Model Pscad Ieee13 PDF

DECTARATION
OFTHESIS
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PROJECT
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ATIKAH BINTI RAZI

Author'sfullnome
20MAY 1988
Dote of birth
Title . EFFECTSOF DISTRIBUTEDGENERATORON

VOLTAGESAGIN DISTRIBUTIONNETWORK
2049t2010
AcodemicSession:
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Act 1972)*
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11 OPENACCESS I ogreethol my thesisto be pubtished
os onlineopen occess
(fulltext)
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Moloysioreserves
the rightos follows:
l. Thethesisisthe propertyof Universiti

TeknologiMoloysio.
2. TheLibroryof UniversitiTeknologi
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of reseorchonly.
3. TheLibroryhosthe rightto moke copiesof the thesisfor ocodemic exchonge.
Certified
880520-23-5304 DR. AHMAD SAFAWI BIN MOKHTAR

(NEWrC NO./PASSPORT
NO.) NAMEOF SUPERVISOR
Do t e: 3 0Ap r il 2 0 1 0 Dote: 30 April2010

\
" I herebydeclarethat I havereadthis thesisandin
my opinionthis thesisis sufficientin termsof scopeand
quality for the awardof the degreeof BachelorEngineering(Electrical)"
Signature
Nameof Supervisor Dr. Ahmad Safawibin Mokhtar
Date 30April2010
EFFECTS OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATOR ON VOLTAGE SAG IN
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
ATIKAH BINTI RAZI
A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
APRIL 2010
I declarethat this thesis entitled " Effects of Distributed Generator on Voltage Sag in
Distribution Network " is the result of my own researchexcept cited in the
references.The thesis has not been acceptedfor any degreeand is not concurrently
submitted in candidatureof any other degree.
Signature
Name of Supervisor
lL.&'
Atikah Binti Razi
Date 30April2010
To my beloved mak and ayah ;
Fuziah Binti Sukir & Razi Bin Abd
Samat
To my siblings ;
Arina Binti Razi & Adi Fadli Bin Razi
To my beloved ;
Zulhaimi Afzanizam Bin Zanon
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I would like to express my heartily gratitude to my

supervisor, Dr. Ahmad Safawi bin Mokhtar for the guidance throughout the progress
of this project and to panel of seminar presentation, PM Dr. Azhar, Dr. Shahrul
Nizam and Mr. Alias, with their superior guidance, information and ideas for this
project become abundance.
My appreciation also goes to my family especially to my beloved mom,

Fuziah binti Sukir for her support and motivation from beginning to the end and also
to all my siblings.
I would also like to express my sincere thanks to my friends and individuals

who directly or indirectly, are responsible for this project.
And last but not least, to my beloved Zulhaimi Afzanizam bin Zanon, thanks.
iii
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, power quality is one of the most discuss topics in power industry.
There are numerous types of power quality issues but voltage sags and harmonics
became a major concern to the customers. In this project, only one of power quality
will be discussed which is voltage sags. Generally, voltage sags are short duration
reductions in rms voltage caused by faults in the electric supply system and the
starting of large loads. Many industrial customers using sensitive equipments suffer
a huge loss because of sag. Therefore this project intends to investigate the effects of
distributed generator’s installation for different fault location in distribution network.
PSCAD 4.2.0 Professional was chosen as the tools to simulate the distribution circuit
in order to obtain the best placement of distributed generator in distribution network.
Model of distributed generator was represented by synchronous generator in PSCAD
software. There are some limitations in this project which are simulation covered for
radial distribution network, only one balanced three phase fault will occur at one
time, fixed capacity of synchronous generator were used for all 11 placements of
distributed generator and it was applied during fault condition. Simulation covered
on three major parts which are simulation on normal condition, simulation on fault
condition, and simulation on fault condition with the application of distributed
generator. 9 output voltages were observed and analyze to determine the effects of
distributed generator on voltage sags and best placement of distributed generator can
be obtained based on the large improvement of voltage sags in the system. Results
show that there are only one best placement of distributed generator correspond to its
fault in distribution network. It can be concluded that the application of distributed
generator can improve voltage sag problems but depends on the placements of
distributed generator itself.
iv
ABSTRAK
Pada masa ini, kualiti kuasa adalah salah satu topik yang selalu dibincangkan
di dalam industri tenaga. Terdapat pelbagai jenis masalah kualiti kuasa tetapi voltan
lendur dan harmonik menjadi perhatian utama kepada pengguna. Dalam projek ini,
hanya satu daripada kualiti kuasa yang akan dibincangkan iaitu voltan lendur. Secara
umum, voltan lendur ialah pengurangan nilai voltan rms yang disebabkan oleh
kerosakan didalam sistem bekalan elektrik dan permulaan beban yang besar. Ramai
pengguna industri mengalami kerugian yang besar disebabkan oleh voltan lendur.
Oleh itu, projek ini bercadang untuk mengkaji kesan-kesan penggunaan penjana
pengagihan untuk beberapa tempat kerosakan didalam rangkaian pengagihan.
PSCAD 4.2.0 Profesional telah dipilih sebagai medium untuk menjalankan simulasi
litar pengagihan untuk mendapatkan tempat terbaik untuk penjana pengagihan
didalam rangkaian litar pengagihan. Model untuk penjana pengagihan diwakili oleh
penjana segerak didalam program komputer PSCAD. Terdapat beberapa had
didalam projek ini iaitu simulasi hanya untuk satu hala rangkaian pengagihan,
kapasiti penjana segerak yang tetap digunakan untuk semua 11 tempat penjana
pengagihan dan penjana pengagihan diaplikasikan semasa keadaan rosak. Simulasi
merangkumi tiga bahagian penting iaitu simulasi pada keadaan normal, simulasi pada
keadaan rosak dan simulasi pada keadaaan rosak beserta aplikasi penjana
pengagihan. 9 voltan output telah diperhatikan dan dianalisiskan untuk menentukan
kesan-kesan voltan lendur dan sekaligus tempat terbaik penjana pengagihan dapat
ditentukan berdasarkan pembaikan voltan lendur yang terbesar didalam sistem.
Keputusan menunjukkan hanya satu tempat terbaik penjana pengagihan untuk satu
kerosakan didalam rangkaian pengagihan. Olet itu, dapat disimpulkan bahawa
aplikasi penjana pengagihan dapat membaik pulih masalah voltan lendur tetapi ia
bergantung kepada tempat penjana pengagihan tersebut.
v
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv
LIST OF APPENDICES xvi
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General Background 1

1.2 Problem Statements 3
1.3 Project Objectives 4
1.4 Project Scope 5
vi
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 Distributed Generator (DG) 6

2.2.1 Reason for Apply or Install DG 7
2.2.2 Benefits or Effects of DG 7
2.2.3 Technical Issues of DG 11
2.2.4 Synchronous Generator as the Model of DG 13
2.2 Voltage Sag 13

2.2.1 Definitions of Voltage Sag 14
2.2.2 Causes of Voltage Sag 14
2.2.3 Impacts of Voltage Sag to Industrial Equipment 16
2.3 Conclusion 17
3 METHODOLOGY 18
3.1 Introduction to PSCAD Software 18

3.2 Circuit Design 18
3.2.1 Distribution Circuit 21
3.2.2 Fault Setting 24
3.2.3 Synchronous Generator Setting 24
3.3 Simulation 25
3.3.1 Simulation on Normal Condition 27
3.3.2 Simulation on Fault Condition 27
3.3.3 Simulation on Fault Condition with variable 29
Placement of DG
3.4 Conclusion 31
vii
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 32
4.1 Result 32
4.2 Results on Normal Condition 32
4.3 Results on Fault Condition 35
4.4 Results on Fault Condition with variable Placement of 42
DG
4.4.1 Results Fault 1 42
4.5 Discussions 84
4.5.1 Line Voltage Increase 84
4.5.2 Line Voltage Not Smooth 85
4.5.3 Effects of DG on Voltage Sags 87
4.5.4 Best Placement of DG 87
4.6 Conclusion 89
5 CONCLUSION
90
5.1 Conclusion
90
5.2 Recommendations
91
REFERENCES
92
APPENDICES
94-155
viii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 Typical short circuit level of DG 10

2.2 Typical equipment sensitivity 17
3.1 Line Configurations and Impedances Value 21
3.2 Data of Voltage Profile, Real and Reactive Power 21
3.3 Transformer Data 22
3.4 Timed Fault Logic and Fault Resistance Settings 23
3.5 Simulation Flowchart 26
4.1 Output Line rms during Normal Conditions 33
4.2 Output Line rms during Fault 1 36
st
4.5 Output Line rms during Fault 1 with 1 DG Placement 43
4.6 Output Line rms during Fault 1 with 3rd DG Placement 45
4.7 Output Line rms during Fault 1 with 4th DG Placement 47
4.8 Output Line rms during Fault 2 with 1st DG Placement 50
th
st
4.12 Output Line rms during Fault 3 with 2nd DG Placement 59
th
ix

4.23 Line rms Before and After DG Installation 83
4.24 Best Placement of DG in distribution network 86
x
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE

NO.
1.1 Waveform over various power quality disturbances 2
1.2 Demarcation of various power quality disturbances defined by 3
IEEE Standards 1159-1995
2.1 Voltage sag waveform due to fault in the supply network 15
2.2 Voltage sag waveform due to motor starting 16
3.1 PSCAD Workspace 19
3.2 Button Description 20
3.3 Schematic diagram 20
3.4 Distribution Circuit 22
3.5 Three Phase Fault Model 23
3.6 Synchronous Generator 24
3.7 Simulation Process 25
3.8 Simulation Flowchart 26
3.9 Distribution Circuit with Faults 27
3.10 Distribution Circuit with Faults and DG Placements 29
4.1 a) Simulation Circuit During Normal Condition 32
b) Graph of Output Line rms During Normal Condition 33
4.2 a) Simulation Circuit During Fault 1 35
b) Graph of Output Line rms During Fault 1 36
xi
4.5 a) Simulation Circuit During Fault 1 with 1st DG Placement 42

b) Graph of Output Line rms During Fault 1 with 1st DG Placement 43
4.6 a) Simulation Circuit During Fault 1 with 3rd DG Placement 44
b) Graph of Output Line rms During Fault 1 with 3rd DG Placement 45
4.7 a) Simulation Circuit During Fault 1 with 4th DG Placement 46
b) Graph of Output Line rms During Fault 1 with 4th DG Placement 47

th
4.10 a) Simulation Circuit During Fault 2 with 11 DG Placement 53
th
b) Graph of Output Line rms During Fault 2 with 11 DG Placement 54

4.12 a) Simulation Circuit During Fault 3 with 2nd DG Placement 58
nd

b) Graph of Output Line rms During Fault 4 with 2nd DG Placement 64
th
4.15 a) Simulation Circuit During Fault 4with 8 DG Placement 65
4.16 a) Simulation Circuit During Fault 4with 10th DG Placement 67

nd
xii


b) Graph of Output Line rms During Fault 6 with 2nd DG Placement 78
th
4.23 4th DG Placement at Low Voltage Side 84

4.24 a) Simulation Circuit of DG Output rms voltage 85
b) Graph of DG Output rms voltage 85
4.25 Best Placement of DG on Distribution Circuit correspond to its fault 87
xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
DG - Distributed Generator
HV - High Voltage
Hz - Hertz
IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
I/O - Input Output
kV - kilovolt (Unit for voltage)
kW - kilowatt (Unit for real power)
kVar - kilovolt amps reactive (Unit for reactive power)
LV - Low Voltage
ms - milliseconds
MW - Megawatt
PSCAD - Power System CAD
PLC - Program Logic Control
p.u. - perunit
PV - Photovoltaic
rms - Root mean square
THD - Total Harmonic Distortion
Zth - Thevenin Impedance
xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
A IEEE 13 NODE Test Feeder 93

B Result Fault 4 104
C Result Fault 5 105
D Result Fault 6 106
E Result Fault 1 with 2nd DG Placement 107

Result Fault 1 with 5th DG Placement 108
th
Result Fault 1 with 10 DG Placement 113
F Result Fault 2 with 2nd DG Placement 115

Result Fault 2 with 3rd DG Placement 116
th
th
xv
G Result Fault 3 with 3rd DG Placement 123

th
H Results Fault 4 with 1st DG Placement 131

Results Fault 4 with 3rd DG Placement 132
th
Results Fault 4 with 4 DG Placement 133
th
Results Fault 4 with 6th DG Placement 135
I Results Fault 5 with 1st DG Placement 139

th
J Results Fault 6 with 1st DG Placement 147

th
xvi

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Background
Distributed Generator (DG) is related with the use of small generating units
installed at strategic points of the electrical power system or locations of load centre
[1]. DG is a system or equipment that is been use for generating electricity and can
be used in an isolated way such as supplying consumer‟s demand, interconnected at
the substation, distribution feeders and integrated into the grid systems as the output
power from DG can be sold to the utility. DG sizes in range of a kilowatt (kW) to
tens of megawatts (MW). Distributed power sources have some characteristics in
common which are their rating is small compared to conventional power plants, they
are often privately owned, they are not centrally dispatched, they are connected to
HV or LV distribution networks, they do not contribute to frequency or voltage
control, and usually they were not considered when the local grid was planed.
DG technologies include engines, micro turbine, combustion engine generator

and DG also can run on renewable energy resources such as small wind turbine,
fossil fuels and photovoltaic systems. Wind turbine is called DG since it use small
generating unit which is wind energy to turn and rotates the turbine in order to
produce electricity even though wind is not constant all the time. In this thesis,
synchronous machine is taken as a model of DG in order to investigate the effects of
2
DG on voltage sag and consequently to determine the best placement of DG in

distribution network.
Nowadays, power quality becomes an important requirement to both electric

utility and customers. Poor power quality has now become more crucial due to
industrial and electronic equipment becoming more sensitive to minor changes of
voltage. Therefore, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) has
attempted to solve this problem by developing a standard that includes definitions of
power disturbances. Any changes in supply power (voltage, current or frequency)
that is compromise the normal operating voltage for electronic equipment is called
power disturbances or poor power quality. IEEE categories seven power quality
disturbances which are transients, interruptions, sag or undervoltage, swell or
overvoltage, distortion, voltage fluctuations and finally frequency variations. Figure
1.1 briefly describes waveform over various power quality disturbances [2].
Figure 1.1 Waveform over various power quality disturbances.

3
Most of the power quality problems that experienced by consumers in

Malaysia are voltage sag. IEEE Standard 1159-1995 stated that voltage sag (also
called a “dip”) is a brief decrease in the rms line voltage of 10 to 90 percent of the
nominal line-voltage. The duration of a sag is 0.5 cycle to 1 minute [3]. Voltage sag
is not a complete interruption of power; it is a temporary drop of supply voltage
made the voltage delivered to the consumer is not at the rated voltage. Figure 1.2
describes demarcation of various power quality disturbances defined by IEEE
Standards 1159-1995 [2].
Figure 1.2 Demarcation of various power quality disturbances defined by

IEEE Standards 1159-1995.
1.2 Problem Statement
Electric utilities have made a substantial amount of investment to improve the

reliability of the system network that can reduce the number of faults occurs but they
4
still cannot control and predict the existence of faults in distribution networks.
Equipment used in modern industrial plants such as process controllers,
programmable logic controllers (PLC) and adjustable speed drives are actually
becoming more sensitive to voltage sags as the complexity of the equipment
increases [4].
Problem will occur if the power supply voltage varies form the specifications
of the electronic device. Machine that interconnected with the electronic equipment
such as PLC I/O Device usually will stop operates when the voltage sag occur due to
the sensitivity of the equipment and need to be start-up by reprogram the input.
Therefore voltage sag is the most common types of power quality disturbances and
this pose a serious power quality issue.
In the other hand, DG and the renewable energy sources have attracted a lot
of attention world wide and both are importance in improving the security of energy
supplies by decreasing the dependency on imported fossil fuels and in reducing the
emissions of greenhouse gasses [1]. There are a lot of advantages of DG but it all
depends on the placement of DG itself in a distribution network. Therefore, this
project intends to investigate and analyze the effects of DG and the best placement of
DG that can improve the voltage sag problems in sample test distribution network.
1.3 Project Objectives
The objectives of this project are:

i. To determine the effects of Distributed Generator (DG) on voltage sag.
ii. To investigate the best placement of DG in distribution network.
5
1.4 Project Scope
This project covers on distribution network with radial systems that consists
of six feeders. IEEE 13 Node Test Feeders [5] used as the reference to design
sample distribution circuit that involved 6 different loads with balanced three phase
fault. Each line consists of resistor and inductor connected in series. There are 9
output voltages were determined to observed the rms line voltage during fault and
when DG was applied.
In this project, there is one fault for each feeder and 3 phase fault was chosen.
Only one fault occurs at one time. Therefore, 6 faults were involved and 11 points of
DG need to be tested for each fault and DG was applied during fault. Synchronous
generator used as the model of DG in PSCAD Software. Value and setting of
synchronous generator was fixed for all placement of DG.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Distributed Generator (DG)
Distributed Generator (DG) play an increasing role in the electric power

system of the near future due to increased availability of small capacity generation
technologies and reduced the pollution to environment since some of DG
technologies can run on renewable sources. These technologies are entering a period
of rapid expansion and commercialization. Photovoltaic programs are aggressively
growing with plans to have nearly one million rooftops equipped with PV within a
decade. Wind turbines are springing up worldwide with more than 3000 MW of new
wind capacity to be installed in the year 2000 alone. In fact, studies have predicted
that distributed generation may account for up to 20% of all new generation going
online by the year 2010 [6]. It is critical to recognize power system impacts on
distribution network due to large amount of new DG being installed.
7
2.1.1 Reason for Apply or Install DG
Below are the examples of several ways that DG can be applied in power
system [1]:
i. Installation of DG may be more economic than running a power line to remote
locations
ii. DG also can provide backup power during utility system outages, for facilities
requiring uninterrupted service.
iii. For cogeneration, where waste heat can be used for heating, cooling or steam.
Traditional uses include large industrial facilities with high steam and power
demands, such as universities and hospitals.
iv. DG offer higher power quality for electronic equipment.
v. For reactive supply and voltage control of generation by injecting and absorbing
reactive power to control grid voltage.
vi. For network stability in using fast response equipment to maintain a secure
transmission system.
vii. For system black-start to start generation and restore a portion of the utility
system without outside support after a system collapse.
2.1.2 Benefits and Impacts of Installation of DG
Distributed generation creates a variety impacts on distribution network

operation and can significantly impact the flow of power and voltage conditions at
customers as well as utilities. These impact either positively or negatively depending
on the distribution system and the DG characteristics. Positive impacts are generally
called „system support benefits‟ and includes voltage support and improved power
quality, loss reduction, transmission and distribution capacity release and improved
utility system reliability [6].
8
DG can be installed near to consumer load or can be installed at the same

buildings. By generating power at or very near the point of consumption; DG can
increase the effective transmission and distribution network capacity for other
customers. Transmission costs average about 30% of the total cost of electricity can
be reduced because the generators are closer to the load and smaller plant will reduce
construction time and investment cost.
Next, DG eliminates the need for costly installation of new transmission lines,
which frequently have environmental issues. Technologies such as micro turbines,
fuel cells and photovoltaic can serve in several capacities including backup or
emergency power, peak shaving or base load power. This is because DG is most
economical in applications where it covers the base load electricity and uses utility
electricity to cover peak consumption and the load during DG equipment outages
such as a standby service. In addition, certain types of DG, such as those run on
renewable resources can vividly reduce emissions as compared with conventional
centralized large power plants [1].
Stability of the electrical system can be afforded by the installation of DG on

the suitable places on the systems. DG offer very high reliability and power quality
that some business need, particularly when combined with energy storage and power
quality technologies [1]. This fact is supported by Martinez-Velasco and Martin-
Arnedo [7] which stated that the presence of DG changes the radial nature of
distribution systems, so it can affect the performance of the protection system, and
consequently the characteristics of voltage sags. They also conclude that DG has
positive effect on voltage sag performance of distribution networks if the fault
duration is less than two second.
Furthermore, DG provide maximizes energy efficiency by enabling tailored

solutions for specific customer needs such as combined heat and power systems.
Customer demands from the grid during high demand period can be reduced by the
existence of DG. DG also provides very high quality power that reduces or
9
eliminates grid voltage variation and harmonics that negatively affect a customer‟s
sensitive load [1].
DG may allow customers to sell excess power or ancillary services to power

markets, thus increasing the number of suppliers selling energy and increasing
competition and reducing market power. Besides that, DG can reduce reactive
power consumption and improve voltage stability of the distribution system at lower
cost than voltage-regulating equipment. DG offers grid benefits like reduced line
loss and increased reliability. In addition, DG can provide backup capacity and
eliminates potential blackouts caused by utilities consequently reduced margin of
generation reserve capacity [1]. Preliminary studies have already shown that unless
backup capacity is provided, stand-alone distributed generation may lower system
reliability. Similarly, it could harm system reliability if it is not properly
coordinated, located and designed to work with existing network protection. In a
radial feeder, protection devices are only expected to detect unidirectional flow of
current [8].
Barker and W. de Mello [6] proved that there are several issues which are
voltage regulation and losses, harmonics, short circuit level and islanding that must
be considered to insure that DG will not degrade distribution system power quality,
safety and reliability. DG will impact losses on the feeder. DG units can be placed
at optimal locations where they provide the best reduction in feeder losses. A
location of DG units to minimize losses is like location capacitor banks for loss
reduction. The only different is that the DG units will impacts both the real and
reactive power flow.
DG may introduce harmonics. Rotating generators such as synchronous

generators can be a source of harmonics. In general, harmonic contributions from
DG units are probably not as much of issues as some of the other problems. For
larger DG units or cases involving complex harmonic problems, measurements and
modeling of the system harmonic may be required to assess conditions. Any analysis
10
should consider the impacts of DG currents on the background utility voltage

distortion levels. The limits for utility system voltage distortion are 5% for THD and
3% for any individual harmonic [6].
The fault contribution from a single small DG unit is not large, however the
cumulative contributions of many small units, or a few large units, can alter the short
circuit levels enough to cause fuse breaker miscoordination. This could be affect the
reliability and safety of the distribution system. Typical short circuit levels of DG
power converters are characterized in Table 2.1[6].
Table 2.1 Typical short circuit level of DG

Type of Generator Fault current into shorted bus terminals as
percent of rated output current
Inverter 100 – 400% (duration will depend on controller
settings, and current may even be less than
100% for some inverters).
Separately Excited Synchronous Starting at 500 – 1000% for the first few cycles
Generator and decaying to 200 – 400%
Induction Generator or Self 500 – 1000% for the first few cycles and
Excited Synchronous Generator decaying to a negligible amount within 10
cycles.
Islanding occur when DG or a group of DG continues to energize a portion of

the utility system that has been separated from the main utility system. DG should
operate in parallel with the utility system to prevent islanding, significant voltage
sag, and discontinuity of service on the utility side. Since islanding can cause severe
voltage quality and reliability problems, the proper use and setting of anti-islanding
controls is one of the more important issues for DG installations. For small PV
inverters, IEEE standards are already available which describe the settings and types
of controls required. For other types of inverters and larger installations, the setting
11
and controls required are still being defined. IEEE has a new standard under
development (IEEE P1547) which will address all DG sizes and technologies [4].
Popovic et al [8] support the statement about islanding effects which stated
that the presence of DG on a feeder may also allow for stand alone, island mode
operation where DGs are supplying portions of the feeder load after a fault has been
isolated. However islanded operation requires significant coordination of DG with
feeder protection devices in order to create possible self-sustaining islands.
2.1.3 Technical Issues of DG
The recent growth of DG has presented some challenges and basically there
are three primary technical issues which are the management of power flow, voltage
control and system fault level [9]. When DG is connected to the distribution
network, it alters the load pattern. The amount of feeder load demand will eventually
result in the feeder becoming fully loaded. Therefore increased level of DG will
cause an increase in overall current flowing in the network, bringing the components
in the network closer to their thermal limits. If the thermal limits of the circuit
components were exceeded by the connection of DG, then the affected circuits need
to be replaced with circuit with the higher thermal rating which normally have larger
cross sectional area [1].
The installation of DG sources raises new challenges to the operation of

radial distribution networks. However, DG does not change the radial topology of
these networks but the power will no longer flow in a single direction. This has an
impact depends on size, type and location of DG [7]. This statements also supported
by Popovic et al [8] which stated that by adding DG to a distribution system imposes
a different set of operating conditions on the network, such as reverse power flow,
12
voltage rise, increased fault levels, reduced power losses, harmonic distortion and
stability problems [8]. The introduction of generation sources on the distribution
network can significantly impact the flow of power and voltage conditions at
customer and utility equipment as described by Barker and W. de Mello [6].
Voltage profile along the loaded distribution network feeder is typically such
that the voltage level is at maximum close to the distribution network transformer
busbar. Voltage drop generally larger on rural network, which are commonly radial
networks with feeder covering long distance with relatively low current capacity
conductors, especially at the remote ends of the feeders the distribution transformer.
Distribution transformer is fitted with a tap changer, which control the setting of the
busbar voltage. The tap changer will be set to ensure feeder loads under maximum
margin and the voltage drop along the feeder maintained within permissible values
[1].
DG along the distribution feeder will usually have the effect of reducing the
voltage drop along the feeder, and may lead to a voltage rise at some points which
could push the feeder voltage above the statutory voltage limit. Voltage rise is
generally more of a problem on rural radial networks rather than on interconnected or
ring networks, as excessive voltage rise can be initiated by relatively small amounts
of DG due to high impedance of the conductors and because these feeders are often
operated over the length of such feeders [1].
Application of DG in the network, the fault impedance, Zth can also decrease
due to parallel circuits. Therefore fault level increases and there could be unexpected
high fault currents in case of a failure. This situation puts components at risk since
they were not designed to operate under that circumstance [10]. Hence utility need
to ensure that fault level remains within the rating of equipment all time.
13
2.1.4 Synchronous Generator as the Model of DG
Electric power generator is a device that converts mechanical input into the
electrical output. Synchronous machine was chosen as the model of DG in this
project due to common uses of synchronous machine in Malaysia. There are several
effects due to synchronous and induction machine as the model of DG in distribution
network. Induction generators contribute very little rms fault level as the fault
current from the induction generator quickly collapse as the generator loses magnetic
excitation due to the loss of grid supply. However they contribute more to peak fault
level. Synchronous generator contributes less to the initial peak current compared
with the induction generators.
2.2 Voltage Sag
Electronic devices function properly as long as the electricity voltage feeding

the device stays within a consistent range. There are several types of voltage
fluctuations that can cause problems, including surges and spikes, sags, harmonic
distortions, and momentary disruptions. Voltage sag is not a complete interruption
of power; it is a temporary drop below 90 percent of the nominal voltage level.
Voltage sags are probably the most significant power quality problem facing
industrial customers today, and can be a significant problem for large commercial
customers as well. Risky of voltage sag will depend on the magnitude and duration
of the sag and on the sensitivity of electronic equipment [11].
14
2.2.1 Definition of Voltage Sag
The IEEE Standard 1159-1995 stated that magnitude limit of voltage sags
between 0.1 pu and 0.9 pu and the duration to between 0.5 cycle and 1 minute. The
European standard EN 50160 (1999) “Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied
by public distribution systems” defines a voltage sag (dip) as a sudden reduction of
the supply voltage to a value between 90% and 1% of the declared supply voltage,
followed by a voltage recovery after a short period of time and the duration of a
voltage dip is between 10 ms and 1 minute [12].
In North America, voltage sag is usually understood to mean the nominal

voltage declines in percentage terms this is 100 Voltage sag. Thus a voltage dip of
40% equates to a Voltage Sag to 60%. [13]. The MS IEC 61000 series define
voltage sag as a sudden reduction in voltage to a value between 90% to10% of
nominal voltage for a duration of 10ms (1/2 cycle) to 60 second. Voltage sag means
that the full required energy is not being delivered to the load and this can have
serious consequences depending of the type of load involved [14].
2.2.2 Causes of Voltage Sag
Voltage sags typically appear when it is an abrupt increase in load such as

starting large motor load, power system faults, energizing of transformers, switching
operations, and other large load changes in the power system. Weather such as
lightning, animal contact, contamination of insulators, construction accidents, motor
vehicle accidents, falling or contact with tree limbs also contribute in voltage sags
[4].
15
A short circuit fault is a typical cause of voltage sag. Preliminary study have
already shown that single line to ground faults on the utility system is the most
common cause of voltage sags in an industrial plant [2]. Faults resulting in voltage
sags can occur within the plant or on the utility system. On the utility system, the
fault could be cleared by a branch fuse or a substation breaker [4]. Short circuit fault
are unavoidable evidence on distribution network. Many short circuits are caused by
overvoltage and atmosphere lightning noticeable as the causes of overvoltage.
Figure 2.1 illustrate waveform of voltage sag due to single line to ground fault [3].
Figure 2.1 Voltage Sag waveform due to faults in the supply networks
Similarly, the switching of large loads or motors and energizing of the

transformer can produce large changes in current. Starting of large motor will draw
six times from its normal running consequently will create a voltage drop along the
line and significantly cause voltage sag to happen. Figure 2.2 shows waveform of
voltage sag due to motor starting.
16
Figure 2.2 Voltage sag waveform due to motor starting
2.2.3 Impact of Voltage Sag to Industrial Equipment
Many types of electronic equipment are sensitive to voltage sags, including

variable speed drive controls, motor starter contactors, robotics, programmable logic
controllers (PLC), controller power supplies, control relays and many more. Voltage
sag starves a machine that use electricity to function will caused computer crashes or
equipment lock-ups [2]. Sensitive equipment such as computers may experience
equipment lockups or lost of data. The effect on personal computers to voltage sag is
often the loss of any data stored in volatile memory (such as RAM). Relays and
contactors in motor starters can be sensitive to voltage sags, resulting in shutdown of
a process when voltage drop occurs [4]. Each equipment have different sensitivity to
voltage sag and because of that voltage sag impacts are dependent to their sensitivity
whether the equipment are so affected to voltage sag or not. Table 2.2 shows typical
equipment sensitivity to voltage sag [2].
17
Table 2.2 Typical equipment sensitivity
2.3 Conclusion
Preliminary study has already shown that DG has much potential to improve
distribution systems performances but a few issues need to be considered to ensure
that the installations of DG will not degrade the distribution network. Factors that
determine system impacts due to availability of DG include not only size of DG but
also include the characteristic of generator and the location of DG itself. This project
will covered on effects of DG on voltage sag due to several location of DG on
distribution network and synchronous machine was chosen as the model of DG.
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction of PSCAD Software
PSCAD (Power Systems CAD) is one of the software that enables the user to
schematically construct and design a circuit, run a simulation, analyze the results,
and manage the data in a completely integrated. PSCAD Version 4.2.0 Professional
with unlimited node was used to design a distribution circuit, fault and synchronous
generator consequently to run simulation to obtain the output voltages.
3.2 Circuit Design
PSCAD Workspace as shown in Figure 3.1 is use to design the distribution

network. Master library is use to get several components in order to design the
sample of distribution network which involved three phase voltage source, single
line, synchronous machine as the model of DG, three phase fault model, and three
phase rms for measuring the rms voltage along the lines.
19
New components also can be added using buttons at workspace. Button uses
are shown in Figure 3.2 [10]. Values for source, voltage profile, transformer rating,
impedances, and load data are based on IEEE 13 Node Test Feeder [5] and can be
referred in Appendix A. All components in this system use frequency of 50 Hz.
Figure 3.3 shows the schematic diagram of IEEE 13 Node Test Feeder.
Figure 3.1 PSCAD Workspace

20
Figure 3.2 Button description
650
646 645 632 633 634
611 684 692 675

671
652 680
Figure 3.3 Schematic Diagram of IEEE 13 Node Test Feeder

21
3.2.1 Distribution Circuit
Line configuration and impedances values as shown in Table 3.1, voltage

profile, real and reactive power as describe in Table 3.2 and transformer data in
Table 3.3 are use to design distribution circuit as shown in Figure 3.4.
Table 3.1 Line Configuration and Impedances value
Start End Line Configuration Resistor, Inductor,

Node Node R (Ω) L (H)
650 632 601 0.3414 0.00329
632 671 601 0.3414 0.00329
671 680 601 0.3414 0.00329
632 633 602 0.7436 0.00385
632 645 603 1.3238 0.00431
645 646 603 1.3238 0.00431
671 684 604 1.3294 0.00428
684 611 605 1.3292 0.00428
692 674 606 0.7982 0.00142
22
Table 3.2 Data of Voltage Profile, Real and Reactive Power
Node Real Power, Reactive Power, Voltage, Rated Voltage,

P (kW) Q (kVar) V (pu) V (kV)
634 120 90 1.0218 0.415
645 170 125 1.0329 11.36
646 230 132 1.0311 11.34
692 170 151 1/0529 10.76
675 68 60 1.0553 11.61
611 170 80 0.9738 10.71
652 128 86 0.9825 10.8
Table 3.3 Transformer Data
Start End Apparent Power, (Delta) Primary (Star) Secondary

Node Node S (kVA) Voltage, V (kV) Voltage, V (kV)
633 634 500 11 0.415
Figure 3.4 Distribution Circuit
23
24
3.2.2 Three Phase Fault Model
Figure 3.5 Three Phase Fault Model
Three phase fault model in PSCAD as shown in Figure 3.5. Timed fault
logic allows setting of time to apply fault and duration of fault itself. Fault have
many types and can occur at any locations but in this project, three phase fault was
chosen and timed fault logic setting and fault resistance (Fault ON and OFF
resistance) need to be set and the data are described in Table 3.4 below.
Table 3.4 Timed fault logic and Fault resistance setting

Time of fault, s Duration of fault, s Fault ON Fault OFF
(second) (second) Resistance (Ω) Resistance (Ω)
0.2 0.1 0.9 1x10-6
(0.2s until 0.3s)
3.2.3 Synchronous Generator
Model of distributed generator in PSCAD is representing by synchronous

generator as shown in Figure 3.6. Default setting was used but several properties
were changes such as frequency and voltage. Frequency used is 50 Hz and fixed
voltage is 11 kV. Value and setting of synchronous generator is fixed for all 11
placement of DG.
25
Figure 3.6 Synchronous generator
3.3 Simulation
Sample of distribution network ready to simulate when designing steps was

completed. Simulation basically based on three fundamental steps which are save,
build and run and these process are describe in Figure 3.7.
26
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 3.7 Simulation process a) Save active project b) Compile all

components c) Run simulation
In this project, a few steps have to be followed in order to determine the best
placement of DG. The steps that had been recognized are:
a. Simulation on normal distribution circuit without fault and DG

b. Simulation on distribution circuit when fault occur and without DG (Fault 1
until Fault 6)
c. Simulation on distribution circuit when fault occur (Fault 1) and placement
of DG (1 point)
d. Step (c) was repeated for other placement of DG (point 2 until point 11)
e. From all placement of DG, the best placement of DG can be determined for
Fault 1
f. Step (c and d) was repeated for other fault (Fault 2 until Fault 6)
g. Output voltages (V1 until V9) were observed for all steps.
Overall steps in this project can be concluded into simulation flowchart as

shown in Figure 3.8.
27
FAULT 1
FAULT 2
EACH FAULT EACH DG

FAULT 3 WILL BE PLACEMENT
TESTED ON 11 RESULT TO 9
DG OUTPUT
FAULT 4
PLACEMENTS VOLTAGES
FAULT 5
FAULT 6
Figure 3.8 Simulation Flowchart
3.3.1 Simulation on normal distribution circuit without fault and DG
Normal distribution circuit needs to be simulated in order to verify the output

line voltages are approximately to the rated voltage; 11kV and between the
permissible values (±6%). Simulation on normal distribution circuit is based on
Figure 3.4.
3.3.2 Simulation on distribution circuit when fault occur and without DG
There are total of 6 faults named as Fault 1 until Fault 6 corresponds to each
feeder as shown in Figure 3.9. Simulation will be done for one fault at one time. 9
output voltages named as V1 until V9; were observed as the results when fault occur.
Fault
Location
Figure 3.9 Distribution Circuit with Fault

28
29
3.3.3 Simulation on distribution circuit when fault occur and variable

placement of DG
There are some limitations in this project which are the value of DG is
constant for all placements, DG is applied during fault condition and suitable for
three phase fault. Based on distribution circuit, there are 11 point of DG were
identify as shown in Figure 3.10. When Fault 1 occurs, DG will be injected onto the
distribution circuit at point 1, consequently 9 output voltages need to be observed
and analyzed. Simulation needs to be repeated until 11th point of DG. Point of DG
with minimum drop of output line voltages will then give the best placement of DG
corresponds to its fault.
These procedures and simulation should be repeated with different fault

location (Fault 2, Fault 3, Fault 4, Fault 5 and Fault 6 respectively) and different
placement of DG (Point 1 - Point 11) until the best placement of DG can be
achieved. Analysis of this part will give the effects of DG when voltage sag
problems occur. These simulations will provide the best and suitable locations of
DG on the sample distribution network when voltage sag happens.
Fault
Location
Figure 3.10 Distribution Circuit with Fault and Placement of DG

30
31
3.4 Conclusion
This thesis develops a methodology from designing a sample of radial

distribution network consists of 6 different loads. Simulation covered on normal
distribution circuit, distribution circuit with fault and finally distribution circuit with
fault and DG. 11 points of DG need to be tested for each fault. 9 voltage profiles for
each placement of DG need to be observed and analyze and minimum voltage sag
that occurs on this distribution network with the installation of DG coincidently can
provide the best placement of DG on that system.
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Results
In this chapter, output rms voltages became the results of this project and it
displayed based on three major parts which are:
4.1.1 Results of normal distribution circuit (without fault and DG)

4.1.2 Results of distribution circuit when fault occur for each feeder (without DG)
4.1.3 Results of distribution circuit when fault occur for each feeder and variable
placements of DG corresponds for each fault.
4.2 Results on Normal Distribution Circuit
Simulation on normal distribution shows that all output rms voltages were
approximately to rated rms voltages which are 11kV and 415V and maintained
33
within permissible limit (±6%). Figure 4.1 (a) and (b) shows the simulation circuit
and output rms voltages during normal conditions respectively. Values of rms
voltages are transmitted into table as described in Table 4.1.
Figure 4.1 (a) Simulation Circuit during Normal Condition

34
Figure 4.1 (b) Graph of Output Line rms during Normal Condition
Table 4.1 Output Line rms during Normal Condition

Output Line rms, V, (kV)
V1 11
V2 0.415
V3 10.95
V4 10.95
V5 10.95
V6 10.95
V7 10.95
V8 10.95
V9 10.95
35
4.3 Results on Distribution Circuit when fault occur
Distribution circuit during fault was simulated to verify that the output line
rms will drop during three phase fault. There are 6 simulations on fault condition
that produced a total of 6 graphs of output voltages. Figure 4.2, 4.3, and 4.4 show
the simulation circuits and the output line rms during Fault 1, Fault 2 and Fault 3
respectively. Values of rms voltages are transmitted into Table 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4
correspond to Fault 1, Fault 2 and Fault 3. Simulation circuits and results of output
line rms during Fault 4 until Fault 6 can be referred in Appendix B, Appendix C and
Appendix D respectively.
Based on results show in Table 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4, voltages close to the fault
produce a large drop of rms voltage compared to other voltages in the circuit. For
example, if fault occur in Feeder 1, V1 will having a large drop of rms voltage
compared to other voltages. If Fault 2 occurs, therefore large drop of rms voltage
will occur at V6. Fault 3 will cause all voltages; V1 until V9 having almost the same
percentage of line rms voltage drop.
Figure 4.2 (a) Simulation Circuit during Fault 1
36
37
Figure 4.2 (b) Graph of Output Line rms during Fault 1
Table 4.2 Output Line rms during Fault 1

V1 2.626
V2 0.099
V3 5.881
V4 5.907
V5 5.919
V6 5.915
V7 5.919
V8 5.862
V9 5.882
38
39

V1 6.536
V2 0.246
V3 6.458
V4 6.486
V5 4.536
V6 2.324
V7 4.536
V8 4.492
V9 4.507
40
41

V1 3.986
V2 0.150
V3 3.939
V4 3.958
V5 3.964
V6 3.961
V7 3.964
V8 3.925
V9 3.939
42
4.4 Results on Distribution Circuit when fault occur and variable placement
of DG
Based on literature review, distributed generator can minimize voltage sag

problems but depends on several factors including the placement of DG itself. In this
project, 11 placement of DG were put in test for each fault, thus produced a total of
66 graphs for all 6 faults. Therefore only three DG placement will be presented and
others can be referred in appendices.
4.4.1 Results Fault 1
Simulation circuits with several placements of DG during Fault 1 were shown

in Figure 4.5, 4.6 and 4.7 for 1st, 3rd and 4th placement of DG respectively. Values of
rms voltages in Figure 4.5 (b), 4.6 (b) and 4.7(b) are transmitted into Table 4.5, 4.6
and 4.7 corresponds to 1st, 3rd and 4th placement of DG during Fault 1. Simulation
circuits and results of output rms voltages during Fault 1 for others placements which
are 2nd, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th and 11th can be referred in appendix E.
Results show that the output voltages are not smooth or straight line after
applied DG. It can be clearly seen in Figure 4.5 (b) that shown all the output line
voltages was not smooth after the injection of DG. Based on result in Figure 4.7 (b),
4th DG placement caused rms voltages increased rapidly approximately to 42 kV at
V1, 10 kV at V2 and 28 kV for other voltages. Consequently, result for 3rd DG
placement shown that output rms voltages approximately to the rated voltage and
voltage sag problems was minimized. Therefore, 3rd point of DG is the best
placement of DG corresponds to Fault 1.
Figure 4.5 (a) Simulation Circuit during Fault 1 with 1st DG Placement
43
44
Figure 4.5 (b) Graph of Output Line rms during Fault 1 with 1st DG Placement
Table 4.5 Output Line rms during Fault 1 with 1st DG Placement
V1 3.217
V2 0.121
V3 7.187
V4 7.218
V5 7.233
V6 7.255
V7 7.260
V8 7.189
V9 7.214
Figure 4.6 (a) Simulation Circuit during Fault 1 with 3rd DG Placement
45
46
Figure 4.6 (b) Graph of Output r Line ms during Fault 1 with 3rd DG Placement
Table 4.6 Output Line rms during Fault 1 with 3rd DG Placement
V1 10.651
V2 0.401
V3 10.636
V4 10.677
V5 10.699
V6 10.718
V7 10.725
V8 10.620
V9 10.667
47
Figure 4.7 (a) Simulation Circuit during Fault 1with 4th DG Placement
48
Figure 4.7 (b) Graph of Output r Line ms during Fault 1 with 4th DG Placement
Table 4.7 Output Line rms during Fault 1 with 4th DG Placement
V1 10.079
V2 10.375
V3 6.853
V4 6.883
V5 6.899
V6 6.841
V7 6.846
V8 6.780
V9 6.803
49
Figure 4.8, 4.9 and 4.10 show the simulation circuits and the output rms
voltages during Fault 2 for 1st, 7th and 11th placement of DG respectively. Values of
rms voltages in Figure 4.8 (b), 4.9 (b) and 4.10 (b) are converted into table as shown
in Table 4.8, 4.9 and 4.10. Simulation circuits and results of output line voltages
during Fault 2 for others placements which are 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 8th, 9th and 10th
can be referred in appendix E.
Result in Table 4.8, Table 4.10, Figure 4.8 (b) and 4.10 (b) clearly show that
voltage sag still occurs and rms voltages are not smooth although DG were placed on
1st and 11th point in distribution circuit. Therefore these placements considered as
worst placement of DG corresponds to Fault 2. Figure 4.9 (b) shows that 7th DG
placement is the best placement since it can improve output rms voltages during
Fault 2 consequently produced rated line voltage 11kV within permissible limits
50
51
Figure 4.8(b) Graph of Output Line rms during Fault 2 with 1st DG Placement
V1 7.788
V2 0.293
V3 7.695
V4 7.729
V5 5.414
V6 2.787
V7 5.434
V8 5.381
V9 5.400
52
Figure 4.9 (a) Simulation Circuit during Fault 2 with 7th DG Placement
53
Figure 4.9 (b) Graph of Output Line rms during Fault 2 with 7th DG Placement
V1 10.792
V2 0.406
V3 10.663
V4 10.710
V5 10.643
V6 10.691
V7 10.669
V8 10.585
V9 10.602
54
55
V1 7.527
V2 0.283
V3 7.436
V4 7.469
V5 5.983
V6 3.072
V7 5.992
V8 10.792
V9 8.294
56
Figure 4.11, 4.12 and 4.13 show the simulation circuits and the output line
rms during Fault 3 for 1st, 2nd and 10th placement of DG respectively. Values of rms
voltages in Figure 4.11 (b), 4.12 (b) and 4.13 (b) are converted into table as shown in
Table 4.11, 4.12 and 4.13. Simulation circuits and results of output line rms during
Fault 3 for others placements which are 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th and 11th can be
referred in appendix G.
Result in Table 4.11, Table 4.13, Figure 4.11 (b) and 4.13 (b) clearly show
that voltage sag still occurs and rms voltages are not smooth although DG were
placed on 1st and 10th point in distribution circuit. Therefore these placements
considered as worst placement of DG corresponds to Fault 3. Figure 4.12 (b) shows
that 2nd DG placement is the best placement since it can improve output rms voltages
during Fault 3 consequently produced rated line voltage 11kV within permissible
limits
57
58
Figure 4.11 (b) Graph of Output Line rms during Fault 3 with 1st DG Placement
V1 5.951
V2 0.224
V3 5.880
V4 5.906
V5 5.915
V6 5.937
V7 5.941
V8 5.884
V9 5.904
Figure 4.12 (a) Simulation Circuit during Fault 3 with 2nd DG Placement
59
60
Figure 4.12 (b) Graph of Output Line rms during Fault 3 with 2nd DG Placement
Table 4.12 Output Line rms during Fault 3 with 2nd DG Placement
V1
V2
V3
V4
V5
V6
V7
V8
V9
61
62
Figure 4.13(b) Graph of Output Line rms during Fault 3 with 10th DG Placement
V1 5.339
V2 0.201
V3 5.275
V4 5.298
V5 6.725
V6 6.744
V7 6.748
V8 10.754
V9 10.792
63
rms during Fault 4 for 2nd, 8th and 10th placement of DG respectively. Values of rms
Fault 4 for others placements which are 1st, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 9th and 11th can be
referred in appendix H.
placed on 2nd and 10th point in distribution circuit. Therefore these placements
that 8th DG placement is the best placement since it can improve output rms voltages
limits
64
65
V1 10.714
V2 0.403
V3 10.586
V4 10.633
V5 5.986
V6 5.985
V7 5.989
V8 5.931
V9 5.952
66
67
V1 10.813
V2 0.407
V3 10.684
V4 10.731
V5 10.651
V6 10.683
V7 10.691
V8 10.587
V9 10.624
68
69
V1 6.883
V2 0.257
V3 6.751
V4 6.781
V5 5.291
V6 5.299
V7 5.303
V8 10.741
V9 10.778
70
voltages in Figure 4.17 (b), 4.18 (b) and 4.19 (b) are transmitted into table as shown
in Table 4.17, 4.18 and 4.19. Simulation circuits and results of output line rms
during Fault 5 for others placements which are 1st, 3rd, 4th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th and 11th can
be referred in appendix I.
placed on 2nd and 10th point in distribution circuit. Therefore these placements
that 5th DG placement is the best placement since it can improve output rms voltages
limits
71
72
V1 10.746
V2 0.404
V3 2.166
V4 6.260
V5 10.687
V6 10.720
V7 10.727
V8 10.623
V9 10.660
73
74
V1 10.808
V2 0.407
V3 10.657
V4 10.712
V5 10.748
V6 10.754
V7 10.761
V8 10.656
V9 10.694
75
76
Figure 4.19(b) Graph of Output Line rms during Fault 5 with 10th DG Placement
V1 8.795
V2 0.331
V3 1.769
V4 5.121
V5 9.431
V6 9.445
V7 9.452
V8 10.768
V9 10.805
77
Fault 6 for others placements which are 1st, 3rd, 4th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th and 11th can be
referred in appendix J.
that voltage sag still occurs and line rms are not smooth although DG were placed on
2nd and 5th point in distribution circuit. Therefore these placements considered as
worst placement of DG corresponds to Fault 6. Figure 4.22 (b) shows that 10th DG
placement is the best placement since it can improve output rms voltages during
Fault 6 consequently produced rated line voltage 11kV within permissible limits
78
79
V1 10.747
V2 0.404
V3 10.615
V4 10.661
V5 7.975
V6 7.909
V7 8.004
V8 2.758
V9 2.768
80
81
V1 8.715
V2 0.308
V3 10.764
V4 9.545
V5 6.065
V6 6.068
V7 6.072
V8 2.089
V9 2.089
82
Figure 4.22(a) Simulation Circuit during Fault 6 with 10th DG Placement

83
V1 10.826
V2 0.407
V3 10.697
V4 10.744
V5 10.715
V6 10.729
V7 10.736
V8 10.654
V9 10.691
84
4.5 Discussion
There are some problems were identified in this project related to line rms
after the installation of DG which are line rms increase and rms voltage not smooth.
Effects of DG on voltage sag and the best placement of DG correspond to its fault
also will be discussed in this section.
4.5.1 Line rms increase
Based on results in previous section, 4th DG placement caused line rms

increase more than rated voltage and this can be clearly seen in Table 4.23. Figure
4.23 show that 4th DG placement is a point at low voltage side with nominal voltage
415V. One of the limitations in this project is DG settings (11kV, 120MVA, 50Hz)
are constant or fixed for all DG test points. Therefore when DG with 11kV rating
installed at low voltage side, thus will cause line rms at secondary side increase up to
10.4kV and line rms at primary side also increased up to 38kV due to transformer
ratio.
Table 4.23 Line rms Before and After DG installation

Output Voltage Before DG installation After DG installation
Line rms, V (kV) Line rms, V (kV)
V1 11 37.965
V2 0.415 10.389
V3 10.95 23.606
V4 10.95 23.606
V5 10.95 23.606
V6 10.95 23.606
V7 10.95 23.606
V8 10.95 23.606
V9 10.95 kV 28 kV
85
Step Down Transformer:
4th DG Placement 11/0.415 kV, 0.5 MVA,

Delta-Star
HV (11kV) LV (415V)
4th DG Placement
Transformer
Figure 4.23 4th DG Placements at Low Voltage Side
4.5.2 Line rms not smooth
Other problem was identified in this project which are the line rms is not
completely maintained on the rated value. Result shown that output rms voltages
sinusoid within some value about ±0.5kV but maintain in rated value 11kV. This is
because distribution circuit not only received supply from one radial source but also
received supply from synchronous generator or DG. The problems came from the
output of synchronous generator itself which it gave not smooth output rms voltage
86
that can be clearly seen in Figure 4.23. As the recommendations for further study, a
filter can be placed at the output of synchronous generator so that it produced smooth
output line voltage. Filter study does not include in this project due to time
constraint.
Figure 4.24(a) Simulation Circuit of DG output rms voltage
Figure 4.24 (b) Graph of DG output rms voltage

87
4.5.3 Effects of DG on Voltage Sag
Results shown that all point of DG can overcome voltage sag problems even
though for small improvement. Large improvement of voltage sag depends on the
placement of DG in the distribution circuit. 4th placement of DG in distribution
circuit can improve voltage sag but in the same time it caused other problem which is
overvoltage that will give harmful effects in power system equipments. Analysis
was done and as the result there is only one best point of DG corresponds to its fault.
4.5.4 Best Placement of DG
Analysis was done and discover that each fault have their own best placement
of DG in distribution network to overcome voltage sag problems that can be seen in
Table 4.24. Figure 4.25 summarize all best placement of DG in distribution network
correspond to its fault, therefore best placement of DG and its fault were group in the
same colour .
Table 4.24 Best Placement of DG in distribution network

Fault Best Placement of DG
1 3
2 7
3 2
4 8
5 5
6 10
88
Figure 4.25 Best placement of DG on distribution circuit correspond to its fault
Based on Figure 4.25, point 3 (DG3) became the best placement of DG if

three phase fault occur at Feeder 1 (Fault 1). If Fault 2 occurs therefore 7th point of
DG (DG7) became the best placement of DG in distribution network. DG at point 2
and point 8 (DG2 and DG8) contributed to the best placement of DG correspond to
Fault 3 and Fault 4 respectively. 5th and 10th placement of DG (DG5 and DG10) can
minimize voltage sag problems if Fault 5 and Fault 6 occur. Based on Figure 4.25, it
can be concluded that the best placement of DG occurs near at fault location. For
other distribution network with different load and impedances, it will give a different
best point of DG. Therefore another simulation with several DG test point need to be
done and carry out the best placement of DG corresponds to that distribution
network.
89
4.6 Conclusion
From the result obtained, it can be concluded that DG can improve voltage
sag problems but it depends on the placement of DG itself. To obtain the best
placement of DG in distribution network, several DG test point and parameters must
be determined first. Those parameters are voltage and capacity of DG that depends
on rated voltage and the size of the systems. DG test point should involve all
interconnected point in order to give the best placement of DG in distribution
network. Analysis should be done on the line voltages and point of DG can be
considered as the best placement if that point of DG can overcome voltage sag
problems and maintained the line voltage approximately to rated value. DG gave
different best placement for different fault that occurs in distribution network.
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
5.1 Conclusion
Overall, objectives of this project; the effects of DG on voltage sags and the
best placements of DG in distribution network had been presented through
simulation using PSCAD 4.2.0 Professional. A few steps need to be followed in
order to determine the best location of DG corresponds to its three phase fault. The
first step is to design radial distribution circuit with several loads and data were
referred to IEEE 13 Node Test Feeder [5]. Three phase fault and synchronous
generator were set to a fixed value for all 6 faults and 11 DG test points. Output line
voltages named V1 until V9 were observed for all simulation in order to analyze and
determine the effects of DG on voltage sags consequently to obtain the best
placements of DG in distribution networks.
Simulation on normal distribution circuit needs to be tested first. Result of

the simulation show the normal line voltages before fault occur. Next, three phase
fault was applied to the circuit on each feeder named as Fault 1 until Fault 6.
Placement of DG that result the best improvement of voltage sags can be considered
as the best placements of DG for that fault occur in the distribution network. This
91
project has successfully determined and carried out the best placement of DG in
distribution network since it can improve voltage sags problems.
5.2 Recommendation for further study
In this project, the best placements of DG were determined for radial

distribution network correspond to each fault. Only one fault for each feeder and 11
placements of DG were chosen. Synchronous generator setting was constant for all
DG test points. Besides that, simulation considered only one fault at one time and
DG was connected to distribution circuit during three phase fault. Therefore, the best
placements of DG on distribution circuit were based on these limitations. It is
recommended that simulation on his project can be tested for other types of fault
such as single line to ground fault, line to line fault and double line to ground fault.
In future work, other techniques such as Lagrangian Multiplier with active and
reactive load flow equation and combining method of Optimal Power Flow and
Genetic Algorithms can be apply to determine the best placement of DG in
distribution network. These methods use in distribution network operators to search
for the best sites and capacities available to strategically apply DG among the
systems which give more accurate result.
92
REFERENCES
[1] Lai, L. L. and Chan, T. T., Distributed Generation Induction and Permanent
Magnet Generators. England : IEEE Press John Wiley & Sons Ltd, (2007).
[2] Tenaga Nasional Berhad, Power Quality Guidebook: Voltage Sag Solutions
for Industrial Customers. Pages 11-37, (2007).
[3] Kusko, A. and Thompson, M. T., Power Quality in Electrical Systems.

England : McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. ,(2007).
[4] McGranaghan, R. and Mueller, D. Effects of Voltage Sag in Process Industry

Applications, available at
http://www.dranetz-bmi.com/pdf/processIndustryApplications.pdf
(taken on August 2009)
[5] IEEE 13 Node Test Feeder. IEEE Power Engineeing Society, available at
http://www.ewh.ieee.org/soc/pes/dsacom/testfeeders.html
(taken on Jan 1, 2010)
[6] Barker, P. P. and W. de Mello, R. ,Determining the Impact of Distributed

Generation on Power Systems: Part 1- Radial Distribution Systems. Pages
1645-1656. Power Technologies Inc., (2009).
[7] Martinez-Velasco, J. A. and Martin-Arnedo, J., Distributed Generation Impact on
Voltage Sags in Distribution Networks. 9th International Conference Electrical
Power Quality and Utilisation. 9-11 October 2007. Barcelona, ENE2005-
08568/CON. , (2007).
[8] Popovic, D. A. Greatbanks, J. A. Begovic, M. and Pregelj, A., Electrical Power

and Energy Systems. Placement of Distributed Generators and Reclosers For
Distribution Network Security and Reliability. 27, 398-408. Elsevier, (2005).
[9] Institution of Engineer and Technology. Distributed Generation, available at

http://www.theiet.org/factfiles/energy/distributed-generation.cfm?type=pdf
[10] Manitoba HVDC Research Centre, PSCAD (Power Systems Computer Aided
Design). Canada: Manitoba HVDC Research Centre Inc., (2003).
[11] Andy, A. B. ,Influence in Distribution Network on Voltage Sag Propagation.

Bachelor Degree, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, (2007).
[12] Heine, P. Voltage Sag in Power Distribution Network, available at

http://www.scribd.com/doc/13261821/Voltage-Sags-in-Power-Distribution-
Networks-Isbn9512278863 (taken on August 2009)
[13] Seymour, J. and Horsley, T. The Seven Types of Power Problems. Pages 11-12,
available at http://www.apc.media.com/salestools/VAVR_SWKLPK_R0-EN.pdf
[14] Geidl, M. (2005). Protection of Power Systems with Distributed Generation:

State of the Art. Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), available
at http://e-collection-ethbib.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:27990-01.pdf
94
APPENDIX A
IEEE 13 NODE TEST FEEDER
650
646 645 632 633 634
611 684 692 675

671
652 680
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,

Inc.
95
Overhead Line Configuration Data:

Config. Phasing Phase Neutral Spacing
ACSR ACSR ID
601 B A C N 556,500 26/7 4/0 6/1 500
602 CABN 4/0 6/1 4/0 6/1 500
603 CBN 1/0 1/0 505
604 ACN 1/0 1/0 505
605 CN 1/0 1/0 510
Underground Line Configuration Data:

Config. Phasing Cable Neutral Space
ID
606 A B C N 250,000 AA, CN None 515
607 AN 1/0 AA, TS 1/0 Cu 520
Line Segment Data:

Node A Node B Length(ft.) Config.
632 645 500 603
632 633 500 602
633 634 0 XFM-1
645 646 300 603
650 632 2000 601
684 652 800 607
632 671 2000 601
671 684 300 604
671 680 1000 601
671 692 0 Switch
684 611 300 605
692 675 500 606

Inc.
96
Transformer Data:
kVA kV-high kV-low R- X-%
%
Substation: 5,000 115 - D 4.16 Gr. Y 1 8
XFM -1 500 4.16 – Gr.W 0.48 – Gr.W 1.1 2
Capacitor Data:
Node Ph-A Ph-B Ph-C
kVAr kVAr kVAr
675 200 200 200
611 100
Total 200 200 300
Regulator Data:
Regulator ID: 1
Line Segment: 650 - 632
Location: 50
Phases: A - B -C
Connection: 3-Ph,LG
Monitoring Phase: A-B-C
Bandwidth: 2.0 volts
PT Ratio: 20
Primary CT Rating: 700
Compensator Settings: Ph-A Ph-B Ph-C
R - Setting: 3 3 3
X - Setting: 9 9 9
Volltage Level: 122 122 122

Inc.
97
Spot Load Data:

Node Load Ph-1 Ph-1 Ph-2 Ph-2 Ph-3 Ph-3
Model kW kVAr kW kVAr kW kVAr
634 Y-PQ 160 110 120 90 120 90
645 Y-PQ 0 0 170 125 0 0
646 D-Z 0 0 230 132 0 0
652 Y-Z 128 86 0 0 0 0
671 D-PQ 385 220 385 220 385 220
675 Y-PQ 485 190 68 60 290 212
692 D-I 0 0 0 0 170 151
611 Y-I 0 0 0 0 170 80
TOTAL 1158 606 973 627 1135 753
Distributed Load Data:

Node A Node B Load Ph-1 Ph-1 Ph-2 Ph-2 Ph-3 Ph-3
Model kW kVAr kW kVAr kW kVAr
632 671 Y-PQ 17 10 66 38 117 68

Inc.
98
IEEE 13 NODE TEST FEEDER
Impedances
Configuration 601:
Z (R +jX) in ohms per mile

0.3465 1.0179 0.1560 0.5017 0.1580 0.4236
0.3375 1.0478 0.1535 0.3849
0.3414 1.0348
B in micro Siemens per mile
6.2998 -1.9958 -1.2595
5.9597 -0.7417
5.6386
Configuration 602:

0.7526 1.1814 0.1580 0.4236 0.1560 0.5017
0.7475 1.1983 0.1535 0.3849
0.7436 1.2112
5.6990 -1.0817 -1.6905
5.1795 -0.6588
5.4246
Configuration 603:

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1.3294 1.3471 0.2066 0.4591
1.3238 1.3569
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4.7097 -0.8999
4.6658
Configuration 604:

1.3238 1.3569 0.0000 0.0000 0.2066 0.4591
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1.3294 1.3471
4.6658 0.0000 -0.8999
0.0000 0.0000
4.7097

Inc.
99
Configuration 605:

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1.3292 1.3475
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
4.5193
Configuration 606:

0.7982 0.4463 0.3192 0.0328 0.2849 -0.0143
0.7891 0.4041 0.3192 0.0328
0.7982 0.4463
96.8897 0.0000 0.0000
96.8897 0.0000
96.8897
Configuration 607:

1.3425 0.5124 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
88.9912 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000
0.0000

Inc.
100
Power-Flow Results
- R A D I A L F L O W S U M M A R Y - DATE: 6-24-2004 AT 15:33: 2 HOURS ---

SUBSTATION: IEEE 13; FEEDER: IEEE 13
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SYSTEM PHASE PHASE PHASE TOTAL
INPUT -------(A)-------|-------(B)-------|-------(C)-------|------------------
kW : 1251.398 | 977.332 | 1348.461 | 3577.191
kVAr : 681.570 | 373.418 | 669.784 | 1724.772
kVA : 1424.968 | 1046.241 | 1505.642 | 3971.289
PF : .8782 | .9341 | .8956 | .9008
LOAD --(A-N)----(A-B)-|--(B-N)----(B-C)-|--(C-N)----(C-A)-|---WYE-----DELTA--
kW : 785.6 385.0| 424.0 625.7| 692.5 553.4| 1902.1 1564.0
TOT : 1170.563 | 1049.658 | 1245.907 | 3466.128
| | |
kVAr : 393.0 220.0| 313.0 358.1| 447.9 369.5| 1153.9 947.7
TOT : 613.019 | 671.117 | 817.450 | 2101.586
| | |
kVA : 878.4 443.4| 527.0 720.9| 824.8 665.4| 2224.8 1828.7
TOT : 1321.367 | 1245.865 | 1490.137 | 4053.481
| | |
PF : .8943 .8682| .8045 .8679| .8397 .8316| .8550 .8553
TOT : .8859 | .8425 | .8361 | .8551
LOSSES ------(A)-------|-------(B)-------|-------(C)-------|------------------
kW : 39.107 | -4.697 | 76.653 | 111.063
kVAr : 152.585 | 42.217 | 129.850 | 324.653
kVA : 157.517 | 42.478 | 150.787 | 343.124
CAPAC --(A-N)----(A-B)-|--(B-N)----(B-C)-|--(C-N)----(C-A)-|---WYE-----DELTA--
R-kVA: 200.0 .0| 200.0 .0| 300.0 .0| 700.0 .0
TOT : 200.000 | 200.000 | 300.000 | 700.000
| | |
A-kVA: 193.4 .0| 222.7 .0| 285.3 .0| 701.5 .0
TOT : 193.443 | 222.747 | 285.276 | 701.466

Inc.
101
p 1
--- V O L T A G E P R O F I L E ---- DATE: 6-24-2004 AT 15:33:12 HOURS ----
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NODE | MAG ANGLE | MAG ANGLE | MAG ANGLE |mi.to SR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
______|_______ A-N ______ |_______ B-N _______ |_______ C-N _______ |
650 | 1.0000 at .00 | 1.0000 at -120.00 | 1.0000 at 120.00 | .000
RG60 | 1.0625 at .00 | 1.0500 at -120.00 | 1.0687 at 120.00 | .000
632 | 1.0210 at -2.49 | 1.0420 at -121.72 | 1.0174 at 117.83 | .379
633 | 1.0180 at -2.56 | 1.0401 at -121.77 | 1.0148 at 117.82 | .474
XFXFM1| .9941 at -3.23 | 1.0218 at -122.22 | .9960 at 117.35 | .474
634 | .9940 at -3.23 | 1.0218 at -122.22 | .9960 at 117.34 | .474
645 | | 1.0329 at -121.90 | 1.0155 at 117.86 | .474
646 | | 1.0311 at -121.98 | 1.0134 at 117.90 | .530
671 | .9900 at -5.30 | 1.0529 at -122.34 | .9778 at 116.02 | .758
680 | .9900 at -5.30 | 1.0529 at -122.34 | .9778 at 116.02 | .947
684 | .9881 at -5.32 | | .9758 at 115.92 | .815
611 | | | .9738 at 115.78 | .871
652 | .9825 at -5.25 | | | .966
692 | .9900 at -5.31 | 1.0529 at -122.34 | .9777 at 116.02 | .852
675 | .9835 at -5.56 | 1.0553 at -122.52 | .9758 at 116.03 | .947
p 1
----------- VOLTAGE REGULATOR DATA ---- DATE: 6-24-2004 AT 15:33:16 HOURS --
_______________________________________________________________________________
[NODE]--[VREG]-----[SEG]------[NODE] MODEL OPT BNDW
650 RG60 632 632 Phase A & B & C, Wye RX 2.00
........................................................................
PHASE LDCTR VOLT HOLD R-VOLT X-VOLT PT RATIO CT RATE TAP
1 122.000 3.000 9.000 20.00 700.00 10
2 122.000 3.000 9.000 20.00 700.00 8
3 122.000 3.000 9.000 20.00 700.00 11

Inc.
102
p 1
- R A D I A L P O W E R F L O W --- DATE: 6-24-2004 AT 15:33:27 HOURS ---
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NODE VALUE PHASE A PHASE B PHASE C UNT O/L<
(LINE A) (LINE B) (LINE C) 60.%
---------------------*--------A-------*-------B-------*-------C-------*--------
NODE: 650 VOLTS: 1.000 .00 1.000 -120.00 1.000 120.00 MAG/ANG
kVll 4.160 NO LOAD OR CAPACITOR REPRESENTED AT SOURCE NODE
TO NODE RG60 <VRG>..: 593.30 -28.58 435.61 -140.91 626.92 93.59 AMP/DG <
<RG60 > LOSS= .000: ( .000) ( .000) ( .000) kW
---------------------*--------A-------*-------B-------*-------C-------*--------
NODE: RG60 VOLTS: 1.062 .00 1.050 -120.00 1.069 120.00 MAG/ANG
-LD: .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 kW/kVR
kVll 4.160 CAP: .00 .00 .00 kVR
FROM NODE 650 <VRG>: 558.40 -28.58 414.87 -140.91 586.60 93.59 AMP/DG <
<RG60 > LOSS= .000: ( .000) ( .000) ( .000) kW
TO NODE 632 .......: 558.40 -28.58 414.87 -140.91 586.60 93.59 AMP/DG <
<632 > LOSS= 59.716: ( 21.517) ( -3.252) ( 41.451) kW
---------------------*--------A-------*-------B-------*-------C-------*--------
NODE: 632 VOLTS: 1.021 -2.49 1.042 -121.72 1.017 117.83 MAG/ANG
-LD: .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 kW/kVR
kVll 4.160 CAP: .00 .00 .00 kVR
FROM NODE RG60 .....: 558.41 -28.58 414.87 -140.91 586.60 93.59 AMP/DG <
<632 > LOSS= 59.716: ( 21.517) ( -3.252) ( 41.451) kW
TO NODE 633 .......: 81.33 -37.74 61.12 -159.09 62.70 80.48 AMP/DG
<633 > LOSS= .808: ( .354) ( .148) ( .306) kW
TO NODE 645 .......: 143.02 -142.66 65.21 57.83 AMP/DG <
<645 > LOSS= 2.760: ( 2.540) ( .220) kW
TO NODE 671 .......: 478.29 -27.03 215.12 -134.66 475.50 99.90 AMP/DG <
<671 > LOSS= 35.897: ( 10.484) ( -6.169) ( 31.582) kW
---------------------*--------A-------*-------B-------*-------C-------*--------
NODE: 633 VOLTS: 1.018 -2.56 1.040 -121.77 1.015 117.82 MAG/ANG
-LD: .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 kW/kVR
kVll 4.160 CAP: .00 .00 .00 kVR
FROM NODE 632 .....: 81.33 -37.74 61.12 -159.09 62.71 80.47 AMP/DG
<633 > LOSS= .808: ( .354) ( .148) ( .306) kW
TO NODE XFXFM1.......: 81.33 -37.74 61.12 -159.09 62.71 80.47 AMP/DG <
<XFXFM1> LOSS= 5.427: ( 2.513) ( 1.420) ( 1.494) kW
---------------------*--------A-------*-------B-------*-------C-------*--------
NODE: XFXFM1 VOLTS: .994 -3.23 1.022 -122.22 .996 117.35 MAG/ANG
-LD: .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 kW/kVR
kVll .480 CAP: .00 .00 .00 kVR
FROM NODE 633 .....: 704.83 -37.74 529.73 -159.09 543.45 80.47 AMP/DG <
<XFXFM1> LOSS= 5.427: ( 2.513) ( 1.420) ( 1.494) kW
TO NODE 634 .......: 704.83 -37.74 529.73 -159.09 543.45 80.47 AMP/DG <
<634 > LOSS= .000: ( .000) ( .000) ( .000) kW

Inc.
103
p 2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------*--------A-------*-------B-------*-------C-------*--------
NODE: 634 VOLTS: .994 -3.23 1.022 -122.22 .996 117.34 MAG/ANG
Y-LD: 160.00 110.00 120.00 90.00 120.00 90.00 kW/kVR
kVll .480 Y CAP: .00 .00 .00 kVR
FROM NODE XFXFM1.....: 704.83 -37.74 529.73 -159.09 543.45 80.47 AMP/DG <
<634 > LOSS= .000: ( .000) ( .000) ( .000) kW
---------------------*--------A-------*-------B-------*-------C-------*--------
NODE: 645 VOLTS: 1.033 -121.90 1.015 117.86 MAG/ANG
Y-LD: 170.00 125.00 .00 .00 kW/kVR
kVll 4.160 Y CAP: .00 .00 kVR
FROM NODE 632 .....: 143.02 -142.66 65.21 57.83 AMP/DG <
<645 > LOSS= 2.760: ( 2.540) ( .220) kW
TO NODE 646 .......: 65.21 -122.17 65.21 57.83 AMP/DG
<646 > LOSS= .541: ( .271) ( .270) kW
---------------------*--------A-------*-------B-------*-------C-------*--------
NODE: 646 VOLTS: 1.031 -121.98 1.013 117.90 MAG/ANG
D-LD: 240.66 138.12 .00 .00 kW/kVR
kVll 4.160 Y CAP: .00 .00 kVR
FROM NODE 645 .....: 65.21 -122.18 65.21 57.82 AMP/DG

<646 > LOSS= .541: ( .271) ( .270) kW
---------------------*--------A-------*-------B-------*-------C-------*--------
D-LD: 385.00 220.00 385.00 220.00 385.00 220.00 kW/kVR
kVll 4.160 Y CAP: .00 .00 .00 kVR
FROM NODE 632 .....: 470.20 -26.90 186.41 -131.89 420.64 101.66 AMP/DG <
<671 > LOSS= 35.897: ( 10.484) ( -6.169) ( 31.582) kW
TO NODE 680 .......: .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 AMP/DG
<680 > LOSS= .000: ( -.001) ( .001) ( .000) kW
TO NODE 684 .......: 63.07 -39.12 71.15 121.62 AMP/DG
<684 > LOSS= .580: ( .210) ( .370) kW
TO NODE 692 .......: 229.11 -18.18 69.61 -55.19 178.38 109.39 AMP/DG
<692 > LOSS= .008: ( .003) ( -.001) ( .006) kW
---------------------*--------A-------*-------B-------*-------C-------*--------
-LD: .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 kW/kVR
kVll 4.160 CAP: .00 .00 .00 kVR
FROM NODE 671 .....: .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 AMP/DG
<680 > LOSS= .000: ( -.001) ( .001) ( .000) kW

Inc.
104
p 3
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------*--------A-------*-------B-------*-------C-------*--------
NODE: 684 VOLTS: .988 -5.32 .976 115.92 MAG/ANG
-LD: .00 .00 .00 .00 kW/kVR
kVll 4.160 CAP: .00 .00 kVR
FROM NODE 671 .....: 63.07 -39.12 71.15 121.61 AMP/DG

<684 > LOSS= .580: ( .210) ( .370) kW
TO NODE 611 .......: 71.15 121.61 AMP/DG
<611 > LOSS= .382: ( .382) kW
TO NODE 652 .......: 63.07 -39.12 AMP/DG
<652 > LOSS= .808: ( .808) kW
---------------------*--------A-------*-------B-------*-------C-------*--------
NODE: 611 VOLTS: .974 115.78 MAG/ANG
Y-LD: 165.54 77.90 kW/kVR
kVLL 4.160 Y CAP: 94.82 kVR
FROM NODE 684 .....: 71.15 121.61 AMP/DG

<611 > LOSS= .382: ( .382) kW
---------------------*--------A-------*-------B-------*-------C-------*--------
NODE: 652 VOLTS: .983 -5.25 MAG/ANG
Y-LD: 123.56 83.02 kW/kVR
kVll 4.160 Y CAP: .00 kVR
FROM NODE 684 .....: 63.08 -39.15 AMP/DG

<652 > LOSS= .808: ( .808) kW
---------------------*--------A-------*-------B-------*-------C-------*--------
D-LD: .00 .00 .00 .00 168.37 149.55 kW/kVR
kVll 4.160 Y CAP: .00 .00 .00 kVR
FROM NODE 671 .....: 229.11 -18.18 69.61 -55.19 178.38 109.39 AMP/DG
<692 > LOSS= .008: ( .003) ( -.001) ( .006) kW
TO NODE 675 .......: 205.33 -5.15 69.61 -55.19 124.07 111.79 AMP/DG <
<675 > LOSS= 4.136: ( 3.218) ( .345) ( .573) kW
---------------------*--------A-------*-------B-------*-------C-------*--------
Y-LD: 485.00 190.00 68.00 60.00 290.00 212.00 kW/kVR
kVll 4.160 Y CAP: 193.44 222.75 190.45 kVR
FROM NODE 692 .....: 205.33 -5.15 69.59 -55.20 124.07 111.78 AMP/DG <
<675 > LOSS= 4.136: ( 3.218) ( .345) ( .573) kW

Inc.
105
APPENDIX B
RESULT DURING FAULT 4
SIMULATION CIRCUIT AND GRAPH OF OUTPUT VOLTAGES
106
APPENDIX C
107
APPENDIX D
108
APPENDIX E
RESULT DURING FAULT 1 WITH 2ND PLACEMENT OF DG
109
RESULT DURING FAULT 1 WITH 5TH PLACEMENT OF DG

110

111

112

113

114

115

116
APPENDIX F
RESULT DURING FAULT 2 WITH 2ND PLACEMENT OF DG
117
RESULT DURING FAULT 2 WITH 3RD PLACEMENT OF DG

118

119

120

121

122

123

124
APPENDIX G
125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132
APPENDIX H
RESULT DURING FAULT 4 WITH 1ST PLACEMENT OF DG
133
RESULT DURING FAULT4 WITH 3RD PLACEMENT OF DG

134

135

136

137

138

139

140
APPENDIX I
141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148
APPENDIX J
149

150

151

152

153

154

155


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DECTARATION

ATIKAH BINTI RAZI

Title . EFFECTSOF DISTRIBUTEDGENERATORON

| | CONFIDENTIAI (Contoinsconfidentiolinformotionunder the OfficiolSecret

| | RESTRTCTED (Contoinsrestrictedinformotionosspecifiedby the

l. Thethesisisthe propertyof Universiti

880520-23-5304 DR. AHMAD SAFAWI BIN MOKHTAR

Do t e: 3 0Ap r il 2 0 1 0 Dote: 30 April2010

" I herebydeclarethat I havereadthis thesisandin

my opinionthis thesisis sufficientin termsof scopeand

quality for the awardof the degreeof BachelorEngineering(Electrical)"

Nameof Supervisor Dr. Ahmad Safawibin Mokhtar

ATIKAH BINTI RAZI

A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Distribution Network " is the result of my own researchexcept cited in the

submitted in candidatureof any other degree.

First and foremost, I would like to express my heartily gratitude to my

My appreciation also goes to my family especially to my beloved mom,

I would also like to express my sincere thanks to my friends and individuals

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

1.1 General Background 1

2.1 Distributed Generator (DG) 6

2.2 Voltage Sag 13

3.1 Introduction to PSCAD Software 18

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 32

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 Typical short circuit level of DG 10

4.17 Output Line rms during Fault 5 with 2nd DG Placement 71

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

4.5 a) Simulation Circuit During Fault 1 with 1st DG Placement 42

4.8 a) Simulation Circuit During Fault 2 with 1st DG Placement 49

4.11 a) Simulation Circuit During Fault 3 with 1st DG Placement 56

4.14 a) Simulation Circuit During Fault 4 with 2nd DG Placement 63

4.17 a) Simulation Circuit During Fault 5 with 2nd DG Placement 70

4.19 a) Simulation Circuit During Fault 5 with 10th DG Placement 74

4.20 a) Simulation Circuit During Fault 6 with 2nd DG Placement 77

4.23 4th DG Placement at Low Voltage Side 84

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

A IEEE 13 NODE Test Feeder 93

E Result Fault 1 with 2nd DG Placement 107

F Result Fault 2 with 2nd DG Placement 115

G Result Fault 3 with 3rd DG Placement 123

H Results Fault 4 with 1st DG Placement 131

I Results Fault 5 with 1st DG Placement 139

J Results Fault 6 with 1st DG Placement 147

Results Fault 6 with 8th DG Placement 152

1.1 General Background

DG technologies include engines, micro turbine, combustion engine generator

DG on voltage sag and consequently to determine the best placement of DG in

Nowadays, power quality becomes an important requirement to both electric

Figure 1.1 Waveform over various power quality disturbances.

Most of the power quality problems that experienced by consumers in

Figure 1.2 Demarcation of various power quality disturbances defined by

1.2 Problem Statement

Electric utilities have made a substantial amount of investment to improve the

1.3 Project Objectives

The objectives of this project are:

1.4 Project Scope

2.1 Distributed Generator (DG)

Distributed Generator (DG) play an increasing role in the electric power

2.1.1 Reason for Apply or Install DG

2.1.2 Benefits and Impacts of Installation of DG