Final Year Internship Project Report by Satyajeet (1) (1) 6 Copy With Color 7 Copy +color

A
PROJECT REPORT
ON
Feeder Manager Configuration & Technical Loss calculation of LT

Network Using GIS
Submitted for the partial fulfilment of award of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
Degree
In
Electronics and Communication Engineering
By
SATYAJEET KUMAR (1122531078)
NITISH KUMAR (1122531055)
SANTOSH KUMAR (1122531074)
SHAILESH KUMAR (1122531082)
Under the supervision of
Mr. ADITYA KUMAR
UTTAR PRADESH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
LUCKNOW
2015
1|Page
CERTIFICATE
TO WHOM SO EVER IT MAY CONCERN
This is to certify that the project report entitled “Feeder Manager Configuration &
Technical Loss Calculation of Low Tension Network Using GIS” is a bonafide work
under mentioned final year students of 8th semester of batch (2011-2015) Bachelor of
Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering and has been successfully
completed in the department under the supervision and guidance of MR. ADITYA KUMAR
for the award of B.Tech degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering of Uttar
Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow during the academic session 2014-2015.
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my
knowledge.
Mr. Aditya Kumar Mr. Arvind Kumar
(Assistant Professor) (H.O.D. ECE)
[Project Guide] (AIMT, Greater Noida)
Date: Date:
2|Page
DECLARATION
We Satyajeet Kumar, Nitish Kumar, Santosh Kumar and Shailesh Kumar are the sole
author of this report. I also certify that I may have conferred with others in preparing for this
assignment, and drawn upon a range of sources cited in this work, the content of this project
report is my original work.
3|Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank Accurate Institute of Management & Technology for giving me the
opportunity to use their resources and work in such a challenging environment.
First and foremost we take this opportunity to express my deepest sense of gratitude to my
guide Mr Aditya Kumar, Assistant Professor, Electronics and Communication Department,
AIMT, Greater Noida for his able guidance during my project work. This project report
would not have been possible without his help and the valuable time that he has given me
admist of his busy schedule.
We would like to express my deep sense of gratitude towards Dr. S.K.Dubey (Director),
Mr. Arvind Kumar (H.O.D), Mr. Nitin Kathuria (Assistant Professor), Mr. Harendra
Singh (Assistant Professor) and all the Assistant Professor of ECE department who havebeen
a constant source of inspiration for me throughout this work.
We would also like to extend my gratitude to my friends and senior students of this
department who have always encouraged and supported me in doing my work.
Last but not the list we would like to thank all the staff members of Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering who have been very cooperative with us.
4|Page
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE ............................................................................................................................................ 2
DECLARATION ......................................................................................................................................... 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................................. 4
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................ 8
PREFACE .................................................................................................................................................. 9
COMPANY PROFILE ............................................................................................................................... 10
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 12
Power Distribution System in Delhi .................................................................................................. 12
Distribution Network of BRPL ........................................................................................................... 15
Power Flow from Generation to Consumers .................................................................................... 17
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM (SLD) ............................................................................................................ 18
OBJECTIVES: .......................................................................................................................................... 22
LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 22
Role of GIS in Power Sector .............................................................................................................. 22
Loss Scenario Statistics ..................................................................................................................... 24
Arc GIS/Arc FM .................................................................................................................................. 25
Distribution Losses and Its Type ........................................................................................................... 38
Technical Losses & Its Type ............................................................................................................... 38
Non-Technical Losses ........................................................................................................................ 40
Feeder Manager Configuration (FMC) .................................................................................................. 42
Feeder Tracing .................................................................................................................................. 42
Electric Distribution Trace................................................................................................................. 42
Downstream/Upstream Tracing ....................................................................................................... 42
METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................................... 44
Flow charts of FMC and Technical loss. ............................................................................................ 44
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS.................................................................................................................. 46
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................ 55
REFERENCES: ......................................................................................................................................... 56
GLOSSARY OF THE TERMS..................................................................................................................... 57
5|Page
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Block Diagram of Power Distribution System Network .......................................................... 12
Figure 2 Block Diagram of Power Flow in Delhi .................................................................................... 15
Figure 3 BSES Divisions & Study Area ................................................................................................... 15
Figure 4 Distribution Network of BRPL ................................................................................................. 16
Figure 5 Power Flow from Generation to Consumers .......................................................................... 17
Figure 6 Lagpat Nagar Grid Sub-Station SLD ......................................................................................... 19
Figure 7 Alankar Cinema HT SLD ........................................................................................................... 20
Figure 8 Sikanjiwala LT SLD ................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 9 Arc GIS Architecture ................................................................................................................ 27
Figure 10 Showing different types of layers on the left........................................................................ 29
Figure 11 Sub types of different layers ................................................................................................ 30
Figure 12 Attribute table of substation layer........................................................................................ 31
Figure 13 Various fields of data model ofsubsation layer .................................................................... 31
Figure 14 ArcMap menu Interface ........................................................................................................ 33
Figure 15 ArcMap Session Manager ..................................................................................................... 34
Figure 16 Utility Network Analyst Toolbar............................................................................................ 35
Figure 17 ArcMap Electric Traces Toolbar ............................................................................................ 35
Figure 18 ArcFM Attribute Editor.......................................................................................................... 36
Figure 19 ArcFM Attribute Editor.......................................................................................................... 37
Figure 20 Feeder ID nomenclature. ...................................................................................................... 37
Figure 21 Distribution losses &Its types................................................................................................ 38
Figure 22 Transformer .......................................................................................................................... 40
Figure 23 Flow Chart of Feeder Manager Configuration ...................................................................... 44
Figure 24 Flow Chart to find the Outage area of affected consumers. ................................................ 45
Figure 25 Low Tension feeder from DT level to Feeder Pillar............................................................... 46
Figure 26 High tension feeder from DT level to Pole. ........................................................................... 46
Figure 27 Technical Loss in different areas of NIZ. ............................................................................... 49
Figure 28 No. of faults vs. Total feeder Length ..................................................................................... 51
Figure 29 Identification of pockets areas and complaint centre with more break down and most
affected consumers. ............................................................................................................................. 54
Figure 30 Pockets areas and complaint centre with more breaks down and most affected consumers.
.............................................................................................................................................................. 54
6|Page
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Study Area: NIZAMUDDIN ........................................................................................................ 16
Table 2 Typical Distribution losses of Power System in BRPL ............................................................... 40
Table 3 Technical loss data of LT feeders.............................................................................................. 47
Table 4 Correlation of length of LT feeders with Number of faults in Nizamuddin.............................. 50
Table 5 No. of consumers affected due to breakdown ........................................................................ 53
7|Page
ABSTRACT
The GIS (Geographical Information System) has been used in power distribution companies
for improving and automated the business process and field operations. It also widely used
for automation of the system.
The amount of energy loss in electrical distribution system is one of the key measures of
distribution system performance as it has a direct impact on the utility’s bottom line.
Distribution system’s losses can be attributed to technical and non-technical. Non-technical
losses are those associated with inadequate or missing revenue metering, with problems with
billing or collection systems, etc. Technical losses in the system are inherently influenced by
component and system designs.
FMC (Feeder Manager Configuration) is one of the key process in which utility performs
once the data is captured from the field and uploaded on GIS server of utility. Configuration
of network of particular area ensure proper geometric correction and snapping of the network
which is essential for next step in FMC i.e. feeder tracing. Arc FM Feeder Manager allows
utility managers to determine which circuit a given piece of electrical equipment belongs to
(which sources supply it with power) and which of its electrical phases are energized on the
primary side. A distribution circuit, or feeder, is a grouping of thousands of electrically
connected devices and lengths of conductor.
Once the electric geo-database network of the area is configured, we can make various types
of analysis. It will generate automated reports to help the engineers to make the system
efficient and make the system up to date.
Calculation of LT network technical loss is one of the analysis in which we have focused
using geospatial technologies in the power system. The project area is chosen for the study
was the Nizamuddin one of the division of South Delhi.
8|Page
PREFACE
Internship –is an opportunity given to each student of Uttar Pradesh Technical University
(UPTU), Lucknow and to understand and work in the environment of the field related to their
interest and specialization and at the same time to nurture conditions.
The aim of Internship is to sensitize the students towards the need and development of the
Technological aspect of the sector. Such kind of study is useful in today’s world so that
tomorrow’s we understand the need and its aspect towards the development and advancement
in future. We are expected to work closely with the organization in their various activities
along with identifying the realities/real-time concept behind the field, which the present
world uses and utilizes the services.
The Internship Program (IP) provide an experiential form of learning as opposed to a

classroom one, there are real lessons to be learnt. What may sound workable in textbooks
may not actually work in the real situation. It ups the ante at the mental as well as at an
emotional level and the student learns to take tactful decisions. Working in an organization
like BSES Rajdhani Power Ltd. the kind of knowledge that a student can acquire if he / she
takes stint seriously is very useful in understanding the concepts and ideas involved in the
Sector.
It is a mutual give and take relationship. The student needs to learn how the real world works
outside the classroom and know the technicalities of management so that they can help them
utilize their limited resources to the maximum. This experience helps us derive a practical
experience of every aspect that we learn in our classrooms and also much more.
It is to this end that I present a small but precise report of my experience in BSES Rajdhani
Power Ltd. New Delhi designed in our curriculum at Uttar Pradesh Technical University.
9|Page
COMPANY PROFILE
The history of electricity in Delhi dates back to 1905 when M/s John Fleming Company was
awarded the license as per Indian Electricity Act, 1903, for generation and distribution of
power in Delhi. Electricity those days was a luxury and the privilege of the high ranking
British officials and a few rich people. It was a rare and costly commodity with a perception
of being dangerous. In fact even rich Indian accepted this at a much later stage. M/s John
Fleming Company was replaced by the Delhi Tramway and Lighting Company, which was
subsequently renamed as Delhi Electricity Supply & Traction Company. In 1939, The Delhi
Central Electric Power Authority (DCEPA) was formed to run the services. In 1951, the
DCEPA was taken over by the Delhi State Electricity Board, constituted under Indian
Electricity (Supply) Act 1948. In 1958, Delhi Electricity Supply Undertaking came into
existence and was once again converted to Delhi Vidyut Board in 1997. In July 2002, Delhi
Vidyut Board unbundled into five successor entities – the three distribution companies, a
transmission and a holding company. Two of the three distribution companies have been
handed over to BSES, and one to TATA POWER.
BSES Limited is India's premier utility engaged in the generation, transmission and
distribution of electricity. Formerly, known as Bombay Suburban Electric Supply Limited, it
was incorporated on 1st October 1929, for the distribution of electricity in the suburbs of
Mumbai, with a pioneering mission to make available uninterrupted, reliable, and quality
power to customers and provide value added services for the development of the power and
infrastructure sectors.
BSES Delhi caters to the needs of 3.20 million consumers over an area of 950 sq. km. with a
maximum system demand of approximately 3799 MW. With 7 decades in the field of power
distribution, the Electricity Supply Division of BSES has achieved the distinction of
operating its distribution network with 99.98% on-line reliability and has a distribution loss
of only 18%.
BSES was amongst the first utilities in India to adopt computerization in 1967 to meet the
increasing workload and to improve services to its customers. With a view to optimally
utilize trained manpower and expertise in the field of power, the company commenced
contracting activities in 1966 by undertaking turnkey electrical contracts, thermal, hydro and
gas turbine installations and commissioning contracts, transmission line projects etc.
10 | P a g e
BSES set up its own 500 MW Thermal Power Plant and the first 2 x 250 MW units of
Dahanu Power Station were synchronized and began commercial operation during 1995-
1996. A dedicated 220 KV double circuit transmission line network with three 220 / 33 KV
receiving stations have been installed to evacuate the power to the distribution area of the
Company. This demonstrates BSES’ in-house capabilities ranging from engineering,
operation & maintenance of power plants and transmission and distribution systems.
BSES through international competitive bidding acquired an equity stake of 51% in three of
the four Distribution Companies of Odisha. At present, BSES along with its subsidiaries
provide electricity to more than 3.20 million consumers in an area covering about 1,23,000
sq. km with an estimated population of 35 million.
In July 2002, Delhi Vidyut Board unbundled into five successor entities – the three
distribution companies, a transmission and a holding company. Two of the three distribution
companies have been handed over to BSES, and one to TATA POWER.
As a part of its active support to the privatization process, BSES has recently acquired an
equity stake of 51% in two of the three Distribution Companies of Delhi after unbundling and
privatization of the erstwhile Delhi Vidyut Board. The two distribution companies, BSES
Rajdhani Power Limited covering South and West areas and BSES Yamuna Power Limited
covering Central and East regions provide electricity to around 32 lakhs consumers spread
across an area of 950 sq.kms (approx).
BSES became part of the Reliance Group on January 18, 2003.
11 | P a g e
INTRODUCTION
Power Distribution System in Delhi
Electricity distribution is the final stage in the delivery of electricity to end user. A
distribution system’s network carries electricity from the transmission system and delivers it
to consumers. The networks would include power lines (EHV, HT and LT), substations and
distribution transformer, and some times meters.
Distributed networks are typically of two types, radial or interconnected. A radial network
leaves the station and passes through the network area with no normal connection to any
other supply. An interconnected network is generally found in more urban areas and will
have multiple connections to other point supply. These points of connection are normally
open but allow various configurations by the operating utility by closing and opening
switches. Within these networks there may be a mix of overhead line construction utilizing
traditional utility poles and wire. However, underground distribution is significantly more
expensive than overhead distribution. Distribution feeders emanating from a substation are
generally controlled by a circuit breaker, which will open when a fault is detected.
Figure 1 Block Diagram of Power Distribution System Network
12 | P a g e
Delhi Transco Limited is the State Transmission Utility for the National Capital Territory of
Delhi. It is responsible for the transmission of power at 220 kV and 400 kV level and for
upgrading, operating and maintaining the high voltage network.
The position is that as per available records, the first diesel Power Station was established in
Delhi in the year 1905 when private English Company by name M/s. John Fleming was given
permission to generate electricity under the provisions of the Indian Electricity Act 1903. The
Company was given the responsibility both of generation and distribution of power in a
limited manner.
In the year 1951 the Delhi State Electricity Board (DSEB) came into existence and the
responsibility of generation and distribution of electricity was taken over by DSEB from
DCEPA.
After the promulgation of the Delhi Municipal Corporation Act 1957, the DSEB was
dissolved and the functions of DSEB were taken over by Delhi Electric Supply Undertaking
(DESU), which came into existence in 1958.
On July 1, 2002, The Delhi Vidyut Board (DVB) was unbundled into six successor
companies: Delhi Power Supply Company Limited (DPCL) Holding Company; Delhi
Transco Limited (DTL) ; Indraprastha Power Generation Company Limited (IPGCL); BSES
Rajdhani Power Limited (BRPL) ; BSES Yamuna Power Limited (BYPL) ; North Delhi
Power Limited (NDPL).
Of these five companies, BRPL, BYPL and NDPL are joint ventures between the Delhi
Government and the private sector which handle the power distribution sector in Delhi.
BRPL is responsible for distribution of power in Central, South and West Delhi. BYPL
handles power distribution in East Delhi (Trans-Yamuna). NDPL distributes power in North
and North-West Delhi. The remaining two companies, DTL and IPGCL, are wholly owned
by the Delhi Government. Delhi Transco Limited is a 'State Transmission Utility of the
National Capital of Delhi', whereas IPGCL is responsible for power generation.
The Government handed over the management of the business of electricity distribution to
three private companies BRPL, BYPL and NDPL since July 1, 2002 with 51% equity with
the private sector.(DVB itself was the successor entity to the Delhi Electricity Supply
Undertaking (DESU).
13 | P a g e
There are total four Power Plants of Delhi Government Owned Indraprastha Power
Generation Company Limited. There is one Central Sector Power Generation Plant owned by
NTPC at Badarpur.
Station Rajghat Power Gas Turbine Pragati Power NTPC Badarpur

Station Power Station Station
Generation State State State Central
Sector
Station Capacity 135MW 270MW 330MW 720MW
Unit Size 2x67.5 MW 6x30 MW (GT) 2x104 MW(GT) 3x95 MW
60 MW 3x30MW(WHRU) 1x122 2x210 MW
MW(WHRU)
Year of 1989-90 1986 & 1996 2002-03 Unit I- 95 MW-
Commissioning July1973
Unit II- 95-

August 1974
Unit III-95 MW-

March 1975
Unit IV– 210

MW-December
1978
Unit V- 210
MW-December
1981
Coal Fields/ Gas NCL, BINA GAIL HBJ GAIL HBJ Jharia Coal
Pipeline Pipeline Fields
Water Sources River Yamuna River Yamuna Treated water Agra Canal
from Sen
Nursing Home
and Delhi Gate
Sewage
Treatment
Plants
Beneficiary Central & North NDMC-VVIP, NDMC, South Delhi
Areas Delhi DMRC Delhi
14 | P a g e
Figure 2 Block Diagram of Power Flow in Delhi
BSES DIVISIONS & STUDY AREA
NIZAMUDDIN
Figure 3 BSES Divisions & Study Area
Distribution Network of BRPL

Geographical Reach
The power distribution and other operations of BSES Rajdhani Power Limited and BSES
Yamuna Power Limited have been disseminated under 33 divisional offices. Both discos’
15 | P a g e
combined cater to the power needs of more than 32 lakh consumers. Earlier known as the
Central East Electricity Distribution Company Ltd, BSES Yamuna Power Ltd (BYPL) has a
consumer base of more than 13.5 lakhs. Covering Central and East regions, BSES Yamuna
Power Limited consists of 14 divisions. The South West Electricity Distribution Company
Ltd is now called BSES Rajdhani Power Ltd (BRPL) has a consumer base of more than 18.5
lakhs. BSES Rajdhani Power Limited which covers South West regions consists of 19
divisions.
BSES (Bombay Sub-Urban Electric Supply) in

Delhi
BRPL(BSES Rajdhani Power Limited)
SouthCircle West Circle
1. Janakpuri
1. Nehru Place
2.Vikaspuri
2.Nizamuddin
3. Tagore Garden
3.Khanpur
4. Panjabi Bagh
4.Alakhnanda
5. Nazafgarh
5.Sarita Vihar
6.Jafarpur
6.Hauz Khas
7.Mundka
7.Saket
8.Palam
8.R.K. Puram
9.Dwarika
9.Vasant Kunj
10.Nangloi
Figure 4 Distribution Network of BRPL
STUDY AREA: NIZAMUDDIN

Particulars Counts
Number of Grids 10
Number of Substations 308
Number of Distribution Transformers 417
Number of LT feeders 1575
Number of support Structure 10432
HT feeder Length 152153
LT Feeder Length 40130.64
Table 1 Study Area: NIZAMUDDIN
16 | P a g e
Power Flow from Generation to Consumers
Figure 5 Power Flow from Generation to Consumers
Power system comprises of generation, transmission, distribution and utilization.
Generation: The power is generated using thermal energy of the fuel (thermal power
generation). Thermal power gets converted to the mechanical power and finally to electrical
17 | P a g e
power (in case of hydro power potential energy of water gets converted to mechanical energy
and finally to electrical energy).
In India, the economical power generation is done at voltage of 11KV. Power

generators/alternators are interconnected to benefit the electrical advancement (back feeding
of load in case of power failure).
Transmission: Generally, the electric power is generated a long distance away from where it
would be utilized. So, we have to transmit the electric power to the utilization area.
Transmission of electric power at a lower voltage will cause huge power loss (power would
get lost in the line). So, we have to step up the voltage as high as possible. For the constant
power, when the voltage is increased, current reduces accordingly. So the I2R loss is reduced.
After a long distance is travelled through transmission line voltage is stepped down to level
of 132KV or 220KV. These lines travel through a few hundred kilometers. These
transmission lines are also interconnected to each other, provide the back feeding in case of
any power failure. Voltage is transformed to a level of 66 & 33 KV to form the sub-
transmission lines. These lines run in urban areas. Sub transmission line is a common part
between transmission and distribution utility.
Distribution: Sub-transmission lines feed the distribution grid which is also interconnected.
Grid consists of electrical switch gear and power transformer. Power transformer transforms
the voltage to the 11KV. Many 11KV feeders are formed here, to feed the various
distribution substations. Sub stations essentially consist of distribution which again
transforms the voltage to a new level i.e. 440V or 230V. Various low tension feeders
originate from distribution transformers of the substation which travels to the nearby locality.
From low tension feeder service mains are drawn to feed our domestic energy meters and
meters are the gateway for utilization through which consumer’s wiring gets energized.
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM (SLD)

A single line diagram is a simplified notation for representing a power system. Electrical
component such as circuit breakers, transformers, capacitors, bus bars and conductors are
shown by standardized schematic symbols. Instead of representing each of three phases with
a separate line or terminal, only one conductor is represented. It is a form of block diagram
18 | P a g e
graphically depicting the paths for power flows between entities of the system. Elements on
the diagram do not represent the physical size or location of the electrical equipment.
EHV (EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE) SLD
INCOMING
FEEDER
POWER
TRANSFORMER
BUS
BAR
11 KV
FEEDERS
Figure 6 Lagpat Nagar Grid Sub-Station SLD
The term grid usually refers to a network, and should not be taken to imply a particular
physical layout or breadth. Grid may also be used to refer to an entire continent’s electrical
network, a regional transmission network.
A grid is an inter-connector network for delivering electricity from supplier to consumer. It

consists of generating stations that produce electrical power, high voltage transmission line
that carry power from distant source to demand centre.
19 | P a g e
HT (HIGH TENSION) SLD
LAGPAT NAGAR
GRID
CIRCUIT
BREAKER
HT
CABLES
DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMER
CABLE SIZE
TYPE
Figure 7 Alankar Cinema HT SLD
HTcables are used to connect the grid to the Substation. HT cables come out from Power
Transformer which steps down 33/66kV to voltage of 11kV and goes to the distribution
transformer in the Substation.
20 | P a g e
LT (LOW TENSION) SLD
SUB-STATION
DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMER
CIRCUITB
REAKER
UG_CABLE
OH_CONDUCTOR
POLE
Figure 8 Sikanjiwala LT SLD
Feeders are conductors which connect the consumer with the substation. The distribution
feeder circuit conductors leave the substation from a circuit breaker via underground cables
or overhead cable, which shows in single line diagram.
21 | P a g e
OBJECTIVES:
The projects intends in understanding power distribution system of utility with following
goals:
 Feeder Manager Configuration of LT network

 Technical loss calculation of LTfeeders.
 Correlation of length of LT feeders with Number of faults in Nizamuddin
 Identification of pockets areas and complaint centre with more break down and most affected
consumers.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Role of GIS in Power Sector
GIS is a powerful tool which can be define as integrated sets of data, hardware, software and
processes designed as a computer system for gathering, managing, mapping and analysing
spatial data. In the simplest terms, GIS is the merging of cartography and database
technology. A geographic information system (GIS) is designed to capture, store, manipulate,
analyse, manage, and present all types of geographical data.
In power sector GIS has been implemented to monitor the quality, distribution and losses, in
the power structure. The implementation of GIS is towards the ability of managing assets
inventory more efficiently, as it enables organization a map-based view of assets with the
work information. Along with these GIS also enables user to present the graphical values of
their work. The new tool GIS would let the field users do the expected in much better and
faster way, but has a capability for each and every action that have to be performed in the
organization. Benefits of GIS implementation on any utility organization are noticed in terms
of “efficient updating of assets & facilities, more efficient retrieval of information, efficient
engineering design and planning, elimination of redundant data entry, outage tracking and
management” and many more to make efficient and adequate supply.
GIS is a relatively broad term that can refer to a number of different technologies, processes,
and methods. It is attached to many operations and has many applications related to
engineering, planning, management, transport/logistics, insurance, telecommunications, and
business. For that reason, GIS and location intelligence applications can be the foundation for
22 | P a g e
many location-enabled services that rely on analysis, visualization and dissemination of
results for collaborative decision making.
GIS is one of the most important new technology which consider growth opportunities for
fault analysis, optimization of networks, load forecasting, cost estimation and selection of
suitable areas etc. GIS has been proven to be a workable system, allows the utility engineer to
design and focus on the real issues rather than trying to understand the data, also analyse
power system networks in less time, more economically and more accurately. GIS systems
are used in cartography, remote sensing, land surveying, utility management,
photogrammetry, geography, urban planning and emergency management, navigation and
localized search engines. As GIS is a system, it has boundaries that may be jurisdictional,
purpose or application oriented for which a specific GIS is developed. What goes beyond GIS
is spatial data infrastructure (SDI), a concept that has no such restrictive boundaries. GIS has
been implemented to monitor the quality, distribution and losses, in the power structure. The
implementation of GIS is towards the ability of managing assets inventory more efficiently,
as it enables organization a map-based view of assets with the work information.
Along with these GIS also enables user to present the graphical values of their work. The new
tool GIS would let the field users do the expected in much better and faster way, but has a
capability for each and every action that have to be performed in the organization. Benefits of
GIS implementation on any utility organization are noticed in terms of “efficient updation of
assets &facilities, more efficient retrieval of information, efficient engineering design and
planning, elimination of redundant data entry, outage tracking and management” and many
more to make efficient and adequate supply. GIS sets the organization to an extent where it
can with other tasks also keeps tracks on the consumers i.e. how many new consumers joined
with the organization and who un-subscribed from the service. This can only be done by
when each component (line, customer number, pole, and meter) is track-able and available on
the digital database. GIS represents the maze as it’s on the ground and show its real picture
on the system, such as plots, houses connecting lines for each customer, etc. Mr.Bharat Vats,
CTS-Noida, Reliance Energy Ltd said the need for GIS was 'to keep a comprehensive and
accurate inventory of our assets as a part of normal service provision (extending the network,
undertaking maintenance, etc.) and carry out power system analyses (e.g., fault analysis,
optimization of networks, load forecasting etc) in acceptable amount of time.' The
organization noticed several major gainful benefits after GIS implementation such as
23 | P a g e
effective updating and facilities of the assets, efficient retrieval of information, elimination of
redundant data, efficient engineering design & construction planning, outage management
and tracking, facility management & automated mapping and row & route management.
Electric utilities in India are facing the pressure of reducing costs and improving the quality
and reliability of supply. Improving the performance of distribution systems to meet required
targets is a matter of selecting the most cost-effective technologies and operating practices.
The sub-transmission and the distribution network of a power utility have a geographical
reference which is beneficial to create the network also on the computer in a geographical
context. This will provide useful reference for setting up of new facilities, provide necessary
information on land use pattern for planning optimum expansion of network and enable more
systematic network operation and maintenance.
Loss Scenario Statistics

Since independence India had made remarkable progress but not sufficient and the biggest
slow down factor for Indian power sector is huge amount of T&D losses that amount i.e.
roughly calculated upto 25% which is been considered as very high in amount, in addition
indirect calculation showing much higher rate for T&D losses had made the scenario for the
Indian power sector more critical. The distribution system in India is often characterized by
the inefficiency, low productivity, frequent interruption and poor voltage supply. The Indian
power sector is continuously been suffering from T&C losses thou there seems to be sizeable
reduction in the losses i.e. 30% and saving in per % of loss implies accumulating of corers of
funds for other developmental processes. The census in 2001 shows about 44% of Indian
Population Is not having any access the power supply. In India rural areas are adversely
affected due to load shedding and experience it for the large part of the day. Urban areas
experience an un-scheduled power loss that affects economy and life immensely. Though in
year 2003-04 the loss has came down marginally to 32.53% and these losses are does not
equals to the leak level in the distribution. There are few efforts made by government to stem
these losses by metering feeders, consumer meters, and also through power energy auditing
and accounting. Three states such as Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan have shown
reduction cash losses over the last three financial years. Government is been unable to stem
losses to the traditional laggard’s i.e. Bihar, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh. The planning
commission in the end of the fiscal year i.e. 31 March 2010 said that the losses would
exceeds RS 45000 crore. This is also been stated by the commission tat the reduction in the
24 | P a g e
losses are essential to bring down to increase economic viability of the state utilities. These
high technical losses are due to inadequate investments in the system improvements that
resulted in unplanned extended distribution lines, overloading of system elements such as
conductors, transformers and lack of adequate reactive power support. These losses are
mainly due to low metering efficiency, theft and pilferages and might be purged by
improving efficiency of billing and metering facilities and proper energy accounting with
auditing.
Arc GIS/Arc FM
Arc GIS
Arc GIS is a geographic information system (GIS) for working with maps and geographic
information. It is used for: creating and using maps; compiling geographic data; analysing
mapped information; sharing and discovering geographic information; using maps and
geographic information in a range of applications; and managing geographic information in a
database.
The system provides an infrastructure for making maps and geographic information available
throughout an organization, across a community, and openly on the Web.
Arc GIS includes the following Windows desktop software:
Arc Reader, which allows one to view and query maps created with the other Arc GIS
products;
Arc GIS for Desktop, which is licensed under three functionality levels:
Arc GIS for Desktop Basic (formerly known as Arc View), which allows one to view spatial
data, create layered maps, and perform basic spatial analysis;
Arc GIS for Desktop Standard (formerly known as Arc Editor), which in addition to the
functionality of Arc View, includes more advanced tools for manipulation
of shapefiles and geo-databases; or
Arc GIS for Desktop Advanced (formerly known as Arc Info), which includes capabilities for
data manipulation, editing, and analysis.
25 | P a g e
Arc GIS is built around a geo-database, which uses an object-relational database approach for
storing spatial data. A geo-database is a "container" for holding datasets, tying together the
spatial features with attributes. The geo-database can also contain topology information, and
can model behaviour of features, such as road intersections, with rules on how features relate
to one another. When working with geo-databases, it is important to understand about feature
classes which are a set of features, represented with points, lines, or polygons. With
shapefiles, each file can only handle one type of feature. A geo-database can store multiple
feature classes or type of features within one file.
Geo-databases in Arc GIS can be stored in three different ways - as a "file geo-database", a
"personal geo-database", or an "Arc SDE geo-database"
Architecture of Arc GIS
ArcGIS for Desktop is the primary product used by GIS professionals to compile, use, and
manage geographic information. The architecture diagram below illustrates how the
participating software components are divided into logical layers and physical tiers.
GIS (Geographical Information System):
GIS is a broad term that can refer to a number of different technologies, processes, and
methods. It is attached to many operations and has many applications related to engineering,
planning, management, transport/logistics, insurance, telecommunications, and business. For
that reason, GIS and location intelligence applications can be the foundation for many
location-enabled services that rely on analysis and visualization.
GIS can relate unrelated information by using location as the key index variable. Locations or
extents in the Earth space–time may be recorded as dates/times of occurrence, and x, y, and
z coordinates representing, longitude, latitude, and elevation, respectively. All Earth-based
spatial–temporal location and extent references should, ideally, be relatable to one another
and ultimately to a "real" physical location or extent. This key characteristic of GIS has
begun to open new avenues of scientific inquiry.
26 | P a g e
Figure 9 Arc GIS Architecture
Layers
In most GIS software data is organized in themes as data layers. This approach allows data to
be input as separate themes and overlaid based on analysis requirements. This can
conceptualized as vertical layering the characteristics of the earth's surface.
Layers are the mechanism used to display geographic datasets in ArcMap, ArcGlobe, and
ArcScene. Each layer references a dataset and specifies how that dataset is portrayed using
symbols and text labels. When you add a layer to a map, you specify its dataset and set its
map symbols and labelling properties.
27 | P a g e
Each map, globe, or scene document in ArcGIS is assembled by adding a series of layers.
Layers are displayed in a particular order displayed in the map's table of contents. Layers
listed at the bottom are displayed first, followed by the layers above them.
Layers provide one of the primary ways that you work with geographic data in ArcGIS. For
example:
You can access attribute information for feature layers by opening the layers attribute
table, clicking on a feature using the Identify tool, or utilizing HTML pop-ups.
You work with map layers to edit data and add new features.
You can drag and drop layers as inputs into analytic models using geo-processing, and model
results are often viewed and explored as new map layers.
There are a number of toolbars for working with map layers, depending on the type of layer.
Layers in the table of contents:
The table of contents lets you specify which layers are displayed on the map (by turning them
on and off). In addition, the order of the layer list in the table of contents determines the
drawing order of layers on the map—layers higher in the table of contents are drawn on top
of those that are lower. To change the drawing order, click the table of contents List By
Drawing Order button , click and hold a layer name, then drag it up or down in the table of
contents to a new position
Working with layer attributes
You can work with attribute tables for the datasets referenced by each map layer. Right
clickalayer in the table of contents and click Open Attribute Table. In the Tablewindow, you
can perform queries, make selections, and locate features on the map, and so on. Click the
Table window’s Table Options menu to create graphs and reports, change the font for the
table, print the table, and perform various other operations. When you select an item in a
table or graph, the feature is also selected on the map (and vice versa).
Different types of layers
There are different kinds of layers. Some layers represent a particular type of geographic
feature, while others represent a particular type of data. Each layer type has different
28 | P a g e
mechanisms for displaying and symbolizing its contents and specific operations that you will
perform against them. Many layers have special sets of tools for working with the layer and
its contents. For example, you can use the Editor Toolbar to manipulate feature layers and
the Topology toolbar to work with the contents of a topology layer.
Here are a few of the common layer types:
 Feature layer - A layer that references a set of feature (vector) data that represents
geographic entities as points, lines, and polygons. A feature layer's data source can be
a geo-database feature class, a shapefile, an ArcInfo Coverage, a CAD file, and so on.
 Raster layer - A layer that references a raster or image as its data source.
 Service layer - A layer used to display ArcGIS for Server, ArcIMS, WMS services,
and other web services.
 Geo-processing layer - A layer that displays the output of a geo-processing tool.
 Basemap layer - a type of group layer that provides high-performance display
ofbasemap content.
Circuit breaker layer
Editing Tools
Figure 10 Showing different types of layers on the left
29 | P a g e
Figure 11 Sub types of different layers
Attributes
Tables and Attributes
Tabular information is the basis of geographic features, allowing you to visualize, query, and
analyse your data. In the simplest terms, tables are made up of rows and columns, and all
rows have the same columns. In ArcGIS, rows are known as records and columns are fields.
Each field can store a specific type of data such as a number, date, or piece of text.
Feature classes are really just tables with special fields that contain information about the
geometry of the features. These include the Shape field for point, line, and polygon feature
classes and the BLOB field for annotation and dimension feature classes. Some fields, such
as the unique identifier number (ObjectID) and Shape, are automatically added, populated,
and maintained by Arc GIS
ArcGIS allows you to associate records in one table to records in another table through a
common field, known as a key. You can make these associations in several ways including
by joining or relating tables temporarily in your map or by creating relationship classes in
your geo-database that maintain more permanent associations. For example, you could
associate a table of parcel ownership information to the parcels
30 | P a g e
Figure 12 Attribute table of substation layer
Figure 13 Various fields of data model ofsubsation layer
31 | P a g e
Spatial Query using Geo-database
Attribute data helps you perform spatial queries and analyses. For example, you can examine
the distribution of features with certain attributes by asking ArcMap to select the features that
contain the attributes you want to examine
FUNDAMENTALS OF Arc FM
ArcFM, a powerful extension of ESRI's ArcGIS® 9 platforms, and a powerful collection of

tools for managing, modelling, and editing facility and land base data in an enterprise system.
Arc FM provides configurable extensions such as Feeder Manager, Abandon tools, and
tracing.ArcFM, with the advantages of an industry-standard architecture and programming
environments, an easy-to-use interface, and powerful cartographic tools, proves to be an
optimized solution for the entire organization.
ArcFM Feeder Manager allows utility managers to determine which circuit a given piece of
electrical equipment belongs to (which source(s) supply it with power), and which of its
electrical phases are energized on the primary side. A distribution circuit, or feeder, is a
grouping of thousands of electrically connected devices and lengths of conductor. Some
features in the circuit represent switching devices that may, depending upon their status,
constitute a break in electrical continuity between features that would be otherwise
connected.
It consists of a family of models and a set of sophisticated tools that provide a comprehensive
application for energy and water/wastewater utilities. It allows maintenance and viewing of
data, using company specific business rules, and includes applications to configure the data
32 | P a g e
models and tools to work together. ArcFM supports the vertically integrated enterprise by
facilitating an easy view, editing, mapping, and managing spatial data in a multi-utility
context. ArcFM fits into the overall information technology through the use of open
databases, industry-standard programming environments, and Component Object Model
(COM) architecture. ArcFM is implemented within the ArcInfo environment using an object-
oriented architecture. The supported hardware platforms are Windows 2000 and Windows
XP. ArcFM was developed using VB6, C++, and C# and these languages can also be used for
customization and extension of the application. ArcFM is an extension of ArcGIS, which
relies on the effective use of components. Arc Editor, ESRI’s professional GIS, sets the
standard for applying geographic requirements and supporting spatial decision-making. From
project GIS to a large spatial enterprise, Arc Editor is the scalable solution that provides a
complete, integrated platform for creating, managing, and disseminating geographic
information.
ArcFM/Arc Map Menu Interface
The ArcFM toolbar is the interface to most of the geo-processing and analysis components.
ArcMap is the user interface for the query/display/edit environment, and is the foundation for
ArcFM. Its foundation is the data management system of ArcSDE, which implies an RDBMS
used as a data repository.
Figure 14 ArcMap menu Interface
33 | P a g e
Figure 15 ArcMap Session Manager
ArcFM Toolbars
When selected, toolbars appear by default beneath the menu bar. To display a toolbar,
rightclick in the grey area and check or uncheck the desired toolbar. Toolbars are dock able.
There is a single main interface containing tools applicable at all points in the application,
and several additional toolbars with special-purpose tools. ArcFM presents toolbars when
their use is appropriate given the application context. For example, the editing toolbar will
normally be inactive when no layer in the map document can be edited. Users can right-click
in the menu bar, or on any toolbar, to display a pop-up menu for selecting any toolbar
available. When tools are not valid, the individual tools will be disabled (grayed-out)
Session Manager
Session Manager gives users the power to establish and enforce particular version workflows
and user roles tailored to their own business needs. Using Session Manager, a user may create
a session, which travels through an approval process before ultimately being posted to the
geo database or deleted from the system.
34 | P a g e
ArcFM provides four different tracing toolbars to meet each utility’s business needs. The
ArcFM Electric Traces toolbar allows electric utilities to easily perform upstream and
downstream distribution traces. Separate toolbars are available for gas and water tracing.
These trace tasks allow utilities to trace how natural gas or water is flowing through a
network of connected features. If a utility has an underground network, the Conduit Manager
Trace toolbar allows users to perform duct availability tracing. All trace results (electric,
conduit, gas, water) may be displayed with a buffer, Buffer size can be easily determined
using the Buffer Distance Tool.
(A) Utility Network Analyst Toolbar
Figure 16 Utility Network Analyst Toolbar
(B) ArcFM Electric Traces Toolbar
Figure 17 ArcMap Electric Traces Toolbar
35 | P a g e
(C) ArcFM Attribute Editor
The Arc FM Attribute Editor is the key to editing and placing features on the map. The
targets tab displays the attributes of features classes to be placed on the map, and the
selection tab displays existing features selected for editing. When a feature is selected, a right
click context menu provides options including highlighting and zooming to existing features
as well as creating related features and objects.
Figure 18 ArcFM Attribute Editor
Circuit Source
When power is distributed to the distribution circuit, it’s originate from the circuit breaker
and goes up to cut point. Circuit source provide a unique ID to all equipments belonging from
circuit breaker up to cut point called feeder ID. Its also consists some others parameters of
distribution circuit like feeder name, substations ID, nominal voltage, operating voltage,
connection configuration, maximum KVAR, minimum KVAR and etc.
36 | P a g e
Figure 19 ArcFM Attribute Editor.
Feeder ID
Feeder ID is a unique ID, Which is populated from the circuit source (circuit breaker) to cut
points. Arc FM feeder manager allow utility manager to determine the circuit to which a
given piece of electrical equipment belongs (its power source). A distribution circuit or feeder
is a grouping of thousands of electrically connected devices and conductor. Some features in
the circuit represent switching devices that may, depending upon their status, constitute a
break in electrical continuity between features that would otherwise be connected.
Feeder manager writes feeder ID to the Arc FM database in attribute fields of individual
electrical features. It assigns the same feeder ID to all features in an Arc FM database
considered to belong to a particular electrical distribution circuit.
Feeder manager populates the feeder ID, feeder ID2 and feeder info fields. The feeder ID
field identifies separate feeder systems and the devices associated with them. The feeder ID2
field will be populated if the feature has more than one circuit source.
FEEDER ID
NZD KIL 01 06 KIL063
DIVISION GRID HV (11KV) PANEL SSTN

NAME NAME FEEDER NO. (FSS) ID
Figure 20 Feeder ID nomenclature.
37 | P a g e
Distribution Losses and Its Type
Distribution losses are the difference between the electricity measured as entering the system
and that leaving it. There are two distinct classifications:
 Technical Losses and

 Non-Technical Losses
Distribution
Losses
Technical Non-Technical
Losses Losses
Circuits Metering &

Metering Unmetred
(LT & OH Meters Transformers Theft Recording
Accuracy Supply
Cable) Errors
Figure 21 Distribution losses &Its types
Technical Losses & Its Type

Technical losses arise for physical reasons and depend on the energy flowing through the
network, the nature of transmission lines and transformers. The way the network is
configured and operated can also influence the losses.
1. “Circuits” i.e. Underground cables and overhead lines
Within the distribution system, electricity is transported through underground cables

and overhead lines in which the current flows in the conductor consisting of copper or
aluminium. Nearly all overhead lines are steel-cored aluminium or all-aluminium
alloy. Many underground cables have aluminium conductors.
The energy needed to drive the current through the cable causes unavoidable heating.
Since this heat in distribution cables cannot be utilized, it is wasted energy. As copper
38 | P a g e
or aluminium cable heats up, its resistance to the electrical current flow increases,
causing more energy to be lost.
Poor power factor will also contribute to higher current and thus higher losses.
Despite the wide use of aluminium, the losses due to resistance are often termed as
“Copper losses”.
As the losses in the cables are dependent on load, these are normally called Variable
losses and represent about two-thirds of total technical losses.
2. Meters
Nearly all consumers have their electricity supply metered. These meters consume a
small amount of power whether or not there is any consumption to record. The power
used is small, there are many millions of meters and so the energy lost is relevant at
about 2% to 3% of the total technical losses. The accuracy with which the meter
records the electricity will also affect losses and though the measurement error arises
for technical reasons, such losses are classed as non-technical.
3. Transformers
Electricity is transported over relatively long distances. This is done economically at
higher voltages as it reduces the current flowing and as a result the electrical losses.
Within a distribution network, the electricity is carried at between 132,000 volts (e.g.
from the grid supply points) and 400/230 volts (for small business and domestic
consumers).
For a given amount of power, the current required decreases as the voltage increases.
E.g. 100 amps carried at 400 volts is equivalent to 0.3 amps at 132,000 volts.
To change voltage levels a transformer is required. On distribution network these are
large pieces of equipment which are dealing with substantial currents and high
voltages. In principle, two coils of wire, one carrying each voltage level, are
electrically separate but linked together by a core made of magnetic material such as
iron. Transformers only work with alternating current.
39 | P a g e
Figure 22 Transformer
The magnetic field, or flux, produced by one winding causes current to flow in the other
winding. Unfortunately transformers also suffer from losses. Heat is produced by current
flowing in the coils of wire (as in the “circuits”) and the magnetic field causes unwanted,
eddy currents to flow in the iron core. Improved designs and materials can reduce the losses.
As an approximation, the losses in a transformer occur irrespective of the load and are thus
called fixed losses. These are about one-third of technical losses.
The percentages refer to the amount of electricity lost if the supply is taken at the indicated
voltage.
Typical Distribution losses of Power System in BRPL
Voltage Indicative Distribution loss levels.

(AT&C)Avg
EHV 0.5-1%
HT 5-10 %
LT 20-25 %
Table 2 Typical Distribution losses of Power System in BRPL
Non-Technical Losses
40 | P a g e
Non-Technical losses, sometimes called commercial losses, incorporate errors, recordings
errors, theft, and timing differences.Non-technical losses arise to causes distinct from the
physical properties of cables and transformers.
Theft:
Theft can give rise to losses. However, this is only the case if the electricity stolen is not
metered in a way that gets into settlements. Theft affecting losses can happen by:
 Connection being made to the distribution rather than consumer’s side of meter;
 Interference with the meter so that it records a reduced number of kWh.
It does not affect losses where the electricity been
 Stolen from another, metered consumer

 Metered but it is impossible to identify who is responsible for payment.
Metering Accuracy
Electricity entering the distribution system at GSP (Grid Supply Point) is measured by a
relatively small number of very accurate meters where the accuracy is better than 0.5%. The
accuracy and configuration of meters will affect the calculation.
Metering and Recording Errors
Metering and recording errors are situation where the meter either fails to record the correct
consumption or it is interpreted incorrectly.
In most cases the problem will be spotted by the supplier or consumer as a result of the
normal bill checking process and the corrective action prevents any impact on losses. In some
cases, this may not happen.
Un-metered Supplies
By their very nature, the electricity used by un-metered supplies is approximate. Within the
distribution network, electricity used to power cooling fans and similar equipment within the
substations will either be treated as an un-metered supply or be a part of system losses.
41 | P a g e
Feeder Manager Configuration (FMC)
Feeder Tracing
Electric trace tasks allow you to check how current is flowing through a network of
connected features. You can place edge flags to define where the trace begins and enable
or disable features. You can define the upstream or downstream protective devices you
want to find and indicate phase configurations for tracing electric distribution throughout
the network. With these options, you can strategically tailor a variety of custom analysis
tasks to specific implementations.
Electric Distribution Trace

The Electric Distribution trace finds all features connected to the same feeder system, by
phase. If you change the status of a switch or breaker, an Electric Distribution trace will
return all features affected by the status change. The trace operation executes as follows:
1. Find all circuit sources that can reach the flagged edge on one or more phases. If no
sources are located, the trace returns nothing.
2. If one or more sources are located, ArcFM traces from both ends of the flagged edge
to each source.
The trace filters the results according to the value selected in the "Phase of conductors and
devices" setting in the ArcFM Electric Trace Options. The resulting features in addition to
the flagged edge are returned as the trace results.
Downstream/Upstream Tracing
Downstream Trace
A Downstream Trace finds all features (lines and devices) in a feeder system by phases
that are downstream of the trace flag. The trace operation executes as follows:
1. The ArcFM Downstream trace searches for circuit sources in all directions from each
end of the flagged edge. If no sources are found the trace returns nothing.
2. If one or more sources are found from one end of the edge but not the other, the
downstream sense is clear.
3. The trace is launched from the end that failed to reach any sources.
42 | P a g e
The trace filters the results according to the value selected in the "Phase of conductors and
devices" setting in the ArcFM Electric Trace Options. The resulting features in addition to
the flagged edge are returned as the trace results.
Upstream Trace
An Upstream Trace finds all features (lines and devices) in a feeder system by phases that
are upstream of the trace flag. This trace requires Feeder Manager be configured. If you
have configured Electric Tracing without Feeder Manager, this trace will not work. The
trace operation executes as follows:
1. The ArcFM Upstream trace searches in all directions from each end of the flagged
edge for circuit sources that can reach the edge. If no sources are found, the trace
returns nothing.
2. If one or more sources are located, a trace is performed to locate all connected
features between the flagged edge and each source.
3. The trace filters the results according to the value selected in the "Phase of conductors
and devices" setting in the ArcFM Electric Trace Options. The resulting features in
addition to the flagged edge are returned as the trace results.
Note: This trace is Phase Sensitive. This means that an edge will be included in the trace
results if it is a necessary component of any path that brings the specified phases (e.g., "At
least AB" which means at least A and B) from a source to the flagged feature and the edge
itself carries all of the specified phases.
Multiple feeds and loops will impact the results of this trace.
Clear Flags, Barriers, and Results
This button removes all flags and barriers from the map. It also clears the results if you
have selected the Results as Drawings option. You may also use this tool to clear the trace
buffer if it exists. If you choose to view your results as a selected set, the Selection tab of
the Attribute Editor will NOT be cleared.
Results as Selection
Use this toggle button to determine how the trace results are displayed. When the button is
depressed (or toggled on), the resulting features are selected on the map and displayed on the
Selection tab. When it is toggled off, the resulting features are highlighted on the map in red
(you may change the default colour using the Options button).
43 | P a g e
METHODOLOGY
Flow charts of FMC and Technical loss.
Survey of Electrical
Assests
Digitization of
Electrical Network
Snapping/Geometric
Connection of
Electrical network in
geo-database
Quality Checking
(QC) No
Is
Snapping
Network
OK?
Yes
Creation Of Circuit Yes

Source of feeder
Feeder
Tracing
Find Loop?
No
Assigning of
Feeder ID
Feeder Manager
Configuration Report
Figure 23 Flow Chart of Feeder Manager Configuration
44 | P a g e
Flow Chart to find the Outage area of affected consumers.
Figure 24 Flow Chart to find the Outage area of affected consumers.
45 | P a g e
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
 Feeder Manager Configuration of LT network
Feeder Tracing
SIDHHARTH
COLONY
Figure 25 Low Tension feeder from DT level to Feeder Pillar
The above fig shows tracing of Low Tension feeder from DT level to Feeder Pillar
SUNLIGHT
COLONY
Figure 26 High tension feeder from DT level to Pole.
The above fig shows tracing of high tension feeder from DT level to Pole.
46 | P a g e
 Technical loss calculation of LT feeders.
OH_LENGTH UG_LENGTH RESISTIVITY_UG RESISTIVITY_OH Loss in Loss in Total Feeder Loss
SL.NO. SAP_CODE FEEDER NAME OH_TYPE UG_TYPE CURRENT Total Loss DT Energy
(meters) (meters) (Ὠ/KM) (Ὠ/KM) OH(kW) UG(kW) Loss Percentage
FDR-1 13.76 4X300 150 0.1 0 310 310
1 KIL065 FDR-2 52.38 4X300 150 0.1 0 1179 1179 76498 9485 12.40%
FDR-3 72.01 4X150 58.73 4X300 150 0.1 0.206 6675 1321 7997
FDR-1 140.5 4X300 215 0.1 0 6474 6474
FDR-2 182.15 4X300 215 0.1 0 8394 8394
FDR-3 111.63 4X300 215 0.1 0 5144 5144
FDR-4 185.73 4X300 215 0.1 0 8559 8559
2 KIL092 FDR-5 19.12 4X300 215 0.1 0 881 881 367343 63516 17.29%
FDR-6 141.09 4X300 215 0.1 0 6502 6502
0 0 0
FDR-7 127.6 4X300 301 0.1 0 11561 11561
FDR-8 176.61 4X300 301 0.1 0 16001 16001
FDR-1 76.64 4X300 113 0.1 0 970 970
FDR-2 199.47 4X300 113 0.1 0 2525 2525
FDR-3 172.16 4X300 113 0.1 0 2179 2179
FDR-4 175.9 4X300 113 0.1 0 2226 2226
FDR-5 230.09 4X300 113 0.1 0 2912 2912
FDR-6 45.73 4X300 113 0.1 0 579 579
3 KIL064 0 0 0 287370 40757 14.18%
FDR-7 80.3 4X300 175 0.1 0 2450 2450
FDR-8 45 4X300 175 0.1 0 1373 1373
FDR-9 166.66 4X300 175 0.1 0 5085 5085
FDR-10 180.11 4X300 175 0.1 0 5495 5495
FDR-11 274.45 4X300 175 0.1 0 8373 8373
FDR-12 216.06 4X300 175 0.1 0 6592 6592
FDR-1 85.47 4X300 101 0.1 0 878 878
FDR-2 101.96 4X300 101 0.1 0 1047 1047
FDR-3 71.64 4X300 101 0.1 0 736 736
0 0 0
4 KIL099 82175 3399 4.14%
FDR-4 64.44 4X300 47 0.1 0 142 142
FDR-5 45.72 4X300 47 0.1 0 101 101
FDR-6 199.58 4X300 47 0.1 0 441 441
FDR-7 24.56 4X300 47 0.1 0 54 54
FDR-1 101.6 4X300 111 0.1 0 1246 1246
FDR-2 164.82 4X300 111 0.1 0 2022 2022
FDR-3 233.54 4X300 111 0.1 0 2864 2864
FDR-4 129.65 4X300 111 0.1 0 1590 1590
5 KIL063 0 0 0 219391 27614 12.59%
FDR-5 118.37 4X300 219 0.1 0 5651 5651
FDR-6 78.59 4X300 219 0.1 0 3752 3752
FDR-7 84.04 4X300 219 0.1 0 4012 4012
FDR-8 135.65 4X300 219 0.1 0 6476 6476
FDR-1 87.28 4X300 136 0.1 0 1620 1620
FDR-2 13.25 4X300 136 0.1 0 246 246
FDR-3 44.51 4X300 136 0.1 0 826 826
FDR-4 80.03 4X300 136 0.1 0 1485 1485
6 KIL053 FDR-5 80.52 4X300 136 0.1 0 1494 1494 204235 10696 5.24%
FDR-6 30.81 4X300 136 0.1 0 572 572
FDR-7 80.41 4X300 136 0.1 0 1492 1492
FDR-8 58.42 4X300 136 0.1 0 1084 1084
FDR-9 101.19 4X300 136 0.1 0 1878 1878
FDR-1 228.97 4X150 5.17 4X300 105 0.1 0.206 10480 57 10537
FDR-2 372.63 4X150 4.54 4X300 105 0.1 0.206 17055 50 17106
7 KIL123 FDR-3 65.34 4X150 2.36 4X300 105 0.1 0.206 2991 26 3017 349249 47940 13.73%
FDR-4 170.22 4X150 1.58 4X300 105 0.1 0.206 7791 18 7808
FDR-5 166.08 4X150 168.4 4X300 105 0.1 0.206 7601 1871 9472
FDR-1 205.48 4X150 55.1 4X300 135 0.1 0.206 15429 1004 16433
FDR-2 356.09 4X150 43.44 4X300 135 0.1 0.206 26738 792 27529
FDR-3 134.52 4X150 165.38 4X300 135 0.1 0.206 10101 3014 13115
FDR-4 257.94 4X150 50.06 4X300 135 0.1 0.206 19368 912 20280
0 0 0
8 KIL060 558506 153249 27.44%
FDR-5 84.07 4X150 186.6 4X300 134 0.1 0.206 6219 3351 9570
FDR-6 240.12 4X150 75 4X300 134 0.1 0.206 17764 1347 19110
FDR-7 163.08 4X150 72.98 4X300 134 0.1 0.206 12064 1310 13375
FDR-8 179.56 4X150 187.167 4X300 134 0.1 0.206 13284 3361 16644
FDR-9 198.3 4X150 140.43 4X300 134 0.1 0.206 14670 2522 17192
Table 3 Technical loss data of LT feeders
47 | P a g e
Analysis of Technical Losses Calculation of Low Tension Network
Power generated in power stations pass through large & complex networks like transformers,
overhead lines, cables & others equipment and reaches to the end users. It is fact that unit of
electrical energy generated by power stations does not match with the unit distributed to the
consumer. Some percentage of units is lost in the distributed network.
The efficiency of transmission line ( ):
Where: PR is load power and PLOSS is net some of power loss.
Technical loss of single phase conductor (L):
Technical loss of three phase conductor (L):
Where, I is the DT current and R is the resistance of UG cable and OH conductors.
Formula Used in calculation of Peak power in peak loading condition,
i.e. Peak power = Peak KVA* Power Factor*31*24
Loss in percentage = [Loss(L) * 100] /Peak DT Energy
Here, we calculate the losses of LT feeders having an average loss of 13.37%. Losses of LT
feeder varies from 0% to 30%. This data is calculated using GIS i.e. shown in below.
48 | P a g e
Figure 27 Technical Loss in different areas of NIZ.
49 | P a g e
 Correlation of length of LT feeders with Number of faults in Nizamuddin.
TOTAL FEEDER LENGTH NUMBER OF FAULTS CORRELATION

5.47 0
21.82 0
33.24 0
41.21 0
53.09 0
56.91 0
110.03 0
119.92 0
139.02 0
165.51 0
171.06 0
174 0
196.88 1
222.19 0
229.51 0
236.3 0
354.94 0
385.213 0
410.94 0
477.14 0
558.975 0
576.42 1
593.37 2
609.85 0 0.365696089
654.637 0
676.54 0
750.92 0
768.25 0
912.22 0
950.84 0
1046.26 4
1053.59 0
1084.43 4
1185.29 2
1239.411 0
1298.3 0
1434.74 0
1472.27 0
1585.36 0
1745.68 0
1862.57 4
1916.274 0
2010.04 0
2209.451 0
2434.892 0
2795.317 8
3100.76 0
Table 4 Correlation of length of LT feeders with Number of faults in Nizamuddin.
50 | P a g e
Here, we studied the relation between feeder lengths with number of faults and calculate the
correlation coefficient between these two attributes and found that the correlation coefficient
is positive i.e.0.365696089.
Mathematically, Correlation coefficient rxybetween two variables is given by:
rxy=
We conclude that generally as the feeder length increases, the number of faults increases but
in some cases, it is not true.
NUMBER OF FAULTS
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2 NUMBER OF FAULTS
1
0
174
1916.274
2209.451
2795.317
21.82
41.21
56.91
236.3
119.92
165.51
222.19
477.14
576.42
609.85
676.54
768.25
950.84
1298.3
385.213
1053.59
1185.29
1472.27
1745.68
TOTAL FEEDER LENGTH
Figure 28 No. of faults vs. Total feeder Length
 Identification of pockets areas and complaint centre with more break down and
most affected consumers.
51 | P a g e
Data obtained from GIS
FID Shape OBJECTID COMMENTS EQUIPMENT_ID POLE_NUMBER STREET_LIGHT SAP_FUNC_C DT_CODE POLE_NO CONSUMERS'S_COUNT
1 Point 2067330 LVDS POLE DLDLHINZDXXXXXKIKXSU0040 NZDJ330 1 1S-DL-RP-STC-DNZD-1903-KIL060 TK-KIL060A-2 NZDJ330 41

2 Point 2067414 LVDS POLE DLDLHINZDXXXXXKIKXSU0040 NZDJ563 1 1S-DL-RP-STC-DNZD-1903-KIL093 TG-KIL093A-1 NZDJ563 8
9 Point 2067563 LVDS POLE DLDLHINZDXXXXXKIKXSU0040 NZDJ549 1S-DL-RP-STC-DNZD-1903-KIL093 TG-KIL093A-1 NZDJ549 93
11 Point 2067407 LVDS POLE DLDLHINZDXXXXXKIKXSU0040 NZDJ557 1 1S-DL-RP-STC-DNZD-1903-KIL062 TI-KIL062A-2 NZDJ557 2
15 Point 2067568 LVDS POLE DLDLHINZDXXXXXKIKXSU0040 NZDJ558 1S-DL-RP-STC-DNZD-1903-KIL062 TI-KIL062A-2 NZDJ558 8
21 Point 2065327 LVDS POLE DLDLHINZDXXXXXKIKXSU003Z NZDJ230 1 1S-DL-RP-STC-DNZD-1903-KIL058 TI-KIL058A-2 NZDJ230 51
22 Point 2065967 LVDS POLE DLDLHINZDXXXXXKIKXSU0040 NZDJ028 1 1S-DL-RP-STC-DNZD-1903-KIL065 TP-KIL065A-1 NZDJ028 12
23 Point 2067349 LVDS POLE DLDLHINZDXXXXXKIKXSU0040 NZDJ363 1S-DL-RP-STC-DNZD-1903-KIL060 TK-KIL060A-1 NZDJ363 17
53 Point 2107183 947-2367-A2-SS004 DLDLHINZDXXXXXKIKXSL0001 NZDJ519 1S-DL-RP-STC-DNZD-1903-KIL062 TI-KIL062A-1 NZDJ519 2
54 Point 2107349 946-2366-C1-SS016 DLDLHINZDXXXXXKIKXSL0001 NZDK165 1S-DL-RP-STC-DNZD-1903-KIL065 TP-KIL065A-1 NZDK165 5
55 Point 2108628 947-2367-B2-SS019 DLDLHINZDXXXXXKIKXSL0002 NZDJ825 1S-DL-RP-STC-DNZD-1903-KIL092 TI-KIL092A-1 NZDJ825 3
56 Point 2107400 946-2367-D2-SS043 DLDLHINZDXXXXXKIKXSL0001 NZDK415 1S-DL-RP-STC-DNZD-1903-KIL121 TG-KIL121A-1 NZDK415 7
57 Point 2107403 946-2367-D2-SS005 DLDLHINZDXXXXXKIKXSL0001 NZDJ512 1S-DL-RP-STC-DNZD-1903-KIL062 TI-KIL062A-1 NZDJ512 2
58 Point 2108776 946-2367-C4-SS048 DLDLHINZDXXXXXKIKXSL0002 NZDJ226 1S-DL-RP-STC-DNZD-1903-KIL058 TI-KIL058A-2 NZDJ226 37
60 Point 2121071 946-2367-C4-SS041 DLDLHINZDXXXXXKIKXSL0004 NZDJ082 1S-DL-RP-STC-DNZD-1903-KIL060 TK-KIL060A-2 NZDJ082 26
66 Point 2120365 946-2367-C4-SS071 DLDLHINZDXXXXXKIKXSL0004 NZDJ305 1S-DL-RP-STC-DNZD-1903-KIL123 TG-KIL123A-1 NZDJ305 3
68 Point 2124847 946-2367-C2-SS073 DLDLHINZDXXXXXKIKXSL0006 NZDK413 1S-DL-RP-STC-DNZD-1903-KIL048 TG-KIL048A-1 NZDK413 1
73 Point 2120869 947-2367-A3-SS019 DLDLHINZDXXXXXKIKXSL0004 NZDJ583 1S-DL-RP-STC-DNZD-1903-KIL093 TG-KIL093A-1 NZDJ583 36
52 | P a g e
FID Shape OBJECTID COMMENTS EQUIPMENT_ID POLE_NUMBER STREET_LIGHT SAP_FUNC_C DT_CODE POLE_NO CONSUMERS'S_COUNT

83 Point 2120912 947-2367-B2-SS040 DLDLHINZDXXXXXKIKXSL0004 NZDJ669 1S-DL-RP-STC-DNZD-1903-KIL141 TG-KIL141A-1 NZDJ669 11
84 Point 2115613 947-2367-A3-SS033 DLDLHINZDXXXXXKIKXSL0003 NZDK171 1S-DL-RP-STC-DNZD-1903-KIL093 TG-KIL093A-1 NZDK171 17
129 Point 2108644 947-2367-A2-SS049 DLDLHINZDXXXXXKIKXSL0002 NZDK172 1S-DL-RP-STC-DNZD-1903-KIL093 TG-KIL093A-1 NZDK172 11
130 Point 2111768 946-2366-C1-SS009 DLDLHINZDXXXXXKIKXSL0003 NZDJ029 1S-DL-RP-STC-DNZD-1903-KIL065 TP-KIL065A-1 NZDJ029 21
131 Point 2065318 LVDS POLE DLDLHINZDXXXXXKIKXSU003Z NZDJ232 1S-DL-RP-STC-DNZD-1903-KIL058 TI-KIL058A-1 NZDJ232 22
137 Point 2067316 LVDS POLE DLDLHINZDXXXXXKIKXSU0040 NZDJ029 1 1S-DL-RP-STC-DNZD-1903-KIL065 TP-KIL065A-1 NZDJ029 21
139 Point 2122341 946-2367-D2-SS021 DLDLHINZDXXXXXKIKXSL0006 NZDJ025 1S-DL-RP-STC-DNZD-1903-KIL065 TP-KIL065A-1 NZDJ025 1
142 Point 2107108 946-2367-C3-SS062 DLDLHINZDXXXXXKIKXSL0001 NZDK170 1S-DL-RP-STC-DNZD-1903-KIL061 TG-KIL061A-1 NZDK170 138
155 POLES=154 TOTAL=3463
Table 5 No. of consumers affected due to breakdown
53 | P a g e
Figure 29 Identification of pockets areas and complaint centre with more break down and most affected consumers.
Figure 30 Pockets areas and complaint centre with more breaks down and most affected consumers.
Data calculated from GIS and updated in Excel Sheet
Here, In KILOKRI Sub-Division:
Total length of OH Conductors (in meters) = 18086.399
Total length of UG cables (in meters) = 22044.241
54 | P a g e
Total number of feeder = 267
Average feeder length of KiloKri = Total length of OH Cond. + Total length of UG cables
Total number of Feeder
= (18086.399 + 22044.241) / 267
= 150.302 meters
And, in affected areas of KiloKri:
Total length of OH Conductors (in meters) = 2517.73
Total length of UG cables (in meters) =6011.937
Total number of feeder = 53
Average feeder length affected areas = Total length of OH Cond. + Total length of UG cables
Total number of Feeder
= (2517.73 + 6011.937) /53
= 160.937 meters
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

GIS implementation in the utility like BSES in recent years has seen immense benefits in
recent years. One of the key benefits of using GIS is visualization which helps in better and
faster decision making. GIS effectively manage information on the distribution of electricity
to the customer and information describing the attributes of each customer such as location
and electricity use. Electric companies are already finding GIS very useful in management of
distribution. The electric utility industry has realized that GIS is a valuable tool not only for
mapping facilities but to improve decision making and better managing infrastructure.
Although the needs and uses of GIS slightly different in the power sector in compare to other
industries.
55 | P a g e
Network tracing is one of the powerful tools in GIS which enables us to trace an individual
feeder, in the direction of flow of current. This helps in better management of assets as
equipments associated with particular feeder. Network tracing can be very useful in day to
day work; it can help us to understand network connectivity of power system.
REFERENCES:
1. Electricity Distribution systems losses- A paper prepared for ofgem by Sohn Associates
Limited.
2. Ministry of Power, Government of India 2009-10.
3. Geographical Information System for Power Utilities- By JalpeshSolanki&UtakarshSeetha
(Jodhpur National University).
4. An Esri® White Paper June-2011, Using ArcGIS® Data Reviewer to Inspect ArcFM™ Feeder
Manager Circuits.
5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Transco_Limited -Delhi Transco Limited - Wikipedia,
the free encyclopedia.
6. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 20,No. 2, May 2005. [6] Dan Suriyamongkol
(2002, November). Non-Technical Losses in Electrical Power Systems. [Online].
Available:http://www.ent.ohiou.edu/~manhire/power/download/dan_suriyamongkol_the
sis.pdf
7. D. L. Flaten, “Distribution System Losses Calculated by Percent Loading”, IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 1263-1269, 1988.
8. Sonali Sharma, “Feeder voltage optimization using GIS” project report 2012.
9. Camille Hamon, “Modeling of Technical Losses in the Transmission and
Distribution Grid” December 2012.
10. J.P Navani, N.K Sharma, SonalSapra, “A Case Study of Analysis of Technical and
Non Technical Losses in Power System and its Impact on Power Sector”
International journal of advance in engineering science and technology, pp. 137-143
Websites
1. www.wiki.GIS.com
2. www.powerworld.com
3. www.esri.com
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MATLAB
5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_India
6. http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/12/03/stories/2005120303300900.htm
7. http://www.financialexpress.com/news/indias-power-loss-at-rs-45-000-cr/612469/
56 | P a g e
GLOSSARY OF THE TERMS
GSP- Grid Supply Point
BSES- Bombay Suburban Electric Supply
BRPL- BSES Rajdhani Power Ltd.
GIS- Geographical Information System
EMG- Energy Management Group
FMC- Feeder Manager Configuration
LT- Low Tension
HT- High Tension
EHV- Extra High Voltage
SLD- Single Line Diagram
PT- Power Transformer
DT- Distribution Transformer
CB- Circuit Breaker
BB- Bus Bar
SW- Switch
OH- Overhead Conductor
UG- Underground Cable
WHRU-Waste Heat Recovery Unit
GT- Gas Turbine
OMS- Outage Management System
57 | P a g e

Final Year Internship Project Report by Satyajeet (1) (1) 6 Copy With Color 7 Copy +color

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Final Year Internship Project Report by Satyajeet (1) (1) 6 Copy With Color 7 Copy +color

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

A

Feeder Manager Configuration & Technical Loss calculation of LT

Submitted for the partial fulfilment of award of

Electronics and Communication Engineering

SATYAJEET KUMAR (1122531078)

NITISH KUMAR (1122531055)

SANTOSH KUMAR (1122531074)

SHAILESH KUMAR (1122531082)

Under the supervision of

Mr. ADITYA KUMAR

UTTAR PRADESH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

TO WHOM SO EVER IT MAY CONCERN

SATYAJEET KUMAR (1122531078)

NITISH KUMAR (1122531055)

SANTOSH KUMAR (1122531074)

SHAILESH KUMAR (1122531082)

Mr. Aditya Kumar Mr. Arvind Kumar

(Assistant Professor) (H.O.D. ECE)

[Project Guide] (AIMT, Greater Noida)

SATYAJEET KUMAR (1122531078)

NITISH KUMAR (1122531055)

SANTOSH KUMAR (1122531074)

SHAILESH KUMAR (1122531082)

SATYAJEET KUMAR (1122531078)

NITISH KUMAR (1122531055)

SANTOSH KUMAR (1122531074)

SHAILESH KUMAR (1122531082)

The Internship Program (IP) provide an experiential form of learning as opposed to a

BSES became part of the Reliance Group on January 18, 2003.

Figure 1 Block Diagram of Power Distribution System Network

Station Rajghat Power Gas Turbine Pragati Power NTPC Badarpur

Unit II- 95-

Unit III-95 MW-

Unit IV– 210

BSES DIVISIONS & STUDY AREA

Figure 3 BSES Divisions & Study Area

Distribution Network of BRPL

BSES (Bombay Sub-Urban Electric Supply) in

BRPL(BSES Rajdhani Power Limited)

SouthCircle West Circle

Figure 4 Distribution Network of BRPL

STUDY AREA: NIZAMUDDIN

Table 1 Study Area: NIZAMUDDIN

Figure 5 Power Flow from Generation to Consumers

Power system comprises of generation, transmission, distribution and utilization.

In India, the economical power generation is done at voltage of 11KV. Power

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM (SLD)

EHV (EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE) SLD

Figure 6 Lagpat Nagar Grid Sub-Station SLD

A grid is an inter-connector network for delivering electricity from supplier to consumer. It

Figure 7 Alankar Cinema HT SLD

Figure 8 Sikanjiwala LT SLD

 Feeder Manager Configuration of LT network

Loss Scenario Statistics

Arc GIS includes the following Windows desktop software:

Architecture of Arc GIS

GIS (Geographical Information System):

Layers in the table of contents:

Working with layer attributes

Different types of layers

Here are a few of the common layer types:

Circuit breaker layer

Figure 10 Showing different types of layers on the left

i.e. Peak power = Peak KVA* Power Factor3124