EXPERT SYSTEMS

Abstract:
Expert systems have proven to be effective in a number of problem domains, which normally require the kind of intelligence possessed by a human expert the kind of intelligence possessed by a human expert. The areas of application are almost endless. here ever human expertise is needed to

solve problems, expert systems are likely candidates for application.

Application domains include aerospace, banking, biology, chemistry, engineering, finance, geology, geophysics, law, manufacturing, meteorology, military operations and more.

!n this paper ! explored Expert system Architecture with "ey roles, building tools and shells, continued with how to represent knowledge for expert systems followed by its features and explained briefly about Expert system with an example and the next generation expert systems and at last discussed about pitfalls and limitations of expert system.

Index
#. !ntroduction $. Expert system Architecture "ey roles in Expert system. %teps in building Expert system shells &. 'epresenting knowledge and languages for expert system (. )eatures of expert system *. +rief ,escription of Advanced Expert system examples -. .pcoming Expert %ystems in /ext 0eneration 1. 2itfalls 3 4imitations of Expert systems 5. 6onclusion 7. +ibliography

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'ight from the evolution of computers, man is trying to lessen his burden and started in calculating all his abilities and natural possession. 9e was gifted with into this :agic machine ;The 6omputer. !n #71<=s, the beautiful thought of making the machine intelligent emerged out of the supreme computer; The 9uman +rian, the result that is our present topic ; Expert Systems. ARTIFICIAL INTELLEGENCE: Artificial !ntelligence broadly defined as concerned with the intelligent behavior in artifacts. Artificial !ntelligence have always been surrounded by controversy >uestion of !nterest raised here is, "CAN MACHINES THINK?" %omewhat supporting and hope raising answer is that, ?A virus can be called as a :achine 8ne made of proteins?. )inally it@s been modified to, ?The study of how to make computers do things which at the :oment, people do better?. EXPERT SYSTEMS: An expert system is a computer program using expert knowledge to attain high levels of performance in a narrow problem area. They are the capable programs that contained the knowledge requirements to mimic expert human performance at several tasks, including diagnosis, design and analysis.

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The main players in the expert system are the: Expert %ystem: An expert system is a computer program using expert knowledge to attain high levels performance in a narrow problem area. 9e is an articulate, knowledge person with a reputation for producing good solutions to problems in a particular field. 9e is a human, usually with a background in computer %cience and A!, who knows how to build expert systems.

,omain Expert:

"nowledge Engineer:

Expert %ystem +uilding Tool: !t is the programming language used by the knowledge engineer or programmer to build the Expert system. The user: 9e is the human who uses the expert system once it is developed.

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!,E/T!)!6AT!8/: 9ow can important aspects in task be recogniCedD 68/6E2T.A4!EAT!8/: hat concept is needed to produce a solutionD )8':A4!%AT!8/: 9ow can the knowledge be formally representedD !:24E:E/TAT!8/: hat rules will embody the knowledgeD TE%T!/0: 9ow can the rules be validatedD

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!n general the systems were constructed as a set of declarative representations FrulesG 6ombined with an interpreter for those rules, it was possible to separate the interpreter from the domain-specific knowledge and thus to create a system that could be used to construct new expert systems by adding new knowledge to the new problem domain. The resulting interpreters are called as ?Shells?. Ex: ; E:B6!/ is the %9E44 for the famous expert systemH this shell was made by removing the medical knowledge base of T9E E:B6!/ expert system.

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FRAME !RK ; The 8rganiCation:

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"nowledge, mean the information a computer program needs before it can behave !ntelligently. This knowledge should undergo two phases. They are: !r"#$%&%$" K$'(le)"e: * :any of the rules in expert systems are heuristics; rules of thumb or simplifications that effectively limit the search for solutions. Expert systems use heuristics because the tasks these systems undertake, such as finding new mineral deposits or settling a lawsuit, are typically difficult and poorly understood. An algorithmic method guarantees to produce the correct or optimal solution to a problem, while a heuristic method produces an acceptable solution to most of them. The knowledge +ase in an expert system contain, )acts 'ules The ?!nference Engine? contains an interpreter that decides how to apply the rules to infer new knowledge. REPRESENTING KN! LE+GE: The three most widely used representations used in current expert systems are, 'ules )rames %emantic /ets ,- R.LE: A formal way of specifying a recommendation, directive, expressed as, "IF prem%se THEN /'$/l0s%'$"'ule based knowledge representation centers on the use of !) condition T9E/ action statements. Ex: ; if the patient was an insulator before #7-*, then the patient directly handled asbestos. This sort of matching is what is called "INFERENCE CHAINS"-

1- FRAME: A knowledge representation method associated features with nodes representing concepts or obIects. )rame based knowledge representation uses a network of nodes connected by relations and organiCed into a hierarchy. Each node represents a concept that may be described attributes and values associated with the node. /odes low in the hierarchy automatically inherit the properties of higher;level nodes. 2- SEMANTICNET: The part of the representation method consisting of a network of nodes standing for concepts or obIects, connected by arcs describing the relations between the nodes. LANG.AGES F!R EXPERT SYSTEM APPLICATI!NS: The programming languages used for expert system applications and generally either 2roblem;oriented languages, such as F!RTRAN and PASCAL , or symbolic;manipulation languages, such as LISP and PR!L!GKN! LE+GE ENGINEERING LANG.AGES: A knowledge engineering language is a sophisticated tool for developing expert systems. "nowledge engineering languages can be categoriCed as either %keletal %ystems or 0eneral;purpose systems. Ex: ; The pr'spe/t'r has been stripped into KAS, a skeletal system. S.PP!RT FACILITIES: The support facilities consist of tools for helping with programming, such as debugging aids and knowledge base editors, and tools that enhance the capabilities of the finished system, such as built;in inputJoutput and explanation mechanisms. +E3.GGING AI+S: :ost programming languages contain tracing facilities and break packages. I! FACILITIES: ,ifferent tools deal with inputJoutput in different ways. %ome provide 'un time knowledge acquisition. Ex: ; E:B6!/ programs ask the user for needed information whenever they can=t find it in the knowledge base.

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#. C!RP.S !F KN! LE+GE: The heart of expert system is the powerful corpus of knowledge. The accumulation and codification of knowledge is one of the most important aspects of an E%. $. HIGH LE4EL EXPERTISE: This feature is provided to aid in problem solving. The expertise can represent the best thinking of the top expert

in the field, leading to problem solutions that are imaginative, accurate and efficient. &. PRE+ICTI4E M!+ELLING: The system can act as an information processing theory or model of problem solving in the given domain, providing the desired answers for a given problem situation and showing how they would change for new situations. (. TRAINING FACILITY: This feature is provided for key personnel and important staff members. Expert systems can be designed to provide such training, since they already contain the necessary knowledge and the ability to explain their reasoning processes. +ETAILE+ EXPLANATI!N !F AN EXPERT SYSTEM* 5PR!SPECT!R6: * Appl%/#t%'$ Are#: * 0E8480B C#te"'r%es C'7ere) 0$)er ES Appl%/#t%'$s: * !/TE'2'ETAT!8/ ,!A0/8%!% ,E+.00!/0

H%st'ry:* Expert system work in 0eology started with 2rospector, a system developed by %tanford 'esearch 6enter in #71<. 2rospector was designed to help 0eologists locate ore deposits and accurately predict the existence of a :ulti million dollar molybdenum deposit in #75<. E88'rt T#9e$: * 2rospector was implemented directly in !/TE'4!%2, a powerful but relatively low;level language as far as expert;system building tools go. A sophisticated support package was developed for 2'8%2E6T8' that included both explanation and knowledge acquisition facilities. The system needed extensive domain knowledge. PR!SPECT!R AT !RK:

4et=s discuss this with an example. Ex: An exploration geologist starts by telling the program the 6haracteristics of a particular prospect of interest;the geological setting, structural controls, and kinds of rocks, minerals and alteration products present or suspected. The program compares these observations with models of various kinds of ore deposits, noting the similarities, differences, and missing information.

 The program then engages the geologist in a dialog to obtain additional relevant information and uses that information to assess the mineral potential of the prospect. 8ur goal is to provide the geologist with a service comparable to giving him telephone access to authorities on many kinds of ore deposits. R0les I$7'l7e) %$ the A:'7e Ex#mple: * IF: magnetite or pyrite in disseminated or vein let form is present THEN:F$, ;(G there is favorable mineraliCation and texture for the propylitic stage. I$)%/#t%'$s:K$= K$= indicate that the presence of evidence is mildly encouraging. K;(= K;(= indicates that the absence of evidence is strongly discouraging.

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C!N+ITI!N M!NIT!RING: The basic idea being to provide the process operators and shift engineers with a tool that on a $(;hour by &-* days basis performs health;checks on the plant in order to: !dentify any inability of the plant to perform at the optimum efficiency level 2resent and inform about the extent of the inability ,escribe the reason for such inability Thus, the 6ondition :onitoring %ystem performs a task impossible for any human being. 6:% is currently being developed for /uclear 2ower 2lants and is under configuration for many other plants. GE!MET* A LEA+ER IN F!RM.LATING S!L.TI!NS T! GL!3AL INTIATI4ES0E8:ET =s meteorology staff, in conIunction with artificial intelligence group, has designed and developed several pc;based expert systems to aid weather forecasters and planning personnel. 0E8:ET was an early leader in A!, developing one of the first expert system decision aids for forecasting. 0E8:ET has researched A! applications in all areas of environmental sciences, water management and flood control, haCardous waste investigations, and neural networking applications. CHEMICAL +EMILITARI;ATI!N:

%pecial 2roIect=s division supports the monitoring operations, and safety issues associated with chemical demilitariCation, and the operation of demilitariCation equipment and systems required to handle, store, destroy transport, or dispose of recovered non;stockpile 6 : and other toxic, haCardous or lethal substances. Their services include: :eteorological and air pollution modeling and monitoring 2ersonnel protective equipment selection, design, and development Environmental health and safety support '6'AJ haCardous waste analysis PERS!NAL PR!TECTI4E E<.IPMENT: 2ersonal protective equipment experts provide a full range of services to help define the specific level of protection required in any haCardous situation, then support client requirements form initial concept through final product development and delivery. 22E ensures performance through stringent testing, heat stress evaluation human comfort engineering, reliability qualification, environmental limits, and respiratory protection. EXPERT SYSTEM !RK AT .NI4ERSITIES: The main fields of interest for expert systems in universities are human problem solving developing and applying information processing techniques to model human cognition and memory. Each rule would say, M!f ! recogniCe some situation % in short;memory, Then ! take some action AN. The process of rule O evocation and memory modification to model human problem solving and called the resulting system a M Pr')0/t%'$ SystemNH

EXPERT SYSTEMS !RK AT RESEARCH !RGANISATI!NS: The research organiCations engaged in expert system work come in a variety of types ranging from experienced leaders in A! to bold newcomers %ome are large corporations with an A! division or group. 8thers are small companies devoted almost exclusively to A! and expert system applications. EXAMPLES !F HIGH PERF!RMANCE EXPERT SYSTEMS: I$ Rese#r/h F%el): * The %B/69E:$ expert system synthesiCes complex organic molecules without assistance or guidance from a chemist. The system

uses knowledge about chemical reactions to generate a plan for creating the target molecule from basic building block molecules. The ,E/,'A4 expert system infers the molecule structure of unknown compounds from mass spectral and nuclear magnetic response data. The :A6%B:A expert system performs symbolic manipulation of algebraic expressions assisting the user with problems involving limit calculations, symbolic integration, solution of equations, canonical simplifications, and pattern matching.

IN 3.SINESS: BE%J:L%, developed by !+:, helps the computer operator monitor and control the :L6 ,E4TA was developed to help maintaining personnel diagnosis and repair malfunctions in diesel electric locomotives. A6E provides troubleshooting and diagnostic reports for telephone cable analysis. EXPLANATI!N FACILITIES : Almost all expert systems can explain to users how they reach particular conclusions, but not all provide the same degree of software support explanation. Ex: :B6!/, have a complete explanation mechanism built into the tool itself, so that any expert system written in that language can automatically access the mechanism. The most common type of explanation mechanism deals with 'etrospective reasoningH it explains how the system reached a particular state. They also handle 9ypothetical 'easoning, where the system explain what would have happened differently if a particular fact or rule had been different, and counter factual reasoning why an expected conclusion was not reached.

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EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEMS: 6reated for a specific taskH the developer seldom support this. RESEARCH SYSTEMS: They may be extensively tested and may be supported by developer. +ut slow and inefficient. C!MMERCIAL SYSTEMS: They polished, streamlined, well supportive and fast.

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)EAT.'E%: 'ule;based, +ackward chaining, 6ertainty handling, Explanation. !:24E:E/TAT!8/ 4A/0.A0E: !/TE'4!%2 ,ELE482E': %tanford .niversity '.4E: !) the material composing the substructure is one of metals and the analysis error that is tolerable is between * and &<, and The non dimensional stress of the substructure is greater than 7< T9E/ it is definite that fatigue is one of the stress behavior in %ubstructure ACT.AL EMYCIN R.LE: 2'E:!%E: FPA/, F%A:E 6/TAT :ATE'!A4 F4!%T 8) :ETA4%GG F+ET EE/ Q 6/TAT E''8' * &<G F0'EATE'2 Q 6/TAT /8R%T'E%% <.7G F+ET EE/ Q 6/TAT 6B64E #<<< #<<<G A6T!8/:F68/64.,E 6/TAT %%;%T'E%% )AT!0.E TA4B #.<G

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Advances in computer hardware have contributed significantly to the expansion of expert systems. EA2E'T %B%TE:%........... !/TE44!0E/T %B%TE:%: 6omputer hardware advances have made possible ?integrated expert %ystems?, that is, expert systems embedded in microprocessor chips to form an integrated hardwareJsoftware package. These integrated experts systems can be embedded in a piece of Equipment, such as 6omplex electronic gear, to form what we will call an ?%$tell%"e$t System?. HEIRARCHICAL INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS: The intelligent system configuration will be particularly useful when the equipment to be monitored forms a hierarchy of physical units arranged in some /etwork structure. An intelligent system has already been developed and put into commercial use. The %2E expert system runs on a microprocessor. This expert system interprets waveforms from destinometer to determine which of several diseases a patient might have. EXPERT SYSTEM F!R =THE LA =: Expert systems are beginning to be noticed by the legal profession. )our important types of applications for expert systems in law exist.

They are: ,- +'/0me$t Ge$er#t%'$: 2roduces legal documents such as wills, contracts, draft legislation by selecting or composing appropriate pieces of text selecting or composing appropriate pieces of text and organiCing them into document form. 1- I$terpret#t%'$ #$) Pre)%/t%'$: !nterprets the law in the context of a particular question or problem, anticipates the legal consequences of proposed actions and predicts the effects of changes in legislation. 2- S/he)0l%$" #$ M'$%t'r%$": %chedules attorneys activities and periodically inspects legal data bases and knowledge bases for changes in the law that could affect clients and active cases. >- C#se M#$#"eme$t: 8rganiCes case information, estimates case value, and suggests for negotiation and case disposition.

6ommon pitfalls implementation:

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#. The expert system development effort is addressing a problem so difficult that it can@t be solved within the constraints set by the available resources. $. The problem that the expert system is designed to solve will not significantly alleviates the difficulty that motivated the development effort. &. The problem that the expert system addresses is so general or complex that an excessive number of rules and database obIects are needed to describe the expertise adequately.

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Expert systems are not good at representing temporal knowledge. Expert systems are not good at representing %patial "nowledge Expert systems are not good at performing commonsense. Expert systems are not good at recogniCing their ability. Expert systems are not good at handling the inconsistent knowledge.

6onclusion:

9uman brain is on an everlasting search for something innovative and so is the case Expert systems are the invention that was fuelled by the idea of making machines intelligent. The expert system area is expanding rapidly, +oth government and industry are beginning to invest in commercial expert systems, and with in a few years a very large number of !ndian companies in collaboration with ..%. companies will be involved in A! or Expert %ystem research and development.

At last, ! conclude that one of the most important by;products of this expert system development will be the /')%8%/#t%'$ '8 9$'(le)"e. Advances in computer hardware have contributed significantly to the expansion of Expert %ystems. .ndoubtedly we can expect a lot from these in future to say truly there=s no limit for what it can do.

+ibliography:
#. A 0uide to EA2E'T %B%TE:% ; ,onald A. $. EA2E'T %B%TE:% ;,avis. '. &. EA2E'T %B%TE:% 2rinciples and 2rogramming, &rd Edition, ;0iarratano 3 'iley. (. Artificial !ntelligence A /ew %ynthesis. ; /ils. /ilsson. aterman

*. !ntroduction to Artificial !ntelligence A/, EA2E'T %B%TE:% O ,an. . 2atterson.

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