piled. *!i"e savin s in lar e %ases+ T1.1$ Create a page odule and include the e*uivalent source %or the wind %ar inside this odule as shown in the %igures + and ,. What is the use o% the </(0D12 co ponent9 (ote ,our instru%tor )ill -rie$l& dis%uss the use o$ signal transmitters )hi%h %an also -e used to trans"it *%ontrol+ si nals $ro" a #a e to another.

Dind 3arm

a 0#+, 0#0(, RRL ?7 K7 K7

=ig.+ Main page 11 / 73

RL

RRL

RL

?+ K+

=ig.,. Subpage

Sa.e the case! The case should be saved as T_01_c.psc be%ore proceeding. T1.11 Modi%y the source at Station A to control its para eters e:ternally. Add a control panel to speci%y these values. Can the values be changed during a si ulation9 (ote Make sure that the angle is speci%ied in degrees >para eter setting inside the source odel? (ote "bserve the e%%ect o% varying the voltage angle@ agnitude on 6 and A %low

?% V7"0
7)0

0ain L ;ontro4& ?%7"0

$0

3T-?8
+0 $ * ( 6 ) , " 7 +

=ig.B. #:ternal control o% the source para eters.

T1.1% Modi%y the circuit to include breakers1 breaker controls1 eters and the 6SCA5 <%ault co ponent8. The case should look like as shown in %igure '. 6lot1 #(1 ;( and the r s value o% #(.

RRL RL

3 60#0 V

770

.$0

7"0

12 / 73

Dind 3arm

BRK+ 0#+, <H=

BRK7 0#0(, <H=

I+ 8+

BRK" 1 V RRL ?% 3

?7 K7 I+ 8+ 8+ K7

Timed Breaker Logic ;4o&ed@t0 Timed Breaker Logic ;4o&ed@t0

60#0 BRK+ BRK" BRK7 Timed 3au4t Logic V Timed Breaker Logic ;4o&ed@t0

RL

3au4t inception . 0#, & and at 0#,0, &

0 ! 5o 3au4t + ! ?%a&e 1 to >round 7 ! ?%a&e B to >round " ! ?%a&e ; to >round , ! ?%a&e 1B to >round ) ! ?%a&e 1; to >round 6 ! ?%a&e B; to >round ( ! ?%a&e 1B; to >round * ! ?%a&e 1B $ ! ?%a&e 1; +0 ! ?%a&e B; ++ ! ?%a&e 1B;

V7"0
7)0

0ain L ;ontro4& ?%7"0

$0

3T-?8
+0 $ * ( 6 ) , " 7 +

770

.$0

7"0

=ig.'. Meters1 breakers and %aults. T1.1& Si ulate an A-C %ault. The %ault inception ti e is ).Bs. The %ault duration is ).' s. !ote the dc o%%set o% ;(. >The dc o%%set can cause al-operation o% protection due to CT saturation. We will study this in later on as a separate e:a ple.?

T1.1' What %actors in%luence the initial dc o%%set and its rate o% decay9 Change the %ault inception ti e to ).B)B s and observe the results. T1.1) &reaker , is initially closed. "pen and close this breaker at ).' s and )..' s respectively. Sa.e the case! The case should be saved as T_01_d.psc be%ore proceeding. T1.1* ;nclude a ==T block in your si ulation cases shown in %igure .. Convert ;( to its se*uence co ponents. -eri%y the results o% the ==T %or di%%erent %ault types. Add a poly-meter to observe the %re*uency spectru . !ote$ The instructor will de onstrate the use o% the phasor meter.

13 / 73

+ 7 I+ + I+ 7 I+ " C1 CB C;

0ag 0ag. 0ag0 I"+J I"+J I"+J ?% I"+J 33T ?%. I"+J 3 ! 60#0 <Hz= dc1 dcB ?%0 I"+J dc;

=ig... ==T &lock. T1.1+ Doad the case T_01_e.psc %ro the e:a ple cases given to you as course aterial. Study the <se*uencer units8 available to de%ine a series o% ti ed events. Sa.e the case!

14 / 73

Tutorial % 3apacitor Switching Study

T%.1 Create a %older called c !!"PscadTraining"T#$%. Save the case T_01_e.psc as T_02_a.psc. The utility plans to add ,)) M-ars o% capacitive reactive power at station A to support the +,) k- bus voltage. A transient study is re*uired to design e*uip ent o% this installation. Calculations and si ulations are re*uired to deter ine the values@ratings o% the associated li iting reactors >inrush and outrush? Modi%y the si ulation case to include a sub-page as shown in %ig. (.
>T7"0 7"0 kV Vo4tage &upport ;ap# Bank

?%

=ig.( Capacitor banks at Station A. The circuit inside the sub page represents a +,) k- capacitor bank with B steps per phase >see attached diagra s?. #ach step is rated at +' Mvar@phase. The capacitor banks are solidly grounded. The inrush and the outrush reactors si0es are to be deter ined so that the switching transients do not e:ceed the breaker capabilities and are within the ;### standards. The values o% the outrush@inrush reactors have been deter ined using I111 3&+.$*.%$$$. T%.% 7se anual breaker controls to switch the breakers R(1 R+ and RB. Also easure the currents in the breakers. T%.& Add a ti ed breaker co ponent to control breaker R,1 currents in R,. easure the

RRL RL

3 60#0 V

11 / 73

(ote (is%uss )ith &our instru%tor the #ur#ose o$ "akin %ontrolla-le. T%.' Add eters to outrush reactor.

.3 o#eration side o% the

easure the currents and voltages on the syste

T%.) Run the case with R( closed1 R+ and RB open1 and R, set to close at ).+ s. T%.* "bserve the peak value and %re*uency o% oscillation o% the current in R,. T%.+ "bserve the peak value and %re*uency o% oscillation o% the current at the outrush reactor. T%., !ote the di%%erences between >4? and >2?. 5iscuss the results. Important /nsure that &ou are usin the #ro#er ti"e ste# and $or visuali0ation #ur#oses, the #ro#er #lot ste#1 T%.- A 6eak inrush current depends on 6"W switching. This should be studied to ensure that the breaker eets the TR- and di@dt capabilities. T%.1$ 7se the Multiple Run co ponent to control the R, closing ti e. Also record the currents in &reaker R, and ain %eeder current. Set the ultiple run to switch %or ' se*uential points on the wave. switching over a cycle9

Can we do rando

Can we opti i0e the run length using a snapshot9 Take a snapshot at ).(33sec and the run the wave. ultiple run %or +) se*uential points on

Co pare your results with ;### standard results. Can the si ulation ti e step be changed when the case is run %ro a snapshot %ile9 T%.11 What are so e considerations %or the selection o% ti e-step %or this type o% si ulation9

T%.1% 1/T4A$ Check the i pedance spectru using the </ar onic ; pedance8 co ponent. This is an i portant step in the design o% capacitor banks. The addition o% the capacitors can give rise to syste resonances that are not acceptable. ;s this circuit appropriate to check %or syste resonances9 Why9 >not enough details o% the syste around the Station A bus is included to capture the %re*uency e%%ects?

1= / 73

+#008.06 +#008.06 +#008.06 +#008.06 +#008.06 +#008.06 +#008.06 +#008.06 +#008.06 + " ) ( $ ++ +" +) +( +$ Serie&+

Sa.e the case!

The case should be saved as T_02_b.psc be%ore proceeding. T%.1& Modi%y the circuit as shown in %igure + to include surge arrestors. The surge arrestors should protect the capacitors %ro switching over voltages. Re-strike o% capacitors breaker can cause large over-voltage transients and is usually the criteria %or the selection o% M"-s. 5iscuss the data entry %or the M"odel.

17 / 73

0#00"+(

Outru&% Reactor& 0OV ImoB

kMou4e&

;4o&ed@t0 Logic Breaker Timed

0OV

0#0)6") <0D= ."#$**e.00) <0V1R=

0#0)6") <0D= ."#$**e.00) <0V1R=

0#0*0+" <0D= .($#*7 <0V1R=

0#0$707 <0D= .($#( <0V1R=

T%.1& &reaker R, is initially closed. ;t is opened at ).+)B s but re-strikes at ).+(+B s. "bserve the energy accu ulation in the M"- o% phase A. can the M"- handle this energy9 ;s a statistical study re*uired to design the M"ratings9 Sa.e the case!

R+ R+

R7 R7 R7

R" R"

;4o&ed@t0 Logic Breaker Timed

R, R,

=ig.+. Surge arresters.

The case should be saved as T_03_a.psc be%ore proceeding.

1' / 73

Tutorial & Inrush current and line energizing.

T&.1 Create a %older called c !!"PscadTraining"T#$&. Save the case T_02_b.psc as T_03_a.psc. "pen the capacitor ain breaker R,. Eeep all other breakers closed. Make the <%ault8 co ponent inactive. Most transient studies re*uire the accurate odeling o% trans%or ers and trans ission lines. Trans%or er inrush re*uires the accurate odeling o% the non-linear iron core. Switching transient studies re*uire the odeling o% trans ission lines to include the e%%ects %re*uency dependent line para eters and traveling wave pheno ena. T&.% 7se detailed odels to represent the ,,@+,) k- trans%or er and the '' k trans ission line. The trans%or er has a F-F con%iguration and consists o% three single phase units. The no load current is ( G. The no load and copper losses are ).)), pu and ).))+ pu respectively. The conductor arrange ent o% the line is as shown below. 7se the %re*uency dependent phase odel to represent the line.

>+ +0 <m= ;+ ;7 ) <m=

>7 +0 <m= ;" +0 <m=

"0 <m=

ToOerL "H) ;onductor&L c%ukar >round9Dire&L +'7NHig%Strengt%Stee4 0 <m=

=ig.(. +,) k- Trans ission tower.

1& / 73

+ 0 9 e n i L + 0 9 e n i L + 0 9 e n i L + 0 9 e n i L + 0 9 e n i L + 0 9 e n i L + 0 9 e n i L + 0 9 e n i L + 0 9 e n i L + 0 9 e n i L L + 0 9 e n i m r a 3 ; + K R B 1 S 0 V k 0 " 7 K D # & a ? r % > 6 8 I d m i T t @ n e p O , . 4 u 3 ; c g o L + R B " 7 0 V S 0 r d & e t k n # p a i g o 4 u 3 T > + 0 9 L R B ; " 7 r p & e V t a K 8 n i k # 0 u g 4 o m 3 7 + 9 e L " T > ; R B n i # p a 1 S 0 V k K r & t K D % 6 8 I m d ) . 4 o ? 0 @ O + 9 e L , u 3 n B ; c i g " 7 R p & t V r a > T # 1 + 0 9 e L 4 o S 0 k d . K g u 3 m K D r % R B 6 8 7 I i " ) a & ; ? t @ n p O V , 0 e # c L 1 S 0 k + o 4 9 > m T d . g t R a r B & u 3 n p ; i " 7 K e V L K D % 6 8 I ) + # 1 4 o ? 0 @ O 9 S 0 d , . k c R B p & g t u m r a 3 7 e n i K D % > 6 8 I T " ) # 1 4 o ? @ O ; K + 0 L V 9 r R B m d a & . t p + 0 e n i L V S 0 , 4 u 3 k # ; c g o 1 " 7 K K D % > 6 8 I T ) ? @ O t R a e r B d & . n p i L 0 + g o V 4 u 3 m 9 7 " # ; 1 K S 0 , k c R B p & e t r a K + 0 n i L D % > 6 8 I m T d ) . 4 o ? @ O 9 g V , u 3 # ; c 1 S 0 k " 7 r R B a & t e p + K 0 n i L d . 4 o V g u m 3 7 K 9 D % > 6 8 I T " ) # 1 ? @ O ; + e t S 0 R k a r B & , n p c i L 0 o V 4 9 K K 7 m d . e u 3 # ; g 1 S 0 k 0 " + R B p & t r a n i L D % > 6 8 I T ) 4 o ? @ O V d , . c 7 K e g u 3 m r a 9 K R B " + # & ; 1 0 t p S 0 4 k n i o L V 7 e K D r % > K R B 6 8 I m T " d ) + # a & ; . 1 ? 0 t @ p O g , u 3 c o V 4 9 n i L g t S 0 R k a e r B p & u 3 7 K + 0 9 e n i L
Timed Breaker Logic Open@t0 Timed Breaker Logic Open@t0 Dind 3arm BRK+B

V 3 L R % ? V 3 L R % ? V 3 L R % ? V 3 L R % ? V 3 L R % ? V 3 L R % ?

T%ree ?%a&e R0S Vo4tage 0eter " ?%a&e R0S

BRK+;
Line90+

>T7"0 BRK7 BRK" 8+ RRL

7"0 kV Vo4tage &upport ;ap# Bank

I7 BRK+1 87

6+

67 Line90+ Line90+

I+

?% 3

?7 K7 I+ 8+ 8+ K7 Timed Breaker Logic Open@t0

BRK"

Timed Breaker Logic Open@t0

60#0 V RL

Timed 3au4t Logic BRK7 3au4t inception . 0#, & and at 0#,0, &

=ig.+. Two-area syste

odel %or a transient study.

Inrush Study T&.& "pen the breakers H+ and H,. The trans%or er is energi0ed on no load by closing the breaker H(. Close breaker ( at ).('s and observe the inrush currents. T&.' Add a ( "h resister in series with the ,, k- winding and observe the results. What e%%ect does the resistance have on the decay o% the inrush current9 T&.) 5oes the breaker closing instant in%luence the agnitude o% inrush9 Close the breaker at ).(',' s and observe the current on phase A. T&.* #nable the <single pole operation8 ode o% the breaker. Close the poles at instants when the voltage o% the respective phase is at a a:i u . "bserve results. T&.+ What situation would cause the trans%or er to saturate on both halves o% a voltage cycle9 Sa.e the case!

The case should be saved as T_03_b.psc be%ore proceeding.

2% / 73

5ine 1nergizing Study T&., Close breaker H ( and open breaker H ,. ;nclude the ultiple run co ponent to control the operation o% breaker H+ which is initially open. The closing instant &( derived %ro the ultiple run.

8+
oBerBo4tage#out

+ ;%# +

0ea&.8naG # V+ # B+ # 0u4tip4e Run

0#+)

@ 3 B+

B7

=ig.,. Multiple run co ponent %or breaker control. T&.- The breaker closing instant >&(? should be changed %or each run. The breaker is opened ).(' s a%ter its closing operation. Set the ultiple run to switch %or () se*uential points on a .) /0 wave%or . Record the peak voltage #( at the receiving end. Sa.e the case! The case should be saved as T_03_c.psc be%ore proceeding. 5ines on the same right of way A (,) k trans ission line connects the Cenerating Station C and Station A. This line runs parallel to the '' k line between Station A and the Wind =ar %or +) k %ro Station A. The generating voltage is stepped up to the trans ission level through an ((@+,) k-1 F-F bank. T&.1$ #:tend the odel to include the (,) k line and the generator as shown in %igure B. The trans ission lines are arranged in a sub page as shown in %igure '. Sa.e the case!

21 / 73

Station ;
++'7"0 kV, )000V1 Z!0#0* ?: RRL T%ree ?%a&e R0S Vo4tage 0eter " ?%a&e R0S

RL

6+

67 Line90" Timed Breaker Logic ;4o&ed@t0

Zpo& ! 0#0+ O%m& at *$ deg# Zzero ! 0#0++O%m& and *0 deg#

BRK" T 4ine& Timed Breaker Logic ;4o&ed@t0 BRK7 87 Line90+ Line907 Line90" I+

>T7"0 BRK" 8+ BRK, 8,

7"0 kV Vo4tage &upport ;ap# Bank

BRK7

?%

Line90+ Line907

I,

3 60#0 V

Timed 3au4t Logic

=ig.B. Three area syste

+
Line90+ Line907

Line90+ Line907

Line90"

Line90"

=ig.'. Dine arrange ent inside the sub-page. T&.11 The voltage behind the e*uivalent source i pedance o% the voltage source representing the B generators at Station C is (+ k- at +( degrees. T&.1% 7se the Mathcad worksheet to veri%y results. T&.1& Change the con%iguration o% the ((@+,) k- trans%or er to represent a 5-F unit. AdIust the (( k- source angle to re%lect this change.

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Tutorial ' 6ind 7enerator model and a Soft Start mechanism for the 7enerator.
T'.1 Create a %older called c !!"PscadTraining"T#$'. Save the case T_03_c.psc as T_04_a.psc. The wind turbines in the wind %ar are driving induction generators operating at ,, k-. The total M-A o% the station is ()) M-A. Replace the e*uivalent source with a detailed odel o% an induction generator. Assu e all generators at the wind %ar are operating under identical conditions. The induction generator connection is shown in %igure (.
8Pterna4 rotor re&i&tance
Rrotor Rrotor Rrotor Dind### @IST Rrotor
+0

TI08

K+ Rrotor o%m

?+

? 1 ?oOer K B

StoT

+#0

DI5

D S I0 IaGc a TL

StoT 1 B ;tr4 ",0 <u3= TI5

.0#* .0#)

;tr4 ! +

@IST

=ig.(. ;nduction generator.

T'.% Close breaker H( at + s. Eeep all other breakers closed. Assu e the achine speed is at ( pu be%ore closing breaker A. /as the power %low changed9 T'.& Calculate the value o% the shunt capacitance re*uired to aintain the original power %low. See Mathcad calculations. Dower the ti e step to +' us. T'.' Will the syste be stable i% a sudden wind gust causes the input tor*ue to the achine to increase by .)G >or 2) G?9

Sa.e the case! The case should be saved as T_03_b.psc be%ore proceeding.

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T'.) 5iscuss how a s all wind generator

aybe connected to the syste . at ( s.

7sing 849A appropriately1 connect the wind generator to the syste

T'.* !ote the line currents on the syste side when the wind %ar is connected to the syste . Change the initial speed o% the achine to ).. pu and re run the si ulation. !ote the current transients. A So%t Starter shown in %igure + is used to li it the starting currents when connecting the induction generators to the syste . The back to back thyristors are used to control the voltage applied to the achine while its speed builds up. The %iring angle characteristics are given in the table in the %ile <so%tstart.t:t8. Model the circuit shown in %igure +. The %iring controls %or the thyristors are shown in %igure ,.
3?+ + 7

15> BRK9SD

<Dind/arm= 15>

T 3?" 7 T 3?7 T 7

TI08

+ BRK9SD

BRK9SD 3?) 7 T 1 15> +*0#0 B ;tr4 BRK1 BRK9SD T 3?6 8a 8G Timed Breaker Logic Open@t0 8c 5B 7 BRK1 51 BRK1 ;tr4 ! + 15>+ 3?, T 7

=ig.+. So%t Starter.

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TH-RISTOR 3IRI5> ?:LS8 ;O5TROL ;IR;:IT

15>97 15>9+ H

H L

15>9"

H L 7 3?)

L 7 3?+ 15>+ 15>9+ H L 3 +*0#0 7 3?7 @ 3 +*0#0 15>+ 15>97

7 3?" 15>+ H L 7 3?, @ 3 +*0#0 15>9"

H L 7 3?6

Va 8a VG 8G Vc 8c ?LL 15>9+ t%eta

Va 8G VG 8c Vc 8a ?LL 15>97 t%eta

Va 8c VG 8a Vc 8G ?LL 15>9" t%eta

=ig.,. =iring controls. T'.+ "bserve the starting currents with and without so%t start.

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Tutorial ) Including a machine model in a simulation.

T).1 Create a %older called c !!"PscadTraining"T#$). Save the case T_04_c.psc as T_0 _a.psc. T).% 7se the (( k- source ethods discussed in the supple entary e:ercises to replace the odel with a detailed hydro generator odel.

T).& #nter the ratings o% the achine to re%lect the ')) M-A1 (( k- unit. >This ay represent a nu ber o% identical units operating in parallel?. T).' ;nclude the generator controls in the si ulation. T).) The voltage agnitude and the phase angle o% the (( k- source are used to initiali0e the achine. "bserve the power %low and e:plain the reasons %or inor di%%erences. T).* Try using suitable control original values. T).+ /ow do we ethods to adIust the achine power %low to the

odel a ther al generator9

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Tutorial * Dou:ly fed induction machine model.

T*.1 Create a %older called c !!"PscadTraining"T#$*. Doad the library %ile d*oJnewJlib.psl. Doad the cases T _0!_a and T_0!_b.psc given to you with the course aterial. Save this %ile in your T#$* %older. T*.% 7nderstand the basic concept o% the double %ed connection. T*.& ;denti%y the role o% di%%erent control blocks in the odel.

T*.' Are all odels in the control syste %ound in the aster library9 Can the user de%ine custo co ponents and use then along with standard odels %ro the aster library9 T*.) -eri%y the operation o% the two cases.

I&a

E 0#0"(

@ Va ;

. 1 + &T Va4/a p%i& P &T > + &T &T > + &T C - p%i& H r to p C mag V&mag p%i p%i& p%&mag

I&G

E 0#0"( E 0#0"(

@ VG ; @ Vc ;

a4/a .

B " to 7 Tran&/orm Geta VGeta ;

+ &T

I&c

4tator 3)uB -ector

&4pang a4/a Rotor to Stator K Geta @ a4/a 1 Ira9re/ Iraa IrG9re/ IrGG Irc9re/ Ircc

7 to " B Tran&/orm Geta ;

Rotor re3erence currents

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Transient Reco)ery Voltage Across %rea<er Poles *TRV+

.re ared b/: Date: 0u!ust Re-ision: Date:

Dharshana Muthu+uni 2%%1 2 (eb 1=" 2%%7

2' / 73

%rea<er TRV Studies ! Tutorial ' #b(ecti)e: (unda+enta) as ects o3 ;rea6er $RV 4e)ection o3 ti+e ste In3)uence o3 stra/ ca acitance In3)uence o3 )oads and )osses >resistance? I::: de3ined brea6er ca abi)it/ cur-es $RV under 3au)t and nor+a) s,itchin! conditions and use o3 +u)ti )e run T'-' 9 en the case $@%3@a. sc that ,as co+ )eted in $utoria) 3. Rena+e this as $@%3@a@tr-. sc. Pee brea6ers Q1" Q2 and Q3 c)osed and the ca acitor ban6s o en. Run the case and +a6e sure the o,er 3)o, is as eB ected. T'-2 0 )/ a three hase 3au)t to !round at %.4s. $he duration is 1s.

T'-3 9 en brea6er Q3 at %.44 s. 9bser-e the -o)ta!e across the brea6er o)es. T'-4 Discuss the reason 3or $RV. 8o, )o,er the ti+e ste to 2 us and obser-e the resu)ts. $his ,i)) +a6e c)ear that 3or $RV studies" a s+a)) ti+e ste is necessar/.

70

TRV985VI J

TRV985VI.J

8a

70#0 +)#0

TRV985VI J

TRV985VI.J

8a

+0

+0#0 )#0

0
H

0#0 .)#0 .+0#0

.+0

.70

.+)#0 .70#0

."0 0#0700 0#0770 0#07,0 0#0760 0#07*0 0#0"00 0#0"70 0#0",0 ### ### ###

.7)#0 0#07+*70 0#07+*7) 0#07+*"0 0#07+*") 0#07+*,0 0#07+*,) 0#07+*)0 ### ### ###

(i!.1. ;rea6er $RV and the I::: $RV )i+its

T'-5 In $RV studies" the stra/ ca acitances near the brea6er +ust be +ode)ed adeAuate)/. Ho, do ,e deter+ine these -a)uesH T'-6 I::: standards >I::: C37.%11? de3ine the $RV ca abi)it/ cur-es 3or di33erent brea6ers. $hese )i+its de end on a nu+ber o3 3actors. ;rea6er -o)ta!e ratin!

2& / 73

(au)t current ratin! 0ctua) 3au)t )e-e)

9 en the t,o .4C0D inc)uded ,ith the course +ateria). $he t,o cases are $RV@Case@%1. sc and $RV@Case@%2. sc. $RV@Case@%2. sc is 3ro+ a )o, -o)ta!e distribution s/ste+ o3 a uti)it/ in ()orida. It ,as used to identi3/ $RV issues and to identi3/ correcti-e +easures. T'-7 9bser-e ho, the I::: $RV )i+its are si+u)ated. T'-8 What are the +easures a-ai)ab)e to reduce $RV )e-e)sH

3% / 73

$arge Industrial $oads = Induction Motor Transients

#b(ecti)es, Induction +otor startin! Motor data Vo)ta!e di s and 3)uctuations 5 ()ic6er Motor startin! +ethods Motor )oad t/ es 4o3t startin! Readin! data 3ro+ eBterna) 3i)es Contro) b)oc6s .o,er e)ectronic s,itches

.re ared b/: Date: Re-ision: Date:

Dharshana Muthu+uni 0u!ust 2%%1 2 (eb 1=" 2%%7

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Induction Machine Dyna;ics/Transients ! Tutorial ' T'-' Connect a 13.' 6V" 11 60 induction +otor to an in3inite bus throu!h a trans3or+er and a brea6er. $he in3inite bus -o)ta!e is == 6V.
?mot Kmot 1 ? ?oOer K B 0#0 0#0 TI5 +"#* kV,7#7 k1 motor )0#+$ 0V1, InertiaIMJ! 7#7 pu BRK D S TL I0 6+ 67 I& BRK 0#00+ D E D TI5

T'-2 $he )oad torAue a )ied to the +otor is re)ated to the +otor s eed. Deri-e a contro) b)oc6 that ,i)) !enerate a torAue si!na) that is ro ortiona) to the s eed. >$I8 I 6R,? T'-3 $he +otor is to be s,itched on to the su s,itch to send a si!na) to the brea6er. )/ usin! a brea6er. Ese a Ct,o stateD

T'-4 9bser-e the startin! characteristics. .)ot the )ine current" s eed" :)ectric and +echanica) torAue and the ter+ina) -o)ta!e at the +achine. T'-5 What cou)d cause the +otor be dri-en into a !eneratin! +ode. T'-6 Load the case ind@+otor@startin!@%1. sc. $his case +ode)s the )oads o3 an industria) )ant. Identi3/ di33erent co+ onents in the +ode). T'-7 8ote the -o)ta!e di durin! +otor startin!. Is this a o,er Aua)it/ concernH T'-8 What +ethods can be e+ )o/ed to )i+it startin! transientsH T'-9 What cou)d cause the +otor be dri-en into a !eneratin! +ode.

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T'-'1 Induction +otor transients can )ead to serious o,er Aua)it/ issues. $he si+u)ation eBa+ )e in case ind0;otor0starting01'-psc i))ustrates the -o)ta!e di s seen b/ the other )oads connected to the trans3or+er. Load and run this case. a? Does additiona) rotor resistance a33ect the startin! transientsH b? 4ee the e33ect o3 rotatin! inertia and +echanica) da+ in! on the transients. c? What are the t/ ica) )oads t/ es >characteristics? that are encountered in industr/ a )icationsH T'-'' Load the case ind0;otor0starting012-psc- 8ote the )oad torAue ro3i)e. 9bser-e the -o)ta!e -ariation at the )oad ter+ina).
3?+ + 7 T

BRK9SD 3?" 7 T 3?7 T 7 BRK9SD 3?) 7 T 3?, T 7 BRK9SD T 3?6 BRK a+ G+ c+ 1 B ; 8c 8G 8a a7 G7 c7 7

(i!.2. 4o3t starter T'-'2 4o3t startin! +ethods such as that sho,n in (i! 2 are used to )i+it the startin! current o3 )ar!e induction +achines. Discuss the current )i+itin! +echanis+ o3 this sche+e. Load the case ind0;otor0starting013-psca? What is the ro)e o3 the .LLH b? Ho, are si!na)s trans+itted 3ro+ the +ain a!e to the sub a!eH c? Can .4C0D read data 3ro+ eBterna) 3i)esH List a 3e, a )ications ,here this can be use3u)H Veri3/ the o eration o3 the so3t s,itch.

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&ast &ront Studies

$ightening Stri<e
#b(ecti)es, Re resentin! stra/ ca acitances Re resentin! arresters Re resentin! ;us5bars Re resentin! )on! )ines .ositionin! o3 0rresters

.re ared b/: Date: Re-ision: Date:

Dharshana Muthu+uni 0u!ust 2%%1 2 (eb 1=" 2%%7

34 / 73

&ast :ront studies ! Tutorial ' T'-' $he circuit sho,n be)o, re resents the arran!e+ent o3 a trans3or+er sub5station. $his +ode) is used to stud/ the o-er -o)ta!es at a trans3or+ers ter+ina) durin! a )i!htnin! stri6e on a station bus bar.
StraH capacitance o/ eFuipment

StraH capacitance o/ eFuipment

0#0006

0#0006

0#0006

0#000"

0#000"

+ km Tran&mi&&ion Line
+ +

$0 m Station Bu&
+ + +

0#000"

+0 m Station Bu&
+

T1+
T1+

T1+

G-;+
G-;+

G-;+

Va

G-;7
G-;7

G-;7

Vt/ 0#007( 0#007( 0#007(

")0#0

")0#0

")0#0

1pproPimate &urge impedance 4ine termination

Steep 3ront Surge 1rre&ter 5

1BB 8CLI0 Surge 1rre&ter +$7 kV

Dinding ;apacitance /or 770 kV 1utotran&/ormer IapproPimateJ

BP e TI08 BP e

B . 3 E +#07 E Lig%tning ;urrent

0#)

To account /or t%e /undamenta4 /reFuencH Bo4tage component, t%e dc &ource i& &et to peak ac Bo4t&#

Simp4e Lig%tning Surge +#7E)0 :&ecL I ! +#07EI+ E < 8C?I.+"000 E tJ . 8C?I.,#,86 E tJ =

(i!.1. Circuit 3or )i!htenin! stud/ T'-2 Identi3/ di33erent co+ onents o3 the +ode) T'-3 Ho, do /ou re resent the trans3or+erH Where do /ou obtain the dataH T'-4 Ho, are trans+ission )ines and cab)es re resented 3or the ur ose o3 this stud/H Can ,e Nusti3/ this re resentationH T'-5 Does the osition o3 the arrester ha-e an i+ act on the o-er5-o)ta!e at the trans3or+erH .)ace the arrester at the trans3or+er ter+ina) and obser-e the o-er5-o)ta!e. T'-6 What does the dc source re resentH T'-7 Ho, do ,e +ode) the )i!htenin! sur!eH Ho, do ,e de3ine ara+eters 3or the sur!eH

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&erro!Resonance In)estigation

#b(ecti)es, $rans3or+er ara+eters 4aturation 4e)ection o3 the si+u)ation ti+e ste

.re ared b/: Date: Re-ision: Date:

Dharshana Muthu+uni 0u!ust 2%%1 2 (eb 1=" 2%%7

3= / 73

&erro!resonance ! Tutorial ' T'-' 9 en the case 3erroresonance. sc. $his case is used to stud/ a 3erro resonance e-ent durin! a brea6er +a)3unction.
"00V1 @i&triGution Tran&/ormer 7"0kV'+"#7kV, @e4ta'DHe.>nd ZtP!(#6)2
VGu&1 VGu&B VGu&; LI581 B LI58B ; LI58; ; V?ri1 V?riB V?ri; VSec1 VSecB VSec;

SH&tem 8FuiBa4ent Source Repre&entation

" ?%a&e 8F# Source Oit% z+ and z0 1 B ; 1 ;O:?L8@ ?I S8;TIO5 1 B

1 B ; 6+

"0 <0V1= 67 +"#7

1 B ;

7"0#0

7"0 kV, 70 mi4e Tran&mi&&ion Line

Timed Breaker Logic ;4o&ed@t0 Timed Breaker Logic ;4o&ed@t0 Timed Breaker Logic ;4o&ed@t0

LI581

@i&aG4e &aturation and re run Timing /or Line Breaker ?%a&e 1L ;4o&ed I&tuckJ ?%a&e BL Open& at +00mSec ?%a&e ;L ;4o&ed I&tuckJ SecondarH Load Output Vo4tage&

0#00+) BRK;

0#00+) BRKB

BRK1

0#00+)

)0 0V1r @ 7"0kV +#)mH Outru&% Reactor

LI58B 7#)+ 7#)+ 7#)+ LI58;

0#")0 <0D=

(i!.1. Circuit 3or (erro resonance Case 4tud/ T'-2 Chec6 the data entr/ 3or trans3or+er saturation. What do di33erent entries re resentH T'-3 Inc)ude trans3or+er )osses. Do /ou see a chan!e in resu)tsH T'-4 9 en the ca acitor ban6s. 0re the resu)ts di33erentH T'-5 Chan!e the )ine )en!th and obser-e the resu)tsH T'-6 What e33ect does the )oad ha-e on the o-er -o)ta!e transientsH T'-7 0re the transients sensiti-e to the trans3or+er core characteristicsH

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&aults and Current Trans:or;ers and Relays

.re ared b/: Date: Re-ision: Date:

Dharshana Muthu+uni 0u!ust 2%%1 2 (eb 1=" 2%%7

3' / 73

&aults and Current Trans:or;ers and relays ! Tutorial ' #b(ecti)e 2ettin! 3a+i)iar ,ith +ode)s re)ated to 3au)t si+u)ation. 2ettin! 3a+i)iar ,ith di33erent C$ +ode)s.

T'-' Create a ne, case b/ usin! either the Menu or Toolbar. 0 ne, case shou)d a ear in the Workspace settings entit)ed noname [psc]. Ri!ht5c)ic6 on this Wor6s ace settin!s entr/ and se)ect 4a-e 0s7 and !i-e the case a na+e. 89$:: Do not use any spaces in the name! Create a 3o)der ca))ed c,../PscadTraining/&aults- 4a-e the case as case01.psc T'-2 9 en the +ain a!e o3 /our ne, case. $he sin!)e )ine dia!ra+ sho,n be)o, is a art o3 a substation 3eedin! a shunt reactor. $he reactor is +ode)ed in t,o arts to enab)e a 3a)ut at oint ;" inside the turns. $he co+ onent data is as sho,n. >+a6e the trans3or+er )osses <ero to )i+it the nu+ber o3 nodes i3 usin! the student -ersion?
Station ++) kV Gu&
S%ort 4ine RL RRL 6+ 67 0#00) 0#+ 8a 8L

++) kV,)0 Hz Source Z ! +#+O%m& ' ** deg Z0 ! 7 O%m& ' *6 deg

-.@ Tran&/ormer Z ! *2 3u44 4oad 4o&& ! 0#"2 5o 4oad 4o&& ! 0#)2 R81;TORS
Ir7 0#0+7) B 0#0+7)

Station +"#* kV Gu&

Ir+ 1

Fou +a/ use the ,ire +ode to connect di33erent co+ onents. T'-3 ;ui)d the case in .4C0D and enter the co+ onent data. T'-3 .)ot the current IL and the -o)ta!e :L. T'-4 Ese the C3au)t co+ onent to si+u)ate a hase 0 to !round 3a)ut at )ocation 0 at %.1s.

IL

3& / 73

Timed 3au4t Logic

T'-5 9bser-e the 3au)t curent" IL. What is the reason 3or the resence o3 the initia) DC eB onentia) co+ onentH T'-6 What a33ects the rate o3 deca/ o3 the DC co+ onents. Chan!e the resistance o3 the short )ine to 1 9h+ and obser-e the resu)ts. T'-7 Does the instant o3 the 3au)t ince tion ha-e an e33ect on the DC o33set.H T'-8 What ne!ati-e i+ acts can the DC o33set ha-e on the s/ste+ rotection.H T'-9 Connect the hase 0 )ine current at oint 0 to the C$ +ode) as sho,n be)o,. $he C$ ratio is 1:4%%. $he C$ burden is %.11 9h+s in series ,ith %.'+H. .)ot the secondar/ current and the 3)uB densit/.
IL+

Burden re&i&tance + and 0#+ O%m&

T'-'1 Increase the burden resistance to 4 9h+s and obser-e the resu)ts. 8ote the ha)3 c/c)e saturation e33ects due to the dc o33set in the ri+ar/ current. T'-'' $he reactor is rotected b/ a di33erentia) re)a/ sche+e. Ese the 25C$ +ode) in .4C0D to connect one hase o3 the reactor rotection sche+e.
Ir+ + Ir7 +

T'-'2 Veri3/ the burden current in the di33erentia) C$ connection 3or 3au)ts at 0 and ;. T'-'3 Does the i+ edance o3 the connection )eads ha-e an e33ect on the resu)ts.H Ho, is this i+ edance accounted 3or.H T'-'4 9 en the case 3tdi33. sc. Chec6 the er3or+ance o3 the di33erentia) re)a/ durin! trans3or+er ener!i<ation.

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&aults and Current Trans:or;ers and relays ! Tutorial 2 #b(ecti)e, 2ettin! 3a+i)iar ,ith +ode)s in the CRe)a/D section o3 the +aster )ibrar/. T2-' Create a ne, case b/ usin! either the Menu or Toolbar. 0 ne, case shou)d a ear in the Workspace settings entit)ed noname [psc]. Ri!ht5c)ic6 on this Wor6s ace settin!s entr/ and se)ect 4a-e 0s7 and !i-e the case a na+e. 89$:: Do not use any spaces in the name! Create a 3o)der ca))ed c,../PscadTraining/&aults- 4a-e the case as case0".psc T2-2 9 en the +ain a!e o3 /our ne, case. Construct the si+ )e t,o area s/ste+ sho,n in the dia!ra+. $he -o)ta!e sources are set to 23% 6V. $he in uts to the a!e +odu)e CRe)a/D are a)) rea) data in uts.
0#+ I+ 8 *#0 0#0* 7#0 0#07 0#+

1B;.Q>

Timed 3au4t Logic

Ic I+ + Ia 8 + 8a Ia 8a 8a 7 IG " Ic IG Ia Re4aH Ic IG

8Ppand t%i& page to BieO t%e re4aH component&

T2-3 Ese the +odu)es in the Cre)a/D section o3 the +aster )ibrar/ to construct a si+ )e distance re)a/. $he di33erent +odu)es are sho,n be)o,.

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33Tto ePtract t%e /undamenta4

33T 8a 3 ! 60#0 <Hz= 0ag I(J + ?% I(J + dc 0ag I(J + ?% I(J + 3 ! 60#0 <Hz= Ia B IG @ 3 Ic 3 ! 60#0 <Hz= dc 0ag I(J + ?% I(J + dc I00 I0? R C Ia IG Ic 8a R C 7+ Ia0 Ia? 8a0 8a? V0 8a0 V? 8a? I0 Ia0 I? Ia? I00 I00 I0? I0?

Impedance ca4cu4ation

Va I
a

33T Ia

kI

R C R 0 5 C "(6#$$ 5'@ @

33T

0%o ;%aractei&tic&

T2-4 Identi3/ the 3unction o3 each +odu)e. T2-5 Veri3/ the o eration o3 the re)a/.

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Po>er ?uality

Electric Arc &urnace Model

.re ared b/: Wan! .ei Date: (ebruar/ 2%%7 Re-ision: Date:

43 / 73

Electric arc :urnace ;odel $he de-e)o ed :0( +ode) is based on the non5)inear di33erentia) eAuations as out)ined in J1K" ,hich +ode)s the non5)inear characteristics o3 the e)ectric arc as ictured in (i!. 1a. $he eAuations re resentin! the arc -o)ta!e >-? to arc current >i? are sho,n be)o," ,here r is the arc radius: dr n k 2 k 1 r + k 2 r dt = r m+32 i v=

k r

3 m+ 2

$he ara+eters 6i" r and n characteri<e the arc under a !i-en o eratin! condition. In rea)it/" this V5I characteristic sho,s +uch +ore SnoiseT due to the un redictab)e and chaotic nature o3 the )oad. (i!. 1b sho,s a +ore rea)istic :0( V5I characteristic.
0ain L C- ?4ot C 1Pi& I7 - 1Pi& V7

(i!. 1 Idea) and actua) V5I characteristic o3 an :0(

H () )0 7)

+00

.P

.7)

.)0

.()

.+00 .+#)0 1perture

.H .+#00 0#000& .0#)0 0#00 70#000& 0#)0 +#00 Didt% 7#)))0660($" ? o&ition ++#66+ +#)0

Arc Data Setting,>a? Idea) >b? 0ctua) .ara+eters 61 to 63 can be se)ected to obtain the :0( settin!s" such as acti-e o,er" reacti-e o,er and o,er 3actor c)ose to ,hat ,ere +easured in the ractica) s/ste+. 0s the :0( +ode) is sensiti-e to the s/ste+ connected" ara+eters 61 to 63 +a/ need to be re5 tuned i3 the s/ste+ con3i!uration chan!es. $he :0( +ode) is desi!ned to be ab)e to ta6e the in uts ara+eters as -ariab)es so the o ti+i<ation routines o3 .4C0D can be used to eB edite the rocess. Modulation Type setting, $he rando+ness 3eature o3 the :0( +ode) is si+u)ated b/ addin! certain sinusoida) and 2aussian noise. $he +a!nitude/3reAuenc/ o3 sinusoida) +odu)ation and the standard de-iation o3 2aussian 3unction can be s eci3ied. :ach hase can be inde endent)/ contro))ed.

44 / 73

It is i+ ortant to note that it is i+ ossib)e to !et a si+u)ation case to +atch the obser-ed resu)ts er3ect)/ due to the nature o3 the rob)e+. $he i+ ortant thin! is to ca ture the essentia) 3eatures and the trends o3 a ractica) arc 3urnace. Re:erence, J1K S0 Har+onic Do+ain Co+ utationa) .ac6a!e 3or 8on5Linear .rob)e+s and its 0 )ication to :)ectric 0rcs"T :. 0cha" 0. 4e+)/en" 8. RaNa6o-ic. I::: $ransactions on .o,er De)i-er/"Vo) 1" 8o.3" #u)/ 1&&%.

41 / 73

&ACTS DEVICES

Acti)e &ilters Instantaneous Reacti)e Po>er Method Synchronous Re:erence &ra;e Method

.re ared b/: Date: Re-ision: Date:

Dharshana Muthu+uni 0u!ust 2%%1 2 (eb 1=" 2%%7 4= / 73

&acts De)ices ! Tutorial ! l #b(ecti)e, 2ettin! 3a+i)iar ,ith o,er e)ectronic 3irin! +ode)s 2ettin! 3a+i)iar ,ith contro) s/ste+ bui)din! b)oc6 +ode)s 0cti-e 3i)ter theor/

T'4-' 9 en the t,o .4C0D cases ro-ided ,ith the course +ateria). $he t,o cases are: #cti e$ilter%&'(.psc #cti e$ilter%I').psc $he/ are )ocated in the 3o)der na+ed C0cti-e@3i)terD T'4-2 $he +ain )oads on both these case roduce si!ni3icant har+onics. 4tud/ the di33erent +ode)s used in the contro) circuit 3or the -ariab)e s eed dri-e in #cti e$ilter%I').psc. T'4-3 4tud/ the contro) techniAue used in both IR. and 4R( +ethods. T'4-4 4tud/ ho, the current re3erence .WM is i+ )e+ented to in the acti-e 3i)ter brid!e. What is the 3unction o3 the inter o)ated 3irin! u)se +odu)eH

0#007 + 7 " , ) 6 H9on 6 6 H9o// 6

I+J H I7J O5 L I"J

7 7 7

>++ >7+ >"+ >,+ >)+ >6+

7 H I,J O33 6 7 L I)J I6J 7

(i!.1. Inte!rated 3irin! u)se +odu)e T'4-5 Chan!e the ara+eters o3 the 3i)ters in the contro) circuit o3 the acti-e 3i)ter and see the chan!e in res onse. Can ,e use (($ to eBtract the 3reAuencies o3 interestH

47 / 73

PSCAD %ASIC TRAI I G

Synchronous Machines E@ercises ' ! 2

.re ared b/: Date: Re-ision: Date:

Dharshana Muthu+uni 0u!ust 2%%1 2 (eb 1=" 2%%7 4' / 73

E@ercise ' #ne ;achine in:inite bus case E'-' 9 en the case case@%1@startu . sc.
Timer LRR Timer S70 " ?%a&e R0S

I3

8/0 8/ I/ HHdro>ener Te Tm O Tm Tm0 D 0#,$) T0 1 B ;

E'-2 Ho, do /ou start the +achine as a C-o)ta!e sourceD. Ho, do /ou s,itch 3ro+ a C-o)ta!e sourceD to a +achine rotatin! at a 3iBed s eedH Ho, do /ou enab)e the rotationa) d/na+ics o3 the +achine H

E'-3 What are the 3unctions o3 si!na)s :3% and $+% o3 the s/nchronous +achine +ode).

E'-4 4et the +achine initia) -o)ta!e +a!nitude to 1.%4 u and the hase to %.71 rad.

E'-5 Run the case and note the .o,er and Reacti-e .o,er )e-e)s at stead/ state. 0)so +easure the in ut torAue $+ and the 3ie)d -o)ta!e :3 at stead/ state.

E'-6 4tart the +achine in the nor+a) C+achineD +ode and obser-e the resu)ts.

E'-7 Ese the stead/ state $+ and :3 -a)ues in :1.1 as in uts to $+ and :3. 4tart the +achine in the C+achineD +ode. 9bser-e resu)ts.

83 V 0#0+ 3 ; B 1 ?% I//a I//G I//c 1 B ;

+(#"7 60#0

4& / 73

E@ercise 2 InitialiAing the ;achine to a load :lo> E2-' 9 en the case 2en@.Aini@start+etds@%1. sc.
S'H in out %o4d S70

Vre/0

Vre/

8Pciter9I1;+1J VT 8/0 IT " 8/ I/

" ?%a&e R0S

8/0 8/ I/ VT " IT 1 HHdro>ener Te Tm O Tm Tm0 T0 B ;

83 D O z z O

I3

0#0+

I//a I//G I//c

1 B ;

Tm&tdH Tm

HHdro >oB + z0 Dre/ +#0

HHdro Tur + zi Dre/

E2-2 Ma6e sure the +achine is rated at 11% MV0" 17.32 6V. It shou)d be connected to an in3inite bus rated at the sa+e -o)ta!e throu!h a trans+ission )ine o3 inductance %.%1 H. E2-3 Ca)cu)ate the +achine ter+ina) -o)ta!e in .E and the hase an!)e in radians" i3 the stead/ state o,er and reacti-e o,er 3)o, is 14 MW and 27 MVar res ecti-e)/. E2-4 4et the +achine initia) conditions so that the si+u)ation ,i)) !i-e the correct stead/ state . and U 3)o,. E2-5 Ho, are the !o-ernor" turbine and the eBciter initia)i<edH E2-6 4tart the +achine as a source and si+u)ate the case. E2-7 4tart the si+u)ation ,ith the +achine in the nor+a) C+achineD +ode. What additiona) initia) conditions are to be su )ied to the +achineH

1% / 73

PSCAD ESSE TIA$ T"T#RIA$S

Synchronous Machine Application Studies

.re ared b/: Date: Re-ision: Date:

Dharshana Muthu+uni 0u!ust 2%%1 2 (eb 1=" 2%%7

11 / 73

T>o area po>er syste;, T*oarea%system.psc $his case sho,s t,o h/dro !enerators connected throu!h a tie )ine. When the s/ste+ )oad chan!es" the tie )ine o,er is deter+ined b/ the !o-ernor droo settin!s. Chec6 i3 the +achine inertia a33ects the resu)ts. Chan!es the droo settin!s to see the e33ects. S;all signal stability, +,%&mallsignal.psc +,%&mallsignal%e,citer.psc (The machine parameters and the system parameters are as given in the book, Power System Stability and Control by Prabha Kundur. The steady state P and Q values are .! and ." respectively. The oscillation #re$uency, upon a small disturbance is around % &' and agrees with the (igen )alue calculation.* $hese cases i))ustrate the osci))ations in a s/ste+ ,hen a s+a)) disturbance is a )ied. $he osci))ation 3reAuencies are in a!ree+ent ,ith 3reAuenc/ do+ain :i!an -a)ue ca)cu)ations. Does +achine ara+eters a33ect the osci))ation 3reAuenc/H Does the +achine inertia a33ect the osci))ation 3reAuenc/H Does the )oad 3)o, condition e33ect the osci))ation 3reAuenc/H Critical clearing ti;e :or :aults, +,%$ault%e,citer.psc Critica) c)earin! ti+e 3or this 3au)t is %.1 i3 the re!u)ator !ain is o-er 4%%. (or -a)ues )ess than 4%%" the s/ste+ beco+es unstab)e. $r/ di33erent 3au)t c)earin! ti+es and eBciter !ains to see ho, the/ are re)ated. Po>er Syste; StabiliAer, +,%pss%tune.psc $he s/ste+ sho,n in this case is unstab)e i3 run ,ithout a o,er s/ste+ stabi)i<er. Run the case ,ith a constant 3ie)d -o)ta!e and see i3 the s/ste+ is stab)e. $his ,i)) -eri3/ that the instabi)it/ is due to the eBciter action. Can ,e +a6e the s/ste+ stab)e b/ reducin! the eBciter !ainH Desi!n a o,er s/ste+ stabi)i<er >.44? to +ini+i<e the s eed chan!e u on a disturbance. Ese the o ti+i<ation +ethod o3 .4C0D to desi!n the .44 ara+eters.

12 / 73

C# VERSI# #& $#AD &$#B DATA &I$ES

Direct Con)ersion o: PSS/E &iles :or PSCAD Model %uilding

.re ared b/: .ei Wan! Date: (eb. 2%%= Re-ision: 13 / 73

Con)ersion o: load :lo> dats :iles = Tutorial !'

Direct con)ersion o: PSS/E :iles #b(ecti)es, 2ettin! 3a+i)iar ,ith bui)din! )ar!e s/ste+s in .4C0D Esin! :5$R08 to con-ert .44/: data 3i)es 2uide)ines to deter+ine detai)ed net,or6 3or :M$ stud/ Va)idation o3 de-e)o ed +ode) T'-' Create t,o cases ,ith :5$R08 3or the I::: 3& bus s/ste+s: one usin! on)/ the .ra, 3i)e and the other inc)udin! the d/na+ic data .d/r 3i)e. 5 .ractice ,ith the se)ection o3 <one/area/bus/ roBi+it// 5 8et,or6 eAui-a)ences 5 Manua) +odi3ications reAuired 3or :M$ stud/ ur ose

(i!. 1.4in!)e )ine dia!ra+ o3 I::: 3& bus s/ste+

14 / 73

T'-2 :5$R08 Runti+e Librar/ 3or .4C0D and custo+ substitution )ibraries 5 4eries co+ onents >$)ine/$rans3or+er? and shunt co+ onents >!enerator? 5 Ese o3 the sa+ )e substitution )ibrar/

(i!. 2: Detai)ed +achine +ode in the substitution )ibrar/ 3or :M$ stud/ T'-3 Method to deter+ine the 6e t s/ste+ >3reAuenc/ scan?

(i!. 3 (reAuenc/ scan resu)ts at interested bus T'-4 Mode) -eri3ication. 5 Co+ arison o3 ." U" V 5 4hort circuit data 11 / 73

Con)erting a Sol)ed PSS/E Case to PSCAD :or Transient Si;ulations Man/ uti)ities ha-e their o,er s/ste+s +ode)ed in )oad 3)o, ro!ra+s. 0 !reat dea) o3 e33ort is reAuired to re5enter net,or6 data 3or transient si+u)ation studies in :)ectro+a!netic $ransient >:M$? t/ e ro!ra+s. $his a )ication note describes the use a ne, too) that a))o,s 3or an auto+ated setu o3 .4C0D si+u)ation cases b/ direct)/ i+ ortin! data 3ro+ so)-ed .44/: )oad 3)o, cases" thus +aBi+i<in! the si+u)ation en!ineer roducti-it/. 4o+e he) 3u) ti s are a)so ro-ided on ho, to ensure the -a)idit/ o3 the transient stud/ b/ e33ecti-e)/ se)ectin! the si<e o3 the subs/ste+ to be si+u)ated in .4C0D. 4o+e 6e/ oints addressed here are: Direct con-ersion o3 the .44/: 3i)e: ;asic ste s :5$R08 Runti+e Librar/ 3or .4C0D and :5$R08 custo+ substitution )ibraries 8et,or6 eAui-a)ences 2uide)ines to deter+ine the eBtent o3 the net,or6 to be +ode)ed in detai) Mode) -a)idation I+ ortin! d/na+ic data 3ro+ the .44/: R.d/r 3i)e

$he I::: 3&5bus s/ste+ >see (i!ure 1? is used as the base case to i))ustrate the .44/: to .4C0D con-ersion rocess. $he I::: 3&5bus s/ste+ is a standard s/ste+ used 3or testin! ne, o,er s/ste+s si+u)ation +ethodo)o!ies. It ,as created based on a si+ )i3ied +ode) o3 the 8e, :n!)and o,er s/ste+. $he 3&5bus s/ste+ has 1% !enerators" 1& )oads" 3= trans+ission )ines and 12 trans3or+ers. $he con-ersion o3 the s/ste+ into .4C0D is achie-ed throu!h :5$R08" a ro!ra+ de-e)o ed b/ :)ectraniB Cor oration. In addition to con-ertin! .44/: data into .4C0D cases" this ro!ra+ o33ers +an/ o,er3u) 3eatures that cou)d be +ani u)ated b/ the si+u)ation en!ineer to reduce the ti+e s ent on a stud/. $he so3t,areDs +ost re)e-ant 3eatures are out)ined in this docu+ent.

1= / 73

B:S7$ T 897697$9+

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(i!ure 1 4in!)e )ine dia!ra+ o3 the I::: 3& bus s/ste+ in .4C0D Con)erting the base PSS/E Case to PSCAD When con-ertin! a case 3ro+ the .44/: )oad 3)o, data 3i)e >R.ra,? and d/na+ic data 3i)e >R.d/r?" :5$R08 a))o,s 3or se-era) o tions that ro-ide enhanced 3)eBibi)it/ to the 3ina) user. $o con-ert the R.ra,/R.d/r 3i)es" start the :5$R08 ro!ra+. $he o 5u dia)o! ,i)) ro+ t the user throu!h the con-ersion ste s >see :rror: Re3erence source not 3ound?. $he user ,i)) ha-e to s eci3/ the )ocation o3 the R.ra,/Rd/r data 3i)es and the tar!et R. sc 3i)e. In the neBt dia)o!" the user ,i)) s eci3/ i3 the entire net,or6 is to be C6e tD or i3 on)/ a s eci3ic art is 6e t and the rest eAui-a)enced. In +ost transient studies there is no added bene3it in +ode)in! the detai)s o3 the net,or6 be/ond a 3e, buses a,a/ 3ro+ the )ocation o3 +ain interest. :5$R08 a))o,s 3or the s/ste+ to be artia))/ or 3u))/ con-erted >a)) its nodes? into .4C0D.
.

17 / 73

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8 R.. +00 ..Q T.Line Line+

+00#0 7)#0 ?,K 8 Load +00#0 7)#0 ?,K 8 Load

(i!ure 2 :5$R08 dia)o! boBes

$he con-ersion rocess ,i)) !enerate a .4C0D >R. sc? 3i)e in the s eci3ied )ocation. $he net,or6 eAui-a)ent sources ,i)) ha-e their +a!nitudes and hase an!)es auto+atica))/ set 3or the sa+e o,er 3)o, as in the ori!ina) .44/: 3i)e.

1' / 73

E!TRA Runti;e $ibrary :or PSCAD $he :5$R08 Runti+e 4ubstitution Librar/ >see (i!ure 3? contains a series o3 +ode)s s ecia))/ de-e)o ed 3or .44/:5.4C0D con-ersions that trans)ates .44/: co+ onent in3or+ation into eAui-a)ent .4C0D co+ onent in3or+ation. $he :5$R08 Runti+e 4ubstitution Librar/ is ro-ided ,ith the ro!ra+ and contains the +ode)s that ,i)) a ear in the con-erted .4C0D case. $o run the con-erted .4C0D case: 9 en .4C0D Load the :5$R08 Runti+e substitution )ibrar/ Load the .4C0D case Veri3/ the )oad 3)o, resu)ts

(i!ure 3 :5$R08 Runti+e )ibrar/ 3or .4C0D

Custo; Substitution $ibraries and data entry Load 3)o, ro!ra+s re resent the o,er s/ste+ net,or6 usin! si+ )i3ied +ode)s consistin! o3 resistances" inductances and ca acitances. When con-erted to a .4C0D case" these co+ onents can be re )aced b/ +ore detai)ed +ode)s to re resent the res ecti-e unit. $here3ore" de endin! on the user needs" so+e o3 the +ode)s auto+atica))/ substituted 3ro+ the :5$R08 substitution )ibrar/ +a/ reAuire additiona) data or +a/ ha-e to be re )aced b/ +ore co+ )eB +ode)s 3ro+ the .4C0D +aster

1& / 73

)ibrar/. (ortunate)/" :5$R08 a))o,s the user to create a user substitution )ibrar/ ,here an/ additiona) in3or+ation ,i)) ha-e to be entered b/ the users on)/ once" ,hen the co+ onent is used the 3irst ti+e. 0n eBa+ )e that ca))s 3or the use o3 the custo+ substitution )ibrar/ cou)d be a trans+ission )ine" ,here the .I section or the ;er!eron +ode)s used to re resent it +a/ ha-e to be re )aced b/ a +ore accurate 3reAuenc/ de endant +ode)" ,hich ,i)) reAuire s eci3ic in3or+ation on the to,er" conductor and ri!ht o3 ,a/ di+ensions. In the custo+ substitution )ibrar/ the user can rede3ine the substitution o3 a s eci3ic s/ste+ co+ onent to be done ,ith a re53i))ed out .4C0D +aster )ibrar/ co+ onent >or a user bui)t co+ onent? b/ re3erencin! to the bus nu+ber the/ are connected to >see (i!ure 4?
8

Source+ SHncronou& mac%ine at Gu& +)$

T B9,)69 B9*779T+

1 detai4ed /reFuencH dependant TLine 3rom Gu& ,)6 to Gu& *77, ;ircuit T+

(i!ure 4 :Ba+ )es o3 Ccusto+ substitution )ibrar/D co+ onents

+,ou can save detailed device data in this library, and (-T./0 will use this data (substituting it #or the simple load #low data* every time a region o# the network is converted into PSC/1. The goal is to eventually have all detailed model data entered into this library. 2nce this is achieved, this library can be used to generate PSC/1 cases #or any location o# your system. The models in the Substitution 3ibrary can also be custom written components, or even page components. / page component can also have as many layers o# sub-pages as re$uired. (ach page can also contain sliders, plots, graphs, control-panels etc... 4hen (T./0 copies the data #rom your Substitution 3ibrary, it will also replace initial condition in#ormation. 5or e6ample, (-T./0 will modi#y synchronous machine data to replace the data #or the terminal voltage, angle, P and Q.7

$he construction o3 the custo+ )ibrar/ ,i)) reAuire a si!ni3icant in-est+ent o3 ti+e 3or )ar!e net,or6s. Ho,e-er" once it is co+ )eted" /ou can con-ert an/ art o3 /our net,or6 ,ithout ha-in! to do an/ +anua) data entr/. $his ,as identi3ied as a 6e/ ti+e sa-in! 3eature b/ )ar!e uti)ities and consu)tants ,ho are reAuired to ,or6 on di33erent arts o3 )ar!e net,or6s ,hen underta6in! di33erent roNects.

Deciding on the Part o: the et>or< to be Cept

=% / 73

0 transient stud/ ,ou)d reAuire the detai)ed +ode)in! o3 a s+a)) art o3 the net,or6 around the +ain oint o3 interest. $/ ica))/" this ,ou)d be about 2 or 3 buses a,a/ 3ro+ this oint. :5$R08 a))o,s the users to e33icient)/ decide and chec6 i3 the C6e tD net,or6 detai)s are adeAuate 3or a !i-en stud/. $he 3o))o,in! ste s are reco++ended. $his +a6es use o3 the Cnet,or6 3reAuenc/ scanD co+ onent o3 .4C0D >see (i!ure 1?. Con-ert the .44/: 3i)e to .4C0D" 6ee in! the detai)s 2 or 3 buses a,a/ 3ro+ the +ain oint o3 interest and eAui-a)encin! the rest. Ese the 3reAuenc/ scan co+ onent o3 .4C0D to )ot the i+ edance -s. 3reAuenc/ characteristic o3 this s/ste+ at the bus concerned. Recon-ert the .44/: 3i)e" this ti+e" 6ee in! the detai)s o3 one +ore bus a,a/ than in the ear)ier ste . .)ot the i+ edance -s. 3reAuenc/ characteristics o3 this s/ste+ at the bus concerned and co+ are ,ith the 3irst )ot. Re eat the rocess unti) the di33erences in 3reAuenc/ characteristics are +inor in the 3reAuenc/ ran!e o3 interest. 0ddin! +ore detai)s o3 the net,or6 be/ond this oint is un)i6e)/ to i+ ro-e resu)ts.
ZI/J

0#0 . 7000 <Hz=

(i!ure 1 .4C0D (reAuenc/ 4can co+ onent

=1 / 73

(i!ure = (reAuenc/ scans 2" 3" 7 = buses a,a/ at bus 8o. 11 3or the s/ste+ under stud/

(i!ure = sho,s the use o3 the 3reAuenc/ scan 3eature. Here di33erent net,or6 eAui-a)ents ,ere constructed usin! :5$R08 3or the I::: 3& bus s/ste+ at bus 8o. 11 3or 2" 3" 7 = buses a,a/ >,ith = buses a,a/ co+ risin! the ,ho)e net,or6?. $hese net,or6 eAui-a)ents ,ere created usin! the )oad 3)o, data 3i)e on)/ >R.ra,?. It can be obser-ed that the 3reAuenc/ s ectru+s o3 the eAui-a)ent net,or6s start ro-idin! a !ood a roBi+ation 3or the ,ho)e net,or6 startin! at C4 buses a,a/D. Validation 0 Auic6 +ethod to -a)idate the si+ )i3ied eAui-a)ent s/ste+ ro-ided b/ :5$R08 is to co+ are the -a)ues ca)cu)ated b/ .4C0D 3or node -o)ta!es" trans+ission )ine )oad 3)o,s or ." U 3)o,s at !eneration busses ,ith the ones re-ious)/ ca)cu)ated b/ .44/:. (or such ur ose" use the +u)ti5+eter to dis )a/ the -o)ta!e at the node o3 concern and the . and U 3)o,s in the res ecti-e trans+ission )ine. $hen" dis )a/ the sa+e in3or+ation 3or such node in the .44/: )oad 3)o, uti)it/. $he con-erted .4C0D case ,i)) ha-e auto !enerated )abe)s that dis )a/ the ." U 3)o,s at !eneration buses. (i!ure 7 sho,s the .44/: and .4C0D resu)ts 3or the -o)ta!e +a!nitude and an!)e at node 11 as ,e)) as the . and U 3)o,s 3or the nodes 11 to 1= trans+ission )ine.

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PSS/E Load Flow output B:S TO

+) +6

LB:S+) LB:S+6

",) ",)

1R81 +

;KT + +

0D

0V1R

0V1 ",$#"

2I

+#0+),?: .(#() @8>

")0#"+KV

."+,#( .+)+#(

?+ L ### V+) 1ng4e V+)91ng

ZI/J

LB:S+) 5+)

? ! ."+,#( K ! .+)+#( V ! +#0+) 1 V

.(#(,*)(
T 89+)9+69+

0#0 . 7000 <Hz=

(i!ure 7 Co+ arison o3 )oad 3)o, resu)ts bet,een .4C0D and .44/:

4hort5circuit )e-e) ca)cu)ation at certain buses 3or the con-erted .4C0D case is a)so reco++ended. $he short5circuit resu)ts can be co+ ared to those 3ro+ the .44/: stud/ or uti)it/ s/ste+ data 3or -a)idation ur ose. 9nce the .4C0D s/ste+ has been -a)idated" it is read/ to be used 3or transient studies. I;porting Dyna;ic Data :ro; the -dyr &ile Durin! the con-ersion rocess the user can s eci3/ to i+ ort d/na+ic data 3ro+ the .44/: Ddyr 3i)e. I3 this o tion is se)ected" a)) !enerators in the C6e tD art o3 the net,or6 ,i)) be re )aced b/ detai)ed +achine +ode)s >see (i!ure '?. $he +achine contro)s and re)ated +ode)s >eBciter" !o-ernor" .44" turbine? ,i)) a)so be inc)uded in the .4C0D +ode). 0)) in3or+ation necessar/ to initia)i<e these +ode)s ,i)) either be i+ orted 3ro+ the Rra,/Rd/r 3i)es or be co+ uted b/ :5$R08. $hus" the si+u)ation ,i)) auto+atica))/ co+e to the s eci3ic stead/ state a3ter a 3e, c/c)es o3 si+u)ation ti+e.

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8naG8Pc VR83 V;T 8naG Vre/ 0#0 VS VS 830 8 8Pciter VR83 i& 4oad/4oO termina4 Bo4tage### 8 0#$$(7 Vo4t&IpuJ VR83 + > &T I888T+ " VT IT " + VT Vm > + &T

8/0

83 I3 8/ I/ 8/0 1 8/ I/ V 8 T8 Te Tm 8 >85RO: O Tm Dpu D T0

,#+*7) 1ng4eIdegJ 6"7#0 ' +#0 ?outI0DJ +0$#$++ ' +#0 KoutI0V1RJ Initia4 ;ondition& /rom Load/4oO

Tm0 +

> &T

T00

8naG>oB

T0 T00 I888>+

8naG 8 Dre/ DRe/

+#0

(i!ure ' Detai)ed s/nchronous +achine +ode) auto+atica))/ !enerated b/ :5$R08 ,ith ara+eters ta6en 3ro+ the .44/: R.d/r and R.ra, 3i)es

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LB:S0+ 5+

T 89+979+

LB:S07 57

T 8979"9+

LB:S0" 5"

T 89"9,9+

LB:S0, 5,

)00#0 ?,K +*,#0 8 Load

"77#0 ?,K 8 Load 7#,

T 89"9+*9+

LB:S+* 5+* LB:S76 576

+)*#0 ?,K 8 Load "0#0 +"$#0 ?,K 8 Load +(#0

T 89797)9+

LB:S7) 57)

T 897)9769+

77,#0 ?,K 8 Load ,(#7 ",)#0 L 77#0 + 8 ",)#0 L 77#0 + 8

T 89+9"$9+

>B:S"( 5"( V5"(

),0#0 0#,,)

89"(909+

>B:S"0 5"0 V5"0 LB:S0$ 5$

8 7)0#0 +,6#+),

>B:S"$ 5"$ V5"$

T 89$9"$9+

89*9$9+

89"0909+ LB:S0* T 5*

? ! )77 K ! +(6 )77#0 ?,K 1 +(6#0 8 Load V

++0,#0 ?,K 7)0#0 8 Load +000#0 8 S **#7*+ 89"$909+

(i!ure & I::: 3& bus s/ste+ con-erted to .4C0D 3or bus 8o. 1 >3 nodes a,a/? 0 subseAuent -a)idation docu+ent ,i)) discuss the con-ersion rocess in +ore detai). $his ,i)) inc)ude a discussion on i+ ortin! d/na+ic de-ices" saturation and co+ arison o3 )o, 3reAuenc/ transients ,ith transient stabi)it/ resu)ts. Re:erences J1K :)ectraniB Cor oration S:5$R08 V1.1: :)ectrica) $rans)ation .ro!ra+ 3or .o,er 4/ste+s. EserDs Manua)T (ebruar/ 2%%3 .re ared b/: #uan Car)os 2arcia Dharshana Muthu+uni .ei Wan!

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PSCAD ADVA CE TRAI I G

Tutorial on Creating Custo; Co;ponents

.re ared b/: Date: Re-ision: Date:

Dharshana Muthu+uni 0u!ust 2%%1 2 (eb 1=" 2%%7

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PSCAD Ad)anced Training ! Tutorial ' Adder Purpose, To get $amiliar *ith the -omponent Workshop .or the /esign e/itor0. -reate input1output no/es. 2et $amiliar *ith the graphic3 )arameters an/ the script sections o$ the e/itor. Create a )ibrar/ 3i)e. Ese the co+ onent ,or6sho co+ utation. K1 / + K 2 8 = C 0 and ; 5 :Bterna) in uts P1 and P2 O Interna) ara+eters C O 9ut ut Inc)ude the co+ onent in a case and -eri3/ its accurac/ Modi3/ the co+ onent so that P1 and P2 can be entered as -ariab)es. Veri3/ the +odi3ied co+ onent.

to create a si+ )e contro) b)oc6 to do the 3o))o,in!

1 1dder B ;

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PSCAD Ad)anced Training ! Tutorial 2 Integrator Purpose, -alling e,ternal subroutines. &toring /ata $or computations in $ollo*ing .$uture0 time steps. $he b)oc6 shou)d er3or+ the 3o))o,in! 3unction y = 6dt

B O in ut / O out ut $o 6ee thin!s si+ )e" use Crectan!u)ar inte!rationD. y >t ? = y >t t ? + 6>t ? t $his ,i)) reAuire the stora!e o3 C astD -a)ue o3 /. 0))o, 3or the in ut o3 initia) -a)ue o3 /. Ese an eBterna) (9R$R08 4ubroutine to do the ca)cu)ations.

Integrator P H

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PSCAD Ad)anced Training ! Tutorial 3 Electrical Co;ponent = Trans:or;er *coupled >ires+ Purpose, Design an electrical! component. 4sing branch! an/ trans$ormer! sections o$ the script! Desi!n a +ode) o3 t,o +a!netica))/ cou )ed ,ires. $he +ode) is to be inter3aced ,ith other e)ectrica) co+ onents in the +aster )ibrar/. $he inductances and resistances are the in uts. va 3a 9ab d ia .a vb = 9ab 3b dt ib + o Ese the Ctrans3or+ersD section to enter the L and R -a)ues. Connect the +ode) to a source and -eri3/ the +ode).
a1 b1 a2 b2

o ia .b ib

Two coupled wires with capacitance

Ese the C;ranchD section to add Cstra/ ca acitanceD bet,een the ,ires on the in ut side.

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PSCAD Ad)anced Training ! Tutorial 4 Electrical Co;ponent = A si;ple DC Machine Purpose, Inter$ace an electric component as a oltage source. .5ranch base/ inter$ace0 Desi!n a si+ )e +ode) o3 a DC +achine. (ie)d circuit 5 4eries L and R 0r+ature circuit O 0 series branch o3 L" R and a -o)ta!e source o3 +a!nitude :b. (b = k @ w w = speed 11% k @ = 1 e i# / k# 1''.1 i3 O (ie)d current 63 O In ut ara+eter >constant? $he inductances and resistances are the other in uts.

f1 a1 a2

f2

Sim ple DC Machine w

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&#RTRA C#DES
Integrator,
V 4E;R9E$I8: I8$:2R0$9R>B"/"FI8I? V V .ur ose 5 inte!ration o3 a rea) si!na) V Lan!ua!e 5 (ortran 77/&% V Date 5 V 0uthor 5 V V Inc)ude (i)es V 5555555555555 I8CLED: Wnd.hW I8CLED: Ws1.hW I8CLED: We+tstor.hW V V Variab)e Dec)arations V 555555555555555555555 R:0L B"/"FI8I R:0L F9LD I8$:2:R I4$9R( V V .ro!ra+ be!ins V 55555555555555 V I4$9R( I 84$9R( 84$9R( I 84$9R( M 1 V it is !ood to assi!n 84$9R( to I4$9R( and V ha-e a)) the user assi!ned 4$9RB )ocations at the V to " then /ou can e-en use the other 3unctions V a-ai)ab)e in :M$DC in /our code ,ithout ,orr/in! V about ,hich 4$9RB )ocations are V used b/ the+ F9LD I 4$9R(>I4$9R(? V here 84$9R( oints to the 3irst 4$9R( )ocation V used in the routine" in the o)d +ethod in V2" 8:XC V ointed to the )ast 4$9R )ocation in the re-ious)/ V ca))ed subroutine/3unction. F I BRD:L$ M F9LD V out ut at ti+e <ero I( >$IM:L:R9? $H:8 F I FI8I :8DI( V sa-e the data 3or neBt ti+e ste 4$9R(>I4$9R(? I / V R:$ER8 :8D

71 / 73

Si;ple DC Machine,
V V 4E;R9E$I8: 4IM.L:DC>P3","0102"(1(2"44? V Dharshana : %4 0u! 2%%2 I8CLED: Wnd.hW I8CLED: Ws%.hW I8CLED: Ws1.hW I8CLED: Ws2.hW I8CLED: Wbranches.hW

R:0L P3"I3)d","6@ i I8$:2:R 0102"(1(2"44

0cti-ate the source on branch 0102 49ERC:>0102"44?I.$RE:.

V V

Read the 3ie)d current and the ar+ature current durin! the re-ious ti+e ste I3)dIC;R>(1(2"44?R1%%%

V V V V

De3ine the no)oad eBcitation charactersitics 3or the +achine 6@ i I >11%/1''.1?R>1 5:X.>5I3)d/P3?? :;R>0102"44?I56@ iR,/1%%%

V R:$ER8 :8D V

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Manitoba HVDC Research Centre Inc. 244 Cree Crescent Winni e!" Manitoba" Canada R3# 3W1 $ 2%4 &'& 124% ( 2%4 &'& 1277 sa)es* scad.co+ ,,,.h-dc.ca

$hat conc)udes the Introduction to .4C0D and 0 )ications course. $han6 /ou 3or /our attention and artici ation. 0s /ou ,or6 ,ith .4C0D in the 3uture" )ease re+e+ber ,e are a-ai)ab)e to ro-ide assistance ,ith an/ si+u)ation or +ode)in! di33icu)ties /ou +a/ encounter. .)ease do not hesitate to contact us at: su ort* scad.co+

0s ,e))" additiona) trainin! courses are a-ai)ab)e" )ease re3er to ,,,. scad.co+ 3or +ore in3or+ation. We are a)so ab)e to o33er custo+i<ed courses to suit /our s eci3ic reAuire+ents. .)ease do not hesitate to contact us 3or +ore in3or+ation at: in3o* scad.co+

73 / 73