Specially prepared for the following courses:

• Process Control & Instrumentation

• Chemical Process Control
Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia

Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Process & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)

Purpose
1. To indicate the instruments or control devices attached to the process.
2. To indicate the control system architecture associated with the process.

How it is done?
Standard symbols and notations representing instruments or control devices are placed to the pipings and
vessels. Standard symbols and notations are available from ISA-5.1(1984) standard.

Methodology?

Process piping and sub-piping

A thick straight line represent main process piping

A thin straight line represent process sub-piping either PG

to instruments or by-pass process line.
Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Naming rule

1 2 3 4
Measurement Device Device / Condition Condition
P Pressure C Controller C Controller H High
T Temperature T Transmitter T Transmitter L Low
L Level R Recorder R Recorder
F Flow I Indicator H High
A Analysis A Alarm L Low
S Switch / Safety V Valve
G Gauge

Complete guide on P&ID symbols & notations are available from ISA 5.1 (R1984)

Examples

 

PC Pressure Controller PCC

PIC Pressure Indicating Controller PTC
LG Level Gauge PTR
No such
FR Flow Recorder PIR
devices yet.
TAL Temperature Alarm Low TRR
TALL Temperature Alarm Low Low TRA
TAHL Temperature Alarm High Low TAV
Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Symbols
Instruments / control devices:

A circle representing locally A circle with horizontal line A circle with horizontal line
mounted instrument representing control room inside a square representing
panel mounted instrument. its function in DCS.
Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Follow the standard published by the Instrument Society of America (ISA)

Instrument Line (Signal) Symbols

Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Final control elements

Control
valves =

Manual
valve
= OR Not darkened → Always open

Manual
valve
= OR Darkened → Always closed
NC

NO → Normally open
Solenoid
valve
=
NC → Normally closed
NO NC
Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Device names Devices (hardware) Notations Symbols

Current to pneumatic I/P I/P

transducer

Pressure relief valve / PSV PRV

Pressure safety valve

Thyristor TY TY

Inverter VY VY
Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Examples

PG = Pressure Gauge

= Pressure Indicating Controller

PIC

FT = Flow Transmitter

TT = Temperature Transmitter

= Temperature Element (RTD/TC)

TE
Source: https://www.aiche.org/chenected/2010/09/interpreting-piping-and-instrumentation-diagrams-symbology
Unit 1: Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Examples
Unit 1: Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Examples Instrument piping - thin line

LT
120
Unit 1: Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Examples Instrument piping + field instrument – thin line + circle

LT
120
P&ID

Examples

thin process line

LT
120

thick process line

© Abdul Aziz Ishak, Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia (2009)

 Transmission signal
 3 principle type of signals in in in process industries

Signal Range Symbol

Pneumatic 3 – 15 psig

Electrical 4 – 20 mA
1 to 5 V

Digital/discrete

 Usually signal is in percent

 Example 0-100% = 3-15 psig

• Signal are used by devices – transmitters, controllers,
final control element to communicate.
• Change type of signal using transducer /
converter

• Example of transducer
• Current to pneumatic (I/P)
• Digital-to-analog (D to A)
• Pneumatic to current (P/I)
Can you read the following P&ID.

 Main process line

 Process instrument piping
 Temperature transmitter product

 Temperature controller Feed

 
 Flow controller TT TC

 Current to pnuematic transducer Fuel

 
 Control valve  I/P FC TC  SP

 
 Electrical signal 
 Pneumatic signal  
FT

12 11
 Temperature controller DCS function ASD

11 Automatic shut down PLC unit

12 Solenoid valve
Tutorial : Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Example of a P&ID.

http://new.backoffice.euromoneydigital.com/images/22/21607/06-04_Prevent-Zeydabadi_fig2.jpg
 Steam in

Fluid in Fluid out

Heat Exchanger
Ti T desired

Steam out
 Steam in
I/P TC
(Manipulated variables)

TT
Fluid in Fluid out
Heat Exchanger
Ti T desired

(Load disturbances ) (Controlled variables)

Steam out
(Uncontrolled variables)
 Steam in
I/P TC
(Manipulated variables)

TT
Fluid in Fluid out
Heat Exchanger
Ti T desired

(Load disturbances ) (Controlled variables)

Steam out
(Uncontrolled variables)
Tutorial : Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Draw a P&ID for the following process.

How It Works
Reboiler is used in the petroleum industry to
vaporize a fraction of the bottom product from
a distillation column.

Liquid flows from the column into a shell in

which there is a horizontal tube bundle, boiling
taking place from the outside this bundle. The
vapor passes back to the column as shown.
http://www.thermopedia.com/content/1078/

http://engineering.wikia.com/wiki/Shell_and_tube_heat_exchanger
Tutorial : Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Design a P&ID for the following process.

Using correct P&ID symbols, draw the following

instruments to the reboiler as shown in figure
below.

(i) Steam pressure gauge

(ii) Reboiler vapor pressure gauge Reboiler vapor

(iii) Steam temperature gauge

(iv) Vessel over pressure relief valve

Steam
(v) Steam over pressure relief valve

(vi) Liquid level gauge at overflow

compartment

(vii) Liquid level gauge at liquid boiling

compartment Condensate
Bottom product
(viii) Temperature gauge at liquid boiling
compartment.
Tower bottoms
Tutorial : Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Design a P&ID for the following process.

Install appropriate instruments for the

following tasks:

(i) Liquid level control at over flow

compartment

(ii) Reboiler vapor pressure control Reboiler vapor

(iii) Liquid temperature control

(iv) Reboiler vapor pressure alarm high

(v) Liquid temperature alarm high Steam

(vi) Low and high level liquid alarm at

liquid over flow compartment

(vii) Low liquid level alarm at boiling liquid

compartment Condensate

Bottom product

Tower bottoms
Tutorial : Process & Instrumentation Diagram

Design a P&ID for the following process.

Install appropriate control systems for the

following tasks:

(i) Liquid level measurement of sight

glass type

(ii) Flow control for chemical A A B

(iii) Flow control for chemical B

(iv) Liquid level alarm low and high

(v) Flow meter (gauge) A

(vi) Flow meter (gauge) B

(vii) Flow meter (gauge) C

(viii) Flow recorder for all streams

(ix) Pump off upon low liquid level

C
Control System
Architectures
Unit 1: Control System Configuration
Field control is a control system configuration whereby instruments (transmitters, recorders and indicators) are
placed at the process site. They can be grouped together at a control panel. Suitable for small scale industries.
Advantage: Fast control. Disadvantage: cumbersome monitoring.

FC
101

I/P
101
PROCESS
CONTROL FT
LOOP 102 101
TY PROCESS
LT
101 102 CONTROL
LOOP 101

TT
102

LC TC TR
102 102 102

PUMP SWITCH
PANEL
BOX
Can be at plant site or
control room © Abdul Aziz Ishak, Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia (2009)
Unit 1: Control System Configuration
SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) is a control configuration system whereby a computer is used
to monitor the process variables (PV). It is also possible to change the controller set point (SP) and control the
process manually by opening /closing the control valve (MV). However, the computer has no capability of
controlling the process. Suitable for medium scale industries. Can switch to ‘LOCAL’ control when computer /
software break down. FC
101
R/L
I/P
101
PROCESS
CONTROL FT
LOOP 102 101
TY PROCESS
LT
101 102 CONTROL
LOOP 101

TT
102

DAQ card
LC TC TR
102 102 102

DAQ card

PUMP SWITCH
PANEL
BOX
Can be at plant site or
control room © Abdul Aziz Ishak, Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia (2009)
Unit 1: Control System Configuration
Computer control. Very much like DCS system: monitors and controls processes. Field controllers are replaced
with a single computer. A “fundamental and crude” version of DCS.

I/P
101
PROCESS
CONTROL FT
LOOP 102 101
TY PROCESS
LT
101 102 CONTROL
LOOP 101

TT
102

Signals based on card I/O

DAQ PCI card

© Abdul Aziz Ishak, Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia (2009)

Unit 1: Control System Configuration
DCS (Distributed control system). Unlike SCADA, DCS system monitors and controls processes. Field controllers
are replaced with a single computer. Server can run processes when computer breakdown, but change on SP, A to
M to A or P, I, & D cannot be made.

I/P
101
PROCESS
CONTROL FT
LOOP 102 101
TY PROCESS
LT
101 102 CONTROL
LOOP 101

TT
102

Server
Fieldbus or mA

© Abdul Aziz Ishak, Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia (2009)