Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PFManual 14
PFManual 14
Publisher: DIgSILENT GmbH Heinrich-Hertz-Strae 9 72810 Gomaringen / Germany Tel.: +49 (0) 7072 - 9168-0 Fax: +49 (0) 7072 - 9168-88
Copyright DIgSILENT GmbH. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the publisher November 2008
DIgSILENT PowerFactory
Users Manual
Contents
General Information
Welcome DIgSILENT Contact and Support About this Guide 1-1 2-1 3-1
3.1 The PowerFactory Users Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1 3.2 Used Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1 3.3 The PowerFactory Help System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-3
PowerFactory Overview
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 General Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . PowerFactory Simulation Functions General Design of PowerFactory . . Data Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . User Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5.1 Menu Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5.2 Main Toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5.3 The Output Window. . . . . . 4.6 Getting Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . . . . . . . . . ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-1
. .4-1 . .4-2 . .4-3 . .4-4 . .4-6 . .4-9 . .4-9 .4-13 .4-17
5-1
.5-1 .5-1 .5-2 .5-3 .5-4 .5-5 .5-5 .5-5 .5-5 .5-6 .5-6 .5-7 .5-8 .5-8
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User Settings
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 General Settings . . . . . . . . . Graphic Windows Settings . . Data Manager Settings . . . . . Output Window Settings. . . . Functions Settings . . . . . . . . Directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Station Ware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6-1
. 6-1 . 6-2 . 6-4 . 6-5 . 6-5 . 6-6 . 6-6 . 6-7
7-1
. . . . . . . 7-1 . . . . . . . 7-2 . . . . . . . 7-3 . . . . . . . 7-5 . . . . . . . 7-5 . . . . . . . 7-6 . . . . . . . 7-6 . . . . . . . 7-7 . . . . . . . 7-8 . . . . . . 7-10 . . . . . . 7-12 . . . . . . 7-17 . . . . . . 7-19 . . . . . . 7-20 . . . . . . 7-21 . . . . . . 7-22 . . . . . . 7-23 . . . . . . 7-27 . . . . . . 7-27 . . . . . . 7-29 . . . . . . 7-30 . . . . . . 7-31 . . . . . . 7-31 . . . . . . 7-32
8-1
. 8-1 . 8-2 . 8-3 . 8-3 . 8-4 . 8-5
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Handling
Basic Project Definition
9.1 Defining and Configuring a Project. . . . . . . 9.1.1 The Project Edit Dialogue . . . . . . . . 9.1.2 Project Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1.3 Activating and Deactivating Projects 9.1.4 Exporting and Importing of Projects 9.2 Creating New Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .... .... .... .... .... . . . . . . ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9-1
.9-1 .9-3 .9-4 .9-5 .9-6 .9-6
10-1
10.1 Defining Network Models with the Graphical Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-1 10.1.1 Adding New Power System Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-1 10.1.2 Drawing Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3 10.1.3 Drawing Branch Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-4 10.1.4 Marking and Editing Power System Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-5 10.1.5 Interconnecting Power Subsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6 10.1.6 Working with Substations in the Graphical Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9 10.1.7 Working with Branches in the Graphical Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-10 10.1.8 Working with Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11 10.1.9 Defining and Working with Transmission Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-13 10.1.10 Working with Single Phase Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-15 10.2 Graphic Windows and Database Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-15 10.2.1 Network Diagrams and Graphical Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-16 10.2.2 Active Graphics, Graphics Board and Study Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-17 10.2.3 Single Line Graphics and Data Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-18 10.2.4 Editing and Selecting Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-19 10.2.5 Creating New Graphic Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-21 10.3 Basic Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-22 10.3.1 The Page Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-22 10.3.2 The Drawing Toolboxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-23 10.3.3 The Active Grid Folder (Target Folder) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-23 10.4 Drawing of Network Components from Templates or Predefined Objects . . 10-24 10.4.1 Creating a new substation in an Overview Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-24 10.4.2 Show Detailed Substation Graphic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-25 10.4.3 Drawing Diagrams from Predefined Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-26 10.5 Graphic Commands, Options and Settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-30 10.5.1 General Commands and Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-30 10.5.2 Commands and Settings for Block Diagrams and Single Line Graphics10-37 10.5.3 Commands and Settings for Single Line Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-38 10.5.4 Graphic Layers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-41 10.5.5 Color Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-45 10.5.6 The Title Block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-46 10.5.7 The Legend Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-46 10.5.8 Editing and Changing Symbols of Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-46 10.6 Result Boxes-Text Boxes and Labels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-47 10.6.1 General Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-47 10.6.2 Editing Result Boxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-48 10.6.3 Formatting Result Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-51 10.6.4 Text Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-51 10.6.5 Labels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-51
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11-1
. . . . . 11-1 . . . . . 11-3 . . . . . 11-4 . . . . . 11-6 . . . . . 11-6 . . . . . 11-7 . . . . . 11-7 . . . . . 11-8 . . . . . 11-9 . . . . . 11-9 . . . . . 11-9 . . . . 11-10 . . . . 11-11 . . . . 11-11 . . . . 11-12 . . . . 11-12 . . . . 11-13 . . . . 11-13 . . . . 11-16 . . . . 11-17 . . . . 11-17 . . . . 11-19 . . . . 11-20 . . . . 11-21 . . . . 11-22 . . . . 11-22 . . . . 11-23 . . . . 11-24 . . . . 11-25 . . . . 11-25 . . . . 11-26
Grouping Objects
12-1
12.1 Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1 12.2 Virtual Power Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1 12.2.1 Defining and Editing a New Virtual Power Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2 12.2.2 Applying a Virtual Power Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3 12.2.3 Inserting a Generator into a Virtual Power Plant and Defining its Virtual Power Plant Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3 12.3 Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-4 12.4 Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-6 12.5 Feeders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-6 12.6 Network Operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-8 12.7 Network Owners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-8 12.8 Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-9 12.9 Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-9
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Study Cases
13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 Creating and Using Study Cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Study Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Study Case Edit Dialogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Variation Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operation Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.8.1 Switching Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.8.2 Set Parameter Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.8.3 Short-Circuit Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.8.4 Intercircuit Fault Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.8.5 Events of Synchronous Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.8.6 Events of Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.8.7 Outage of Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.8.8 Save Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.9 Results Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.10 Variable Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.11 Triggers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.12 Graphic Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13-1
. . 13-2 . . 13-3 . .13-3 . .13-4 . .13-6 . . 13-6 . .13-6 . .13-7 . . 13-8 . . 13-8 . . 13-8 . .13-8 . . 13-8 . .13-9 . .13-9 . .13-9 . . 13-9 . 13-11 . 13-12 . 13-12
14-1 15-1
. . . . . . . 15-1 . . . . . . .15-2 . . . . . . .15-3 . . . . . . . 15-4 . . . . . . .15-4 . . . . . . .15-5 . . . . . . .15-5 . . . . . . .15-5 . . . . . . .15-6 . . . . . . . 15-6 . . . . . . . 15-6 . . . . . . .15-8 . . . . . . . 15-8 . . . . . . .15-9 . . . . . . 15-10 . . . . . . 15-11 . . . . . . 15-11
Operation Scenarios
16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Operation Scenario Subsets. . . . . . Storage of Operational Data . . . . . Creating a New Operation Scenario Activating Operation Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16-1
. . 16-2 . .16-8 . . 16-8 . 16-10
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16.5 Saving Operation Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-11 16.6 Deactivating Operation Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-13 16.7 Performing Actions on Operation Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-13 16.8 Applying Operational Data from Operation Scenarios. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-14 16.9 Reporting Information about Operation Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-15 16.10 Copying a Subset of an Operation Scenario to Another Operation Scenario16-15 16.11 Comparing Two Operation Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-16
17-1
17.1 Basic Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-1 17.2 Creating New Variations and Expansion Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-2 17.3 Activating Variations and Expansion Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-3 17.4 Conflicts During Activation of Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-4 17.5 Deleting an Expansion Stage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-5 17.6 Displaying the Activation Times of Expansion Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-5 17.7 Editing the Activation Times of Expansion Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-5 17.8 The Recording Expansion Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-5 17.9 Setting a Expansion Stage as the Recording Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-6 17.10 Displaying the Recording Expansion Stage in the Status Bar. . . . . . . . . . . 17-6 17.11 Checking/Editing the Study Time (Date/Time of the Calculation Case). . . . 17-6 17.12 The Variation Scheduler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-6 17.13 Comparing Variations and Expansion Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-8 17.14 Splitting Expansion Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-9 17.15 Applying Expansion Stages Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-10 17.16 Consolidation of Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-10 17.17 Coloring Variations and their Changes from within the Single Line Graphic17-10
Parameter Characteristics
18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 18.8 18.9 Defining Scalar Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Defining Discrete Time Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . Defining Discrete Parameter Characteristics . . . . . . . Defining Continuous Parameter Characteristics . . . . . Defining Frequency Parameter Characteristics . . . . . Defining Time Parameter Characteristics . . . . . . . . . Defining Two-dimensional Parameter Characteristics . Importing Parameter Characteristics from Files . . . . . Handling Scales and Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18-1
. . 18-1 . . 18-2 . . 18-3 . . 18-5 . . 18-7 . . 18-7 . . 18-8 . 18-10 . 18-11
19-1
. . . 19-1 . . . 19-3 . . . 19-4 . . 19-10
20-1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .... .... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-1 . . . 20-3 . . . 20-9 . . 20-19
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20.1.4 The Voltage Profile Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.1.5 Schematic Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.1.6 The Waveform Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.1.7 The Curve-Input Command. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.1.8 Embedded Graphic Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.1.9 Tools for Virtual Instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.1.10 User-Defined Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2 Results, Graphs and Documentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2.1 Result Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2.2 The Form Editor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2.3 The DIgSILENT Output Language . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2.4 The Output of Device Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2.5 Output of Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. 20-22 . 20-24 . 20-25 . 20-27 . 20-30 . 20-31 . 20-41 . 20-45 . 20-45 . 20-48 . 20-50 . 20-57 . 20-60
Data Management
21-1
21.1 Project Versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-1 21.1.1 Creating a New Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21-2 21.1.2 Rollback Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21-3 21.1.3 Checking Dependencies of a Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-3 21.1.4 Deleting a Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-3 21.2 Derived Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21-4 21.3 Comparing and Merging Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21-7 21.4 Project Baselining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-9 21.5 Sharing Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-10
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Short-Circuit Analysis
23.1 Technical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.1.1 The Complete Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.1.2 The IEC 60909/VDE 0102 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.2 Executing Short-Circuit Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.2.1 Toolbar/Main Menu Execution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.2.2 Context-Sensitive Menu Execution. . . . . . . . . . . . 23.2.3 Faults on Busbars/Terminals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.2.4 Faults on Lines and Branches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.2.5 Multiple Faults Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.3 Short-Circuit Calculation Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.3.1 Basic Options (All Methods) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.3.2 Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.3.3 Basic Options (IEC 60909/VDE 0102 Method). . . . 23.3.4 Advanced Options (IEC 60909/VDE 0102 Method) 23.3.5 Basic Options (ANSI C37 Method) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.3.6 Advanced Options (ANSI C37 Method). . . . . . . . . 23.3.7 Basic Options (Complete Method) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.3.8 Advanced Options (Complete Method). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23-1
. . . . . . 23-1 . . . . . . 23-3 . . . . . . 23-5 . . . . . . 23-7 . . . . . . 23-7 . . . . . . 23-8 . . . . . . 23-8 . . . . . . 23-9 . . . . . 23-10 . . . . . 23-12 . . . . . 23-12 . . . . . 23-15 . . . . . 23-16 . . . . . 23-17 . . . . . 23-20 . . . . . 23-22 . . . . . 23-23 . . . . . 23-25
Harmonics Analysis
24.1 Harmonic Load Flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.1.1 Basic Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.1.2 Advanced Options . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.2 Frequency Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.2.1 Basic Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.2.2 Advanced Options . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.3 Filter Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.4 Modelling Harmonic Sources . . . . . . . . . . 24.4.1 Harmonic Distortion Results . . . . . 24.4.2 Magnitudes and Phase values . . . . 24.4.3 Frequency Dependent Parameters. 24.4.4 Waveform Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.5 Definition of Result Variables . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24-1
. . . . 24-2 . . . . 24-2 . . . . 24-4 . . . . 24-4 . . . . 24-5 . . . . 24-6 . . . . 24-6 . . . . 24-8 . . . . 24-9 . . . 24-11 . . . 24-12 . . . 24-14 . . . 24-15
25-1
. . . . . . . . . 25-2 . . . . . . . . . 25-3 . . . . . . . . . 25-3 . . . . . . . . . 25-3 . . . . . . . . . 25-4 . . . . . . . . . 25-4 . . . . . . . . . 25-6 . . . . . . . . . 25-7 . . . . . . . . . 25-8 . . . . . . . . . 25-9 . . . . . . . . 25-11 . . . . . . . . 25-12
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25.4 Result Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.4.1 Saving Results from Previous Simulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.5 Events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.5.1 Switch Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.5.2 Parameter Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.5.3 Short-Circuit Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.5.4 Intercircuit Fault Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.5.5 Events of Synchronous Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.5.6 Events of Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.5.7 Outage of Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.5.8 Save Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.5.9 Set Integration Step Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.5.10 Tap Event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.6 Running a Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.7 Models for Stability Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.7.1 System Modelling Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.7.2 The Composite Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.7.3 The Composite Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.7.4 The Common Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.7.5 The Composite Block Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.7.6 Drawing Composite Block Diagrams and Composite Frames . 25.8 User Defined (DSL) Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.8.1 Modeling and Simulation Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.8.2 DSL Implementation: an Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.8.3 Defining DSL Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.9 The DIgSILENT Simulation Language (DSL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.9.1 Terms and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.9.2 General DSL Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.9.3 DSL Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.9.4 DSL Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.9.5 Definition Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.9.6 Initial Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.9.7 Equation Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.9.8 Equation Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.9.9 DSL Macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.9.10 Events and Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.9.11 Example of a Complete DSL Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.10 Matlab Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.10.1 Implementation of Voltage Controller - Example . . . . . . . . 25.10.2 Implementation with Built-In Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.10.3 Implementation with Matlab Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.10.4 The Matlab File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.10.5 Additional notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. 25-13 . 25-14 . 25-15 . 25-18 . 25-18 . 25-18 . 25-19 . 25-19 . 25-19 . 25-19 . 25-20 . 25-20 . 25-20 . 25-20 . 25-21 . 25-21 . 25-26 . 25-29 . 25-32 . 25-36 . 25-37 . 25-43 . 25-45 . 25-46 . 25-50 . 25-54 . 25-54 . 25-55 . 25-55 . 25-56 . 25-56 . 25-57 . 25-60 . 25-60 . 25-61 . 25-62 . 25-63 . 25-64 . 25-64 . 25-65 . 25-66 . 25-69 . 25-70
26-1
. . 26-1 . .26-4 . . 26-5 . .26-5 . . 26-7 . 26-10
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27-1
. 27-2 . 27-3 . 27-3 . 27-4 . 27-4 . 27-5 . 27-6 . 27-8
Contingency Analysis
28-1
28.1 Single Time Phase Contingency Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-1 28.2 The Single Time Phase Contingency Analysis Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-3 28.2.1 Basic Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-4 28.2.2 Effectiveness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-8 28.2.3 Advanced Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-8 28.2.4 Representing Contingency Situations - Contingency Cases. . . . . . . . 28-9 28.3 Multiple Time Phase Contingency Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-12 28.4 The Multiple Time Phase Contingency Analysis Command . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-13 28.4.1 Basic Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-14 28.4.2 Effectiveness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-15 28.4.3 Advanced Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-16 28.4.4 Defining Time Phases for Contingency Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-16 28.4.5 Representing Contingency Situations with Post-Fault Actions . . . . . 28-17 28.5 Creating Contingency Cases Using Fault Cases and Groups . . . . . . . . . . . 28-19 28.5.1 Browsing Fault Cases and Fault Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-20 28.5.2 Defining a Fault Case. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-21 28.5.3 Defining a Fault Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-21 28.6 Creating Contingency Cases Using the Contingency Definition Command . 28-22
Reliability Assessment
29-1
29.1 Network Reliability Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-1 29.1.1 Probabilistic Reliability Assessment - Technical Background . . . . . . . 29-2 29.1.2 The Reliability Assessment Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-6 29.1.3 Calculated Results for Reliability Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-13 29.1.4 Failure Models for Reliability Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-17 29.1.5 Load Modeling for Reliability Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-34 29.1.6 System State Enumeration in Reliability Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . 29-39 29.1.7 Failure Effect Analysis in Reliability Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-42 29.2 Voltage Sag Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-48 29.2.1 Calculation Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-48 29.2.2 Performing a Voltage Sag Table Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-51 29.3 Compact Reliability Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-54
30-1
30.1 OPF (Non-Linear Optimization) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30-1 30.1.1 Basic Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30-1 30.1.2 Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30-15
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30.1.3 Advanced Options . 30.1.4 Iteration Control . . 30.1.5 Output . . . . . . . . . 30.2 OPF (Linear Optimization) . 30.2.1 Basic Options . . . . 30.2.2 Initialization . . . . . 30.2.3 Advanced Options . 30.2.4 Iteration Control . . 30.2.5 Output . . . . . . . . .
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31-1
. . 31-1 . .31-1 . .31-3 . . 31-4 . .31-6 . .31-9 . . 31-9 . .31-9 . 31-10 . 31-11 . 31-11 . 31-12 . 31-12 . 31-14
Protection
32.1 Creating a Protection Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.1.1 Example: a Time-Overcurrent Relay. . . . . . . . . . . 32.1.2 Editing the Relay Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2 Basic Protection Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2.1 The Current Transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2.2 The Voltage Transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2.3 The Relay Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2.4 Directional Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2.5 The Frequency Measurement Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2.6 The Frequency Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2.7 The Fuse Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2.8 The Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay . . . . . . . . . 32.2.9 The Logic Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2.10 The Measurement Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2.11 The Time Overcurrent Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2.12 Under-/Overvoltage Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.3 Path Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.4 Protection Analysis Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.4.1 Reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.4.2 Results in Single Line Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.4.3 Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.5 Short-Circuit Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.5.1 Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32-1
. .32-1 . . 32-2 . .32-7 . 32-10 . 32-10 . 32-12 . 32-16 . 32-17 . 32-19 . 32-19 . 32-20 . 32-21 . 32-22 . 32-23 . 32-24 . 32-26 . 32-26 . 32-27 . 32-27 . 32-27 . 32-27 . 32-28 . 32-28
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32.5.2 Advanced Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.6 Time-Overcurrent Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.6.1 Changing Tripping Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.7 The Time-Distance Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.7.1 The Path Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.7.2 Methods for calculation of tripping times . . . . . . . . . . . 32.7.3 Short-Circuit Calculation Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.7.4 The x-Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.7.5 The Reference Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.7.6 Double-Click Positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.7.7 The Context Sensitive Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.7.8 Set Relays Buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.8 Relay Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.8.1 Modifying the Relay Settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.9 The Protection Coordination Wizard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.9.1 Starting the Protection Coordination Wizard . . . . . . . . . 32.9.2 The Protection Coordination Wizard Dialogue Window. .
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32-29 32-30 32-31 32-38 32-40 32-40 32-41 32-42 32-42 32-42 32-43 32-43 32-43 32-45 32-47 32-47 32-49
Network Reduction
33.1 Network Reduction Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.2 Executing the Reduction Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.3 Network Reduction Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.3.1 Basic Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.3.2 Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.3.3 Advanced Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.3.4 Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.4 Technical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.4.1 Network Reduction for Load Flow . . . . . . . 33.4.2 Network Reduction for Short-Circuit . . . . . 33.4.3 Handling of Slack Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33-1
. 33-1 . 33-3 . 33-5 . 33-5 . 33-7 . 33-8 . 33-9 33-10 33-10 33-10 33-10
State Estimation
34.1 Objective Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.2 Components of the PowerFactory State Estimator . . . . . . . . . . 34.2.1 Plausibility Check. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.2.2 Observability Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.2.3 State Estimation (Non-Linear Optimization) . . . . . . . . . 34.3 State Estimator Data Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.3.1 Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.3.2 Activating the State Estimator Display Option . . . . . . . . 34.3.3 Editing the Element Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.4 Running SE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.4.1 Basic Setup Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.4.2 Advanced Setup Options for the Plausibility Check . . . . 34.4.3 Advanced Setup Options for the Observability Check . . 34.4.4 Advanced Setup Options for Bad Data Detection . . . . . 34.4.5 Advanced Setup Options for Iteration Control . . . . . . . 34.5 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.5.1 Output Window Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.5.2 External Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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DIgSILENT PowerFactory
Users Manual
Appendix
Glossary Hotkeys References
B.1 B.2 B.3 B.4 Graphic Windows Hotkeys . . Data Manager Hotkeys . . . . . Dialogue Hotkeys . . . . . . . . . Output Window Hotkeys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .... .... .... . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A-1 B-1
B-2 B-4 B-6 B-7
Elements Reference
C.1 2-Winding Transformers (ElmTr2/ElmTr2n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.2 3-Winding Transformer (ElmTr3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.3 Asynchronous Machine (ElmAsm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.4 Booster Transformer (ElmTrb). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.5 Cable System (ElmCabsys) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.6 Common Impedance (ElmZpu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.7 Doubly Fed Induction Machine (ElmAsmsc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.8 External Network (ElmXnet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.9 Load General (ElmLod) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.10 Load Low Voltage (ElmLodlv) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.11 Load Partial (ElmLodlvp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.12 Line Route (ElmLneroute) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.13 Line Sub-Section (ElmLnesec) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.14 Motor Driven Machine (ElmMdm__X ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.15 Neutral Earthing Element (ElmNec) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.16 PWM AC/DC Converter - 1 DC Connection (ElmVscmono). . . . . . C.17 PWM AC/DC Converter - 2 DC Connections (ElmVsc) . . . . . . . . . C.18 Rectifier/Inverter 1-DC Connection (ElmRecmono) . . . . . . . . . . C.19 Rectifier/Inverter 2-DC Connection (ElmRec) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.20 Series Capacitances (ElmScap) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.21 Series Reactance (ElmSind). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.22 Shunt/Filter Element (ElmShnt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.23 Soft Starter (ElmVar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.24 Static Generator (ElmGenstat) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.24.1 Basic Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.24.2 Load Flow Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.24.3 VDE/IEC Short-Circuit Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.24.4 Full Short-Circuit Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.24.5 Optimization Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.24.6 RMS- / EMT-Simulation Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.25 Static Var System (ElmSvs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.26 Synchronous Machine (ElmSym) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.27 Tower Line Coupling (ElmTow) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C.28 Transmission Lines (ElmLne) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C-1
. C-1 . C-7 .C-11 .C-13 .C-14 .C-16 .C-18 .C-20 .C-23 .C-25 .C-27 .C-28 .C-30 .C-31 .C-35 .C-36 .C-39 .C-41 .C-42 .C-44 .C-46 .C-47 .C-51 .C-53 .C-53 .C-54 .C-55 .C-55 .C-55 .C-55 .C-56 .C-58 .C-61 .C-62
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Users Manual
Voltage Source (ElmVac) . . . . . . . . Voltage Source (ElmVdc) . . . . . . . . Digital Clock (ElmClock) . . . . . . . . . Fast Fourier Transform (ElmFft) . . . File Object (ElmFile). . . . . . . . . . . . Fourier Source (ElmFsrc) . . . . . . . . Digital Register (ElmReg) . . . . . . . . Sample and Hold Model (ElmSamp). Trigger Model (ElmTrigger). . . . . . .
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Types Reference
D.1 2-Winding Transformer Type (TypTr2) . D.2 3-Winding Transformer Type (TypTr3) . D.3 Asynchronous Machine (TypAsmo) . . . . D.4 Booster Transformer Type (TypTrb) . . . D.5 Cable Type (TypCab). . . . . . . . . . . . . . D.6 Conductor Type (TypCon) . . . . . . . . . . D.7 General Load (TypLod) . . . . . . . . . . . . D.8 Line Type (TypLne) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D.9 Rectifier Type (TypRec) . . . . . . . . . . . . D.10 Synchronous Machine Type (TypSym) . D.11 Tower Types (TypTow/TypGeo) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D-1
. .D-1 . .D-4 . .D-8 . D-11 . D-13 . D-14 . D-16 . D-17 . D-21 . D-22 . D-25
E-1
. E-1 . E-2 . E-2 . E-4
F-1
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G-1
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Users Manual
G.2.3 Executing a DPL Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G.2.4 DPL Advanced Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G.2.5 DPL Script Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G.3 The DPL Script Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G.4 The DPL Script Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G.4.1 Variable Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G.4.2 Constant parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G.4.3 Assignments and Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G.4.4 Standard Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G.4.5 Program Flow Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G.4.6 Input and Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G.5 Access to Other Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G.5.1 Object Variables and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G.6 Access to Locally Stored Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G.7 Accessing the General Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G.8 Accessing External Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G.9 Remote Scripts and DPL Command Libraries . . . . . . . . . . G.9.1 Subroutines and Calling Conventions. . . . . . . . . . . G.10 DPL Functions and Subroutines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. G-4 . G-4 . G-5 . G-5 . G-6 . G-6 . G-7 . G-7 . G-7 . G-9 G-10 G-11 G-12 G-12 G-13 G-14 G-15 G-16 G-17
DPL Reference
H.1 DPL Internal Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H.2 DPL External General Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H.2.1 DPL Set Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H.2.2 DPL Object Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H.3 Reference of DPL External Specialized Types . . . . . . . . . . H.3.1 ComOutage Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H.3.2 ComSimoutage Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H.3.3 IntPrj Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H.3.4 IntCase Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H.3.5 ElmNet Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H.3.6 IntVariant Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H.3.7 TypAsm Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H.3.8 TypAsmo Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H.3.9 ElmFeeder Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H.3.10 ComNmink Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H.3.11 ElmComp Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H.3.12 ComRes Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H.3.13 ComEcho Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H.3.14 SetTime Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H.3.15 IntMon Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H.3.16 SetFilt Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H.3.17 ComDpl Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H.3.18 IntMat Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H.3.19 IntVec Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H.3.20 ElmCoup Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H.3.21 ElmLne Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H.3.22 ElmLneroute Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H.3.23 TypLne Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H.3.24 ElmRes Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H.3.25 ElmZone Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
H-1
. H-1 H-36 H-36 H-43 H-57 H-57 H-59 H-62 H-63 H-64 H-65 H-65 H-66 H-66 H-70 H-71 H-72 H-73 H-74 H-76 H-79 H-79 H-80 H-84 H-86 H-88 H-92 H-93 H-94 H-99
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H.3.26 H.3.27 H.3.28 H.3.29 H.3.30 H.3.31 H.3.32 H.3.33 H.3.34 H.3.35 H.3.36 H.3.37 H.3.38 H.3.39
ComRel3 Methods . . . . . . ComInc Methods. . . . . . . ComLdf Methods. . . . . . . ComShc Methods . . . . . . StaSwitch Methods . . . . . SetFeeder Methods . . . . . SetPath Methods. . . . . . . SetSelect Methods. . . . . . IntForm Methods . . . . . . SetDesktop Methods . . . . SetVipage Methods . . . . . VisPlot/VisPlot2 Methods . VisFft Methods . . . . . . . . IntPlot Methods . . . . . . .
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. H-102 . H-104 . H-105 . H-105 . H-106 . H-108 . H-109 . H-113 . H-121 . H-123 . H-128 . H-137 . H-155 . H-156
DSL Reference
I-1
I.1 DSL Standard Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1 I.2 DSL Special Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-2
Index
J-1
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General Information
DIgSILENT PowerFactory
Welcome
Chapter 1 Welcome
The calculation program PowerFactory, as written by DIgSILENT, is a computer aided engineering tool for the analysis of industrial, utility, and commercial electrical power systems. It has been designed as an advanced integrated and interactive software package dedicated to electrical power system and control analysis in order to achieve the main objectives of planning and operation optimization. The name DIgSILENT stands for "DIgital SImuLation and Electrical NeTwork calculation program''. DIgSILENT Version 7 was the world's first power system analysis software with an integrated graphical one-line interface. That interactive one-line diagram included drawing functions, editing capabilities and all relevant static and dynamic calculation features. The PowerFactory package was designed and developed by qualified engineers and programmers with many years of experience in both electrical power system analysis and programming fields. The accuracy and validity of the results obtained with this package has been confirmed in a large number of implementations, by organizations involved in planning and operation of power systems. In order to meet today's power system analysis requirements, the DIgSILENT power system calculation package was designed as an integrated engineering tool which provides a complete 'walk-around' technique through all available functions, rather than a collection of different software modules. The following key-features are provided within one single executable program: 1 2 3 4 5 6
By using just a single database, containing all the required data for all equipment within a power system (e.g. line data, generator data, protection data, harmonic data, controller data), PowerFactory can easily execute any or all available functions, all within the same program environment. Some of these functions are load-flow, short-circuit calculation, harmonic analysis, protection coordination, stability calculation and modal analysis. DIgSILENT PowerFactory has originally been designed as a complete package for the high-end user. Consequently, there are no special 'lightweight' versions, no cut-outs of a 'heavy' version. This does not, however, mean that non high end users will find them1-1
DIgSILENT PowerFactory
Welcome
selves at sea when using PowerFactory. The program is also friendly to the basic user. Users who are learning about power systems are able to easily and quickly perform loadflows and short-circuit calculations, without needing to immediately master the mathematical intricacies of the calculations. PowerFactory allows the user to learn primarily about power systems and not PC quirks- all that is required is a reasonable working knowledge of Windows applications such as Word and Excel. The program is shipped with all of the engines and algorithms that are required for highend use. The functionality that has been bought by a user is configured in a matrix, where the licensed calculation functions, together with the maximum number of busses, are listed as coordinates. In addition, there are options available which will allow the configuration and fine-tuning of the software according to the user's needs, for some of the functions. In this manner, not every PowerFactory license contains all functionality described in this manual, but only those actually required, thereby reducing the complexity of the outset. As requirements dictate further functionality can be added to the license. The user thus does not have to learn a whole new interface for new functions, but merely uses new commands within the same environment. In addition, the original network data is used and only extra data, as may be required by the new calculation function, needs to be added.
1-2
DIgSILENT PowerFactory
For further information about the company DIgSILENT, our products and services please visit our web page www.digsilent.de or contact us at: DIgSILENT GmbH Heinrich-Hertz-Strae 9 72810 Gomaringen / Germany www.digsilent.de General Information: If you are looking for general information about DIgSILENT or your PowerFactory license, please contact us via: Phone: +49-(0)7072-9168-0 Fax: +49-(0)7072-9168-88 E-mail: mail@digsilent.de Technical Support: If you need technical support concerning PowerFactory, DIgSILENT experts offer direct assistance to users with valid maintenance agreements via: Phone: +49-(0)7072-9168-50 E-mail: support@digsilent.de Adding your company affiliation and the build number of your PowerFactory version to your query will help us to answer your questions faster. The build number is in "Help -> About PowerFactory..." on the main menu. Here you also will find an abbreviation containing of three letters, which is helpful for us ("This Program is Licensed to XXX"). Additionally, if you send us an *.dz or *.pfd file concerning to your query, it is often easier for us to reproduce your reported items.
2-1
DIgSILENT PowerFactory
2-2
DIgSILENT PowerFactory
This chapter will give you information about how to use this documentation, the used conventions and information about additional documentations.
3.1
This Users Manual is intended to be a reference for users of the DIgSILENT PowerFactory software. In the first part, the PowerFactory interface and the basic program
settings are discussed. Then a data model approach is used to describe how to represent power systems in PowerFactory and how to manage studies over them.
Following the discussion about the program handling, comes the presentation of the available calculation functions. Each chapter deals with a different calculation, presenting the most relevant theoretical aspects, the PowerFactory approach and the corresponding interface. Additional tools such as the DIgSILENT Programming Language (DPL), the reporting functions, and the communication interfaces with other programs are presented in the final part. The online version of this manual includes a especial section dedicated to the mathematical description of the models and their parameters. The section comprises a set of Technical Reference Papers, each one corresponding to a specific component of a power system. To facilitate its portability, visualization, and printing, the papers are attached to the online help as PDF documents. They are downloaded by clicking on the indicated links. References for the functions of the DIgSILENT Programming Language (DPL) and the DIgSILENT Simulation Language (DSL), are also included as appendixes of the online version. This Reference Users Manual is written for end users involved in the analysis of electrical power systems. It is assumed that the program has been installed and the user has a basic understanding of the PowerFactory work environment. Before starting with this guide, new users are recommended to read the information and complete the hands-on Tutorial from the Getting Started Manual.
3.2
Used Conventions
Mouse and keyboard handling actions are abbreviated, and a 'shorthand' is also used to describe actions that the user should take. To assist the user these shorthand descriptions are specifically formatted to stand out, as follows:
3-1
DIgSILENT PowerFactory
Key
As in "Press the left mouse key''. A key is either one of the mouse keys or a key on the keyboard. Mouse keys are sometimes called 'buttons', as in 'the mouse button.' As in "Press the OK button''. The word "button'' is used for screen areas which perform some action when clicked using the mouse. In other words, a 'virtual' button. Icons are usually described by the popup name that you read when you hover the cursor over it. For example, press to open the user settings dialogue. Icons are also shown as seen on screen, as in the press to open the user settings dialogue.
Button
Icons
Right/Left clicking As in "Right click the browser''. Means pointing the cursor at the object described (the browser) and pressing the right/left mouse key. Double Clicking As in "Double click the button''. Means pointing the cursor at the object described and pressing the left mouse key twice within about half a second (the time interval is as set in the Windows operating system). Ctrl-B (key combination example) means that the user should press the combination of keys described. For example, "Press Ctrl-B to toggle between balanced/unbalanced case,'' means that the user should press and hold down the first keyboard key (the Control key on the keyboard in this example) and then press the second key (B) as well.
Menu sequences When a user needs to select a command through cascaded menu options the sequence is shown by arrows that indicate what option to choose next, starting from the original menu button. For example, setting the drawing format can be done by pressing the Options button to access the options menu, then by choosing "Graphic" from the list offered, and finally "Drawing Format..." from the last list; this series of actions is all simply described by Options --> Graphic -->
Drawing Format...
'These' quotes are used to indicate that the description is one that can be found within the program- one that is not user definable, for example, the balloon help description 'Calculate Load Flow' that you see when you hover your cursor over the Load Flow icon. "These" are used to indicate data that a user has entered or should enter. "These" quotes are also used to indicate a process or series of objects that have no discernible name, but which need to be described. For example, the "drawing tools panel", which is found on the right hand side of the drawing canvas.
and [1] [2] [3], etc. Show a sequence of events that should be performed. Where they are numbered they will be associated with a graphic in which the numbers appear. left-clicking, right-clicking, clicking, double-clicking, etc. Wherever the instruction clicking or double-clicking appears it should be taken to mean clicking and double-clicking using the left mouse
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button. When the right mouse button is to be used it will be explicitly stated.
3.3
at all levels of expertise. Documents with the basic information on the program and its functionality are combined with references to advanced simulation features, mathematical descriptions of the models and of course application examples.
All new versions and builds of the program include 'Release-Notes' documenting the implemented changes.
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PowerFactory Overview
4.1
General Concept
The general concept behind the program design and application can be described by means of the three basic integration characteristics that contribute to make PowerFactory a unique power system analysis tool: Functional Integration gram, and is fully compatible with Windows 95/98/NT/2000/XP/Vista. The programming method employed allows for a fast 'walk around' the execution environment, and eliminates the need to reload modules and update or transfer results between different program applications. As an example, the power flow, fault analysis, and harmonic load flow analysis tools can be executed sequentially without resetting the program, enabling additional software modules and engines or reading external data files. Vertical Integration A special feature of the DIgSILENT PowerFactory software is the unique vertically integrated model concept. This allows models to be shared for all analysis functions and more importantly, for categories of analysis, such as Generation, Transmission, Distribution and Industrial. No longer are separate software engines required to analyze separate aspects of the power system, as DIgSILENT PowerFactory can accommodate everything within one integrated frame and one integrated database. Database Integration
There is no need to keep and organize hundreds of files on hard disc, every thing you require to model and simulate a power system is integrated in a single database!
required to perform any type of calculation, memorization of settings or software operation options. There is no need in tedious organization of several files for defining the various analysis aspects. The PowerFactory database environment fully integrates all data required for defining cases, operation scenarios, single-line graphics, outputs, run conditions, calculation options, graphics, user-defined models, etc.
Single Database Concepts: all data for standard and advanced functions are organized in a single, integrated database. This is applied also for graphics, study case definitions, outputs, run conditions, calculation options, fault sequences, monitoring messages as well as user defined models.
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PowerFactory Overview
Project Management: All the data that defines a power system model and allows its calculation is stored in so called 'Project' folders within the database. Inside a 'Project', folders called 'Study Cases' are used to define different studies of the system considering the complete network, only parts of it or variations on its current state. This 'project and study case' approach to define and manage power system studies is a unique application of the object-oriented software principle. Standard software packages often require the user to create a large number of similar saved cases, with multiple nested directories for large complex networks and studies. However, DIgSILENT PowerFactory has taken a totally new approach, and introduced a structure that is both easy to use while avoiding redundancy. Multi-User Operation: Multiple users each holding its own projects or working with data shared from other users are supported by a 'Multi-user' database operation. In this case the definition of access rights, user accounting and groups for data sharing are managed by a database administrator.
4.2
functions including:
Load Flow and Fault Analysis, allowing meshed and mixed 1-,2-, and 3-phase AC and/ or DC networks. Low Voltage Network Analysis Distribution Network Optimization IEC Cable Sizing Dynamic Simulation EMT Simulation Eigenvalue Analysis System Identification Protection Analysis Harmonic Analysis Reliability Analysis Voltage Stability Analysis Contingency Analysis Power Electronic Device Modeling Grounding A/D Interfacing Interface for SCADA/GIS/NIS Compatibility with other software systems such as PSS/E & PSS/U Multi-User Database and User Accounting Optimal Power Flow
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PowerFactory Overview
4.3
In order to better understand how to use a program it is useful to first get an idea of what the designers had in mind when they designed the user interface. In the next few paragraphs we will attempt to explain what this philosophy is.
That is, data entry is accomplished by drawing the network under study and then by editing the objects on the drawing canvas to assign data to them. Figure 4.1 shows how PowerFactory looks like when a project is active. It shows the Graphic window (up) and the Output window (below).
Fig. 4.1:
As users progress and become more adept with the program, data will be manipulated by using a data viewer called the Data Manager. The two means of accessing the data are thus via the graphics page/s and via the Data Manager. Data is accessed from the graphics page by double-clicking on an object. An input dialogue pops up and the user may then edit the data for that object. All of the data that is entered for such objects is hierarchically structured in folders to al4-3
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PowerFactory Overview
low the user to navigate through it. To view the data and its organization, a "Data Manager" is used. Figure 4.2 shows the Data Manager Window. The data manager is similar in appearance and working to a Windows Explorer. As mentioned, data pertaining to a study is organized into several folders. Before examining this structure we should understand the philosophy behind this arrangement.
Fig. 4.2:
4.4
Data Arrangement
Firstly, it is clear that, for the study of any system, there are two distinct sets of information that can be defined: Data that pertains directly to the system under study, that is, electrical data. Study management data, for example, which graphics should be displayed, what options have been chosen for a load flow, which 'areas' of the network should be considered for calculation, etc. The electrical data itself can also be further divided into logical sets. When we construct a power system we make use of standardized materials or components - a roll of cable for example. In simple terms we can describe the cable electrically by its impedance per km length whilst it is still on the cable drum; in other words, generic information about this cable, is called "Type" data. When we cut a length of the cable for installation the type data is retained in a modified way, as follows: 600m of cable that has a Type impedance of 'Y' Ohms/ km will now have an impedance of '0.6*Y' Ohms. We can thus see that the length of the cable, 0.6 km, can be seen as a separate set of information. This set will contain all of that information particular to the specific installation or application of the piece of cable we are considering. Information such as the derating factor of the installed cable, its local name, the nodes that it is connected to at either end; in other words, all information that is non-generic, will fall into this information set. In PowerFactory we call this "Element Data". Within the element data, there is information related to the operational point of a devise but not to the devise itself i.e. the tap position on a transformer or the active power dispatch of a generator. These kind of data, which is subject to frequent changes during a
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PowerFactory Overview
study and may be used to simulate different operation scenarios of the same network, is further grouped inside the element data set in a subset called "Operational Data". This means that there are now four distinct sets that we need to arrange the data into. In 'data base' terms this means four folders, which, in PowerFactory, we call: ''Network Data'' folder: Holds all the element data. ''Operation Scenario'' folder: Holds the operational data defining a certain operational point. ''Equipment Type'' folder: Holds all the type data ''Study Case'' folder: Holds all the study management data. For an optimal advantage of the flexibility offered by this data arrangement approach, the aforementioned folders should be hierarchically organized within a higher directory. In PowerFactory this higher directory is called ''Project''. Besides the described data sets, a project stores all the additional database ''objects'' required to model, simulate, analyze and visualize a particular power system. The PowerFactory database supports multiple users (as mentioned in 4.1) and each user can manage several projects. ''User Account'' folders with access privileges only for their owners (and other users with shared rights) must then be used. User accounts are of course in a higher level than projects.
Fig. 4.3:
Figure 4.3 shows a snapshot from a database as seen by the user in a data manager window.The folders listed contain the following type of data:
User Folder
Three user accounts (Demo, Manual and Peter) containing different projects are shown.
Project
In this case named Simple Power System. This folder is the frame for all project subfolders.
Equipment Types
Holds all the type data.
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PowerFactory Overview
Network Model
Holds the Network Data folder containing the element data. The Network Model folder also contains the graphical objects folders (Diagrams), storing network diagrams and the network modifications folders (Variations) storing expansions or topological changes to be applied in the original networks. Operation Scenarios Holds sets of operational data.
Study Cases
Contains the study Management Data - the 'tools' and 'tool settings' that are used to perform the calculations and the visualization of the results. All the aspects related to the use and management of the project folder, including the subfolders listed above is given in chapters: For information about user accounts please refer to Chapter 5 Program Setting, Logging on and User Accounts.
4.5
User Interface
The PowerFactory windows are the users interface to the program and the means to enter or manipulate data and/or graphics. DIgSILENT PowerFactory uses several kinds of windows some of which have been shown previously. To follow the explanation, please see Figure 4.4: The main PowerFactory window is described in the title bar- "DIgSILENT PowerFactory 14.0" 1. The main menu bar contains the drop down menu selections 2. The Graphical Editor 3 displays single line diagrams, block diagrams and/or simulation plots of the current project. Studied networks and simulation models can be directly modified from the graphical editor by placing and connecting elements. The "Data Manager" 4 is the direct interface with the database. It is similar in appearance and working to a Windows Explorer. The left pane displays a symbolic tree representation of the complete database. The right pane is a data browser that shows the content of the currently selected folder. When an object is right clicked (in the graphical editor or in the data manager) a context sensitive menu with several possible actions appears 5. When an object is double clicked its edit dialogue pops up 6. The edit dialogue is the interface between an object and the user. The parameters defining the object are accessed trough this edit dialogue. Normally an edit dialogue is composed of several 'pages' (also called tabs). Each tab groups parameters that are relevant to a certain function. In the example of Figure 4.4 the 'Load Flow' tab of a generator is shown, therefore only the generator parameters relevant to a load flow calculation are available. At the bottom of the PowerFactory window, an output window 7 with its own toolbar is shown.
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PowerFactory Overview
Fig. 4.4:
The data manager sub-window (this window is created by pressing the icon, which is the first icon on the left of the main toolbar) is always floating and more than one can be active at the same time. The database manager itself has several appearances: it may only show the database tree for selecting a database folder, or it may be the full version with the database tree, the data browser, and all editing capabilities. One of the major tasks for the data manager is to provide access to the power system components. The power system components shown in the data manager can be 'gangedited' (or 'group-edited') within the data manager itself, where the data is presented in a tabular format, for all the selected objects. Alternatively each object may also be individually edited by double clicking on an object (or right click -> "Edit"). The output window, at the bottom of the screen, is always there; it cannot be closed although it can be minimized. The output window can be "docked'', that is: fixed to a location on the bottom of the main window. The docked state is the default, as shown in the Figure 4.4. When clicking the right mouse button, when the cursor is in the output window area, the context sensitive menu of the output window appears. The output window can then be undocked by deselecting the "Docking View" (by clicking the mouse onto "Docking View"
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PowerFactory Overview
to 'untick' it. The undocked output window is still confined to the main window, but now as a free floating window. This sometimes occurs 'accidentally' when the user left clicks the tool bar for the output window and drags the mouse (keeping the mouse button down) to somewhere outside of the output window boundaries. To rectify this simply left click in the title bar of the undocked window and drag it down to the bottom of the screen where it will dock once more (if you have right clicked 'unticked' "Docking View" to right click and select "Docking View" once more. The undocked state is not a normal situation for the output window. Because the output messages that appear in this window are important at any stage while using the program, the docked state is the best place because it will be visible then and easy to locate. The edge of the output window shows a splitter bar [a] which is used to change the size of the output window. The 'drag' cursor, as shown at [a], appears automatically when the cursor is placed on the splitter bar. The left mouse button can be pressed when the 'drag' cursor is visible. This will turn the splitter bar to grey and the output window can now be resized by holding down the mouse button and moving the mouse up or down. The icon "Maximize Output Window'' ( ) on the main toolbar will enlarge the output window to almost full-screen. Left click the button again to switch back to the small output window. On the right of the title bar of any window or sub-window there are three buttons that are used to "Minimize", "Maximize"/"Restore Down" or "Close" the window. The button minimizes the window to a small object, somewhere on the screen (usually in the lower left corner- this is the default position) in the case of a subwindow, or to the task bar for your computer- at the bottom of the screen. The button 'opens' the minimized window to full screen size.