Ky Thuat Truyen Dan SDH

K Thut Truyn Dn SDH
Nghim Xun Anh

10. 8. 2004
ii
Mc lc
Phn cp s cn ng b (ng lc cho s ra i ca SDH)

1.1
Gii thiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.1
Mng s
1.1.2
u im ca truyn dn s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.3
Cc vn ca truyn dn s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..................................
1.2
SDH l g?
.....................................
1.3
Ti sao cn SDH? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4
PDH v SDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.1
Ba phn cp s PDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.2
Nhiu tc /dng tn hiu khc nhau: V d so snh DS1 vi CEPT-1 .
1.4.3
Cc phng n nn khng khc nhau: V d B3ZS so vi HDB3
1.4.4
Nhiu th tc ghp knh khc nhau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
1.4.5
Nhiu kiu t chc/t l phn trm mo u khc nhau . . . . . . . . . .
15
1.5
1.6
....
11
Lin kt mng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
1.5.1
Khng tng thch gia cc nh sn xut cho thng tin si quang . . . .
17
1.5.2
Kt ni ton cu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
Thuc tnh v li ch ca SDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
1.6.1
19
1.6.2
s si
Nhu cu khch hng tng v xu hng ca mng tng lai . . . . . . . .
SDH trn c
quang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
....
20
1.6.3
Cc thuc tnh chnh ca SDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
1.6.4
Li ch do SDH mang li . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
23
2
Phn cp tn hiu SDH (Tc , Dng tn hiu v Mo u)

2.1
SDH v PDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iii
24
MC LC
iv
2.1.1
Phn cp s cn ng b (PDH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
2.1.2
PDH v cc Container SDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
2.2
Kt ni im - im SDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
2.3
Khung SDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
2.3.1
Khi nim khung SDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
2.3.2
Khung STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
2.3.3
STM-N (N=4, 16 hoc 64) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
2.4
Cc byte truyn ti SDH v mo u ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
2.4.1
V tr /tn cc byte mo u SDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
2.4.2
Chc nng ca mo u on lp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
2.4.3
Chc nng mo u on ghp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
2.4.4
Mo u on ca khung STM-N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
2.4.5
Mo u ng VC-3/VC-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
2.5
Cc thnh phn ca tn hiu STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
2.6
Container C-n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
2.6.1
C-4, VC-4, AU-4, AUG v STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
2.6.2
C-3, VC-3, TU-3, TUG-3, VC-4, AUG v STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
2.6.3
C-12, VC-12, TUG-2, TUG-3, VC-4, AU-4, AUG v STM-1 . . . . . .
45
2.7
n v Lung (TU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
2.7.1
Mc ch v dung lng ca TU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
2.7.2
Mi quan h gia TU-n (n=11, 12 hoc 2) vi TUG-2 . . . . . . . . . .
47
2.7.3
TU v STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
51
3
ng dng con tr SDH (B tr- Mapping/ghp-Multiplexing)

3.1
Con tr STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
3.2
Phn loi con tr STM-1 v v tr con tr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
3.3
Con tr (H1, H2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
3.3.1
(H1, H2) vi t cch mt con tr AU-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
3.3.2
(H1, H2) vi t cch mt con tr AU-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
3.4
Con tr TU-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
3.5
Con tr TU-1/ TU-2
71
................................
v
MC LC
3.5.1
Gi tr lch ti tin TU-1/TU-2
.....................
3.5.2
Cc hot ng con tr TU-1/TU-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
75
3.6
Mo u ng VC-1/VC-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
3.7
B tr/Ghp tn hiu STM-1
80
............................
3.7.1
B tr C-4 vo STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
3.7.2
B tr/ghp C-3 vo STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85
3.8
B tr/ghp C-12 vo STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
89
3.9
Tng kt hot ng ghp/b tr: Din gii tc tn hiu . . . . . . . . . . . . .
96
3.10 Cc tn hiu mc xch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
97
3.10.1 Chuyn i gia ch Floating v ch Locked . . . . . . . . . . . .
99
101
4
nh thi v ng b (Timing and Synchronization)

4.1
Gii thiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.2
ng b khung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.3
4.2.1
Siu khung v mu ng b khung ca mt tn hiu DS1
4.2.2
Pht hin mu khung ca mt tn hiu DS1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.2.3
DS1 cu trc siu khung m rng (ESF)
4.2.4
ng b khung SDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
ng b mng
. . . . . . . . 103
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
4.3.1
Mc ch ca ng b mng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
4.3.2
Cc thuc tnh chnh ca ng b mng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
4.3.3
Ba cp ng b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.3.4
nh ngha mt s thut ng c s dng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
4.3.5
Cc nguyn nhn gy rung pha, tri, trt pha v phase hit. . . . . . . . 114
4.3.6
Phn cp ng h ng b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
4.3.7
Phn loi ng h
4.3.8
Kin trc ng b mng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4.3.9
chnh xc ca ng h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4.3.10 Nhng yu cu i vi tc trt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

4.3.11
Yu cu ng b SDH . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
4.3.12 Trng thi ng b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
MC LC
vi
4.4
ng h v khi phc thi gian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

4.4.1
Cc chc nng v hot ng ca ng h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
4.4.2
Khi phc thi gian
4.4.3
M ng truyn nhm m bo mt bit 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.4.4
B gi ngu nhin dng cho nn zero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
4.4.5
Cu hnh tn hiu nh thi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Danh sch hnh v
1.1
Mng s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2
Truyn dn s so vi truyn dn tng t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3
FDM (tng t) so vi TDM (s)
1.4
Chuyn i Tc /Dng tn hiu PDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5
Dng tn hiu cho DS1 v CEPT-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6
Tm quan trng ca Tc ng h My thu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
1.7
Tm quan trng ca Tc ng h My thu ng b . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
1.8
Khi phc thi gian (nh thi) ca my thu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
1.9
Ghp knh chn bit so vi chn byte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
.........................
1.10 Chn mo u cho cc tn hiu PDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
1.11 Mi trng sn phm sng nh sng t nhiu nh cung cp . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
1.12 Kt ni ton cu (DS-n/CEPT-n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
1.13 Kt ni ton cu (DS-n/CEPT-n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
2.1
Phn cp tn hiu SDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
2.2
Phn cp tn hiu PDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
2.3
Kt ni u-cui SDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
2.4
Khung SDH: Mo u v ti tin tch bit nhau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
2.5
Mt khung STM-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
2.6
Khung
......
STM-1 vi cc mo u
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.7
Tn ca cc byte mo u ca mt tn hiu STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
2.8
Cc byte mo u cho mt tn hiu STM-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
2.9
Cc byte mo u cho mt tn hiu STM-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
2.10 Cc byte mo u ng VC-4/VC-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
vii
38
DANH SCH HNH V

viii
2.11 n nh bit cho byte G1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
2.12 Cc thnh phn ca tn hiu STM-N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
2.13 C-4, VC-4, AU-4 v STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
2.14 C-3, VC-3, TU-3, TUG-3, VC-4, AU-4 v STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
2.15 C-12, VC-12, TU-12, TUG-2, TUG-3, VC-4, AU-4 v STM-1 . . . . . . . . . .
44
2.16 AUG (hay STM-1) v cc loi TU khc nhau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
2.17 Dung lng / cu trc khung ca TU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
2.18 Quan h gia TUG-2 v TU-n (n=11, 12 v 2)
48
..................
2.19 TU-12 v STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
3.1
Con tr, ti tin STM-1 v STM-1
53
3.2
V tr con tr ca bn loi con tr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
3.3
T chc con tr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
3.4
Phm vi lch ca con tr AU-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
3.5
iu chnh tn s dng (con tr AU-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
3.6
iu chnh tn s dng (con tr AU-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
3.7
iu chnh tn s m (con tr AU-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
3.8
iu chnh tn s m (con tr AU-4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
3.9
Trnh t lung d liu c nhn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
3.10 Cc trng hp c bit ca iu chnh Tn s Dng . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
3.11 Cc trng hp c bit ca iu chnh Tn s m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
3.12 Tng v gim cc gi tr con tr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
3.13 Phm vi lch con tr AU-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
3.14 Phm vi lch con tr TU-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69
3.15 Cc byte con tr TU-1/TU-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
3.16 Gi tr lch ti tin TU-1/TU-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73
3.17 Cc v tr ti tin cp cao v cp thp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
3.18 Byte mo u ng VC-1/VC-2, T chc byte V5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
3.19 C-4, VC-4, AU-4, AUG v STM-N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
3.20 C-4, VC-4, AU-4, AUG v STM-N (tip) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
3.21 B tr CEPT-4 vo C-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83
.........................
ix
DANH SCH HNH V
3.22 C-3, VC-3, TU-3, TUG-3, VC-4, AU-4, AUG v STM-N
............
85
3.23 C-3, VC-3, TU-3, TUG-3, VC-4, AU-4, AUG v STM-N (tip) . . . . . . . . .
86
3.24 CEPT-3, C-3 v VC-3
87
...............................
3.25 C-12, VC-12, TU-12, TUG-2, TUG-3, VC-4, AU-4, AUG v STM-N . . . . . .
89
3.26 C-12, VC-12 v TU-12 (tip) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
3.27 TU-12, TUG-2 v TUG-3 (tip) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
3.28 Cn ng b E1, C-12, VC-12 v TU-12
.....................
92
3.29 Cn ng b E1, C-12, VC-12 v TU-12
.....................
93
3.30 B tr C-12 ng b bit so vi b tr C-12 cn ng b . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
3.31 C-12 ng b byte: 30 knh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94
3.32 C-12 ng b byte: 31 knh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
3.33 C-12 ng b byte: 31 knh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
96
3.34 VC-4-N so vi VC-4-Nc (concatenated) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
98
3.35 Con tr AU-4 v Ch th Mc xch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99
3.36 Con tr AU-4 v Ch th Mc xch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

4.1
Dng tn hiu DS1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.2
Dng siu khung tn hiu DS1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.3
Mu khung DS1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.4
Ch tm kim mu khung v ch duy tr mu khung . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.5
Tn hiu SF DS1 v tn hiu ESF DS1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.6
Mu byte khung v cu trc khung STM-1
4.7
S bin i pha gia hai tn hiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.8
Phm vi tn s ca rung pha v tri pha theo G.810 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.9
V d v o tri pha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.10 nh ngha chc nng ca MTIE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

4.11 Kin trc ng b ha AT&T
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
4.12 Cp ngun nh thi gian tch hp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

4.13 Tm quan trng ca chnh xc ng h my thu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4.14 Tm quan trng ca chnh xc ng h my thu (tip) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4.15 B nh
m khe thi gian ca my thu

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
DANH SCH HNH V

x
4.16 Yu cu n nh ngn hn i vi STM-N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

4.17 Yu cu n nh ngn hn i vi tn hiu tham kho nh thi . . . . . . . . . . 122
4.18 Byte Bn tin Trng thi ng b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
4.19 Tm quan trng ca ng b ng h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.20 Tm quan trng ca ng b ng h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
4.21 Lung bit s nhn mong mun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.22 p dng m B3ZS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4.23 Cc cu hnh nh thi khc nhau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Chng 1
Phn cp s cn ng b (ng lc cho s
ra i ca SDH)
Mc ch ca chng
Sau khi hon thnh chng ny bn c th
M t l do cho s ra i ca cc tiu chun Phn cp S ng b (SDH)
bng vic xem xt cc hn ch ca Phn cp S Cn ng b (PDH) nh : nhiu
tc /dng tn hiu PDH khc nhau; nhiu th tc ghp knh khc nhau cho cc
tn hiu PDH, v nhiu cch thc t chc mo u v t l phn trm mo u khc
nhau cho cc tn hiu PDH.

bng vic nghin cu mc ch ca cc chun SDH
v bng vic xem xt c tnh ca mng tng lai
M t cc thuc tnh chnh v li ch ca SDH
Tm tt chng
Mng s: u v nhc im
SDH l g? ti sao li phi c SDH?
Cc c tnh ca PDH
ba phn cp vng
nhiu tc v dng tn hiu khc nhau
nhiu k thut nn zero khc nhau

nhiu th tc ghp knh khc nhau
nhiu kiu t chc mo u v t l phn trm khc nhau
CHNG 1. PHN CP S CN NG B (NG LC CHO S RA I CA SDH)

Lin kt mng
khng tng thch gia cc nh sn xut cho thng tin si quang
kt ni ton cu
Cc thuc tnh v li ch chnh ca SDH
1.1
Gii thiu
Hnh 1.1: Mng s
1.1.1 Mng s
Qua my thp k va qua, cc mng thng tin tin ha t mng tng t sang mng s. Cc
phng tin truyn ti chim u th ca k nguyn thng tin ban u l dy dn (i dy xon
hay cp ng trc) v bu kh quyn (cc ng dng truyn thanh v v tinh). Xu hng ca
mng hin i l s dng si quang lm phng tin truyn ti ch o nhng ni m n c
th trin khai c. ng thi ny em li cht lng truyn dn tt hn v bng tn (hay dung
lng) ln hn.
Cc dch v c th c tch hp d dng hn vo cc mng s so vi cc mng tng t.
Cc dch v thoi qua h thng iu m xung (PCM) c chuyn i thnh lung s liu 64
kbit/s. S liu t
my tnh l dng s. Tn hiu
Video, bng cch s dng k thut nn bit,

c chuyn thnh mt tn hiu s vi tc tng i ln. Tn hiu Fax c truyn i
dng s ca n qua my thp k. Cc dch v ny c th s c ghp tip bi phng thc
TDM v tch hp vo mt lung tn hiu n truyn qua cc mng s.
1.1.2 u im ca truyn dn s
C rt nhiu u im ca truyn dn s so vi truyn dn tng t. Ba u im chnh c tng
kt nh sau:
3
1.1. GII THIU
A. Gn nh min dch i vi nhiu (Hnh 1.2)
Mt tn hiu suy yu i khi n c truyn qua mt h thng thng tin. Cng tn
hiu gim khi n lan truyn dc theo phng tin truyn dn. Ngoi ra, tn hiu s b lm
sai lch bi cc ngun nhiu khc nhau. trung thc ca tn hiu xung cp v i khi
s xung cp dn ti mc khng th chp nhn c. Cht lng truyn dn tr nn
khng tha mn. Khi mt b lp c t ti nhng ni c cho l thch hp th c tn
hiu v nhiu (hay tn hiu khng mong mun) s c khuch i. c c cc b lp
c th lc c tt c cc loi nhiu l rt kh khn v tn km. V th dc theo phng
tin truyn dn di, nhiu s c tch ly li. Khi tn hiu ti ch ca n, cht lng ca
h
thng c th hoc khng
th
chp nhn c, tc l t
s tn
hiu trn nhiu (S/N) c
th tr
nn qu nh khi phc
tn hiu
c pht i. Mt
khc,
mt h thng truyn
Hnh 1.2: Truyn dn s so vi truyn dn tng t

dn s s gn nh min dch i vi nhiu nu cc b lp ti to c t nhng ni
thch hp. Nu mt mc logic "1" (chng hn +5V) c truyn qua mt h thng s, tn
hiu s suy yu v b lm sai lch bi nhiu nh trong h thng tng t. Ti im lp,
my thu to ra in p ngng pht hin v cc im ly mu (pht hin) nhng khong
cch u nhau c quyt nh bi ng h my thu. Nu cng tn hiu thu c ln
hn in p ngng pht hin th tn hiu nhn c c khi phc (hay ti to li) thnh
mc logic "1". Tc dng ca nhiu s khng lan truyn dc theo phng tin truyn dn
di nh trong h thng tng t

B. Tch hp
cc dch v Nh c gii
thiu trong phn trn

C. D dng ghp knh (xem Hnh 1.3)
Hnh 1.3 trnh by cc bc chnh c yu cu ghp mt s tn hiu tng t thnh
mt tn hiu FDM (ghp phn chia theo tn s). Mi tn hiu tng t trc ht c iu
ch tr thnh tn hiu c di thng bng cch s dng mt tn hiu sng mang vi tn
s sng mang chng hn nh f 1 . Mt b Lc Thng Di phi c p dng hn ch tn

hiu iu ch vo di tn ca chnh n. Bc th 3 l ghp tt c cc tn hiu thng di
ny vo mt tn hiu FDM truyn i. i vi TDM, mt chuyn mch in t (logic)
c s dng nhn lung d liu (chng hn nh c 8 bit mi ln) t mi tn hiu s.
c
4
PHN
NG
CHO S
CHNG 1.
CP S CN
B (NG LC
RA I CA SDH)
Hnh 1.3: FDM (tng t) so vi TDM (s)

Th tc ny nhm chn cc tn hiu tc thp, tng tn hiu mt, vo mt lung d liu
tc cao hn.
Ta c th thy rng cng ngh TDF d dng hn FDM . Do gi thnh cc h thng
TDM cng thp hn.
1.1.3 Cc vn ca truyn dn s
Mt s vn ca truyn dn s i hi phi c nhng gii php. Hai vn chnh c tho
lun y
A. ng b C vi l do i hi mt mng s phi hot ng cng ng b cng tt. Mt h
thng s c thit k mang nhiu tn hiu ng thi qua cng mt phng tin truyn
dn. Nu khng c phng n ng b c th chp nhn c th cc tn hiu s s b
mo. Khong cch ng truyn tr nn ngy cng di hn do thng tin ton cu tr thnh
mt hot ng hng ngy ca i sng x hi. Vic thiu ng b gia my pht v my
thu lm cho cht lng ng truyn d dng c th tr nn khng th chp nhn c.

Mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng nht l t c ng b khung ca mt lung d
liu. t c ng b khung, ti my pht, mt mu khung c chn mt cch c
chu k vo lung d liu thng tin. Vn ng b khung ny s c nghin cu sau
trong chng ny.

B. Khi phc
thi gian
Nh trnh by
trong Hnh cc im ly mu (hay pht hin) c

yu cu ti my thu hay b lp ti to. Cc im ly mu ny phi c "t" bi mt
ng h chnh xc ca my thu. ng h cng chnh xc th gi thnh cng cao. chnh
xc ng h s c tho lun trong Chng 7.Tuy nhin, cc ng h chnh xc ti my
thu khng khi phc li lung d liu nhn c. Cc ng h phi c ng b
vi lung d liu ti gim thiu li bt. iu ny cng s c tho lun trong chng
ny. Tm li, thc hin khi phc thi gian ti my thu ta cn
c ng h chnh xc
s dng cng ngh nn khng.
5
1.2. SDH L G?
1.2 SDH l g?
Qu khng d dng nh ngha SDH ch bng mt vi t. Nhng mt s khi nim s c
a ra y. SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) hay phn cp s ng b c ngun gc t
SONET (Mng Quang ng b) ca M, l mt thut ng ni ti tc , dng tn hiu v cc
hot ng c ch ra trong b tiu chun ca ITU-T. Tuy nhin y khng lit k tn cc b
tiu chun ny.

SDH thc hin mt h cc tiu chun (hay giao thc). N c th v s giao tip vi cc
mng hin c c xy dng trn cc tiu chun vng. SDH c th v s tr thnh mt tiu
chun cng nghip cho thng tin si quang bng rng ton cu. Mng thng tin ny c th c
b sung bi cc h thng cp ng v/hoc v tuyn cho cc ng dng ng truyn c ly ngn
v/hoc tc thp.
Khi mng s ca quc gia c trin khai mt phn thng qua cc chun SDH th cc
vng SDH ny c th c kt ni ti nhng vng c trin khai vi cc tiu chun phi
SDH (thng c ni ti l cc chun cn ng b PDH). Mt s nt c bit ca SDH gm:

A. Cung cp cc giao tip quang ti
tc STM-1, STM-4, STM-16, STM-64 v STM-256
vi tc tng ng l 155,52 Mbit/s, 2,5 Gbit/s, 10 Gbit/s v 40 Gbit/s v s c trnh
by sau trong Chng 2.

B. Cung cp cc phn t mng duy nht cc mng PDH c th c kt ni ti hay
giao tip vi cc mng SDH

B ghp xen r (ADM), h thng kt ni cho s DCS hay H thng mch vng s DLC
vv... s cung cp cc giao tip gia h thng SDH v h thng PDH, chng hn nh
chuyn i dng hoc tc tn hiu. Chng hn nh mt b kt ni cho s DCS c th
i din cho im giao tip gia cc mng SDH v PDH.

C. Cung cp cc kh nang tch hp OAM&P trong mi phn t mng NE Cc mng SDH
SDH cung cp cc knh thng tin s liu truyn cc bn tin OAM&P gia cc Phn t
Mng NE hay gia cc H thng iu hnh (OS) vi NE trong cng mt khung tn hiu
mang ti tin. iu ny tit kim c thit b v to ra s linh hot cho qu trnh vn hnh.
1.3 Ti sao cn SDH?

Nhu cu v tiu chun SDH c th c nhn t cc gc khc nhau. Tuy nhin nhng quan
im sau ch mang tnh cht c nhn ca tc gi:
A. Mc tiu ca SDH
Nhm n gin ha kt ni gia cc nh khai thc mng bng cch cho
php kt ni cc thit b do nhiu nh sn xut khc nhau ti mc m kh nng tng

thch c th t c mc si quang. Ni cch khc kh nng tng thch cn bng l
mc ch ca SDH
B. S khng
hon ho ca PDH
(s c tho lun sau)
C. Nhu cu v cc dch v bng rng Cc dch v bng rng chng hn nh SMDS(Dch v

chuyn mch s liu nhiu Megabit), Video theo yu cu v truyn hnh phn gii cao
HDTV (High Definition TV), c th c thc hin d dng bng cng ngh thng tin si
quang, m cng ngh ny khng cho php nhiu hn mt tiu chun lin kt mng.
i
u ny c minh ha
nh
sau: i vi thc t
hin
nay, mi vng PDH c
cc
tn hiu
Hnh 1.4: Chuyn i Tc /Dng tn hiu PDH
vi tc v dng ring ca chng. Hnh 1.4(A) ch ra mt tn hiu thoi "abc"c s
ha bi h thng PCM lut . Gi s lung s liu s ny c truyn i m khng c s

chuyn i thch hp v c nhn bi mt my thu s dng cng ngh PCM lut A th
tn hiu c khi phc s khng pht ra m thanh "abc". V vy, mt b chuyn i nh
trn Hnh
1.4(B) phi c s dng. N
bao hm s chuyn i t lut sang lut A v

khung 24 knh sang khung 32 knh.
Bt k s chuyn i no cng i hi mt lng thi gian s l ti thiu. Lung s liu
mt dng trc tin phi c a vo b nh m. B chuyn i sau s x l mt
s lng bit nht nh, chng hn 8 bit mt lc v chuyn i tn hiu t mt dng ny
sang mt dng khc. Ta c th hnh dung rng khong thi gian bit t 1hayt 2
(Hinhf
1.4)(C))c i hi lm thi gian x l. Nu cc tn hiu c chyn i c tc thp,
khong thi gian bit ln dng lm thi gian x l. Tuy nhin nu cc tn hiu c
tc cao, khong thi gian bit chng hn nh t 2 khng ln thc hin bt k s
chuyn i no.
b
Nu khng c cc tiu chun SDH th c hai tn hiu s lut v lut A cho thng tin si
quang s khng th t ti tc vi chc Gbit/s. Do khng th t c kt ni ton
cu. Tm li, i vi thng tin bng rng i hi phi c mt tiu chun thng tin ton
cu.
7
1.4. PDH V SDH
Bng 1.1: Ba phn cp s theo vng
Nht bn
64 kbit/s
Chu u
64 kbit/s [E-0]
2,048 Mbit/s [E-1; CEPT-1]
M
64 kbit/s[DS-0]
1,544 Mbit/s [DS1]
1,544 Mbit/s
6,312 Mbit/s[DS2]
6,132 Mbit/s
8,448 Mbit/s[E-2; CEPT-2]

34,368 Mbit/s[E-3; CEPT-3]
32,064 Mbit/s
44,736 Mbit/s[DS3]
91,053 Mbit/s[DS3C]
97,728 Mbit/s
139,294 Mbit/s[E-4; CEPT-4]
274,176 Mbit/s[DS4]
397,2 Mbit/s
1.4 PDH v SDH

Mt trong nhng l do cho s ra i ca SDH l c tnh khng hon ho ca PDH. S khng
hon ho c th hin qua
Phn cp s theo vng
Nhiu tc , dng tn hiu khc nhau
Nhiu phng n nn khng khc nhau
Nhiu th tc ghp knh khc nhau
Nhiu cch thc t chc tn hiu mo u v t l phn trm mo u khc nhau
1.4.1 Ba phn cp s PDH

Nh c th thy trong Bng 1.1 c ba phn cp tn hiu s theo vng hin ang c s dng
bi cc quc gia khc nhau. Tc v dng ca mt s tn hiu ny s c xem xt v so snh
ch ra ti sao li cn thit cc tiu chun ton cu trong cc mng quang. Phn cp Bc M,
Chu u v Nht Bn gm cc tn hiu vi tc nh cho trong bng trn. im khc bit gia
phn cp Bc M v Chu u l phn cp Bc M s dng m ha PCM lut cn Chu u

s dng m ha PCM lut A.
Cn phi cp rng cc tn hiu ny theo truyn thng c truyn qua cc h thng phi
quang (chng
hn i dy xon, cp
ng trc hoc v tuyn). Khi cc mng tin ha ngy cng

nhiu sang cc mng trn c s si quang th cc tn hiu ny s c truyn theo cc n v
tn hiu bng rng qua cc tuyn si quang. V d, Cc h thng si quang ca AT&T c s
dng rng ri, FT Series G c hai tc 417 Mbit/s v 1,7 Gbit/s. Bng cch s dng WDM
(ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng) th tc cao nht t c l 3,4 Mbit/s.
Do c ba phn cp tn hiu theo vng nn nht thit phi chuyn i t mt dng ny sang
mt dng khc kt ni cc tn hiu t cc vng khc nhau. Tuy nhin mi chuyn tr nn d
dng hn nu nh ch c duy nht mt phn cp tn hiu s v khi khng cn thit phi thc
hin bt k chuyn i no.

Gii php ca SDH - mt v duy nht mt phn cp:
Mt tn hiu STM-1 (155,52 Mbit/s) c thit k mang mt tn hiu E-4 tc
139,264 Mbit/s vi dung lng tha dnh cho dung lng mo u phc v chc nng
qun l mng.
Mt STM-1 c th mang 3 tn hiu CEPT-3
Khng c k hoch no cho vic mang cc tn hiu CEPT-2 qua SDH c xut
Mt STM-1 c th mang 63 tn hiu CEPT-1
Gii php ny hp nht nhiu phn cp s PDH khc nhau vo mt v duy nht mt phn cp
tn hiu s s to ra kt ni ton cu d dng hn trong mi trng PDH. Cc tn hiu STM-N
(N=1,4,16 v 64) s c tho lun trong Chng 2.
1.4.2 Nhiu tc /dng tn hiu khc nhau: V d so snh DS1 vi

CEPT-1
C hai tn hiu DS1 v CEPT-1 c mt khong thi gian khung l 125 s, chnh l khong thi
gian gia bt k hai mu lin tip ca mt tn hiu tng t. Mi mu gm 8 bit tc ly mu
l 1/8000 ca mt giy hay 125 s. 8000 mu trn giy ny l tc ly mu Nyquist cho s
ha tn hiu. Trong th gii thng tin s, n v chung c s dng so snh cc h thng

khc nhau l
bit/s. Khong thi gian
125 s tr
thnh n v thi gian
chun. V
vy thi gian
c cho l
b lng t thnh cc
khung 125
s. Trc tin, mt
khung DS1
nh ch ra trn
Hnh 1.5: Dng tn hiu cho DS1 v CEPT-1

Hnh s c xem xt. Khung 125 s c dn u bi mt bit k tip bi 24 khe thi gian,
9
1.4. PDH V SDH
mi khe thi gian mang 8 bit thng tin. Khe thi gian 8 bit ny c th c s dng mang
tn hiu thoi, s liu hoc tn hiu hnh. Khi mt khung 193 bit/125 s c hnh thnh.
Bit khung dn u c thit k t c ng b khung ca lung bit d liu. Ni n gin
hn, t c ng b khung tc l t c mt bit du hay mt bit c ti my thu. Bit du
ny xc nh im bt u ca mt khung 125 s. V vy, ti my thu, mt khi ng b khung
c thit lp, mi thng tin 8 bit khi c th c phn phi chnh xc ti ch ca n.
my thu ca h thng ny t c ng b khung, mt tn hiu DS1 i hi 12 bit khung, cc
bit ny hnh thnh mt mu khung. 12 bit khung ny c phn b qua 12 khung. Khong thi
gian 12 khung c gi l mt siu khung.
Bn cnh s cn thit v thit lp ng b khung, bt k mt h thng s no cng i hi
mt s loi tn hiu iu khin c bit ti vi tn bo hiu. Tn hiu bo hiu c th c
s dng thc hin cc chc nng iu khin khc nhau, chng hn nh gim st, chc nng
qun l, bo dng cng nh gim st trng thi hot ng ca h thng truyn dn. i vi
mt tn hiu DS1, c mt khong 125 s mang 193 bit, mt bit cho ng b khung v 192 bit
c chia s u vi 24 ngi s dng (knh). Khng cn bit no d cho bo hiu. Ta cn s
sp t c bit truyn cc bit bo hiu c cp ti trn. S sp t ny c gii
thch nh sau. Trong mi siu khung DS1, trong cc khung th 6 v th 12, cc bit c t ngha
nht (hay trng s nh nht) LSB ca mi khe thi gian b ly trm cho mc ch truyn bo
hiu. Phng n ny c gi l bo hiu trm bt.
Nu DS1 c s dng truyn tn hiu thoi, vic mt i bit c t ngha nht mt ln
trong su khung s khng gy ra s xung cp cht lng m c th pht hin ra c bi khch
hng. Do , i vi thng tin thoi, mt knh 64 kbit/s (8 bit/mu 8000, tc l dung lng
8 bit c s dng truyn tin. Mt knh thoi c pht biu l mt knh 64 kbit/s.
Tuy nhin, i vi truyn d liu, bo hiu trm bit gi ra rng bit c t ngha nht ca
mi khe thi gian s khng c s dng truyn d liu. Bt th 8 ca mi khe thi gian c
th c s dng lm chc nng mo u. Ni cch khc, i vi thng tin d liu ta s ch
s dng 7 bit u tin ca mi khe thi gian 8 bit truyn ti d liu. Vi cch lm nh vy,
s an ton cho d liu c pht i.
i vi thng tin d liu hin i, chng hn nh cc dch v ISDN, mt knh sch (64
kbit/s) c yu cu. Do , phng thc bo hiu trm bit nh m t trn tr thnh mt dng
thc khng mong mun. Kt qu l mt dng tn hiu mi cho DS1 c pht trin. Mt Siu
Khung M Rng(ESF) c to ra, m rng mt tn hiu DS1 qua hai siu khung. Bng cch
p dng ESF s khng cn n bo hiu trm bit. Mt knh sch 64 kbit/s c th t c bng
vic n nh li 24 bit du (bit khung) c phn b qua khong thi gian 24 khung. Ni
cch khc, trong khung 193 bit (hay 125 s), bt u tin khng cn c s dng duy nht cho
mc ch ng b khung.
Tip theo, mt khung CEPT-1 s c tho lun. S khc bit gia mt khung DS1 v mt
khung CEPT-1 l ch khung DS1 l mt h thng 24 knh trong khi khung CEPT-1 l mt
h thng 32 knh. Khung CEPT-1 32 knh (mt khong thi gian 125 s ging nh trong DS1)
c dn u bi mt khe thi gian (hay knh) chuyn dng dng truyn thng tin v khung
cho mc ch ng b khung, v mang cc tn hiu iu khin. Cn mt khe thi gian na l TS
s 16 cng c s dng truyn bo hiu. Ni cch khc, mt khung CEPT-1 c hai knh s
0 v 16 c n nh cho cc chc nng mo u. Chng tng ng vi cc bit du v cc bit
bo hiu trm bit cho mt tn hiu siu khung DS1. Kt qu l mt tn hiu CEPT-1 c 30 knh,
10 CHNG 1. PHN CP S CN NG B (NG LC CHO S RA I CA SDH)
Bng
1.2: Tng kt cc tn hiu

DS1
DS1 v CEPT-1
CEPT-1
2,048
Tc tn hiu (Mbit/s)
S knh
T chc mo
1,544
24
t tp trung hn
32/30
Tp trung hn
(phn b qua nhiu khung)
(tp trung trong hai knh)
cc khe thi gian th 2 n 15 v t 17 n 31 ca mi khung c s dng cho truyn thng

tin. Do , mt h thng nh th i khi c gi l h thng 30 knh. Mt tn hiu CEPT-1 c
th c ni ti nh mt tn hiu 32 knh vi tc 2,048 Mbit/s (32 khe thi gian 8 bit/khe
thi gian 8000 khe thi gian /giy) hay mt h thng 30 knh (t quan im ca ngi s
dng cui cng).
T nhng g tho lun trn, ta c th thy rng c mt s im khc bit gia mt tn
hiu DS1 v mt tn hiu CEPT-1 v tc v dng tn hiu. Chng c tng kt trn Bng
1.2. Ta c th thy rng bn cnh tc khc nhau ca hai tn hiu, s khc bit chnh gia
chng l t chc ca cc bit mo u ca chng. i vi tn hiu DS1, cc bt mo u thuc
loi phn b, trong khi i vi tn hiu CEPT-1 cc bit mo u thuc loi tp trung.
thng tin ton cu, s cn thit chuyn i mt tc /dng ny sang mt dng khc l
iu khng th trnh khi. Tuy nhin nh c tho lun trc y rng i vi mng s
ton cu tc cao, mt phn cp hp nht cn phi s dng mt tc /dng tt nht cho cc
tn hiu ca n. Ta phi quyt nh xem mt phng thc mo u phn b hay tp trung s
c s dng cho phn cp hp nht mi ny.

T quan im khai thc bng tn, mt tn hiu
DS1 chc chn tt hn mt tn hiu CEPT-1. Hiu sut truyn dn t 99,48 % (1-1/193) v
93,75 (1-2/32) tng ng cho mt DS1 v mt CEPT-1. Tuy nhin t quan im thit k h
thng, mt tn hiu vi mo u tp trung c u im hn so vi cu trc mo u phn b.
iu ny c th thy t thc t sau. Mt tn hiu ISDN (23B+D hay 2B+D) c cng dng vi
tn hiu CEPT-1 vi s tch bit ti tin (cc knh B mang thng tin) vi mo u (knh D
cho ng d liu thc hin cc chc nng mo u)
Gii php ca SDH - Module ha v mo u tp trung
Trong sut tp ti liu ny ta s tho lun v mt tn hiu SDH c cc c tnh sau:
Tc
l mt tn
tn hiu c modun ha tc
hiu STM-N c tc bng
N155,52
Mbit/s (tc ca STM-1).
Trong mt khung 125 s, cc bit mo u thuc loi tp trung, cc byte mo u v ti

tin l hon ton tch bit.
11
1.4. PDH V SDH
1.4.3 Cc phng n nn khng khc nhau: V d B3ZS so vi HDB3

Mt h thng s c th c s dng truyn mt tn hiu s chng hn nh d liu my tnh
hay c th c s dng truyn mt tn hiu tng t c s ha, chng hn nh tn hiu
thoi. Bt k h thng s no cng phi c th phn pht cc tn hiu ny ti ngi s dng vi
cht lng tt. Ni khc i, sau khi h thng s phn pht tn hiu s qua mt khong cch
di, tn hiu khi phc c (hoc l d liu hoc l tn hiu thoi) phi cng ging tn hiu
pht i t ngun tn hiu cng tt. Do , h thng s duy tr c mt cht lng c th
chp nhn c, lung bit s nhn c phi c khi phc vi cng t bit li cng tt. mt
my thu khi phc tn hiu vi mt t l li bit chp nhn c, h thng s i hi mt ng
h thi gian gii m ng b v chnh xc bn cnh mt knh t nhiu. C hai vn ring bit
lin quan ti ng h h thng.

Tc hay chnh xc ca ng h
ng b ng h
chnh xc ng
Hnh 1.6: Tm quan trng ca Tc ng h My thu

Trc tin, s cn thit c mt ng h chnh xc s c tho lun trong phn ny.
y, ng h my thu c gi thit l c ng b vi ng h my pht, s lng bit c
gii m ti my thu s khc vi s lng bt c pht i ti my pht. Hnh minh ha vn
ny. Gi thit
l c 100 bit c pht i t
my pht trong 1 giy. Tc ng h hay tc
bit c cho l 100 Hz hay 100 bit/s. Ti my thu, mt trong cc trng hp sau c th xy ra.
A. Nu ng h my thu c cng tc vi tc ca ng h my pht (Hnh 1.6(A)) th
my thu s gii m dng sng nhn c thnh 100 bit. Do c 100 xung ng h trong
khong thi gian mt giy. ng h my thu ny c cho l c chnh xc 10do
tc ca n chnh xc bng tc ca ng h my pht.
B. Nu ng h my thu c tc chm hn ng h my pht, chng hn 99 xung ng h

thay v 100 trong khong thi gian 1 giy th my thu s gii m dng sng nhn c

thnh 99 bit tc l 1 bit it hn nhng g c pht i (Hnh 1.6(B)). chnh xc ca
ng h ny c tho lun sau.

C. Nu ng h my thu c tc nhanh hn ng h my pht, chng hn 101 xung thay v
100 xung trong khong thi gian 1 giy th my thu s gii m dng sng nhn c thnh
101 bit, 1 bit nhiu hn nhng g c pht i (Hnh 1.6(C)).

ng h c s dng trong v d ny c cho l c chnh xc 102. S d nh vy l v
tc danh nh l 100 xung ng h trong 1 giy, s xung ng h ti thiu l 99 v s xung
ng h ti a l 101. S xung ng h lch so vi s xung danh nh l 1. Do , ta nhn c
1 xung ng h b thiu hoc tha

100 xung ng h danh nh
gi l chnh xc ca ng h s c tho lun chi tit trong Chng 4.
(1.1)
ng b ng h
Hnh 1.7: Tm quan trng ca Tc ng h My thu ng b

Tip theo, tm quan trng ca ng h ng b ti my thu s c tho lun. Ni khc i,
cu hi t ra l:
liu c khng khi ch c
mt ng h my thu chnh xc c cng tc vi

ng h my pht (gi thit h thng khng c nhiu)? Khi c mt ng h chnh xc ti my
thu, ta c th t c cng s lng bit ti my thu nh nhng g c pht i t my pht.
Tuy nhin, mc d ta c mt ng h chnh xc ti my thu, khi ng h khng ng b vi
dng sng nhn c th do nhiu knh cng vi ng b ng h khng tt dn ti dng sng
nhn c c th c gii m sai. Chng hn "1" c th c gii m thnh "0" v ngc li.
iu ny c th d dng nhn ra t Hnh 1.7. Trong hnh ny, hai trng hp ng b ng h
thu c ch ra. C hai trng hp c ng h cng chnh xc, tuy nhin trng trong trng
hp 2, ng h b tr mt phn rt nh ca khong thi gian ng h. i vi trng hp 1,
lung bit tn hiu c khi phc l "101001010010.." trong khi i vi trng hp 2, tn hiu
c khi phc l "100(?)00101(?)001(?)0...". Tn hiu c khi phc ca trng hp 2 c 3
bit (bit s 3, 8 v 11, mi bt c ch ra bi du ?) khc vi tn hiu trong trng hp 1. Chng
hn, trong khong thi gian xung ng h th 3, dng sng nhn c c mt in p hi thp
13
1.4. PDH V SDH
hn
quyt
hiu
thnh
trong
in p ngng
nh. Do , tn
khi phc tr
"0" thay v "1" nh
trng
nghin
lun
vn
hp 1. Ngi ta
cu v i n kt
rng khc phc
ny, ng h
Hnh 1.8: Khi phc thi gian (nh thi) ca my thu

my thu cn phi ng b vi lung bt s ti. ng h chnh xc khi c th c s dng
gii m mi bit mt cch chnh xc. Chc nng ny thng c ni ti nh chc nng khi
phc thi gian ca my thu. Chc nng ny c ch ra trn bi s khi ca mch khi phc
thi gian ca my thu trn Hnh 1.8. Dng sng (A) l lung d liu nhn c, y nhiu
b b qua. Ngun ng h, thm ch vi tc ng h chnh xc c th lch pha vi lung s
liu ti nh c ch ra bi cc dng sng (A) v (B). C mt s c hi rng cc bit ti c th
c gii m sai do ng b ng h km gia ng h my thu v ng h my pht.

By gi, nu mt vng kha pha c p dng ng b ng h my thu vi lung d
liu ti (c to ra bi ng h my pht) th ng h my thu s c mt pha chnh xc vi
lung d liu. S lng bit li khi c th c gim thiu.

thc hin khi phc thi gian, lung bit pht i phi m bo mt bit 1. Tc l
tn hiu s phi cha nhiu chuyn tip t 1 sang 0 v t 0 sang 1. Cng ngh c s dng
thay i mt tn hiu s c t chuyn tip ny sang mt tn hiu c nhiu chuyn tip c gi
l cng ngh nn khng. Nn khng c th c thc hin bi s dng m ng truyn hoc
b ngu nhin ha (xo trn).

Rt nhiu m ng truyn c to ra cho mc ch ny. Cc m ng truyn ph bin
nht c lit k nh sau:
1. Tn hiu DS1 p dng m AMI (o du lun phin) hay lng cc, v B8ZS (cho ISDN,
hoc cc ng dng DS1 tng lai)
2. DS2 p dng m B6ZS
3. DS3 p dng m B8ZS
4. CEPT-1, CEPT-2 v CEPT-3 p dng m HDB3
5. CEPT-4 p dng m CMI(o Du M)

6. Ethernet (Mng LAN) p dng m Manchester.
Trong s cc loi m ng truyn, hai trong s c s dng rng ri l B3ZS (thay th 3 s
0 lng cc: xem Bng ) c s dng truyn tn hiu DS3 trong cc mng s Bc M. i
vi ng dng ny, c 3 s 0 lin tip phi c thay th bng 1 trong 4 mu nh trong Bng.
Tc l, mt nhm 3 s 0 lin tip s c truyn i l 00- (0 V, 0 V, sau l -A V), 00+ (0
V, 0 V, sau l +A V), +0+ (+A V, 0 V, sau l +A V), hoc -0- (-A V, 0 V sau l -A
V). Mt khc m HDB3 (Lng cc mt cao 3 s 0 c php- xem Bng) c s dng
truyn CEPT-1, CEPT-2 v CEPT-3. Trong trng hp ny, b s 0 lin tip s c thay th
bi 000-, 000+, +00+, hoc -00-. Ta c th thy l c B3ZS v HDB3 l cc m lng cc v
c s dng m bo mt bit 1. M B3ZS hoc HDB3 c s dng m bo mt
bit 1 nh th no? Chng s c tho lun trong Chng 4. Phng php m ng truyn l
mt trong hai phng php c th p dng t c vic nn khng hay thay th khng.
Vy th nu phi quyt nh phng php no nn c s dng lm tiu chun cng nghip?
Ni khc i, i vi truyn dn SDH, phng php no s c s dng t c khi phc
thi gian?
Gii php ca SDH - S dng b ngu nhin ha nn khng.
1.4.4
tc
nhau
Nhiu th
ghp knh khc
Hnh 1.9: Ghp knh chn bit so vi chn byte

i vi bt k h thng s no, khai thc dung lng h thng mt cch c hiu qu
ngi ta p dng Ghp Knh Phn Chia Thi gian thc hin chc nng ghp ti my pht v
chc nng tch knh ti my thu. My thu ca mt h thng s s c tho lun trc tin. Ti
my thu mt dng sng i din cho mt chui 0 v 1 vi s kt hp ngu nhin. Sau khi thc
hin gii m dng sng nhn c thnh lung bit nh phn, cng vic tip theo l phn phi
(tch knh) cc lung bit nh phn ny ti chnh xc ch (ngi dng) ca chng. Hot ng
15
1.4. PDH V SDH
ghp ny c yu cu bi v lung bit nhn c thng (nu khng ni l lun lun) i din
cho s kt hp thng tin t nhiu ngi s dng. Trc khi thc hin chc nng ghp ny c th
bn s t ra mt s cu hi sau:
1. Mi ngi s dng ti mi thi im nn nhn bao nhiu bit (1, 8 hay 16, hay l gi tr
khc)?
2. Bit no trong byte 8 bit, bit nhn c u tin hay bit nhn c cui cng l bit c
nghia nht (MSB), gi thit rng mi ngi s dng nhn 8 bit mt lc? Ni khc i, ta
nn truyn bit c ngha nht trc hay truyn bit c t ngha nht ca mi byte trc?
iu ny c bit quan trng nu ta chuyn i tn hiu s m ha thnh tn hiu tng
t. S d nh vy l mi bit trong byte 8 bit c trng lng khc nhau trong vic khi phc
m lng.
tr li nhng cu hi ny, ta phi bit th tc ghp c s dng ti my pht. Trc tin,
ta bit rng mt b ghp kt hp mt s tn hiu s tc thp mt dng thc c t chc
thnh mt tn hiu tc cao hn n c th c truyn qua tuyn tc cao (xem Hnh
1.9). Trong v d ny m knh tc thp s c ghp vo mt lung bit tc cao truyn
i. i vi knh 1, lung bit l b b , ..., b 1,...; i vi knh s 2 lung bit l b b , ..., b 2,...;
v i vi knh s m lung bit l b mb2m, ..., b ,...; C hai cch ghp cc lung bit s ny: (1)
ghp chn bit hoc (2) ghp chn byte nh trnh by trn Hnh. Tc l ta c th nhn mt bit ti
mt thi im t mi ngi s dng hoc mt byte ti mt thi im. Nu ghp knh theo kiu
chn bit c p dng th lung bit tc cao s l b b , ...b mb21b22...b2m..... Nu ghp theo
11
21
12
22
nm
11
12
kiu chn byte c p dng th lung bit tc cao s l b b ...b 1b12b22...b 2 ... By gi bn
11
21
c th mun bit loi ghp knh c ngnh cng nghip vin thng s dng. Trc k nguyn
SDH ngnh cng nghip s dng c hai phng php. Mt s h thng s p dng ghp knh
theo kiu chn bit trong khi mt s khc li p dng ghp knh kiu chn byte. V l do ny v
lm cho thng tin ton cu tr nn d dng hn ngi ta quyt nh ch mt th tc ghp
knh.
Gii php ca SDH - Th tc ghp knh:
Ghp knh kiu chn byte c p dng cho cc sn phm SDH
Ghp mt s nhnh tc thp vo tn hiu tc cao c chun ha. Th tc ghp
ny s c tho lun trong Chng 2.
Bit c ngha nht (MSB) ca mt byte SDH (lun l 8 bit) lun c truyn i trc
tin. Vic n nh byte nh sau
(b , b , b , b , b , b , b , b )
8
y b l MSB c truyn i u tin, v b l LSB (Bit c it ngha nht) c truyn

i sau cng.
8
1.4.5 Nhiu kiu t chc/t l phn trm mo u khc nhau

Ta bit rng c ba phn cp s theo vng vi cc tc v dng tn hiu ca chng. By gi,
t l phn
trm cc tn hiu ny
c s dng
cho ng b khung v bo
hiu s c tnh ton.
Ta c th xc nh t l phn trm mo u cn thit cho bt c h thng truyn dn s no theo

nhiu cch khc nhau. n gin v d dng so snh gia cc h thng khc nhau, vic xc
nh t l phn trm mo u cho cc ng dng tn hiu thoi s c tnh ton nh sau:

% mo u =
C C
C
t
(1.2)
100%
y C = tng dung lng h thng, C = dung lng yu cu truyn tin

t
Chng hn, tn hiu T1 i hi t l phn trm mo u sau truyn DS1 vi tc 1,544

Mbit/s mang 24 knh thoi
1, 544 10 bit 24 64 10 bit
6
%OH =
1, 544 106 bit
= 0, 52%
Vi cch xc nh ny, ta c th tnh ton phn trm mo u cho CEPT-1, CEPT-2, CEPT-3
v CEPT-4 vv...
Kt qu tnh ton cho thy t l phn trm mo u ca cc tn hiu tng khi tc tn hiu
tng. Gim gi thnh l mt ng c thc y ng sau nhng ng dng cng ngh mi trong
mng vin thng. V cng ngh mi dn ti vic tng tc truyn dn trong mng. Bng cch
tng tc truyn dn, ta c th truyn nhiu thng tin qua h thng tc cao hn so vi h
thng tc thp hn. iu ny s cho php mt nh cung cp dch v gim c chi ph truyn
tin. Tuy nhin, ta c th thy rng khi tc truyn dn tng ln t l phn trm mo u cng
tng theo. iu ny l ng cho c cc tn hiu s ITU-T v Bc M. N ng rng phn trm
dung lng c s dng cho truyn tin gim khi tc truyn dn tng. Nu mt ngy no
tc tng n 10 hay 20 Gbit/s ta c th phi s dng ti 30 % hoc cao hn ca tng dung

lng h thng truyn tn hiu mo u. iu ny chc chn khng phi l mt c tnh tn
hiu s
mong mun.
i
u
u g lm tng mo
trong mi trng
PDH? Trc ht,
phng php c
dng
Hnh 1.10: Chn mo u cho cc tn hiu PDH

trong PDH l b sung cc bit (hay byte) mo u vo lung bit s c xem xt. Nh ch ra trn
Hnh 1.10, 30 tn hiu thoi c s ha, mi tn hiu c tc 64 kbit/s, c ghp vo mt tn
hiu CEPT-1 tc 2,048 Mbit/s. T l phn trm mo u c tnh ton l OH vo khong
6,25 %. Lng mo u ny l do 2 byte c s dng cho truyn tn hiu ng b khung v
bo hiu. Tn hiu tip theo l E-2 c tc l 8,448 Mbit/s, c ghp t 4 lung E-1. Trong
qu trnh ghp
ny mo u b sung (chng
1
hn cc bit nhi) phi c chn vo cng vi 4

tn hiu E-1. Lng mo u b xung OH cng vi mo u ca giai on ghp knh trc
2
OH chim 9,09% tn hiu E-2. vv... Do c kh nng l khi tc tn hiu vt ra ngoi E-4
1
th mo u tng cng yu cu truyn tn hiu tc cao c th nm ngoi tm kim sot,
17
1.5. LIN KT MNG
chng hn 30 % tng dung lng h thng. iu ny c th xy ra do c s d tha trong s

OH , OH , OH ... nu vic n nh v thit kt cc bit mo u nhm thc hin cc chc nng
1
iu khin khng c ln k hoch chu o.
Do c tnh mo u vi t l khng c nh cp trn ca cc tn hiu E-1, E-2 ... Cc
nguyn nhn ca vic tng lin tc phn trm mo u gm: S lng ph v d tha. Cc tn
hiu PDH l khng c tnh cht modun.
Gii php ca SDH - t l phn trm mo u c nh. Ti sao "t l phn trm mo u
c nh" l c th? S d nh vy l do vic chn mo u tn hiu SDH c ln k hoch t
trc. Ni cch khc SDH c kh nng OAM&P tch hp sn c trong mi phn t SDH v cc
chc nng mo u ny c nghin cu k lng bi y ban ITU-T SDH. Ni cch khc
dung lng mo u c nh ca SDH c s dng thc hin tt c mi chc nng OAM&P
c lp ra bi y ban ny. Trong khi mt tn hiu STM-4 c tc 2,5 Gbit/s s cn nhiu
hn 4 ln lng bit OAM&P ca STM-1 thc hin tt c cc chc nng mo u.
Tm li, phn cp tn hiu SDH mang tnh cht modun. Tc ca mt STM-N= N tc
ca STM-1.
1.5 Lin kt mng
gi
sn
1.5.1Khng
tng thch
a cc nh
xut cho
thng tin si
quang
Hnh 1.11: Mi trng sn phm sng nh sng t nhiu nh cung cp

Hnh 1.11 ch ra cuc cch mng h thng si quang ca 3 nh cung cp. Hin nhin l
chng khng tng thch vi nhau cht no.
1.5.2 Kt ni ton cu
Do tn ti cc tiu chun vng nh cp trn nn vic kt ni ton cu s phi chi ph ln
hn v trong mt s trng hp khng thc hin c. Vic chuyn i gia tn hiu Bc M
18
CHNG 1.
PHN CP S
N NG B
NG LC
CHO S RA
CA SDH)
C
(
I
Hnh 1.12: Kt ni ton cu (DS-n/CEPT-n)

v Chu
chuyn
knh sang
(2)
u phi thc hin

i (1) t tn hiu 24
32 knh v ngc li
chuyn
i gia nn dn lut
sang
lut A v ngc li
(Hnh
1.12). S chyn i
ny s
tnh
thm gi
thnh vo chi ph ca
ngi s dng. Tuy nhin, vi nhng trng hp tc tn hiu
rt cao, vic chuyn i l khng kh thi (nh trnh by trong phn trc) m gi s c thc
hin c th chi ph cng rt tn km. Do vy cc tiu chun vng l nhng nguyn nhn ca
s phc tp trong thit k v chi ph thng tin cao do s chuyn i lun lun c yu cu
kt ni cc h thng s dng cc tiu chun vng. V l chng ta nn c mt tiu chun cho
tt c cc tn hiu tc cao m c th c truyn ti bt k ni no trn th gii m khng
cn n s chuyn i.
Gii php ca SDH - Kt ni ton cu
Hnh 1.13: Kt ni ton cu (DS-n/CEPT-n)

By gi gi thit ch c duy nht mt tiu chun ton cu nh SDH. Mng tc cao da
trn tiu chun SDH ny phi song song tn ti vi hai h thng theo vng hin c l cc mng
s Bc M v mng s Chu u. thc hin thng tin ton cu th vic chuyn i l iu bt
buc. vic thit k kh thi v kim sot gi thnh h thng ta phi thc hin mi s chuyn
i cn thit khi cc tn hiu cn tc thp. Hnh 1.13 ch ra kiu chuyn i ny. Lu
rng vic chuyn i t mt tc /dng tn hiu 24 knh lut sang 32 knh lut A c thc
hin trong min tc thp nh trong trng hp phi thc hin trong th gii PDH. Truyn dn
t M sang Chu u s c m t y. Cc tn hiu DS3 c chuyn i thnh cc tn hiu
CEPT-1 hay CEPT-4, v cc tn hiu ny tip tc c b tr/ghp vo tn hiu SDH, STM-16.
Tn hiu PDH ny s tip tc c tch thnh cc tn hiu CEPT-1, tn hiu s tc thp nht
19
1.6. THUC TNH V LI CH CA SDH
Chu u. Cui cng tn hiu CEPT-1 ny s c chuyn i thnh 30 tn hiu thoi nu tn

hiu gc DS3 M l cc tn hiu thoi. Sau ny ta s hiu vic b tr/ghp t cc tn hiu PDH
vo mt tn hiu SDH v ngc li c thc hin nh th no.
1.6 Thuc tnh v li ch ca SDH

Trong phn ny, bn cnh cc thuc tnh v li ch m SDH mang li th chi ph cho qun l
mng v nhng yu cu ca khch hng i vi mng ca h s c tho lun.
1.6.1 Nhu cu khch hng tng v xu hng ca mng tng lai

Bn cnh nhu cu cao v cc dch v bng rng c tho lun trc y c mt s im v
xu hng mng v nhu cu khch hng i hi phi tho lun xa hn.

Tng chi ph qun l mng - yu cu tch hp OAM&P
Trong qu trnh pht trin ca mng vin thng, nhiu loi hnh thit b t nhiu nh sn
xut khc nhau, nhiu mng c ring ln cng cng, mng quc t ... thuc cc hng khai
thc mng khc nhau c kt ni vi nhau. iu ny lm cho gi thnh qun l mng
tng ln khng ngng. Mt nh cung cp dch v vin thng ln c th phi chi ph ti
thiu 50% tng doanh thu hng nm ch c c cc chc nng OAM&P. Gii php
cho vn qun l mng gi thnh cao ny l tch hp OAM&P ny vo tt c cc phn
t mng. Cc h thng PDH khng c kh nng ny, khng ging nh mng SDH c kh
nng ny.
Khch hng c nhng yu cu sau i vi mng ca h
Dch v bng rng tch hp
Loi tr giao tip c quyn ca nh sn xut
Kt ni thit b t nhiu nh cung ng
Kh nng nng cp kiu modun
Qun l mng c tng cng
Gim st, kim tra v kim k t xa
M rng cc kh nng OAM&P ti ngi s dng cui cng
M rng thng tin ton cu
Xu hng pht trin ca mng
Si quang l mi trng truyn ti c a chung
Nhu cu v dch v bng rng tng
Qun l mng tr nn phc tp v tn km
Cc
tng i c cc giao din
quang trc tip

tin cy cao hn ca cc mng cn ci thin
Da trn cc phn tch cho ti nay v thng tin trong mi trng PDH, SDH chc chn c th
c mong i gii quyt phn ln cc bi ton gp phi trong PDH vi gi thnh hp l.
1.6.2 SDH trn c s si quang

Bn cnh c tnh modun ca cc tn hiu SDH, c hai l do na lm cho SDH tr thnh tiu
chun ton cu. Cc tiu chun ny s cung cp mt chun quc t cho pht trin cc mng
truyn thng trn ton th gii vi cc c im sau:

Linh hot
Tin cy
Hon ton c th qun l
Ph hp cho pht trin
Ph hp vi cc nhu cu v dch v mi
A. Cc mng trn c s si quang : rng bng tn ln v nng lc mng d tha
B. Cc mng si quang : Cht lng tuyt vi
1.6.3 Cc thuc tnh chnh ca SDH

Cc thuc tnh ca SDH s c tho lun xuyn sut ti liu ny. Tuy nhin cc thuc tnh
chnh c lit k v m t ngn gn nh sau:

H cc giao tip chun
Cung cp mt giao tip chung: giao tip c th l STM-1 (155,52 Mbit/s), STM-4
(662,08 Mbit/s), STM-16 (2,48832 Gbit/s) hay STM-64 (9,95328 Gbit/s).
Cc tn hiu ny c t l phn trm mo u khng thay i, chim 22% tng dung
lng tn hiu
m bo kh nng nng cp (c tnh modun): STM-16 gm 16 STM-1 hay 4
STM-4. V vy, tc tn hiu ca mt STM-16 chnh xc bng 16155,52 Mbit/s

(tc ca STM-1).
Cho php t thit b linh hot: do c tnh modun nn chng hn nu h thng
truyn ti l STM-16 bng cch s dng B Ghp Xen/R (ADM), tn hiu tc
thp hn chng hn nh tn hiu STM-1 c th c tch ra v/hoc ghp xen vo
ti bt c im no trn mng.
Mo u v ti tin tch bit
21
1.6. THUC TNH V LI CH CA SDH
Cc bit khung tp trung: nh s c tho lun trong Chng 2, SDH c mt mu

khung F628 hex (hay 1111 0110 0010 1000), c n nh cho cc byte A1 v A2.
Cc byte ny xc nh im bt u ca mt khung 125 s.

Cc bit bo hiu (mo u) tp trung: Cc bit bo hiu chnh, c bit mo u yu
cu cho truyn ti tn hiu, chim ba ct u tin ca mt tn hiu STM-1. iu ny
cho php thit k b thu pht n gin hn.

Mng ng b: Trong mng SDH, mt khi khung c nhn ra th ti tin ca thng tin
khch hng tr nn c th c gii m mt cch duy nht.
Cc tnh nng Vn hnh, Qun l, Bo dng v Gim st (OAM&P) tch hp: tt c mi
thit b SDH thc hin hoc chc nng ca thit b kt cui on, thit b kt cui ng
hoc l mt thit b kt cui tuyn. i khi mt thit b thc hin chc nng ca c ba.
Mi trong s ba loi thit b SDH c mt lng dung lng mo u xc nh trc
thc hin cc chc nng OAM&P. Mo u ny s c tho lun trong Chng 2.
Kh nng tng thch vi mng hin c v mng tng lai: SDH c th truyn tn hiu
DS1, DS2, DS3, CEPT-1, CEPT-3 v CEPT-4. CEPT-2 c cho rng khng hp dn hay
cn thit trong cc ng dng mng tng lai. V vy ngi ta quyt nh khng to ra tnh
tng thch vi cc tiu chun SDH cho tn hiu ny.
Tin ha sang mng bng rng trong tng lai: Mng bng rng ang v s c xy dng
trn cc tuyn si quang. Cc mng xng sng ca SDH cng c thc hin bi cc
tuyn si quang.
1.6.4 Li ch do SDH mang li

Li ch m SDH em li khc nhau i vi tng ngi khc nhau. Mt nhm ngi no c
th d on mt lot nhng li ch thit thc hn nhng ngi khc. Li ch chnh y do vic
trin khai SDH mang li theo nh iu tra m tc gi c c t cc chuyn gia SDH khc nhau
s c m t
Chi ph gim xung c mong i do cc yu t sau: (1) giao tip chun c n gin
ha, cc thit b c th c ti s dng trong nhiu thit b SDH khc nhau, (2) loi tr
cc giao tip c quyn ca nh cung cp, iu ny s dn ti s cnh tranh v thit b
v cui cng lm gim chi ph cho ngi tiu dng v (3) chi ph vn hnh gim do cc
thit b c thit k chnh xc cng dung lng mo u v vi dung lng mo u ln,
dn ti chi ph cho vn hnh v qun l mng c mong i gim xung. Hin nay trong
mi trng PDH, nhiu qu trnh vn hnh thng c thc hin theo phng thc "cha
chy"do cc th tc khng theo tiu chun v dung lng mo u khng y .
Kh nng vn hnh c tng cng nh dung lng cc byte mo u d tha c phn
b cho tt c cc thit b SDH. Gim st hot ng t u ti cui c th tr thnh mt
chc nng to tuyn ca mng SDH. Vic gim st, kim tra v kim k t xa s d dng
hn mng hin c. Qun l mng c th c tng cng mt cch d dng khi mng pht
trin.

Kh nng duy tr (hay tin cy) l mt trong c im hp dn nht ca mng SDH. Hai
cu hnh mng nhm t c kh nng duy tr mng l vng t khi phc v mng mt
li trn c s DCS.
Khng c nghn bng tn do cc mng SDH tc cao c xy dng trn cc tuyn si
quang c dung lng kh ln t 155,52 Mbit/s ln ti 10 Gbit/s thm ch ti 40 Gbit/s.
Chng 2
Phn cp tn hiu SDH (Tc , Dng tn
hiu v Mo u)
Mc ch ca chng ny
Sau khi kt thc chng ny bn c th:
M t Phn cp S ng b (SDH): loi tn hiu, tc tn hiu, v dng tn hiu
M t Phn cp S Cn ng b (PDH): Loi tn hiu, tc tn hiu v dng tn hiu;
v s chuyn tip t PDH sang SDH bng vic s dng khi nim Container (C-n: n=11,
12, 2, 3, v 4)
Nhn bit mt "ng (path)", mt "on ghp knh" hoc mt "on lp" ca mt kt
ni im - im SDH.
Tho lun nhng n nh byte mo u on v ng SDH v cc chc nng ca chng
nh ngha cc tn hiu SDH khc nhau. C-n, VC-n, TU-n, TUG-n, Au-n v AUG
(Container, Container o, n v Lung (nhnh), Nhm n v Lung, n v Qun
l v Nhm n v Qun l
Tm tt chng
Mt kt ni im - im ca tuyn SDH: nh ngha ng, on ghp v on lp.
Cc loi khung SDH v cu trc khung STM-1, STM-4, STM-16 v STM-64.
Cc byte mo u ng, on ghp v on lp SDH: nh ngha v ng dng
Thnh
phn tn hiu SDH STM1:
Container (C-11, C-12, C-2, C-3 v C-4),

Cc Container o (VC-11, VC-12, VC-2, VC-3 v VC-4)
Cc n v lung (TU-11, TU-12, TU-2 v TU-3)
n v Qun l (AU-3 v AU-4)
Cc nhm TU (TUG-2, TUG-3) v Nhm AU (AUG)
23
24
CHNG 2. PHN CP TN HIU SDH (TC , DNG TN HIU V MO U)
2.1 SDH v PDH

Hin ti c bn tn hiu: STM-1, STM-4, STM-16 v STM-64 c s dng trong phn cp
SDH nh ch ra trn Hnh 2.1. Mt STM-1 (tn hiu SDH c bn) c s dng truyn mt
tn hiu PDH 139 Mbit/s hoc tng ng, chng hn nh tn hiu H4 ISDN (xem Bng 2.1).
Vi mo u b sung, tn hiu 139 Mbit/s ny s hnh thnh mt tn hiu STM-1 155,52 Mbit/s.
Bn cnh tn hiu 139 Mbit/s, c nhiu lung cp thp hn c th c truyn bi mt tn hiu
STM-1. Cc ng dng ny s c tho lun trong Chng 3.

Bn tn hiu STM-1 c ghp vo mt tn hiu STM-4, v bn tn hiu STM-4 c ghp
vo mt tn hiu STM-16 tc 2,48832 Mbit/s (16155,52 Mbit/s). Mt ln na bn tn hiu
STM-16 c ghp tip vo mt tn hiu STM-64 c tc SDH cao nht hin nay 9953,28
Mbit/s (thng c
gi l tn hiu 10 Gbit/s). Hai
tham s c bn ca
mt STM-N (N=1, 4, 16
hay 64) l:
Hnh 2.1: Phn cp tn hiu SDH
Tc tn hiu
Dng tn hiu hay cu trc khung
Php tnh tc tn hiu v m t cu trc khung s c tho lun trong chng ny. Mt
tn hiu STM-N c tnh cht mun. Tc l mt STM-N c tc tn hiu chnh xc N ln tc
ca mt STM-1. Tc ca mt tn hiu STM-N
= N Tc ca mt tn hiu STM-1
= N 155,52 Mbit/s
2.1.1 Phn cp s cn ng b (PDH)

Nh c ch ra trong Bng 2.1, c ba phn cp tn hiu vng c s dng cho thng tin ton
cu: mt cho cc mng s Bc M, mt cho cc mng Chu u v mt cho Nht Bn. Ba phn
cp s theo vng ny c minh ha bng biu trn Hnh 2.2. Cc tn hiu ny l khng ng
25
2.1. SDH V PDH
Bng 2.1: PDH v cc Container SDH
Tc
Mc phn
cp s
0
1
2
Bc M
0,064
1,544
6,312
-
(Mbit/s)
Tn hiu ch
Nht bn Chu u ISDN

0,064
0,064
1,544
H11
2,048
H12
6,312
8,448
32,064
-
nh cho SDH
C-11
C-12
C-2
-
44,736
-
95,728
34,368
-
H31
H32
-
C-3
C-3
-
274,176
139,264
-
H4
-
C-4
-
b nhng
gn ng b trong mt
s trng
hp. V vy, chng c
gi l cc tn
b.
hiu cn ng
Hnh 2.2: Phn cp tn hiu PDH

i vi cc mng s Bc M, 24 tn hiu thoi s ha (64 kbit/s mi knh), hoc tng
ng c ghp vo mt tn hiu DS1. C khong 0,5 % dung lng mo u c b sung
vo dung lng ti 1,536 Mbit/s hnh thnh lung bt DS1 ny. Bn tn hiu DS1 c ghp
vo mt tn hiu DS2 tc 6,312 Mbit/s. Trong s cc bt ny, mo u b sung cng c
chn vo. Sau by tn hiu DS2 c ghp vo tn hiu s cao nht trong s tn hiu PDH
theo chun Bc M. Hin nay tn hiu DS3 c truyn i nh mt n v ti qua h thng si
quang, chng hn nh h thng thng tin quang AT&T NS FT-Series G c th truyn hoc l
chn (9) tn hiu DS3 hoc 36 tn hiu DS3. Chng c tc 417 Mbit/s v 1,7 Gbit/s tng
26
ng m khng cn phi dng ti Ghp knh theo Bc sng (WDM). Nu WDM c s dng
th dung lng c th tng gp i v thm ch cn cao hn na. Tuy nhin bn cnh cc h
thng cp ng trc c th c s dng mang cc tn hiu DS3.

i vi cc h thng Chu u, 32 tn hiu thoi hoc tng ng c ghp vo mt lung
bit s 2,048 Mbit/s, c bit ti vi tn CEPT-1 hay E-1. Bn tn hiu E-1 c ghp vo mt
tn hiu E-2 tc 8,448 Mbit/s. Bn tn hiu 8,448 Mbit/s hnh thnh mt tn hiu E-3 34,368
Mbit/s. Mt tn hiu E-4 tc 139,264 Mbit/s gm bn E-3. H thng Nht bn, cc tn hiu
DS1, DS2 ging nh cc tn hiu Bc M. Tuy nhin nm (5) tn hiu DS2 c ghp vo mt
tn hiu 32,064 Mbit/s. Ba tn hiu 32,064 Mbit/s ny hnh thnh mt tn hiu 97,728 Mbit/s.
2.1.2 PDH v cc Container SDH

m bo a SDH vo mng PDH rng khp mt cch nhp nhng, SDH cn hi tt c
cc tiu chun vng, k c tt c cc tn hiu ISDN. V mc ch ny, SDH nh ngha mt
s Container (C-n: n=11, 12, 2, 3 hoc 4: xem Bng 2.1) mang cc tn hiu PDH ny. Cc
container s c m t trong chng ny. Lu rng tn hiu ISDN H11 c bit ti nh l
tn hiu ISDN tc c bn vi dng khung 23B + D (B cho knh mng thng tin v D cho
knh thng tin d liu: c hai loi knh c cng tc 64 kbit/s) trong cc mng s Bc M.
Cc thnh phn tng ng ca n trong cc mng s ITU-T l H12.

C-11 (Container mc 1, loi 1) c thit k mang mt tn hiu DS1 1,544 Mbit/s hay mt
tn hiu ISDN H11, v C-12 (Container mc 1 loi 2) c thit k truyn ti mt tn hiu
CEPT-1 tc 2,048 Mbit/s hoc mt tn hiu ISDN H12. Trc y c hai loi container mc 2
(cc tn hiu C-2: C-21 mang mt tn hiu DS-2 v C-22 mng mt tn hiu CEPT-2). Tuy
nhin nhu cu i vi truyn tn hiu CEPT-2 trn mng SDH gim i. Do , cc tiu chun
SDH hin ti nh ngha duy nht mt loi container mc 2 truyn ti mt tn hiu DS-2. V
n c gi l C-2, ch khng phi l C-21. Tuy nhin, c hai tn hiu DS1 v CEPT-2 s tip
tc tn ti trong mng PDH. Do , tn P-21 c th c s dng ch ra tn hiu PDH mc 2
loi 1 c s dng truyn mt tn hiu DS1. Cc container C-11, C-12 v C-2 c bit n
nh cc lung nhnh cp thp.

i vi cc tiu chun SDH ban u, c mt xut cho vic truyn bn tn hiu CEPT-3
thay v ba qua mt tn hiu SDH STM-1. xut ny c a ra trn c s thc t rng mt tn
hiu STM-1 c dung lng 155,52 Mbit/s ln truyn bn tn hiu E-3. Hai loi container
mc 3 c nh ngha (C-31 cho mt tn hiu E-3 v C-32 cho mt tn hiu DS3).

i vi cc tiu chun SDH hin ti, ngi ta quyt nh rng mt STM-1 nn c s dng
truyn ba (khng phi l 4) tn hiu E-3. iu ny lm cho n tng thch hn vi truyn ti
DS3. V vy, mt tn hiu STM-1 mang ba container C-3 c th c s dng truyn hoc
l ba tn hiu E-3 hoc l ba tn hiu DS3. V phn mc th t, tn hiu "DS4" tng mt ln
c xut cho phn cp s Bc M nhng b tht bi do s trin khai nhanh chng ca
thng tin si quang. Tn hiu DS4 khng cn c hi c p dng trong cc mng s Bc
M ngoi tr mt s im l t. V vy i vi cc tiu chun SDH, ngi ta quyt nh ch c
mt loi Container mc 4 l C-4, c s dng truyn mt tn hiu E-4 hoc mt tn hiu
ISDN H4. Cc container ny C-3, C-4 c bit n nh l cc lung nhnh cp cao.
27
2.2. KT NI IM - IM SDH
2.2 Kt ni im - im SDH
hiu mng SDH, qun l mng v vn hnh mng ta phi tm hiu cc byte mo u SDH,
chng hn cc byte ng b khung, byte kim tra chn l vv... Cc chc nng qun l mng
c thc hin bi ba tp byte mo u SDH c tn l mo u
ng, on ghp knh v
on lp.
Ni khc i,
ta phi c
kh nng
nhn bit mt
"ng", mt
"on ghp
knh" v
mt "on ti
to" ca bt c kt ni im - im SDH no. Hnh 2.3 ch ra mt kt ni im
- im in hnh c giao tip vi cc mng PDH. . Mt ng (path) l mt kt ni logic gia
Hnh 2.3: Kt ni u-cui SDH

im m ti mt dng khung chun ca tn hiu c tc cho c nhm li v im m
ti dng khung chun ca tn hiu c tch ra. Mt Thit b u cui Tuyn (PTE) l mt
phn t mng SDH thc hin ghp/tch cc ti tin container o VC-n (s c tho lun sau).
Chng c th khi to, truy cp, sa i hay kt cui mo u tuyn VC-n, hoc c th thc
hin bt k s kt hp no ca cc hot ng ny. V d v cc PTE:

B ghp knh tc thp
H thng kt ni cho bng rng
H thng truy cp vng thu bao
Mt on ghp knh l mt mi trng truyn dn cng vi cc thit b lin quan, c yu
cu cung cp phng tin truyn tin gia hai phn t mng (NE) lin k, mt phn t khi
im t tn hiu ng dy (line signal) v phn t kia kt cui tn hiu ng dy (line signal).
Mt Thit b Kt cui on ghp (MSTE) l mt phn t mng khi to v/hoc kt cui cc
tn hiu STM-N. Chng c th khi to, truy nhp, sa i hay kt cui mo u on ghp,
hoc c th
thc hin bt k s kt hp
no ca cc hot ng ny. Cc v d v MSTE gm:

u cui ng quang
u cui v tuyn
B ghp knh cp cao
H thng kt ni cho bng rng
28
Mt on lp (ti to) l mt phn ca phng tin truyn dn bao gm cc im kt cui,

gia (A) mt phn t kt cui mng NE v mt b lp, hoc (B) hai b lp ti to. Mt Thit
b Kt cui on Lp ti to RSTE l mt phn t mng thc hin ti to mt tn hiu STM-N
cho tuyn truyn dn c ly xa. Chng c th khi to, truy nhp, sa i hoc kt cui mo u
on ti to hoc c th thc hin bt k s kt hp no ca cc hot ng ny.
Mt on lp r rng c ngha l mt tuyn SDH kt ni hai phn t mng lin k v trong
c t nht mt phn t l b lp ti to. Mt on ghp knh hin nhin l mt tuyn SDH
kt ni hai b ghp knh SDH lin k hoc hai thit b kt cui lin k thc hin mt s chc
nng ghp knh. Mt h thng kt ni cho s hay mt u cui v tuyn hot ng ging nh
b ghp knh cng c th lm vic nh mt MSTE.
2.3 Khung SDH

Trong phn ny, khi nim khung SDH v khung SDH STM-1 s c m t ngn gn. Tip
, m t v mt khung STM-N (N4) s c cp.
2.3.1 Khi nim khung SDH

Cu trc mo u tp trung s dng trong tn hiu s ITU-T CEPT-1, ISDN (23B+D) v cu
trc khung 2 chiu s dng trong SONET cng c s dng trong cc tiu chun SDH. Do ,
mt khung
SDH s c mt s
byte mo
u chim phn bn
tri ca
mt khung SDH nh
trn
Hnh 2.4.
Hnh 2.4: Khung SDH: Mo u v ti tin tch bit nhau
2.3.2 Khung STM-1
Khung STM-1 c cu trc 9 hng 270 ct nh ch ra trn Hnh 2.4. Th t truyn dn c thc
hin t tri qua phi v t trn xung di, bt u t byte u tin (hng 1 ct 1).
1. Ti tin ca STM-1 c cu trc 9 hng, mi hng 261 byte (tng ng vi 261 ct) v c
dung lng 2349 byte hay 150,336 Mbit/s. N c thit k truyn mt tn hiu ITU-T
E-4 139,264 Mbit/s hoc tng ng.
29
2.3. KHUNG SDH
2. Cc byte mo u on lp chim mt vng 39 byte v c dung lng 27 byte hay 1,728

Mbit/s.
3. Cc byte mo u on ghp knh c th c xem l cc byte mo u on ghp knh
cng vi cc byte con tr AU-n. L do l s c lm sng t sau. AU-n (n=3 hoc 4 s
c tho lun sau) c dung lng 9 byte v mo u on ghp knh c dung lng 45
byte.
2.3.3 STM-N (N=4, 16 hoc 64)

Mt khung STM-N c hnh thnh bng cch ghp N (N=4, 16 hoc 64) khung STM-1 theo
phng thc ghp xen byte.
STM-4 c to thnh bng cch ghp xen byte 4 khung STM-1 vo mt khung 1080 ct
v c tc 622,08 Mbit/s ( 4 155, 52M bit/s). Nh trn Hnh 2.5(A) cho thy mt byte
"A" t STM-1 s 1 c k tip bi mt byte "B" t STM-1 s 2 vv... iu cn lu l bn
khung STM-1 ny phi c ng chnh khung trc khi ghp. Do mi khung STM-1 c ba
byte A1 k tip bi ba byte A2 c n nh cho vic ng b khung nn vic chnh khung ng
rng 12 byte u tin ca tn hiu STM-4 phi l cc byte A1; ba byte t STM-1 s 1, ba byte
t STM-1
s 2, ba byte t STM1 s 3 v
ba byte t STM-1 s
4. 12 byte
A1 ny li c k
tip bi 12
byte A2 c hnh
thnh theo
cng phng thc
nh vi
cc byte A1. Mt
khung
Hnh 2.5: Mt khung STM-4

STM-16 c th c hnh thnh theo phng thc ging nh vi khung STM-4. Khung ny c
144 (916) ct mo u cng con tr v tng cng 4320 (16270) ct hay byte trong 1 khung
125 s. C hai cch to tn hiu STM-16: (1) ghp 4 tn hiu STM-4 hoc (2) ghp 16 tn hiu
30
STM-1. Cch th nht c gi l ghp hai giai on trong khi cch th hai c gi l ghp
mt giai on.
Mt khung STM-64 cng c hnh thnh theo phng thc nh m trn i vi cc tn
hiu STM-4 hay STM-16.
2.4 Cc byte truyn ti SDH v mo u ng

2.4.1 V tr /tn cc byte mo u SDH
Mo u truyn ti ca STM-1 gm hai phn:(1) mo u on lp nm cc hng t 1 ti 3
v ct 1 ti 9. v (2) mo u on ghp knh nm hng t th 5 ti 9 ct t 1 ti 9 nh trn
Hnh 2.6 hay Hnh 2.7. AU-n, hay chnh xc hn l cc con tr AU-3 hoc AU-4 (s c tho
Hnh 2.6: Khung STM-1 vi cc mo u

lun trong Chng 3) chim hng s 4 t ct s 1 ti ct s 9. V mt l thuyt cc byte con tr
ny c th c xem l mt phn ca mo u on ghp knh. Lu rng cc con tr ny v
mo u on truyn ti c v tr c nh trong 1 khung 125 s. Ni theo cch khc, cc byte
con tr c pha c nh so vi khung STM-1. Mt khc mo u ng (path overhead) VC-3
hoc VC-4 c th chim bt k ct no trong cc ct t s 10 ti 270 ca khung STM-1. Ta
ni rng mo u ng l "ng" hay "tri ni" so vi khung 125 s. Tc l mo u ng
VC-3/VC-4 c pha bin i so vi khung STM-1, hay chnh xc hn l bin i so vi cc byte
(A1, A2).
Tn v chc nng ca cc byte mo u truyn ti v byte mo u ng VC-3/VC-4 s
c trnh by trong phn sau. Tuy nhin mt s im cn cp l:
31
2.4. CC BYTE TRUYN TI SDH V MO U NG
Ct
Hng
A1
270
A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
J1
S dng quc
gia
Cc byte ng b khung
B1
E1
R F1
B3
ngi
S dng quc
phng
dng
gia
nghip
2
BIP-8
MDB
Byte ph thuc
vt
ng
BIP-8
mi trng
D1
D2
T. tin
Byte ph thuc
T. tin
s liu
mi trng
s liu
R D3 R R
D
T. tin
phng
s liu
C2
Nhn
3
MDB
D phng
H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3
G1
Cc byte con tr AU-n
T.thi
ng
F2
B2 B2 B2 K1 R R K2 R R
BIP-24
APS
D phng
APS
D phng
D4 R R D5 R R D6 R R
6
s liu
D phng
T. tin
s liu
D phng
s liu
a
D phng
s liu
T. tin
D phng
T. tin
s liu
D phng
s liu
D phng
D10 R R D11 R R D12 R R

T. tin
s liu
s liu
D phng
s liu
D phng
SSM Dnh
cho
tng lai
APS
N1
S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2
PUC
K3
T. tin
T. tin
D phng
khung
F3
D7 R R D8 R R D4 R R
T. tin
ngi
dng
H4
T. tin
T. tin
t.hiu
Dnh cho tng
FEBE
lai
Mo u truyn ti
nghip
v
S dng quc
gia
NOB
Mo u ng
VC-4/VC-3
PUC: Knh ngi s dng ng (tuyn)
APS:
Chuyn mch bo v t ng
FEBE: Ch th li khi u xa
SMM: Bn tin trng thi ng b
NOB: Byte ngi iu hnh mng
: byte pht trin trong tng lai (ang c nghin cu thm)
R: cc byte t trc cho s dng quc gia (bn byte trong RSOH v 2 byte trong MSOH)
Lu : Hng u tin ca SOH l cc byte khng c xo trn (ngu nhin ha).
Hnh 2.7: Tn ca cc byte mo u ca mt tn hiu STM-1

1. Cc byte ch ra bi "X" c n nh cho s dng quc gia.
2. Cc byte ch ra bi "4" l cc byte ph thuc mi trng truyn dn.
3. Cc byte "R" l byte d phng cho tng lai
4. Hng con tr: c chia lm ba nhm, mi nhm gm mt tp con tr (H1, H2 v H3)
v mi tp c n nh cho mt tn hiu DS3. Mt STM-1 c th c dng truyn
mt tn hiu B-ISDN chng hn nh ATM hoc mt tn hiu FDDI. Mc ch ban u
ca STM-1 l dng mang mt tn hiu E-4 tc 139,264 Mbit/s. Khi ch duy nht
mt tp (H1, H2) v ba byte H3 l cn thit. Cc ng dng con tr ca cc chun SDH s
c nghin cu chi tit trong Chng 3.
32
2.4.2 Chc nng ca mo u on lp

1. Su byte u tin ca mo u on lp ca STM-1 l gm ba byte A1 tip n l ba byte
A2 (xem Hnh 2.6) dng cho mc ch ng b khung. Mu ng b khung c dng s

hex F628 (1111 0110 0010 1000). (A1, A2) s c phn b trong tt c cc tn hiu
STM-1 trong mt STM-N. Tc l, vi mt tn hiu STM-16, s c 48 ( 16 3) cp (A1,
A2) do c ba cp (A1, A2) cho mi tn hiu STM-1. Chc nng ng b khung c s

dng ng b gia u pht v u thu.
2. Byte J0 (d vt) l byte duy nht trong khung STM-1. N c dng truyn lp i lp
li mt ia ch im truy cp on (Section Access Point Identification), nh mt my

thu on (section receiver) c th kim tra tnh lin tc kt ni ca n ti my pht
nh. Ni dung ca bn tin ny khng b hn ch theo tiu chun do n c th c lp
trnh bi ngi s dng ti c hai u pht v thu.
3. Byte B1 (BIP-8) c phn b trong mi STM-1 nhm gim st li on lp. Chc nng
ny l nh mt m kim tra chn l 8 bit (Bit Interleaved Parity 8 code) s dng lut chn
l chn. B1 c tnh ton trn tt c cc bt ca khung STM-N trc sau khi thc hin
ngu nhin ha. Vic tnh ton ny c thc hin trn c s tng bit mt. B1 sau khi tnh
ton c t vo v tr ca B1 trong khung STM-1 th nht trc khi ngu nhin ha.
Byte B1 ny c ch nh duy nht cho STM-1 th nht ca mt tn hiu STM-N.
Vic tnh ton B1 c thc hin nh sau:
Bt th n ca B1 = N 9270
1
tt c cc bit "1" ca bt th n ca tt c cc byte [n =1..8]
Thut ton chn l chn l tng cc bit "1" trong thng tin v "1" ca s chn l c
cng vo (nu "1" c s dng l s chn) l mt s chn. Chng hn vi n=1, tng s
bt "1" tnh theo cng thc trn l 157 v mt bt "1" c cng vo s dn tng s bt "1"
l mt s chn ( 157 + 1 = 158). Khi gi tr ca bit th nht ca B1 s l 1. Ngc
li nu tng trn l mt s chn th khi cng thm 1 s "1" ca s chn l qui c s cho
kt qu l v khi bt tng ng vi tr s n s c gi tr 0.
4. Byte F1: l knh ngi s dng v c dnh ring cho mc ch ngi iu hnh mng
v c dng truyn s liu trong cc ng dng bo dng trm lp. Mt khuyn ngh
cho byte ny l dng nhn dng mt on s c trong mt chui cc on lp. Nu
mt trm lp pht hin c s c trong on lp ca n, n c th chn vo byte ny mt
chui 6 bt nhn dng trm lp v mt m 2 bit xc nh bn cht s c. Byte ny
c xc nh duy nht cho STM-1 th nht ca mt tn hiu STM-N.

5. Byte E1: byte ny dng lm knh nghip v. Nh tt c cc byte khc ca khung, n c
s ln lp trong mt giy l 8000 ln, to ra mt knh 64 Kbit/s, c th c dng cho cc
kt ni thoi/s liu phc v cc mc ch bo tr cc trm lp.

Byte E1 c xc nh duy nht cho khung STM-1 th nht ca mt tn hiu STM-N.
6. Knh thng tin s liu (DCC)
gm cc byte D1, D2 v D3 l mt knh bn tin 192
Kbit/s. Knh ny dnh cho vic to ra cc bn tin t bn trong hay bn ngoi v bn tin
c bit ca nh sn xut. Cc byte ny c xc nh duy nht cho STM-1 th nht ca
mt tn hiu STM-N. Knh DCC phc v cc mc ch vn hnh, bo dng v qun l
cc trm
bao gm:
lp trn ng truyn SDH
33
Cnh bo
Bo dng
Kim tra
Gim st
Qun l
Cc nhu cu thng tin khc gia cc thit b u cui
2.4.3 Chc nng mo u on ghp

1. Byte B2: C ba byte B2, khng phi l mt nh trong phn mo u on lp, c phn
b trong mi STM-1 gim st li ca mt on ghp. Chc nng ny l nh mt m
kim tra chn l 24 bit (BIP-24) s dng lut chn l chn. BIP-24 c mt trong tt c cc
khung STM-1 ca khung tn hiu STM-N. BIP-24 c tnh ton trn tt c cc bit trong
khung STM-1, ngoi t ba hng u tin ca mo u on lp RSOH v t vo cc byte
B2 trong vng mo u on ghp MSOH ca khung k tip trc khi thc hin ngu
nhin ha. V d kt qu ca BIP-24 ca khung tn hiu STM-1 th n s c t vo 3
byte B2 ca khung STM-1 th n+1. BIP-24 khng phi tnh ton li ti mi trm lp m
c tnh ton li ti mi b ghp knh [2]. Lu rng BIP-n c hnh thnh trn c s
cc nhm n bit, c th nh sau:
Bt th nht ca t m BIP-n c to nn bi tt c cc bt th nht ca cc nhm n bit
cn gim st. Bt th hai ca BIP-n c to ra trn c s cc bt th hai ca cc nhm n
bit v c nh vy n khi bit th n ca t m BIP-n c to ra. Gi tr ca mi bit ca
BIP-n c xc nh theo qui c chn l chn tng t nh i vi BIP-8 (B1).
2. Cc byte bo v t ng K1, K2: dnh cho bo hiu chuyn mch bo v t ng (APS-
Automatic Protection Switching), chng hnh thnh knh truyn thng tin cnh bo v
lnh chuyn mch d phng khi h thng chnh c s c [2]. Hai byte ny c xc nh
duy nht cho khung STM-1 th nht ca tn hiu STM-N. Chi tit v hot ng ca cc
byte ny s c trnh by trong Chng x.
3. Byte E2 (orderwire) c s dng lm knh nghip v tc 64 kbit/s. Knh ny c
s dng truyn thng tin thoi khi bo dng cc trm ghp hay xen/tch knh hay cc
u cui xa (remote terminal). Byte ny cng ch c xc nh duy nht cho STM-1 th
nht ca tn hiu STM-N.
4. Knh thng tin s liu 576 Kbit/s (D4 D12), thc hin cc chc nng ging nh chc
nng ca cc byte D1D3 ca mo u on lp. Tc l dng cho vic vn hnh v qun
l b ghp knh trn ng truyn SDH. Cc byte ny cng ch c n nh cho khung

STM-1 th nht ca tn hiu STM-N.
5. Cc byte Z1, Z2: Bn byte ny c dng trong tng lai. Hin nay gi tr ca chng
cha c qui nh v chc nng cng cha c nh ngha [2].
6. Byte S1 s dng cc bit t 5 ti 8 truyn bn tin (SSM) trng thi ng b. C th l
ch s cht lng Q ca ng h trm ny truyn ti trm khc. Bng 2.2 ch ra gi tr cc

bt thnh
phn cho bn mc ng b
theo
chun ITU-T. Trong bng ny
c hai thnh gi
34
Bng 2.2: Gi tr cc bt thnh phn ca S1

1110
1111
Cc bt t 5-8
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
D tr
M t mc cht lng ng b
D tr
SDH
D tr
ng b, cha xc nh cht
ng h cc b (khuyn ngh G.812; Q=4)
lng
D tr
D tr
D tr
ng h chun s cp (khuyn ngh
Ngun nh thi thit b ng b (SETS); Q=5
G.811; Q=2)
D tr
D tr
D tr
ng h trung chuyn (khuyn ngh
D tr
G.812; Q=3)
Khng s dng cho ng b Q=6 (*)
Lu : (*) Bn tin ny c th m phng li ca thit b v s c
m phng bi tn hiu AIS on ghp
Bng 2.3: Gi tr byte M1 trong cc khung STM-1

Byte M1
234 5678
000 0000
000 0001
000 0010
000 0011
Din gii
Byte M1
Din gii
(s khi b li)
234 5678
(s khi b li)
0
1
2
001 1000
001 1001
001 1010
..
.
111 1111
24
0
0
..
.
0
3
..
.
..
.
Lu : Bt 1 khng c s dng.
35

Byte M1
234 5678
Din gii
Byte M1
(s khi b li)
234 5678
Din gii
(s khi b
..
000 0000
000 0001
000 0010
000 0011
0
1
2
3
..
.
110 0000
110 0001
110 0010
..
.
111 1111
li)
24
0
0
.
..
.
Lu : Bt 1 khng c s dng.

Byte M1
1234 5678
0000 0000
0000 0001
0000 0010
0000 0011
tr cc
Din gii
Byte M1
Din gii
(s khi b li)
1234 5678
(s khi b li)
0
1
0000 0100
0000 0101
..
.
1111 1111
4
5
..
.
255
2
3
thnh phn bt cn ch
l (1) ch ra rng cht lng ng b cha c xc

nh v (2) ra hiu rng cc on truyn dn ny khng nn s dng cho ng b. Cc
m cn li c dnh cho cc mc cht lng c nh ngha bi cc nh qun l ring.

Nh s tr gip ca S1, c th l cc bit t 5 n 8 m vic quyt nh chuyn cp ng
h c th c thc hin. Chng hn nu cht lng ng h ca on ghp ny cao hn
th ng h ny s c s dng cho ng b.
Cc bt t 1-4 ca S1 c s dng ring bi nh khai thc mng.
7. Byte M1: c gi l byte ch th li u xa on ghp knh (MS-REI). M1 ch th li
u xa trong BIP-24 khi ln lt so snh tng bt trong t m ny vi t m tng ng to
ra ti u thu. N l mt bn tin c u cui thu pht tr li u pht, nh u cui
pht c th nhn c trng thi li ca u thu. Ti cc mc STM-N, byte ny c th
mang cc gi tr trong khong (0255) cc khi bt c pht hin nh t m kim tra s

ging nhau (so snh tng bit) ca t m BIP-24N (B2).
Do STM-1 c 3 byte B2 tng ng vi 24 bit kim tra chn l do M1 ng vi phn cp
STM-1 s c gi tr t 0 ti 24 tng ng vi s li khi (xem Bng 2.3)
Cc gi tr nm ngoi khong [0 24] c hiu l khng c li.
Tng t nh vy i vi STM-4 gi tr M1 c din gii trong Bng 2.4.
Ring i vi STM-16 v STM-64, s dng tt c 8 bit trong byte M1 nh trong cc Bng
2.5 v 2.6.
36

Byte M1
1234 5678
Din gii
Byte M1
Din gii
(s khi b li)
1234 5678
(s khi b li)
0
1
0000 0100
0000 0101
..
.
1111 1111
4
5
..
.
255
0000 0000
0000 0001
0000 0010
0000 0011
2.4.4 Mo
khung STM-
2
3
u on ca
N
Mt tn
hiu STM-4 (Hnh 2.8)
c 12 byte A1
km theo bi 12 byte
A2, 4 byte J0
v 8 byte
s dng
quc gia cho
hng s 1.
Cc
byte ny khng c ngu
nhin ha
(scrambling).
Phn ln
vic n nh byte ging nh cc byte ca STM-1. Lu rng cc
byte trng l
dnh cho cc tiu chun trong tng lai, v A1 ... A1 ng rng c mt chui byte A1
nm gia hai byte c ch ra.
36
2J
2J
2J
D12
D
E
K
2
FJ
M
A
2
Con tr? AU36 byt
A
Z
1
D11
D
A
K
1
Z
E
B
A
1
Z
S
B
A
S
D10
B
D
A
4
2
3
5
6
7
8
9
Hnh 2.8: Cc byte mo u cho mt tn hiu STM-4

Mt tn hiu STM-16 (Hnh 2.9) c 48 byte A1 k tip bi 48 byte A1, 16 byte J0 v 32
byte s dng cho mc ch quc gia trong hng s 1 v cc byte trong hng ny khng b
xo trn (hay ngu nhin ha). Phn ln vic n nh byte ging nh i vi n nh byte
ca tn hiu STM-1. Cc khong trng l cc byte dnh cho nhu cu trong tng lai.
Tn hiu STM-64: c th t c theo phng thc n nh byte nh trn.
37
Hnh 2.9: Cc byte mo u cho mt tn hiu STM-16
2.4.5 Mo u ng VC-3/VC-4
Mo u ng POH (Path Overhead) c ghp cp container o VC. POH cha tt c
cc thng tin cn thit m bo cho s vn chuyn ca cc container. Cc thng tin v trng thi
ca tt c cc lung s c th bit c nh cc gi tr d liu ca mo u ng POH.

Mo u ng VC-3/VC-4 c gi l mo u ng cp cao, gm 9 byte (xem Hnh
2.10): d vt ng J1, gim st li ng B3, nhn tn hiu C2, trng thi ng G1, knh
ngi s dng tuyn F2, ch th a khung H4, knh ngi s dng tuyn F3, knh chuyn mch
bo v t ng K3 v byte cho ngi iu hnh mng N1. Cc byte mo u ny c th c
phn loi nh sau:

byte thng tin im - im : J1, B3, C2 v G1
cc byte ch nh ti tin: H4, F2 v F3
Byte ngi iu hnh mng: N1
1. Byte J1: Mc ch ca byte to vt ng l truyn lp i lp li mt mu nhn dng im
truy cp ng cp cao ca VC-n u cui ng thu c th xc minh s kt ni lin
tc ca n
ti my pht nh. Mu
144
11
11
J
J
9
D12
D
K
F9J
E
M
A9
144 byte
A
Z5
D11
D
A2
K
Z
E4
B4
Z
A1
A
S
B
1
2
3
5
4
6
7
8
9
B2
D1
D4
D7
B1
D1
A1
S1
nhn dng im truy cp ng c th s dng (1)

chui c dng t do gm 64 byte hoc (2) mu dng E.164 gm 16 byte (nh ch ra trong
Bng ). 15 byte tip theo c s dng truyn 15 k t ASCII c yu cu cho dng
s E.164.
Byte J1 l byte u tin ca cc khung container o bc cao VC-4 v VC-3. V tr ca
byte J1 trong khung STM-1 c ch ra bi con tr AU-4 PTR, AU-3 PTR.
38
Hnh 2.10: Cc byte mo u ng VC-4/VC-3
Bng 2.7: Cc k t ASCII cho Dng s E.164

1CCC
0XXX
..
CCCC
XXXX
..
.
Du bt u khung
byte 2
.
..
0XXX XXXX
byte 16
0XXXXXXX: K t ASCII ca chui E.164
CCCCCCCC: Kt qu ca tnh ton CRC-7 ca khung trc
Dng mu: mt khung 16 byte c xc nh truyn s E.164. Byte u ca chui l

mt du bt u khung v cha kt qu ca php tnh CRC-7 qua khung trc . CRC-7
c a thc sinh sau:

(2.1)
g(X) = 1 + X + X
3
a thc ny c s dng tnh ton cc bit kim tra chn l cho mi bn tin.
2. Byte B3 (BIP-8): c phn b trong mi VC-3, VC-4 hoc VC-4-Xc (mt tn hiu mc
xch s c tho lun trong Chng sau) cho chc nng gim st cc hot ng li ca
ng (path) ni gia hai container o bc cao VC-4, VC-3 hoc VC-4-Xc. N s dng
lut chn l chn ging nh cc byte B1 v B2. B3 c tnh ton trc khi ngu nhin
ha thng
qua tt c bit ca VC-3, VC-4
270
?ng (PUC
?ng
n
?ng
?i s? d?ng
1?ng
byt
K?nh T?
chuy?n
m?ch
Ch?
NhEn
th?
b?o
?a
v?
t?n
khun
t?
hi?
??
Byte
?i?u
h?nh
m?ng
N
mE ki?m
tra
ch?n
l?
BI
Tr?ng
th?i
v?t
G1
F2 K?n
F3
H4
N1
C2
B3
K3
J1
MSOH
RSO
C?c
tr?gh?
AU
M?obyte
??u con
?o?n
M?o ??u ?o?n l?p
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
hoc VC-4-Xc trc . B3 c t (trc khi

b ngu nhin ha hay xo trn) vo v tr byte B3 ca VC-3, VC-4 hoc VC-4-Xc hin
ti.
3. Byte C2: l byte nhn tn hiu dng ch r cu to ti tin hay ni cch khc l thng
bo kiu b tr (Mapping) c s dng trong vic hnh thnh container o bc cao VC-4
39
Bng 2.8: C2, cc ng dng ca Byte Nhn Tn Hiu

M C2 (nh phn)
0000 0000
0000 0001
M C2 (Hex)
00
01
0000 0010
0000 0011
0000 0100
0001 0010
0001 0011
0001 0100
0001 0101
02
03
Loi ti tin
Khng ti
C ti/khng c bit (C th c s dng cho tt c
cc ti tin khng cn s phn bit hoc t c s phn
bit bng cc bin php khc chng hn nh cc bn tin
t cc h iu hnh.
Cu trc TUG
TU kiu locked (s sm b loi b)
B tr
04
12
13
14
15
lung cn ng b 34,368 Mbit/s vo C-3

B tr lung cn ng b 44,736 Mbit/s vo C-3
B tr lung cn ng b 139,264 Mbit/s vo C-4
B tr cho ATM
B tr cho MAN
B tr cho FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)
hoc VC-3. Byte C2 c th c gn cc gi tr trong Bng 2.8. Ti u thu, tn hiu sau

khi gii ngu nhin th tr gi tr C= 0000 0000 cn cc gi tr khc ca C2 c ngha l s
dng container o VC-4 hoc VC-3.

4. Byte G1: l byte trng thi ng (path status byte). G1 c dng truyn ngc
v thit b pht (1) bn tin v trng thi tuyn hay ng (path) v (2) hiu sut ca
tuyn.Tnh nng ny cho php trng thi v hiu sut tuyn (path) ca mt ng hon
ton song cng c gim st ti (1) bt k u no trong hai u thu pht v (2) ti bt
k im no dc theo ng (path).
Hnh 2.11 ch ra t chc byte G1. Bit t 1 ti 4 truyn s m cc khi bt c pht hin
l li nh m BIP-8 (B3). Trong mi byte (8 bit) ta c th c

(a) khng bit li
(b) 1 bit li
(c) 2 bit li
(d) 3 bit li
(e) 4 bit li
(f) 5 bit li
(g) 6 bit
li
(h) 7 bit li
(i) 8 bit li
Do c 9 kh nng 2 < 9 < 2 Bit 5 ca byte G1 dng cho ch th s c u xa (cc
tiu chun c th sa chc nng ny bng vic s dng ba bit trong Hnh 2.11). Hin nay
cc bit 6, 7 v 8 cha c n nh.
3
40
PHN
(TC
HIU V
CHNG 2.
CP TN HIU SDH
, DNG TN
MO U)
Hnh 2.11: n nh bit cho byte G1

5. Byte F2, F3: l knh cho ngi s dng tuyn (path), n cp mt knh truyn d liu cho
ngi s dng tuyn.

6. Byte H4: l byte ch th a khung trong trng hp d liu thng tin c b tr trong a
khung gm nhiu container cp thp hn.

7. Byte K3: t bt 1 n 4 dng cho knh chuyn mch bo v t ng APS. Cc bt ny
c ch nh cho bo hiu APS bo v ti cc mc ng VC-4 hoc VC-3. Cc bit t
5 8 dng lm knh d tr. Bn bit ny dng cho cc chc nng khc trong tng lai,
cha c nh ngha c th.
8. Byte N1: l byte iu hnh mng. c ch nh cung cp chc nng gim st kt ni
chuyn tip (TCM).
2.5 Cc thnh phn ca tn hiu STM-1

Hnh 2.12 minh ha tng th cc thnh phn ca tn hiu STM-N. Chi tit vic b tr/ghp t
cc container tc thp vo tn hiu SDH STM-N s c trnh by trong chng sau. Tuy
nhin hnh v ny c gii thch ngn gn nh sau:
Mt C-4 [container mc 4: mang mt tn hiu 139,264 Mbit/s, chng hn nh mt tn
hiu CEPT-4] c b tr trc tip, vi mo u ng VC-4, vo mt VC-4 [Container
o mc 4]. Cc con tr AU-4 c b sung vo VC-4 ny hnh thnh mt mt AU-4
[n v qun l mc 4]. AU-4 ny tng ng vi mt AUG (Nhm AU). Sau cc
byte mo
u on ghp v mo u
on lp c thm vo hnh thnh mt STM-1.

N tn hiu STM-1 sau khi c chnh khung s c ghp vo mt tn hiu STM-N.
Mt C-3 [Container mc 3: dnh cho b tr tn hiu 34,368 Mbit/s] c ghp trc tip,
cng vi cc byte mo u ng VC-3, vo mt VC-3. Ba byte con tr TU-3 c thm
vo mt VC-3 hnh thnh mt TU-3 [n v lung mc 3] gn tng ng vi mt
TUG-3 [Nhm TU mc 3]. Qu trnh ny s c trnh by trong phn sau. Ba TUG-3
c ghp/b tr xen byte vo mt VC-4 nh trng hp C-4, c chuyn thnh mt
AU-4, mt AUG v mt STM-1.
H
th
hi
2.5. CC THNH PHN CA TN HIU STM-1
41
C-3 [Container mc 3 cng c th c s dng b tr tn hiu 44,736 Mbit/s] c b

tr trc tip vo mt VC-3. Sau cc con tr AU-3 c b sung vo VC-3 ny to
nn mt tn hiu AU-3. Ba AU-3 c ghp/b tr theo kiu xen byte vo mt AUG ging
nh trng hp C-4 c chuyn thnh mt STM-1.

C-2 [Container mc 2 dng b tr tn hiu 6,312 Mbit/s] c b tr trc tip cng vi
cc byte mo u ng VC-2 vo mt VC-2. Cc con tr TU-2 c b sung vo VC-2
ny hnh thnh mt TU-2 (n v lung mc 2; mt TU-2 TUG-2; Nhm TU mc
2). By TUG-2 c ghp/b tr theo kiu xen byte vo mt VC-3. Sau cc byte con
tr AU-3 c thm vo VC-3 ny to thnh mt tn hiu AU-3. Ba tn hiu AU-3
c ghp/b tr theo kiu xen byte vo mt AUG v cng nh trng hp C-4, n c
chuyn thnh mt STM-1.

C-12 [Container mc 1, loi 2 dng b tr tn hiu 2,048 Mbit/s] c b tr trc tip
vi cc byte mo u ng VC-12 to nn mt tn hiu VC-12. Cc con tr TU-12
c thm vo tn hiu VC-12 ny to thnh mt TU-12. Ba TU-12 c ghp/b tr
42
xen byte vo mt TUG-2. T TUG-2 vo mt STM-1 cho ng dng C-12 ny ging ht
nh trong trng hp C-2.

C-11 [Container mc 1, loi 1 dng b tr tn hiu 1,544 Mbit/s] c b tr trc tip
vi cc byte mo u ng VC-11 vo mt VC-11. Cc con tr TU-11 c thm vo
VC-11 ny hnh thnh mt TU-11. Bn TU-11 c ghp/b tr xen byte vo mt
TUG-2. T TUG-2 vo mt STM-1 cho ng dng C-11 ny ging ht nh trong trng
hp C-2.
T Hnh 2.12 v m t ngn gn cc thnh phn ca tn hiu SDH trn y, mi quan h
gia cc tn hiu va tho lun s c nh ngha theo mt dng ngn gn hn nh sau.

C-m + mo u VC-m
VC-n + Con tr TU-n
VC-k + con tr AU-k
AUG + RSOH + MSOH
VC-m; m=11, 12, 2, 3 hoc 4
(a)
TU-n; n=11, 12, 2 hoc 3

AU-k; k=3 hoc 4
(b)
(c)
(2.2)
STM-1
2.6
Container
C-n
H
2.
CV
A
v
ST
(d)
Trong cc tiu chun SDH hin nay c 6 kch c container l C-11, C-12, 2C-2, C-3 v
C-4 nh ch ra trong Bng 2.1. Su container ny c chia lm 2 nhm: (1) cc container cp
cao l C-4 v C-3; v (2) cc container cp thp l C-2, C-12 v C-11. i khi ngi ta gp C-11
v C-12 vo mt tn chung l C-1. Mi tn hiu DS1 tc 1,544 Mbit/s hay mt tn hiu ISDN
H11 c th c t vo mt Container-11 (C-11). Mt tn hiu CEPT-1 2,048 Mbit/s hay mt
tn hiu ISDN H12 c th c t vo mt C-12. Mt tn hiu DS2 6,312 Mbit/s s c b
tr vo mt C-2 trong khi mt tn hiu DS3 44,368 Mbit/s hay mt tn hiu ISDN H32 s c
43
2.6. CONTAINER C-N
cha trong mt C-3. Lu rng container dng cha mt tn hiu CEPT-3 34,368 Mbit/s
hoc mt tn hiu ISDN H31 cng l C-3. Tuy nhin vic b tr hai C-3 ny l khc nhau. iu
ny c th thy c t Hnh 2.12 khi CEPT-3 i theo ng bn phi qua VC-3, TU-3, TUG-3,
VC-4, AUG v cui cng l STM-N. Mt khc tn hiu DS3 44,736 Mbit/s i theo ng bn
tri qua VC-3, AU-3, AUG v cui cng l STM-N. Chi tit v th tc b tr/ghp knh s c
tho lun trong Chng 3. Tc PDH cao nht CEPT-4 139,264 Mbit/s hoc mt ISDN H4 s
c b tr vo mt C-4.
2.6.1 C-4, VC-4, AU-4, AUG v STM-1

Mt Container C-4 chim 9 hng 260 ct trong khong thi mt khung 125 s. Ni cch khc,
C-4 c tc 149,76 Mbit/s (
9 260 bytes64Kbit/s trn 1 byte). Vi vic b sung mt
ct mo u ng VC-4 (POH) vo mt C-4 nh nh ngha bi 2.2(a) ta c th t c mt
VC-4 c cu trc 9261 (xem Hnh 2.13).

Sau , mt con tr AU-4 9 byte c b sung vo mt VC-4 hnh thnh mt AU-4 nh
nh ngha bi 2.2(c). By gi 27 byte mo u on lp (RSOH) v 45 byte mo u on
ghp (MSOH) c b sung vo mt tn hiu AUG hnh thnh mt tn hiu SDH STM-1 nh
c ch ra bi 2.2(d). Qu trnh ny c trnh by trn Hnh 2.13. T Hnh 2.12 ta c th thy
rng mt AUG tng ng vi mt AU-4. Vy th ti sao mt AU-4 c gi l AUG? S d
gi nh vy bi v mt AUG c th c dng mang hoc l mt AU-4 hoc ba AU-3. T
ng dng AU-3, mt nhm (ba) tn hiu AU-3 s hnh thnh mt AUG. Trng hp ng dng
3 AU-3 s c tho lun trong phn sau. M t chi tit v ng dng ca c AU-4 v AU-3 s
c trnh by trong Chng 3.
2.6.2
C-3,
VC-3,
TU-3,
TUG-3,
VC-4,
AUG v
STM-1
Hnh 2.14: C-3, VC-3, TU-3, TUG-3, VC-4, AU-4 v STM-1
44
Nh ni trn hoc l mt tn hiu CEPT-3 34,368 Mbit/s hoc mt tn hiu DS3 44,736
Mbit/s c th c b tr vo mt container C-3. Do phn cp Bc M khng c s dng
nc ta nn y ta ch quan tm n C-3 dng b tr tn hiu CEPT-3.

Mt container C-3 chim 9 hng 84 ct trong mt khong thi gian khung 125 s. C-3
c tc 48,384 Mbit/s. Chn byte mo u ng VC-3 POH c b sung vo C-3 to
thnh mt VC-3 nh c nh ngha bi 2.2(a). Mt VC-3 c cu trc 885 hay dung lng
48,96 Mbit/s. hnh thnh mc tn hiu tip theo l TU-3 th ba byte con tr TU-3 nh c
nh ngha trong 2.2(b) phi c chn vo ct th 86. Ct ny c 6 byte chn c nh chim
vng cn li (xem hnh bn tri pha di ca Hnh 2.14). Qu trnh ny hon chnh mt TUG-3
c cu trc 9 86. Lu rng tn hiu TU-3 c 85 ct cng thm 3 byte con tr TU-3 trong
khi mt TUG-3 c 86 ct. V vy TU-3 c dung lng 49,152 Mbit/s khng ng nht vi mt
TUG-3 c dung lng 49,536 Mbit/s. Ai c th t cu hi, nu mt TU-3 gn nh ng nht
vi mt TUG-3, vy th sao li c thm mt tn l TUG-3? Nh vy c tha khng? iu ny
xin tr li l khng v ta c th thy t Hnh 2.12, mt TUG-3 c th c hnh thnh t mt tn
hiu TU-3 hoc t mt nhm tn hiu TUG-2. Chnh xc hn, mt tn hiu TUG-3 cha by (7)
tn hiu TUG-2. V th, n l mt tn hiu nhm.

Sau ba tn hiu TUG-3 c ghp/b tr xen byte vo mt VC-4 m tn hiu ny ngoi ba
TUG-3 ra cn cha hai ct nhi c nh v mt ct mo u ng VC-4 nh ch ra trn Hnh
2.14 (VC-4 khng c ch ra r rng trn hnh ny nhng Hnh 2.13 cho thy mt VC-4
c n gin ha). Chn byte con tr AU-4 c b sung vo mt tn hiu VC-4 nh c nh
ngha bi 2.2(c) hnh thnh mt tn hiu AUG. By gi, 27 byte mo u on lp (RSOH)
v 45 byte mo u on ghp (MSOH) s c b sung vo mt tn hiu AUG hnh thnh
nn tn hiu
SDH STM-1.
Qu trnh ny
c trnh by
trn Hnh
2.14. Cc ng
dng s dng
C-3
truyn ti ba
tn hiu E-3
34,368
Mbit/s s
c tho
lun trong
Chng 3.
Hnh 2.15: C-12, VC-12, TU-12, TUG-2, TUG-3, VC-4, AU-4 v STM-1
45
2.7. N V LUNG (TU)
2.6.3 C-12, VC-12, TUG-2, TUG-3, VC-4, AU-4, AUG v STM-1
By gi container cp thp theo tiu chun ITU-T C-12 s c tho lun bng vic m t mi
quan h gia C-12 ny v STM-1. Container C-12, mang mt tn hiu CEPT-1 tc 2,048
Mbit/s hoc tng ng chng hn nh mt tn hiu ISDN H12, c dung lng ti tin 34 byte
trong khong thi gian 125 s. Din gii c c dung lng ny s c tho lun di y.
Mt byte mo u ng VC-12 (hoc l V5, J2, N2 hoc K4) c b sung vo C-12 nh c
nh ngha bi 2.2(a) hnh thnh mt container o VC-12. Sau mt byte (hoc l V1, V2,
V3 hoc V4) hot ng nh mt con tr TU-12 (hay i khi c ni n nh l con tr TU-1
nhm n gim ha) c b sung vo tn hiu VC-12 nh c nh ngha bi 2.2(b) hnh
thnh TU-12 vi dung lng 36 byte. Cn phi cp y rng c tng cng bn byte, mi
byte trong khong thi gian 125 s lm chc nng con tr TU-12. Con tr bn byte (V1, V2,
V3 v V4) ny s c tho lun trong Chng 3.
Lu rng dung lng 36 byte ny ca mt TU-12 tng ng vi dung lng 4 ct trong
mt khung STM-1 125 s. Ba TU-12 c ghp xen byte vo mt TUG-2 vi dung lng 12
ct. By TUG-2 sau c ghp xen byte vo vng ti tin ca TUG-3. Lu rng TUG-3 c
cu trc 9 hng 86 ct: mt ct gm Ch th Contr Rng (NPI) cng vi cc byte nhi c
nh, mt ct nhi c nh (c th c s dng truyn ti tin khi cn cho cc tiu chun trong
tng lai), v 84 ct c phn b u cho by TUG-2 (xem Hnh 2.15). Tc l do 84/7=12, nn
dung lng cho mi TUG-2 l 12 ct. Mi TUG-2 mang ba TU-12, mi TU-12 chim 4 (12/3)
ct. Ni cch khc, mt TU-12 i hi 36 byte (4 ct 9 byte/ct=36 byte). Tt c nhng iu
ny s c tho lun trong mc 2.7. T TUG-3 ti VC-4 ri ti AUG v STM-1 ging nh
trnh by trong mc 2.6.2 v c ch ra trn Hnh 2.14.
2.7 n v Lung (TU)

Trong phn trc, cc thnh phn ca mt khung STM-1 (hay AUG) di dng container C-n
(n=4, 3, 12) c tho lun. C mt s tn hiu trung gian quan trng i vi cc ng dng
ca mt container. V d, ghp C-12 vo mt STM-1 ta phi to VC-12, TU-12, TUG-2,
TUG-3, VC-4, AU-4 v AUG. V vy bc u tin cho ng dng ny l hiu k cng v TU-n.
Ta c th thy trn Hnh 2.12, cc phn t chnh ca cc thnh phn tn hiu ny l cc n v
lung TU-11, TU-12, TU-2 v TU-3. Cng t hnh ny ta c th thy mc ch ca TU l
truyn ti v chuyn mch mt container, tc l mt tn hiu STM-1 con. Hnh 2.12 c th c
n gin ha bi Hnh 2.16 nhm lin h mt tn hiu STM-1 ti bt k tn hiu lung no.
Thng qua TUG-2, TUG-3, VC-4 v AU-4, 63 TU-12 c th c b tr/ghp vo mt AUG.
Cng vy, ba (3) TU-3 c th c ghp/b tr vo mt tn hiu AUG thng qua TUG-3, VC-4
v AU-4. Tp ng dng ny c thit k cho cc h thng s ITU-T.
Trong phn ny, mc ch v dung lng ca mi TU-n: Mi quan h gia mt tn hiu
TU-n v mt TUG-2; v mi quan h gia mt tn hiu TU-n v mt tn hiu STM-1 s c
nghin cu.
46
PHN
SDH
TN
U)
CHNG 2.
CP TN HIU
(TC , DNG
HIU V MO
Hnh 2.16: AUG (hay STM-1) v cc loi TU khc nhau

Bng 2.9: Dung lng ca TU v ng dng ca n
Dung lng
Loi TU
TU-2
TU-12
TU-11
ng dng
s ct
cn thit
12
s byte
/khung
108
s byte
/siu khung
432
tc
(Mbit/s)
6,912
DS2 (6,312 Mbit/s)
4
3
36
27
144
108
2,304
1,728
CEPT-1 (2,048 Mbit/s)

DS1 (1,544 Mbit/s)
2.7.1 Mc ch v dung lng ca TU

Mc ch ca mi TU-n thnh phn, tr TU-3, c th thy c t Bng 2.9.
1. TU-11 c thit k truyn tn hiu DS1 c tc 1,544 Mbit/s. Mi ct ca mt
STM-N
(N=1, 4 hay 16) hay AUG c
tc 0,576 Mbit/s (64 kbit/s/byte 9 byte/ct).

V vy, n i hi 3 ct ca AUG hay 27 byte trn 1 khung 125 s TU-11 cha c
DS1.
2. TU-12 c thit k truyn tn hiu CEPT-1 c tc 2,048 Mbit/s. V vy chim 4
ct (36 byte /khung) ca khung AUG mt TU-12 cha mt tn hiu CEPT-1.

3. TU-2 c thit k truyn DS2 c tc 6,132 Mbit/s. N i hi 12 ct (108 byte
trn mt khung) ca AUG TU-2 cha c DS2.
thun li ta xem mt tn hiu TU-11, TU-12 hay TU-2 nh mt tn hiu c cu trc khung
1 byte rng 27, 36 hoc 108 byte cao tng ng trn mi khong 125 s nh ch ra trn Hnh
2.17. V d truyn mt CEPT-1, tn hiu CEPT-1 v tn hiu mo u kt hp vi n, byte

k byte s c b tr vo cc byte s 1, 2, 3 v 4 ca hng th nht, sau vo cc byte s
1, 2, 3 v 4 ca hng th hai v c tip tc nh vy. Mt khc (xem Hnh 2.17(B)) ta c th
thy byte u tin ca mt khung 136 s nhn byte u tin ca CEPT-1 v mo u kt
hp vi n; byte th hai s nhn byte th hai t CEPT-1 v c tip tc nh vy. Hn th na,
47
2.7. N V LUNG (TU)
Hnh 2.17: Dung lng / cu trc khung ca TU
t Hnh 2.17(C), qung thi gian 4 khung 125 s c nh ngha cho mt siu khung hay a
khung 500 s. Tc l trong mt siu khung c bn khung 125 s, mi khung c dn u
bi mt byte
mo u (hoc l V1, V2, V3
hoc V4). Mt
siu khung bt u t byte V1.
Bn
byte mo u ny s c nghin cu chi tit trong Chng 3. Byte ch th a khung H4 ca
mo u ng VC-n (n=3 hoc 4) c s dng ch th pha ca a khung 500 s ny. Nu
H4=(XXXXXX00), y "X" l bit khng quan tm, th khung 125 s ny l khung u tin
ca mt a khung 500 s. Byte u trong khung 125 s l V1 (byte con tr TU-n th nht).
Tng t, nu H4=(XXXXXX01) th khung 125 s ny l khung th hai ca a khung 500 s.
Byte u tin ca khung 125 s ny l V2 (byte con tr TU-n th 2). iu tng t c th c
p dng cho trng hp H4=(XXXXXX10) v H4=(XXXXXX11).

By gi, dung lng ca mi TU s c bn tho t mt quan im khc. V d, TU-12 c
dung lng 4 ct hay 36 byte trn 1 khung. Do c bn khung trong mt siu khung nn TU-12
c dung lng 144 (436) byte trong mt a khung, trong khi TU-11 c dung lng l 108
byte/siu khung v TU-2 c 432 byte/siu khung. Lu rng mt tn hiu TU-n (n=11, 12 hay
2) vi bn byte con tr ca n (V1V4) hnh thnh mt tn hiu VC-n nh trnh by trn Hnh
2.17(C). Chi tit mi quan h gia mt tn hiu TU-n v mt tn hiu VC-n s c tho lun
trong Chng 3.
2.7.2 Mi quan h gia TU-n (n=11, 12 hoc 2) vi TUG-2

Ngoi tn hiu TU-n(n=11, 12 hay 2), mt tn hiu trung gian khc cn thit x l vic b tr
/ ghp C-11, C-12 hoc C-2 vo mt STM-1, l TUG-2 (Nhm n v lung - mc 2). Ta
48
bit rng
1. Mt TU-11 i hi 3 ct ca AUG mang mt DS1, tc 1,544 Mbit/s
2. Mt TU-12 cn 4 ct mng mt tn hiu CEPT-1 tc 2,048 Mbit/s.
3. Mt TU-2 cn 12 ct mang mt tn hiu DS2 tc 6,312 Mbit/s.
(2.3)
Bi s chung nh nht ca (3, 4 v 12)=12
Tc l, nu mt khung AUG hay mt khung STM-1 c 12, 24, 36 hay n12 ct(n = s nguyn
dng) th ta c th s dng khung ny truyn bt k TU-n (n=11, 12 hoc 2) no. Mt
TUG-2 (mt nhm 12 ct c bit ca mt khung AUG) c gii thiu cho mc ch ny. Do
, mt tn hiu TUG-2 c 12 ct v c th th truyn

1. Mt tn hiu TU-2 hay mt tn hiu DS2.
2. Ba tn hiu
TU-12 hay ba
tn hiu CEPT1
3. Bn tn hiu
TU-11 hay bn
tn hiu DS1.
Hnh 2.18: Quan h gia TUG-2 v TU-n (n=11, 12 v 2)

nh Hnh 2.18
ch ra. Cn phi ni ti
y rng nu ba TU-12 c mang bi mt TUG-2

th ghp xen byte s c p dng. V d, nu bn ct cn cho TU-12 th nht l "A", "A", "A"
v "A"; bn ct cn cho TU-12 th 2 l "B", "B", "B" v "B"; v bn ct cn cho TU-12 th
ba l "C", "C", "C" v "C" th TUG-2 s mang tn hiu vi trnh t "ABC", "ABC", "ABC" v
"ABC" nh ta thy trn Hnh 2.18.
2.7.3 TU v STM-1
Hnh 2.19(A) ch ra phn ti tin ca mt khung STM-1, bt u bng mt ct mo u ng
VC-4 (POH). Trng hp mt STM-1 c s dng truyn khng g ngoi TU-12 s c
49
2.7. N V LUNG (TU)
Hnh 2.19: TU-12 v STM-1
tho lun. Mi STM-1 c th mang 63 TU-12. Ct u tin sau ct POH c phn b cho
TU-12 th nht; ct th hai dnh cho TU-12 th 2 vv... S d nh vy l v cc chun SDH s
dng phng thc ghp xen byte. Hnh 2.19(B) ch ra bn ct ng c cho TU-1 th nht trong
mt khung STM-1. Con tr AU-4 s ch ra im bt u ca ti tin STM-1, ti tin ny c dn
u bi mo u ng VC-4. Mt khi POH c nhn bit th bn ct ca tn hiu TU-12
s c nh v chnh xc. Ni cch khc
1. Mo u ng VC-4 c pha "ng" so vi khung STM-1.

2. Nhng pha gia bn ct ca TU-12 u tin (TU-12 s 1) c quan h pha c nh so vi
mo u ng VC-4.
Cc byte mo u kt hp vi mi TU-12 trong mi khung ti tin 125 s l hoc V1, V2, V3
hay V4 (xem Hnh 2.19(C)). Mi trong s bn byte mo u ny dn u khung TU-12 36 byte.
Chng 3 s tho lun v V1, V2, V3 v V4 v ta s thy y l cc byte mo u c thit
k cho chc nng con tr ti tin. Con tr (V1, V2) s tr n im bt u ca mt container
o VC-12 trong TU-12. Byte khi u ny c gi l V5. Khong thi gian 500 s ca mt a
khung c dn u bi byte V5 c gi l mt VC-12 cho mt container C-12. ng dng
mang 63 CEPT-1 qua 63 C-12, 63 VC-12, 63 TU-12, 21 TUG-2, 3 TUG-3 trong mt tn hiu
STM-1 s c tho lun trong Chng 3.
50
Chng 3
ng dng con tr SDH (B tr-
Mapping/ghp-Multiplexing)
Mc ch ca chng
Sau khi hon thnh chng ny, bn c th
M t cc con tr AU-4/AU-3/TU-3 (H1, H2, H3 v H4): cc vng con tr, chc nng
ca con tr, to v phin dch con tr.
Tho lun v vic b tr/ghp mt tn hiu C-4 (cho mt tn hiu CEPT-4) v mt tn hiu
C-3 (cho mt CEPT-3 hay mt DS3) vo mt tn hiu STM-1.

M t cc con tr TU-1/TU-2 (V1, V2, V3 v V4): cc vng con tr, chc nng con tr,
to v phin dch con tr.

Tho lun v vic b tr/ghp mt tn hiu C-2 (cho mt tn hiu DS2), mt tn hiu C-12
(cho mt tn hiu CEPT-1) hay mt tn hiu C-11 (cho mt tn hiu DS1) vo mt tn hiu
STM-1.
M t cc tn hiu mc xch SDH
Tm tt chng
Phn loi con tr STM-1: (1) ng dng CEPT-4; (2) ng dng DS3: (3) ng dng CEPT-3
v (4) cc ng dng DS2/CEPT-1 v DS1

Cc con tr (H1, H2) v (V1, V2): phm vi gi tr con tr, cc chc nng con tr (nh ch
th iu
chnh tn s, ch th lch ti
tin v c d liu mi), to v phin dch con tr.
Hn na, cc byte mo u ng VC-1/VC-2 : V5, J2, N2 v K4

B tr tn hiu CEPT-4 vo mt STM-1 thng qua container C-4, VC-4, AU-4 v AUG.
B tr/ghp cc tn hiu DS3 vo mt STM-1 qua C-3, VC-3, AU-3 v AUG; v b
tr/ghp cc tn hiu CEPT-3 vo mt STM-1 qua C-3, VC-3, TU-3, TUG-3, VC-4, AU-4
v AUG
51
52 CHNG 3. NG DNG CON TR SDH (B TR- MAPPING/GHP-MULTIPLEXING)
Bng
3.1:
SDH
E4
Nhnh cp cao
(tc cao)
Nhnh cp thp
(tc thp)
Cc lung cp cao v cp thp SDH

Cc byte con tr
(H1, H2, H3)
DS3
E3
DS2
(H1, H2, H3)
E1
(V1, V2, V3)
DS1
* i vi ng dng E3, hai tp con tr (H1, H2, H3) l cn thit
B tr/ghp mt (1) DS2 (cn ng b hoc ng b bit) vo mt STM-1 qua C-2, VC-2,
TU-2, TUG-2, TUG-3, VC-4, AU-4 v AUG; v ba (3) DS1 (cn ng b, ng b bit
hoc ng b byte) vo mt STM-1 qua C-11, VC-11, TU-11, TUG-2, VC-3, AU-3 v
AUG
Tn hiu mc xch: cu trc khung v ch th mc xch.
3.1 Con tr STM-1

Con tr c s dng cho vic b tr cc lung tn hiu khc nhau vo mt tn hiu STM-1. C
hai loi con tr c s dng cho cc chc nng b tr/ghp ny trong cc ng dng SDH.
l (H1, H2, H3) v (V1, V2, V3). Nhng ng dng ca cc con tr ny c tng kt nh sau:
1. Cc lung cp cao (High order tributaries): Ch mt tp byte con tr, (H1, H2 v H3) l
cn thit
2. Cc lung cp thp (Low order tributaries): C hai tp byte con tr, (H1, H2, H3) v (V1,
V2, V3) c yu cu
Bng 3.1 ch ra cc lung SDH cp cao v cp thp v mi quan h ca chng vi cc tp
con tr v cc ng dng ca chng (con tr) s c tho lun trong chng ny.
Nh ch ra trong Bng 3.1, mt STM-1 mang mt tn hiu E4, chc nng b tr/ghp
i hi mt tp con tr (H1, H2, H3). mang N tn hiu E4 qua mt tn hiu STM-N, n i
hi N tp con tr. i vi tt c cc contaier khc c tc thp so vi tc truyn ti SDH,
mt tn hiu STM-1 c th c phn pht cho nhiu container tc thp. V vy, nhiu tp
con tr trong mt tn hiu STM-1 l cn thit cho th tc ghp/b tr cc tn hiu cp thp ny.
V d, Hnh 3.1 ch ra rng c ba AU-3 nm trong vng ti tin ca STM-1. Vic mi AU-3 s
nm u
trong ti tin ny c quyt
nh bi cc byte con tr kt hp vi mi AU-3. C ba

tp con tr (c bit n vi tn "con tr AU-3" v nm t ct s 1 ti ct s 9 ca hng th
4 trong mt khung STM-1 125 s) c s dng ch th v tr ca ba ti tin AU-3. Mc ch
ca con tr l cung cp mt phng php cho php ng chnh linh hot v "ng" container o
VC bn trong khung AUG. "ng" c ngha l VC c php "tri ni" trong khung AUG. V
53
3.2. PHN
TR STM-1 V
TR
LOI CON
V TR CON
Hnh 3.1: Con tr, ti tin STM-1 v STM-1
th, con tr c kh nng iu tit nhng khc bit khng ch v pha ca VC v mo u on

lp m cn c v tc khung na. Sau y l danh sch cc c im quan trng ca con tr
STM-1.
Phn loi con tr (xem Hnh 3.2 )
Cc byte con tr AU-n (n=3 hoc 4), H1, H2 v H3
Cc byte con tr TU-3, H1, H2 v H3
Cc byte con tr TU-2/TU-12/TU-11, V1, V2, V3 v V4
V tr con tr
Chc nng con tr
Ch th gi tr ( lch) con tr
Ch th iu chnh tn s
Biu th c d liu mi NDF
To con tr ti u pht v lut to con tr
Phin dch con tr ti u thu v lut phin dch
Cc c im trn s c miu t chi tit trong cc phn tip theo.
3.2 Phn loi con tr STM-1 v v tr con tr
C mt s loi byte con tr. Theo quan im chc nng con tr, c con tr AU-n (n=3 hoc 4),
con tr TU-3 v con tr TU-2/TU-12/TU-11. Nhng theo quan im ng dng, cc con tr c
th c phn lm bn loi v c m t nh sau:

A. ng dng CEPT-4: Bn trong khung STM-1 hng s 4 ct t 1 n 9 c dnh ring cho
cc byte con tr AU-4 [nh c ch ra trn Hnh 3.2 (A)]. Khi mt tn hiu STM-1 c
s dng truyn mt tn hiu C-4 (mang mt tn hiu E4 hoc tng ng qua mt tn
hiu VC-4) nh ch ra trn Hnh 3.2(A), ch 5 trong s 9 byte c cp pht ca cc v tr

cp trn l c s dng lm con tr. Tc l H1 v H2 l cc byte con tr trong khi
ba byte H3 c ch nh lm byte hot ng con tr. S d nh vy l v ch mt C-4 duy
nht s c b tr vo mt ti tin STM-1. V vy, ch mt tp byte con tr (H1 v H2) l
cn thit. Cc byte H1 th hai v th ba khng c s dng nhng c n nh lm mt
byte c bit, Y=(1001UU11). y U l bit khng c qui nh. Tng t cc byte H2
th hai v th ba khng c s dng v c n nh lm cc byte 1=(11111111). Byte
H3 s c trnh by sau.
Hnh 3.2: V tr con tr ca bn loi con tr

B. ng dng DS3: C hai container C-3 khc nhau nh trnh by trong Chng 2, mt dng
truyn mt tn hiu DS3 trong khi container kia dng truyn mt tn hiu E-3. V
vy s c hai loi con tr dng b tr hai container khc nhau ny. Trc ht, v tr con
tr s c tho lun khi mt tn hiu STM-1 c s dng truyn ti ba tn hiu DS3
55
3.2. PHN LOI CON TR STM-1 V V TR CON TR
qua ba C-3 [sau qua 3 VC-3, 3 AU-3 v 1 AUG (Hnh 2.12)]. N i hi ba tp con
tr AU-3 cho mc ch ny. Tt c cc byte con tr ny chim hng th 4 ct t 1 n 9
ca khung STM-1 125 s nh ch ra trn Hnh 3.2(B). Lu rng H1, H2 v H3 c t
xen byte trong hng th 4 ca khung STM-1. Ba byte con tr (H1, H2 v H3) cho VC-3
th nht nm cc ct s 1, 4 v 7 nh c ch ra bi vng trn s 1. Ba byte con tr
(H1, H2, H3) cho VC-3 s hai nm cc ct s 2, 5 v 8 nh c ch ra bi vng trn
s 2; v ba byte con tr (H1, H2, H3) cho VC-3 s 3 nm cc ct 3, 6 v 9 nh c ch
ra bi vng trn s 3 trn Hnh 3.2(B).

C. ng dng CEPT-3: hiu cc byte con tr loi 2 ca C-3 ta cn hiu mt trong ba chc
nng ca con tr AU-4. Mt chc nng ca con tr AU-4 c s dng ch ra im bt
u ca mo u ng VC-4. iu ny c ch ra trn Hnh 3.2(C). Lu rng mt tn
hiu VC-4 nm tri ni so vi khung STM-1. Mt khi v tr mo u ng VC-4 c
xc nh bi con tr AU-4 th container o VC-4 cng c xc nh. Mt VC-4 c cu
trc 9 hng 261 ct nh ch ra trn Hnh 2.13. VC-4 ny c th c dng truyn ba
container C-3, tc l ba tn hiu CEPT-3 hoc tng ng. V vy ba tp con tr (con tr
TU-3) c yu cu ch ra cc v tr ca ba C-3 ny bn trong VC-4. Cng ging cc
ng dng k trn, c ba byte kt hp vi mi con tr, tc l H1, H2 v H3. Trong mt
ti tin VC-4, ct u tin c ch nh cho mo u ng VC-4, hai ct tip theo c
dnh ring cho cc tiu chun tng lai cn hin ti th c phn b cho cc byte nhi
c nh. Cc byte con tr TU-3 (H1, H2, H3) cho C-3 th nht chim ct s 4 ca ti tin
VC-4. Cc byte con tr (H1, H2, H3) cho C-3 th 2 chim ct s 5; v cc byte con tr
(H1, H2, H3) cho C-3 th 3 chim ct s 6 ca ti tin VC-4. Ba tp con tr TU-3 ny ch
chim ba hng u tin ca ti tin VC-4. Ni cch khc, ch ba byte u ca mi ct con
tr (ct s 4, 5 v 6 ca ti tin VC-4) c dng lm cc byte con tr, v 5 byte pha di
l cc byte nhi c nh nh c ch ra trn Hnh .
D. ng dng DS2/CEPT-1 v DS1: Tp con tr SDH cui cng l (V1, V2, V3 v V4) c
ch nh cho vic b tr
Mt tn hiu C-2, mang tn hiu DS2 hoc tng ng vo mt tn hiu VC-2 v
sau vo mt tn hiu TU-2.

Mt tn hiu C-12, mang tn hiu E1 hoc tng ng vo mt tn hiu VC-12 v
sau vo mt tn hiu TU-12

Mt tn hiu C-11, mang tn hiu DS1 hoc tng ng vo mt tn hiu VC-11 v
sau vo mt tn hiu TU-11.

V vy, chng c ni ti nh cc con tr TU-1/TU-2. TU-1 c dng ch cc lung
TU-11 v TU-12. V tr ca chng (V1, V2, V3 v V4) l tri ni so vi khung STM-1
125 s. Tuy nhin v tr ca chng li c nh so vi mt tn hiu VC-4. S dng vic
ghp/b tr cc tn hiu E1 vo mt STM-1 gii thch v tr ca cc byte con tr TU-12

(V1, V2, V3 v V4). Ta c th b tr ln ti 63 tn hiu E1 vo mt tn hiu STM-1 hay
mt ti tin VC-4. Mi E1 i hi mt tp byte con tr (V14) bn trong mt cu trc a
khung hay siu khung 500 s. V d y l b tr tn hiu E1 th nht. Con tr AU-4
s xc nh v tr bt u ca vng ti VC-4 m vng ny th lun c dn u bi mo
u ng VC-4. Mt khi v tr mo u ng VC-4 c xc nh nh ch ra trn Hnh
3.2(D) th
khung 125 s u tin ca
a
khung 500 s c xc
nh. Ba khung 125 s
cn li c xc nh theo cng phng thc. Byte con tr u tin V1 c t ngay sau

byte mo u ng VC-4 u tin (J1) ca khung 125 s th nht; byte con tr th 2
V2 c t ngay sau byte mo u ng VC-4 th nht (J1) ca khung 125 s th 2 v
c tip tc nh vy. Tc l 4 byte con tr TU-12, t V1 n V4, c phn b qua siu
khung (hay a khung) TU 500 s.

Tiu chun trn c p dng cho vic b tr/ghp cc tn hiu DS1 hay DS2. Tc l v
tr ca cc byte con tr TU-11 hay TU-12 c xc nh theo cng phng php.
3.3 Con tr (H1, H2)

Hai byte con tr SDH (H1, H2) gm 16 bit c phn chia thnh ba trng nh sau:
C d liu mi (NDF): chim bit t 1 n 4 v c gi l bit N.
Cc bit cha c n nh: bit 5 v bit 6 (SS) c n nh l (10) nu con tr c s
dng l AU-4, AU-3 hoc TU-3 cn cc gi tr khc khng c xc nh v u thu s
b qua.
Ch th gi tr ( lch -offset) con tr: chim cc bit t 7 n 16 (10 bit) v c chia lm
hai nhm:
nhm cc bit tng (incremental bits): bit s 7, 9, 11, 13 v 15 (5 bit I ) dng ch
th ng chnh tn s dng
nhm cc bit gim (decremental bits): bit s 8, 10, 12, 14 v 16 (5 bit D) dng
chi th ng chnh tn s m
Hnh 3.3: T chc con tr

Hnh 3.3 cho
thy t chc t con tr
(H1,H2). M t chi tit chc nng ca cc byte con tr ny

c trnh by trong cc phn sau.
3.3.1 (H1, H2) vi t cch mt con tr AU-4

Trong phn ny con tr AU-4 s c m t bng s tham chiu n Hnh 3.4. Cc byte con tr
AU-4, H1 v H2 nm trong cc ct s 1 v 4 hng s 4 ca mt khung STM-1. Cc ct th 2
57
3.3. CON TR (H1, H2)
v 3 ca hng ny khng c s dng cho bt k mc ch c bit no ti thi im ny; tuy

nhin mi trong s 2 byte ny c n nh mt mu Y=1101UU11. U biu th bit khng c
xc
hng s
byte
hot
H3 nm
n 9.
hot
khng
nh. Ct s 5 v 6
4 hin c gn cc
ton "1". Ba byte
ng con tr
trong cc ct t 7
Trong iu kin
ng bnh thng
cn ng chnh
Hnh 3.4: Phm vi lch ca con tr AU-4

tn s m hoc dng th ba byte H3 mang cc knh gi. Khi ng chnh tn m c yu cu
(tc l khi ti tin cn truyn qua mt tn hiu STM-1 c tc cao hn tc bnh thng ca
n) th khong thi gian c s dng truyn ba byte H3 s c s dng truyn ti tin.
Khi ng chnh tn s dng c yu cu, v tr ba byte ngay sau byte H3 cui cng s mang
cc byte nhi. iu ny nhm to nn mt tc thch hp do ti u vo di tc biu kin
(danh nh) ca n. Cc hot ng ny s c tho lun trong cc phn sau.
Phm vi gi tr con tr
Khi gi tr lch (offset) con tr bng 0 th ti tin (VC-4) s bt u ti byte u tin ngay sau
byte H3 cui cng. Ni cch khc, byte mo u ng VC-4 u tin (J1) s nm ti byte u
tin sau byte H3 cui cng hay trong ct th 10, hng th 4 ca khung STM-1. Nu gi tr
lch con tr bng 1 th byte J1 nm v tr cch byte H3 cui cng 3 byte hay ct th 13 hng
th 4 ca khung STM-1.
Nu gi tr lch con tr l 782 th byte J1 nm hng th 3 ct 268 ca khung STM-1 k
tip nh ch ra trn Hnh 3.4. Do , ta c th pht biu nh sau v gi tr lch con tr AU-4.

Phm vi lch gi tr bnh thng ca con tr AU-4: (0782)
l v sao mt trng 10 bit c dnh ring cho ch th gi tr lch trong t m con tr
(H1, H2) (xem Hnh 3.3). Do 2 = 1024 > 782 v 2 = 512 < 782.
10
ng chnh tn s dng
Khi nim v ng dng ca ng chnh tn s dng s c tho lun nh s dng Hnh 3.5.
Nu gi tr lch con tr bng 0, mo u ng VC-4 hay chnh xc hn l byte J1 s nm ti
byte sau byte H3 cui cng; nu gi tr lch con tr l 1, byte J1 s nm ti byte th 4 k t
byte H3 cui cng [ y 4 3 1 +1]; nu gi tr lch con tr l 2, byte J1 s nm ti byte
th 7 k t byte H3 cui cng [ y 7 3 2+1] vv... Qui lut ny c th c tng qut ha
nh sau. V tr ca byte J1 byte th N sau byte H3 cui cng, trong N c cho nh sau:
(3.1)
N = 3 (gi tr lch con tr) +1
y 3 c s dng l do c cc vng 3-byte c ch nh cho mi gi tr lch.
Trong Hnh 3.5 ta gi thit con tr (H1, H2) l (0110100000000011) trong khung STM-1 s
1. y gi tr lch con tr l 3, ti tin VC-4 s bt u ti byte th 10 sau byte H3 cui
cng [ y N = 10 33+1] theo (3.1). Trong Hnh 3.5 ba byte lin tip vi k hiu (3 3 3)
ch ra cc v tr 3-byte m byte u tin ca n c s dng t byte J1 khi gi tr lch
con tr l 3. V tr ny l im bt u ca ti tin VC-4 ca khung STM-1 th nht. Khi lung
nhnh c tc thp hn tc biu kin ca n th ng chnh tn s dng phi c p
dng. Trong iu kin hot ng bnh thng (khi ng chnh tn s m v dng khng c
yu cu) khung ti tin VC-4 c 9 261 = 2349 byte chim vng c ch ra bi vng nt m
trn Hnh 3.5. Gi thit rng khung ti tin u tin ang c truyn v khung ti tin th hai
ang c hnh thnh. i khi trong khong thi gian ny h thng pht hin tn hiu n c tc
thp hn tc biu kin ca n. iu ny c ch ra bi du "X", ti t=t ca khung ti
tin th 2 ca Hnh 3.5. Cc hot ng din ra ti u pht v u thu s c trnh by nh sau:
s
Ti u pht, 5 bit I ca (H1, H2) ca khung STM-1 th 3 (l con tr gn nht sau khi mt
lung d liu tc thp hn b pht hin) phi b o t (00001) sang (11110) (nh c
ch ra trn Hnh 3.5 hay Hnh 3.6). Do lung d liu vo c tc thp hn tc biu kin
ca n, cc byte nhi phi c chn vo lung bit ra iu chnh tn s tn hiu (hay tc )
cho tn hiu SDH STM-1 c th duy tr tc biu kin ca n l 155,52 Mbit/s. Nu "nhi"
khng c p dng duy tr tc STM-1 th b nh m s b rng di mc ngng ca
n. V h qu l h thng s khng hot ng chnh xc. Sau khi truyn i byte H3 cui cng,
ba byte nhi s c truyn i. Thng thng mt h thng s s gi mt tn hiu ch th nhi
cng vi d liu (cc byte nhi) cho u thu bit v tr chnh xc ca cc byte nhi. i vi
cc tiu chun SDH, cc byte nhi lun c t ngay sau byte H3 cui cng nh khng ch
th b sung no v cc v tr byte nhi l cn thit. By gi, khung ti tin th 2 (vng nt m
th 2) cha 2352 (2349+3; 2349 l dung lng ti tin VC-4 biu kin) byte, thay v 2349 byte.
Byte ti tin cui cng b y 3 byte v bn phi, v kt thc ti byte th 12 tnh t byte H3 cui
cng. V vy, byte J1 ca khung ti tin tip theo nm byte th 13 (10+3; y 10 ch v tr
ca byte J1 ca
khung trc) k t byte H3
cui cng. Tc l gi tr lch con tr mi c

tng ln 1 t 3 c gi tr mi l 4. (H1, H2) by gi tr thnh (0110100000000100). Khng
59
3.3.
CON TR (H1, H2)
Hnh 3.5: iu chnh tn s dng (con tr AU-4)
c bt c s iu chnh tn s no k c m hoc dng c php trong vng ba khung tip

theo (tc l khung s 4, 5 v 6, nh ch ra trn Hnh 3.6).
Hnh 3.6 c th c s dng tng kt cc chc nng va m t trn Hnh 3.5. Trong v
d ny gi tr con tr c gi thit l 3 ti khung s 1. Trong khi truyn lung bit ca khung
s 2 (sau khi cc byte con tr ca khung s 2 c truyn i) h thng pht hin mt lung d
liu n c tc thp. Cc byte con tr sn sng tip theo l cc byte ca khung s 3. Tt c 5
bit I trong t m (H1, H2) ca khung s 3 phi b o. Ba byte nhi c t ngay sau byte H3
cui cng. Byte cui cng ca VC-4 s b y v bn phi mt v tr 3-byte do VC-4 ny cha
ba byte nhi (b sung). Byte J1 ca VC-4 k tip s bt u ti v tr th 4. Ta cn phi ch
rng mc d byte J1 nm v tr (4 4 4) nh ch ra trn hnh ny, gi tr con tr ca khung s 5
l v ngha. u thu khng cn gi tr con tr ny thc hin bt c chc nng no lin quan
ti con tr. Ni cch khc, khung s 3, t m (H1, H2) ch c s dng pht hin s o
ca trng bit I. Gi tr con tr ca n khng c ngha l g c. i vi 3 khung tip theo (4, 5
v 6), gi tr con tr phi c gi nguyn l 4 nh trong v d ny.

Ti u thu, my thu gii m gi tr lch con tr v n t c gi tr l 3 trong khi nhn
khung STM-1 th nht. T m con tr ny c 5 bit I vi gi tr "00001". Khi n xc nh
khung ti tin VC-4 bt u ti byte th 10 k t byte H3 cui cng. Ti khung STM-1 th 3,
my thu pht hin cc bit I b o t (00001) sang (11110). N s b i ba byte sau byte H3
cui cng do chng l cc byte nhi c thm vo lung d liu trong qu trnh iu chnh tn
s. My thu cng s xc nh li khung ti tin VC-4 mi vi byte J1 nm byte th 13 k t
byte H3 cui cng [c ch ra bi vng nt m th 3 ca Hnh 3.5.]
60
CHNG 3.
NG DNG
CON TR SDH
TR-
(B
MAPPING/GHP-MULTIPLEXING)
Hnh 3.6: iu chnh tn s dng (con tr AU-4)

T v d ny c th thy rng lch con tr tng t gi tr 3 ti khung STM-1 s 1 ln
gi tr 4 ti khung STM-1 s 3. Do , cc bit l ca trng lch con tr ca t con tr (H1,
H2) c gi l cc bit tng, hay bit I (xem Hnh 3.3).
iu chnh tn s m
K tip, khi nim v ng dng ca iu chnh tn s m s c tho lun bng vic tham
kho ti Hnh 3.7. Ti khung STM-1 s 1, nu (H1, H2)=(0110100000000011), tc l gi tr
lch con tr l 3
th ti tin VC-4 s bt u ti
byte th 10 k t byte H3 cui cng [ y N

= 10 33+1 t (3.1)]. Lu rng gi tr con tr ny to ra chui 5 bit D c gi tr (00001).
Khung ti tin VC-4 9261 (hay 2349) byte c ch ra bi vng m nt ca Hnh 3.7. By
gi, nu ta gi thit rng khung ti tin u tin ang c truyn i v khung ti tin th hai ang
c hnh thnh v h thng pht hin ra lung tn hiu n c tc nhanh hn tc biu
kin ca n. im pht hin c ch ra bi du "X" ti thi im t=t (f vit tt ca faster) ca
khung ti tin ca Hnh 3.7. Cc hot ng din ra ti u pht v u thu s c m t nh sau:
f
Ti u pht, cc bit D ca (H1, H2) ca khung STM1-1 th 3 phi b o t (00001) sang

(11110) nh ch ra trn Hnh 3.7 hay Hnh 3.8. Do lung d liu vo nhanh hn tc biu
kin, b nh m ca h thng s b trn nn my pht phi tm cch no trnh c tnh
trng trn cho b nh m truyn lng thng tin ny. Bt c thi im no khi b nh m
b trn th h thng s dn ti mt mt mt s bit thng tin v cht lng truyn dn b gim.
Trong cc tiu chun SDH, thun li ngi ta quyt nh s dng v tr 3 byte H3 gii
quyt yu cu iu chnh tn s m. Khong thi gian c cp pht cho vic truyn 3 byte H3
s khng c s dng truyn cc byte H3 (c ch ra bi cc byte nhi m trong VC-4 th
2 trn Hnh 3.7). Thay v iu , khong thi gian ba byte ny c s dng truyn ti tin.
iu ny s cho php b nh m nm di mc ngng trn ca n v c ch ra bi vng
61
3.3.
CON TR (H1, H2)
Hnh 3.7: iu chnh tn s m (con tr AU-4)
nt m th 2 ca Hnh 3.7. Ni cch khc khung ti tin th 2 (vng t m th 2) cha 2349

byte nh mi ti tin VC-4 khc. Tuy nhin c 3 byte chim v tr ca vng ba byte H3. Byte ti
tin cui cng s b y i ba byte v been tri v kt thc ti byte th 6 k t byte H3 cui cng.
Tc l gi tr lch con tr mi b gim i1 gi tr t 3 sang gi tr mi l 2. V (H1, H2)
tr thnh (0110100000000010). Khng c s iu chnh tn s no (hoc m hoc dng) c
php trong vng 3 khung k tip (khung s 4, 5 v 6 trong Hnh 3.8). Hnh 3.8 c th c dng
tng kt cc chc nng va c m t trn Hnh 3.7. Cn lu rng mc d byte J1 nm v
tr (2 2 2) nh trn hnh ny nhng gi tr con tr ca khung ny, tc l khung STM-1 s 3 l v
ngha. Ni khc i, ti khung STM-1 s 3, t con tr (H1, H2) vi gi tr (0110100101010110)
khng mang li gi tr con tr l 2 m l 342. Con s 342 khng i din cho gi tr lch con
tr. V vy, gi tr con tr l v ngha.

Ti u thu, my thu gii m gi tr lch con tr v n t c gi tr 3 trong khi nhn
khung STM-1 s 1. Sau n xc nh rng khung ti tin VC-4 bt u ti byte th 10 k t
byte H3 cui cng. Ti khung STM-1 th 3, my thu pht hin rng 5 bit D b o t (00001)
sang (11110). My thu phi t 3 byte t khong thi gian thng c mang ba byte H3 vo
lung bit ti tin nh mt phn ca lung d liu.

Sau khi ba byte chim v tr ba byte H3 c st nhp vo VC-4 th 2 (xem Hnh 3.7),
im bt u ca VC-4 th 3 s khc vi VC-4 trc. Ni cch khc, my thu cng s xc nh
li mt khung ti tin VC-4 mi vi byte J1 nm byte th 7 sau byte H3 cui cng [c ch ra
bi vng t m th 3 ca Hnh 3.7]. Ch rng 7 23+1; y 2 gi tr lch con tr
v 3 v tr 3-byte lun c yu cu cho mi gi tr con tr.
62
CHNG 3.
NG DNG
CON TR SDH
TR-
(B
Hnh 3.8: iu chnh tn s m (con tr AU-4)

T v d ny (Hnh 3.7 v Hnh 3.8), ta c th thy rng gi tr lch con tr gim t
gi tr 3 ca khung STM-1 s 1 sang gi tr 2 ca khung STM-1 s 3. V vy, cc bt chn ca
trng lch con tr ca t con tr (H1, H2) c gi l cc bit gim, hay cc bit D (xem Hnh
3.3). kt thc
tho lun iu chnh tn s m,
vic t ba byte chim v tr 3 byte H3 s c
Hnh 3.9: Trnh t lung d liu c nhn

xem xt vi vic tham kho Hnh 3.9. Ghi nh rng cc v tr 3-byte H3 c s dng truyn
lung bt d liu (thng tin) khi iu chnh tn s m c yu cu bi h thng nhm loi b s
cn thit ca vic truyn bo hiu (hay ch th) iu khin ti my thu.Gi s byte nm hng
s 3 ct 269 l bit th nht ca lung bt c nhn. Byte ct 270 ca cng hng l byte th
2 c nhn. Ba byte chim cc v tr 3 H3 l cc byte th 3, 4 v 5 c nhn. Chng c k
tip bi byte t hng s 3 ct 10. Trnh t nhn ch ra trn Hnh 3.9 ging nh trnh t pht
my pht. 3.8).
Cc trng hp c bit: overflow v underflow
Hai trng hp c bit ca gi tr lch con tr l trn mc v di mc (overflow and
underflow) gi tr lch s c tho lun y.
63
3.3. CON TR (H1, H2)
A. Vt mc (trn) gi tr con tr: nu lch con tr l782 trong khung s N v yu cu

iu chnh tn s dng c pht hin th 5 bit I ca khung s (N+1) b o. Gi tr con
tr ca khung tip theo phi c tng ln 1. Cu hi t ra y l "gi tr lch con
tr cho khung s (N+2) l bao nhiu?"

B. Di mc gi tr con tr:
Nu lch con tr l 1 khung th N v yu cu iu chnh tn
s m c pht hin th 5 bit D ca khung s (N+1) b o. Gi tr con tr khung tip
theo phi b gim i 1. Cu hi t ra l "gi tr lch con tr cho khung (N+2) l bao
nhiu?"
Hnh 3.10: Cc trng hp c bit ca iu chnh Tn s Dng

Trc ht, xem Hnh 3.10, gi tr con tr vt mc s c tho lun. Du "125 s" ch bin
gii gia hai khung STM-1 lin k c dn u bi mt byte ng b khung A1. By gi, ti
khung STM-1 u tin, gi tr con tr c gi thit l 782. Khung ti tin VC-4 s 1 (cu trc 9
261 dn u bi byte mo u ng VC-4 - J1) s bt u ti hng s 3 ct 268 ca khung
STM-1 s 1. Trong khong thi gian khung ti tin s 1 ang c truyn, khung ti tin th 2
c hnh thnh. Hnh 3.10 hi khc tt c cc hnh trc y m t cc khung STM-1, chng
hn Hnh 3.5 hay Hnh 3.7. Trong hnh ny, khung ti tin VC-4 s 2 c du "X" ang c hnh
thnh trc khi cc byte mo u truyn ti ca khung STM-1 th 2 c truyn i. Ni cch
khc, khung ti tin VC-4 b gi c du "X" cha sn sng truyn i khi t m con tr STM-1
th 2 (H1, H2) sn sng c cp nht (hay b thay i) v c truyn i. Nu h thng pht
hin rng tn hiu ti c tc thp hn tc biu kin ca n, ch th iu chnh tn s dng
phi c pht ra. Nm (5) bit I ca t m con tr (H1, H2) s b o ti khung STM-1 s 2.Ba
byte phi c nhi ngay sau byte H3 cui cng iu chnh tn s (hay tc ) ca tn hiu
u ra ti gi tr thch hp ca n. Kt qu l byte cui cng ca khung ti tin VC-4 s 1 s b
y v bn phi 3 byte khi v tr trc ca n. N s kt thc ti hng th 3 ct 270 ca
khung STM-1 s 3, thay v kt thc ti hng s 3 ct 268. [Lu rng con tr (H1, H2) nm
hng th 4 ca mi khung STM-1].

i vi khung ti tin tip theo (khung s 2) byte ti tin u tin J1 phi di chuyn 3 byte
v bn phi t v tr trc ca n (hng th 3 ct 268). Tc l byte J1 (nu c th) s nm
ti hng th 3 ct 271 ca khung STM-1 theo phng trnh (3.1). Tuy nhin v tr ny khng
tn ti. iu ny ch ra rng byte J1 phi c di ti v tr byte tip theo ca khung STM-1.

V tr ny s nm hng s 4 ct th nht ca khung STM-1 nhng v tr ny khng phi l v
tr byte ti tin. Do J1 l mt phn ca ti tin, n khng th nm trong vng mo u on (on
ghp hay on ti to). Byte J1 phi c di ti vng ti tin l ct th 10 hay cao hn ca mt
khung STM-1. Ni cch khc, byte J1 phi c t ti vng ti tin sn c gn nht (byte u
tin nm ngay bn phi ca byte H3 cui cng). V tr ny c lch con tr = 0. Do phm vi
lch con tr bnh thng ca (H1, H2) l (0 782) nn mi quan h sau l ng
782 + 1 0
Tc l gi tr lch con tr cho khung STM-1 s 3 tng t 782 v 0 (xem Hnh 3.12). Theo
cc tiu chun SDH hot ng ny c thc hin bi h thng mt cch t ng. V vy ta
hiu rng khung STM-1 s 3 khng i hi mt con tr mc d con tr thc cht c gi tr 0.
l v sao ngi ta thng ni rng c hai khung STM-1 khng c con tr nu gi tr lch
con tr tri qua tnh trng vt mc. Trong v d ny (xem Hnh 3.10) khung STM-1 s 2 v s
3 khng c cc gi tr con tr c ngha. V vy my thu c th l i gi tr con tr ca khung
STM-1 s 2 v 3.
Ti thiu trong vng 3 khung tip theo, gi tr con tr s gi nguyn (gi tr 0) v byte J1 s
nm hng th 4 ct 10 ca mi khung STM-1. iu ny c ch ra trn Hnh 3.10 vi mt
gi tr con tr hp l i vi khung STM-1 s 4, 5 v 6.
Tip n, trng hp di mc gi tr lch con tr s c tho lun bng vic tham chiu
n Hnh 3.11. Gi thit gi tr con tr l 0 ti khung STM-1 th nht. Khung ti tin VC-4 s
1 (c dn u bi byte mo u ng VC-4 J1) s bt u ti hng th 4 ct 10 ca khung
STM-1 s 1. Trong thi gian khung ti tin s 1 c tryn i, khung ti tin th hai c hnh
thnh. Nu h thng pht hin thy tn hiu vo c tc nhanh hn tc biu kin, ch th
iu chnh tn s m phi c pht ra. Nm (5) bit D ca con tr (H1, H2) s b o ti khung
STM-1 s 2. Cc v tr 3-byte thng c dnh truyn ba byte H3 phi c s dng
truyn ba byte d liu (thng tin) hp l. Kt qu l byte cui cng ca khung ti tin s 2 s b
y v bn tri 3 byte tnh t v tr trc ca n. Khung ti tin ny s kt thc ti hng th 3
ct 268 ca khung STM-1 s 3 thay v kt thc ti hng th 3 ct 270. Do J1 l mt phn ca
3.3.
3.
tr
bi
ch
CON TR (H1, H2)
65
ti tin nn s di chuyn ti tin trn phi t J1 vo vng ti tin ch khng vo vng dnh cho
mo u on (on lp hay on ghp). Do , byte J1 phi c t ti v tr ti tin sn c
gn nht, l v tr byte cui cng trc byte con tr u tin H1. V tr ny c gi tr lch
con tr l 782. Ni cch khc, do phm vi lch con tr bnh thng l (0782) nn ta c th
nhn thy rng mi quan h sau l ng.

0 - 1 782
Ngha l gi tr lch con tr cho khung STM-1 s 3 gim t 0 n 782 (xem Hnh
3.12). Qu trnh ny c thc hin mt cch t ng nh trong trng hp vt mc (overflow).
Do ta c th ni khung STM-1 s 3 khng yu cu con tr mc d thc cht con tr c gi tr
782. Ta c th pht biu rng c hai khung STM-1 khng c con tr nu gi tr lch con tr
tri qua tnh trng di mc (underflow). V vy my thu c th l i gi tr con tr ca khung
STM-1 s 2 v s 3. i vi t nht 3 khung tip theo, gi tr con tr phi c gi nguyn
66
CHNG 3.
NG DNG
CON TR SDH
TR-
(B
Hnh 3.12: Tng v gim cc gi tr con tr

(=782), v byte J1 s nm hng th 3 ct 268 ca mi khung STM-1. iu ny c ch ra
trn Hnh 3.12 vi gi tr con tr hp l cho cc khung STM-1 s 4, 5 v 6.

Cc trng hp c bit ca vt mc v di mc con tr c th c tng kt nh sau:
A. Khi iu chnh tn s dng c yu cu, gi tr lch con tr s tng ln 1 t gi tr
trc ca n. iu ny c ch ra theo chiu kim ng h, v d (0 + 1) 1, (1 + 1)
2, ... v (782 + 1) 0.
B. Mt khc, khi iu chnh tn s m c yu cu gi tr lch con tr s gim i 1 t gi
tr trc ca n. iu ny c ch ra theo chiu ngc kim ng h, v d (1 - 1) 0,
(2 - 1) 1, ... v (0 - 1) 782.
To v phin dch con tr (H1, H2)
Con tr AU-4 cung cp mt bin php cho php ng chnh ng v linh hot VC-4 trong khung
STM-1. Vic to con tr (H1, H2) ny ti my pht v phin dch con tr ny ti my thu phi
tun theo mt
s lut nht nh. Cc
im sau tng kt cc lut to con tr AU-4 ti my pht.

A. (Lut 1) Trong hot ng binh thng, con tr ch ra v tr chnh xc ca VC-4 trong AU
hay khung STM-1. Chnh xc hn, con tr xc inh v tr ca byte mo u ng VC-4
u tin (tc l J1). C d liu mi NDF hay trng N-bit phi c t gi tr "0110"
trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng.

B. (Lut 2) Gi tr con tr ch c th c thay i theo lut 3, 4 hoc 5.
C. (Lut 3) Nu iu chnh tn s dng c yu cu, gi tr con tr hin ti c gi i vi
tt c 5 bit I o. C hi iu chnh dng sau (tc l khong thi gian 3 byte sau byte
H3 cui cng) c lp y bng thng tin gi. Gi tr con tr ca khung sau phi c
tng ln 1. Khng c bt k hot ng tng hay gim ca Lut 3 hay Lut 4 c php
trong vng ti thiu 3 khung sau hot ng ny.
67
3.3. CON TR (H1, H2)
C. (Lut 4) Nu iu chnh tn s m c yu cu, gi tr con tr hin ti c gi i vi tt

c 5 bit D o. C hi iu chnh m sau (tc l v tr 3 byte H3) v ghi bi d liu
thc. Gi tr con tr ca khung tip theo phi b gim i 1. Khng hot ng tng hay
gim sau (Lut 3 hay Lut 4) c php trong vng ti thiu 3 khung sau hot ng
ny.
E. (Lut 5) Nu ng chnh VC thay i v mt l do no khc cc Lut 1 hoc 2, gi tr
con tr mi s c gi km bi NDF c gi tr 1001. NDF ch xut hin trong khung
u tin cha gi tr mi ny. V tr mi ca VC bt u t s xut hin u tin ca
lch c ch ra bi con tr mi. Khng hot ng tng hay gim c php trong vng 3
khung sau hot ng ny.

Nhng Lut c p dng ti my pht to con tr s hp l ti u thu cho vic phin
dich con tr. Cc im sau tng kt cc lut phin dch con tr AU-4 ti my thu:
A. (Lut 1) Trong khi hot ng bnh thng, con tr ch ra v tr chnh xc ca VC-4 trong
AU hay khung STM-1. Chnh xc hn con tr xc nh v tr ca byte mo u VC-4 u
tin (J1). C d liu mi NDF hay trng bit N phi c nhn l "0110" trong chu k
lm vic bnh thng. Chi tit hn v NDF ny c m t trong (C), (D).

B. (Lut 2) Bt k s thay i no t gi tr con tr hin ti b l i tr khi gi tr mi nht
qun no c nhn 3 ln lin tc, hoc c thc hin trc bi Lut 3 hay 4. Bt k
gi tr mi nht qun no c nhn 3 ln lin tc c mc u tin cao hn Lut 3 hoc 4.

C. (Lut 3) Nu a s cc bit I ca t m (H1, H2) b o th my thu s phin dch thnh hot
ng iu chnh tn s dng. Ni cch khc, my thu s loi b cc bit c mang bi
c hi chn dng ny (tc l ba byte theo sau byte H3 cui cng). Lu rng My thu
s nhn ti thiu ba con tr sau vi gi tr c tng ln 1 t gi tr trc ca n.

D. (Lut 4) Nu Nu i a s 5 bit D ca t m (H1, H2) b o, my thu s phin dch thnh
hot ng iu chnh tn s m. Ni cch khc, my thu s t cc bit c mang bi c
hi iu chnh tn s m (tc l v tr ba byte thng b chim dng bi 3 byte H3) vo
lung d liu thc t (xem Hnh 3.7). Lu rng my thu s nhn ti thiu ba con tr tip
theo vi gi tr b gim i1 t gi tr trc ca n.
3.3.2 (H1, H2) vi t cch mt con tr AU-3

Cc v tr ca cc tp con tr AU-3 c ch ra trn Hnh 3.2(B). Mt STM-1 c th mang ba tn
hiu AU-3, v vy 9 byte trong hng th 4 ca mt khung STM-1 c th c s dng cha
ba tp con tr AU-3 nh c ch ra trn Hnh 3.13. Lu rng ba tp con tr ny phi c
ghp xen byte vo hng th 4 ca khung STM-1. Bt c mt tp byte con tr AU-3 no (H1,
H2, H3) cng thc hin chc nng ging chc nng ca con tr AU-4 c m t trong phn
trn. T chc ca (H1, H2) cng ging ht t chc (H1, H2) ca con tr AU-4. Con tr AU-3
ny c cng phm vi gi tr con tr (0 782) nh trong ng dng AU-4 nh c th thy trn

Hnh 3.4 v
3.13.
68
CHNG 3.
NG DNG
CON TR SDH
TR-
(B
Hnh 3.13: Phm vi lch con tr AU-3

Do con tr AU-3 thc hin chc nng ging nh con tr AU-4, duy nht mt chc nng s
c tho lun ngn gn y. Tp byte con tr (H1, H2, H3) chim ct s 1, 4 v 7 c ch
nh cho tn hiu AU-3 th nht. Nu (H1, H2) c gi tr lch con tr bng 0 th byte u
tin ca cc byte mo u ng VC-3 th nht s nm hng th 4 ct 10 ca khung STM-1.
Tng t i
vi tn hiu AU-3 th 2, nu
(H1, H2) c gi
tr lch con tr bng 0 th
byte
u tin ca cc byte mo u ng VC-3 th hai s nm hng th 4 ct th 11 ca khung
STM-1. i vi tn hiu AU-3 th 3, nu (H1, H2) c gi tr lch con tr bng 0 th byte u
tin ca cc byte mo u ng VC-3 th 3 s nm hng s 4 ct 12 ca khung STM-1.

Lu rng ba tp byte con tr ny cho ba tn hiu AU-3 hot ng c lp. Chng hn, (H1,
H2) ca tn hiu AU-3 th nht c th c gi tr lch con tr l 1, trong khi (H1, H2) ca
AU-3 th 2 c th c gi tr lch con tr bt k trong khong (0 782). V tn hiu AU-3 th

3 c th c gi tr con tr ging hoc khc gi tr con tr ca tn hiu AU-3 th nht v AU-3
th 2.
3.4 Con tr TU-3

Loi con tr SDH th 2 l con tr TU-3 c ch ra trn Hnh 3.2(C) hay Hinh (n ch ra v
tr ca cc con tr TU-3 trong mt khung VC-4. Mt cu hi c t ra l: Nu mt tn hiu
STM-1 c th mang hoc 3 tn hiu DS3 hoc 3 tn hiu E-3 th chng nn c x l theo cng
phng thc. Nhng chng c x l hon ton khc nhau, v sao? Ni cch khc ti sao ba
tp con tr TU-3 khng nm cng mt ni ging nh ba tp con tr AU-3 ? L do mang tnh
cht lch s. Cc tiu chun SDH ban u cho php bn thay v ba tn hiu E-3 c ghp/b tr
69
3.4.
CON TR TU-3
Hnh 3.14: Phm vi lch con tr TU-3
vo mt tn hiu STM-1. Quyt nh c a ra do mt thc t rng tn hiu STM-1 c tc

155,52 Mbit/s > 4 34,368 Mbit/s (tc ca 1 E-3). Chn byte trong hng th 4 ni m cc
con tr AU-3 nm s khng c dng cho bn tp t m con tr 3-byte (H1, H2, H3) vi
tng cng l 12 byte. Do vy, mt vng v tr con tr th 2 c xc nh nh Hnh 3.14)
ch ra.
Ai c th hi, i vi cc chun SDH hin nay mt tn hiu STM-1 c d nh
mang ba (khng phi 4) tn hiu E-3 ta c th s dng v tr con tr c s dng bi ba tn hiu
AU-3. Quyt nh s dng vng con tr th 2 thay cho vng con tr th nht l khng quan
trong. Thc t sau c th c s dng gii thch l do. i vi phn cp s Bc M, DS3 l
tn hiu tc cao nht. Mt khc tn hiu E-4 l tc d cao nht ca phn cp s ITU-T. Trong
khi , tn hiu E3 l mc th 2 di tn hiu E-4. Vic x l cc con tr ca tn hiu E-4 v
tn hiu E-3 mt cch khc bit v cc con tr ca tn hiu DS3 v tn hiu E-4 theo cch ging
nhau hon ton mang tnh t nhin. Quyt nh ny c th thy trn Hnh 3.2. Hnh (A) cho tn
hiu E-4 v hnh (B) cho tn hiu DS3. C hai chim cng mt v tr. Hnh (C) ch ra rng con
tr TU-3 hin nhin l mt mc thp hn con tr AU-4.

Cu hi th 2 cng thng c t ra: Ti sao ba tp t m con tr TU-3 c b tr theo
chiu dc? (xem Hnh 3.2 v Hnh 3.14). S d chng c sp xp nh vy l v ba tn hiu
TU-3 phi c ghp xen byte vo mt vng ti tin STM-1, tc l VC-4 ca tn hiu STM-1.
Trnh t pht mt tn hiu STM-1 l t tri qua phi v t trn xung di. T Hnh 3.14) ta c
th thy sau khi H1 u tin (c n nh cho tn hiu TU-3 th nht) c pht i ta phi pht
byte H1 cho tn hiu TU-3 th 2. Sau l H1 cho tn hiu TU-3 th 3 s c pht i. Ba byte
H1 c b tr gn nhau. Tng t, tt c ba byte H2 v ba byte H3 tng ng ni ui nhau

c pht i. V vy, (H1, H2, H3) cho mi tn hiu TU-3 phi c b tr theo chiu dc nh
ch ra trn hnh v.
Lu rng khung VC-4 khng c quan h pha c nh vi AUG hay khung STM-1. S khc
pha ca con tr TU-3 ny so vi khung AU c mang bi con tr AU-4 (H1, H2). Ni cch
khc, mt con tr AU-4 xc nh v tr ca khung VC-4 hay byte mo u ng VC-4 u tin
(tc l J1). C hai ct dnh cho tng lai nhng hin ti chng c s dng mang cc byte
nhi c nh. Sau hai ct ny, byte H1 ca con tr TU-3 u tin s c t vo. Byte H1 ca
con tr TU-3 th 2 s k tip byte ny v byte H1 ca TU-3 th 3 hay TU-3 cui cng c t
vo v tri byte tip theo (xem Hnh 3.14, mi con tr TU-3 gm 3 byte (H1, H2, H3)).
Cng ging nh cc ng dng ca con tr AU-3 v AU-4, con tr TU-3 c t m con tr
2-byte (H1, H2). i vi cc ng dng AU-2, c ba byte c s dng cho hot ng con tr
nhng i vi ng dng AU-3 hay TU-3 th ch duy nht mt byte hot ng con tr H3 l cn
thit. Chng thc hin cng chc nng (H1, H2, H3) ca con tr AU-n (n=3, 4). Mc ch ca
con tr TU-3 l nhm cung cp mt bin php cho php ng chnh ng (dynamic) v linh hot
VC-3 trong khung TU-3 c lp vi ni dung thc ca VC-3. Cc v tr ca ba con tr TU-3
c yu cu cho vic ng chnh ba VC-3 c trnh by trn Hnh 3.14. T chc t m
con tr (H1, H2) cng ging nh t chc ca con tr AU-4, xem Hnh 3.3. C mt s khc bit
gia cc con tr AU-3 v TU-3 l s khc bit v phm vi lch con tr bnh thng. i
vi cc con tr TU-3, gi tr lch con tr c

Di gi tr bnh thng nm trong khong (0 764)
nh c th thy Hnh 3.14. V vy, mt con tr TU-3 vn cn mt trng 10 bit mang gi tr
lch ny. Gi tr lch con tr TU-3 c bao hm trong t m (H1, H2) ch nh v tr ca
byte ni m VC-3 bt u nh c th thy trn Hnh 3.14.

Nu c lch gia tc khung TU-3 v tc khung VC-3, gi tr con tr s c tng
ln hay gim xung khi cn thit km theo byte ng chnh m hoc dng tng ng. Cc hot
ng con tr tip theo phi c tch bit bi ti thiu ba khung vi gi tr con tr khng thay
i. Yu cu ny cng ging ht nh i vi con tr AU-4.

Nu tc khung ca VC-3 qu thp so vi tc khung ca khung AUG th ng chnh
VC-3 phi lm chm thi gian mt cch c chu k v con tr phi c tng ln 1. Hot ng
ny c ch ra qua vic o 5 bit I
ca t m con tr (H1, H2) nhm cho php b phiu tn
nhim a s 5-bit ti u thu. Byte ng chnh dng cha thng tin gi nm ngay sau byte H3
trong khung TU-3 c cha cc bit I o. Cc con tr TU-3 sau s c mt gi tr lch mi.
Nu tc khung ca VC-3 qu nhanh so vi tc ca khung AUG th ng chnh VC-3
phi lm nhanh thi gian mt cch co chu k v con tr phi b gim i 1. Hot ng ny c
ch ra qua vic o 5 bit D ca t m con tr (H1, H2) nhm cho php b phiu a s ti u
thu. Byte ng chnh m nm trong byte H3 trong khung TU-3 c cha cc bit D. Ni cch
khc, v tr byte H3 by gi mang thng d liu thc. Cc con tr TU-3 sau s c mt gi tr
lch mi.
C d liu mi NDF cng ging nh trong con tr AU-4 cho php mt s thay i bt k v
gi tr ca con tr nu s thay i l do s thay i v VC-3. Bn bit N c cp pht cho
71
3.5. CON TR TU-1/ TU-2
c cho php sa li. Gii m c th c thc hin bng vic chp nhn NDF khng li nu
ti thiu ba bit trng hp (khi so snh). Hot ng bnh thng cng c ch ra bi m "0110"
trong cc bit N. C d liu mi c ch ra bi vic o sang m "1001". ng chnh mi c
ch ra bi gi tr con tr km theo NDF v c hiu lc vi lch c ch ra.

Vic to v phin dch con tr TU-3 p dng cc lut ging nh c s dng to v
phin dch con tr AU-4.
3.5 Con tr TU-1/ TU-2

Trong phn ny, loi con tr th 3 v th 4 s dng trong cc mng SDH tc l cc con tr
TU-11, TU-12 v TU-2 ( n gin, cc con tr ny c gi l con tr TU-1/TU-2) s c
tho lun. Tng t nh AU-n (n=3 hoc 4) hay con tr TU-3, mt con tr TU-1/TU-2 cung cp
mt phng thc cho php ng chnh ng v linh hot cc ti tin ng b SPE (Synchronous
Payload Envelope) ca TU-11, TU-12 hay TU-2 trn trong siu khung TU (hay a khung vi
qung thi gian khung 125 s) c lp vi ni dung thc ca "envelope".

hiu v tr v chc nng ca con tr TU-2/TU-1 (V1 V4), cu trc 4 khung hay siu
khung 125 s (xem Bng 2.9 v Hnh 2.17 trong Chng 2) s c xem li trong phn ny.
A. i vi cc ng dng TU-11: C 27 byte / khung 125 s v vy c 108 byte / siu khung
hay a khung
B. i vi cc ng dng TU-12: C 36 byte / khung 125 s v vy c 144 byte / siu khung
hay a khung
C. i vi cc ng dng TU-2: c 108 byte / khung 125 s v vy c 432 byte / siu khung
hay a khung
i vi bt k ng dng no mi khung 125 s c dn u bi mt trong bn byte mo
u TU-n (n=11, 12 hay 2) sau: V1, V2, V3 hay V4. Ti thi im hin ti, V1 v V2 c s
dng lm cc con tr VT (tng t nh H1 v H2). V3 lm hot ng con tr (ging nh H3)
v V4 c dnh cho cc tiu chun trong tng lai (xem Hnh 3.15). T chc ca V1 v V2
ging nh ca H1 v H2. Tc l c ba trwongf trong t m 16 bt (V1, V2) ny.
A. Trng C D liu Mi NDF: Bn bt u ca V1 v V2 (xem Hnh ) c ch nh cho
cng mc ch nh i vi (H1, H2) cho cc con tr AU-n v TU-3.
B. Trng kch thc TU:
2 bit (s 5 v s 6); (bit5 v bit 6)=(00) cho TU-2, (10) cho TU-12
v (11) cho TU-11. y chnh l mt im khc bit chnh gia con tr AU-n (hay TU-3)
v con tr TU-1/TU-2. i vi cc con tr AU-n v TU-3 cc bit s 5 v 6 khng c
qui nh
C. Trng gi tr con tr:
10 bit cui cng ca V1 v V2; mt ln na, c hai nhm bt gi tr
con tr, cc bit s 7, 9, 11, 13 v 15 l cc bit I (tng), trong khi cc bit s 8, 10, 12, 14
v 16 l
cc bit D (gim).
72
CHNG 3.
NG DNG
CON TR SDH
TR-
(B
Hnh 3.15: Cc byte con tr TU-1/TU-2

Bng 3.2: Kch c TU v phm vi gi tr lch con tr
Kch c
Ch nh cho
00
TU-2
TU-12
TU-11
10
Phm vi lch con tr TU

(trong mt siu khung 125 s)
0 427
0139
0 103
11
Cng nh cc ng dng ca con tr AU-n (n=3 hoc 4) hay TU-3 NDF ca con tr
TU-1/TU-2 l mt c cu cho php mt thay i bt k v gi tr con tr, v c th l thay
i c ca TU-1/TU-2 nu s thay i l do s thay i v ti tin. Khi s thay i c lin quan
n kch c ca TU th s c mt s chuyn tip d liu mi trong tt c cc TU trong TUG-2.
Khi NDF c gi
tr (0110) c truyn i c
ngha l con tr hot ng bnh thng. Nu my

thu nhn c gi tr NDF = 1001 ngha l s c mt s ng chnh mi cho ti tin, v c kh
nng l kch c TU. Khi mt kch c mi c ch ra, tt c cc con tr TU (t 1 n 4) trong
nhm TU s ng thi ch th mt NDF mi c cng c vi kch c mi. Ging nh cc con tr
AU-n v TU-3, lut b phiu a s c th p dng cho cc con tr TU.
3.5.1 Gi tr lch ti tin TU-1/TU-2

Bng 3.2 lit k ch nh bit kch c TU ca t m con tr (V1, V2) v phm vi lch con tr
c php php i vi cc ng dng TU khc nhau. Ch th kch c TU, cc bt s 5 v 6 ca
t m (V1, V2) nh sau: (Bit 5, 6) = (00) ch ti tin lung TU-2 ang c truyn i, (Bit 5,
6) = (10) ch ti tin lung TU-12 ang c truyn i v (Bit 5, 6) = (11) ch ti tin lung
TU-11 ang c truyn i. Bng 3.2 cng ch ra phm vi gi tr lch con tr cho cc ng
dng TU-11, TU-12 v TU-2. i vi cc ng dng TU-11, phm vi l (0 103); i vi cc
ng dng TU-12, phm vi l (0 139) v i vi cc ng dng TU-2, phm vi l (0 427).

Do phn ln cc chc nng c thc hin bi cc con tr ti tin AU-3 hoc TU-3 cng
c thc hin bi con tr TU-1/TU-2 nn cc con tr TU-1/TU-2 s c trnh by ngn gn
73
3.5. CON TR TU-1/ TU-2
nh
tho
nng
khc
con
nhn
bit
sau. Thay v
lun cc chc
ny, hai s
bit gia hai tp
tr ny s c
mnh. S khc
l
Hnh 3.16: Gi tr lch ti tin TU-1/TU-2

A. Cc bt s 5 v 6 ca t m (H1, H2) khng c ngha c bit i vi cc chun hin ti
mc ngi ta khuyn ngh l gn cho chng gi tr (10) cho cc ng dng AU-3 v AU-4.
Tuy nhin, i vi t m con tr TU-1/TU-2 (V1, V2) th hai bit ny c qui nh nh
trong Bng 3.2 hay Hnh 3.15.
B. im bt u ca ti tin l khc nhau. V d khi gi tr lch con tr bng 0 th i vi cc
ng dng AU-n hay TU-3 ti tin hay byte J1 s bt u ngay sau byte H3 cui cng. Mt
khc ti tin hay byte V5 (byte mo u ng u tin ) s bt u sau byte V2 i vi

cc ng dng TU-1/TU-2. iu ny c ch ra trn Hnh 3.17, y cc vng c bao
bi ng vin kp dnh cho b tr ti tin.
Hnh 3.17: Cc v tr ti tin cp cao v cp thp

Hnh 3.16 s c s dng m t gi tr lch con tr TU-1/TU-2, phm vi lch, iu
chnh tn s dng v m ca cc ng dng TU khc nhau. Trc tin, ch th gi tr lch
con tr cho cc ng dng TU-11 s c tho lun bng vic xem xt Hnh 3.16(A). Hnh ny
biu din siu khung ca TU-11. Khi 10 bit cui cng ca t m con tr (V1, V2) c gi tr con
tr bng 0 th byte u tin ca ti tin TU-11 s nm ti byte k tip byte V2. Byte u tin ny
ca ti tin TU-11 l byte u tin ca mo u ng VC-11 tc l byte V5. iu ny khc vi
cc hot ng ca con tr AU-n. i vi AU-n, nu gi tr lch con tr bng 0 th mo u
ng POH ca VC-4 s nm ngay sau byte H3 thay v byte H2. S d nh vy l v i vi cc
ng dng STM1, byte sn sng u tin cho
SPE (Synchonous Payload Envelope) ca STM-1

sau con tr (H1, H2) l byte nm ngay sau H3. Nhng mt khc i vi cc ng dng TU-11
byte sn sng u tin cho SPE ca VC-11 nm ngay sau V2 ch khng phi l V3. iu ny
c ch ra trn Hnh 3.17 trong cc vng c bao bi ng nt kp l dnh cho ti tin.
Cng vy. byte ti tin u tin l byte u tin ca mo u ng. i vi ng dng lung cp
cao (AU-4, AU-3 hay TU-3) th byte ny l byte J1 cn vi cc ng dng lung cp thp, byte
ny l byte V5.
V d th hai v ng dng TU-11 [trong Hnh 3.16(A)] s c m t: Nu gi tr lch l
77 th V5 s nm byte trc byte V1 k tip. Cc chc nng tng t c th p dng cho TU-12
v TU-2 nh ch ra trn Hnh 3.16(B) v (C). Tip theo, iu chnh tn s dng
v m cho
cc ng dng TU-1/TU-2 s c m t vi s tham kho ti Hnh 3.16(C) (m t siu khung
TU-2). Tuy nhin nguyn tc c s dng cho TU-2 c th p dng cho TU-11 v TU-12.
Cng ging gi cc ng dng AU-4 khi con tr TU-2 ch ra s cn thit vic iu chnh tn s
dng th d liu (nhi) s c t vo byte ngay sau byte hot ng con tr (V3). Mt khc,
khi iu chnh tn s m c yu cu, H3 s b ghi bi d liu thc.
75
3.6. MO U NG VC-1/VC-2
Bng 3.3: So snh AU-n v TU-1/TU-2.

Cc tham s
Cu trc AU-n/TU-3
Cu trc TU-1/TU-2
Cc byte kt hp vi con tr
H1 H2 H3 H4
V1 V2 V3 V4
Cc byte mo u ng
J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1
V5 J2 N2 K4
3.5.2 Cc hot ng con tr TU-1/TU-2

Cc hot ng thay i tng hay gim gi tr con tr cho cc ng dng TU-1/TU-2 ging ht
nh i vi cc ng dng AU-4. Vic to v phin dch cc con tr VT cng rt ging vi cc
hot ng ny ca cc con tr AU-n vi nhng sa i sau.

A. Thut ng VC-4 hay VC-3 SPE s c thay th bi VC-11, VC-12 hay VC-2 trong tt c
cc lut c m t trc y cho cc ng dng AU-n

B. Lut b sung cho vic to con tr: nu kich c TU trong mt TUG-2 thay i th NDF dng
m t con tr AU-n cn phi c ng thi gi i trong tt c cc TU vi kch c mi
ny trong nhm .
C. Lut b sung cho phin dch con tr: Nu NDF vi gi tr 1001 v kch c mi ca TU nhn
c mt cc ng thi trong tt c cc TU trong mt AUG-2 th cc con tr trng hp
ny vi kch c mi s thay th con tr hin ti ngay lp tc.

kt thc tho lun v con tr STM-1 c hai im khc bit chnh gia cc con tr ti tin
AU-n v cc con tr ti tin TU-1/TU/2 c tng kt nh sau:

A. Cc bit th 5 v th 6 ca mt t m con tr 16-bit khng c s dng trong cc ng dng
AU-n (n=3 hoc 4) hay trong cc ng dng TU-3 nhng chng li c s dng ch ra
kch c TU i vi cc ng dng TU nh c tho lun trong phn trc v c kt
li trong Bng 3.2.

B. Khi ga tr lch con tr l 0, byte mo u ng POH c t ngay sau byte H3 i
vi cc ng dng AU-n nhng n c t ngay di V2 thay v V3 i vi cc ng dng
TU.
3.6 Mo u ng VC-1/VC-2
Trc khi m t
chc nng ca cc byte mo
u ng POH VC-1/VC-2 (V5, J2, Z6 v Z7),
mt vi iu lin quan n V5 s c n li y, nh ch ra trong Bng

A. i vi cc ng dng TU-1/TU-2, cc byte con tr V1 v V2 c cng mc ch/chc nng
nh cc byte con tr H1 v H2 cho cc ng dng AU-n hay TU-3 vi hai s khc bit
chnh c ni n trn

B. i vi cc ng dng TU-1/TU-2, byte hot ng con tr V3 c cng mc ch v chc
nng nh byte hot ng con tr H3 cho cc ng dng AU-n hay TU-3.

C. i vi cc ng dng TU-1/TU-2, byte con tr V4 c d phng trong khi H4 c s
dng byte lm ch th a khung cho cc ng dng AU-n hay TU-3.

D. Tuy nhin, t Bng 3.3 ta c th thy mt khc bit chnh gia VC-4 POH v VC-1/VC-2
POH v s lng byte c dng cho POH. Ni cch khc, ng dng VC-3/VC-4 i hi
tng cng 9 byte mo u ng (J1, B3, C2, G1, F2, H4, F3, K3 v N1) trong khi ng
dng TU-1/TU-2 ch di hi 4 byte mo u ng (V5, J2, N2, K4). L do chnh l v
TU-1/TU-2 c tc tn hiu thp hn nhiu tc ca VC-3 hoc VC-4.

E. i vi cc chun SDH ban u ngi ta cho rng mt byte mo u ng l cho cc
ng dng cp thp. V vy ch mt byte V5 c k vng l thc hin cc chc nng
c thc hin bi cc byte B2, C2 v G1 ca cc byte mo u ng VC-4 POH. S d
nh vy l v ba byte quan trong nht trong s 9 byte mo u ng VC-4 hay VC-3 l
cc byte G3, C2 v G1. Ba byte mo u ng cn li l J2, N2 v K4 cho cc ng dng
VC-11, VC-12 hay VC-2 sau ny mi c b sung vo cc chun SDH. Tip theo bn
byte ny s c tho lun nh ch ra trn Hnh 3.18, (m t t chc bit ca byte mo u
POH ca TU-1/TU-2 V5).

Ta cn bit rng byte J2 ng sau v cch V5 125 s, N2 cng 125 s sau byte J2 v K4
125 s sau N2. Mi quan h ny 125s gia bt c 2 byte mo u ng lin tip cng ng
cho 2 byte con tr TU-2/TU-1 lin tip nh ch ra trn Hnh 3.18(B). Trc khi tho lun chc
nng ca cc byte mo u ng VC-2/VC-1 cc mi quan h quan trng sau y gia con tr
AU-4, mo u ng VC-4, con tr TU-1/TU-2, mo u ng VC-1/VC-2, TU-1/TU-2 v
VC-1/VC-2 s c nhc li. iu ny gip cho vic m t mo u ng VC-1/VC-2 c d
dng hn.
1. Con tr AU-n nh v mo u ng VC-4 hay chnh xc hn l byte J1 (xem Hnh
2.19(B) trong Chng 2.
2. Mt khi v tr ca mo u ng VC-4 c xc nh, v tr con tr TU-1/TU-2 (tc V1)
c th c xc nh (cng xem hnh ny).

3. Con tr V1 ny xc nh im bt u ca siu khung TU-1/TU-2 500 s nh ch ra trn
Hnh 2.19(B) v Hnh 3.18(A).
4. T m con tr TU-1/TU-2 (V1, V2) v phn mnh xc nh v tr khung hay siu khung
ti tin VC-1/VC-2 nh c ch ra trn Hnh 3.18(A) hoc (B). Trong Hnh 3.18, nu cc
byte (V1, V2, V3, V4) c gp vo th n l TU-11, TU-12 hay TU-2 (hnh A), cn nu
cc byte ny khng c gp vo (hnh B) th tn hiu s l VC-11, VC-12 hay VC-2.
Do khong thi gian gia V5 v J2, J2 v N2, N2 v K4 l 125 s nn bn khong ny
hnh thnh nn mt siu khung hay a khung VC-1/VC-2 500 s; hay mt gi ti tin
VC-1/VC-2 (Payload Envelope).
Cc chc nng ca B3 (gim st li), C2 (nh nhn tn hiu) v G1 (thng bo li hoc
trng thi tuyn) c tho lun trong Chng 2. nghin cu cc chc nng ca cc byte
3.6.
MO U NG VC-1/VC-2
H
By
V
2,
by
77
mo u ng VC-11/VC-12/VC-2 (byte V5), s rt hu ch nu ta xem li cc chc nng c

thc hin bi B3, C2 v G1. Vic xem li ny s lm cho ngi c d hiu hn v mc ch /
chc nng ca byte VT POH (V5).
A. B3, byte BIP-8 ca VC-4 POH, l mt m kim tra chn l 8 bit c dng kim tra
nhng vi phm lut chn l trn tuyn. N c tnh ton qua Gi ti tin ng b (SPE).
Mt khc, truyn ti TU-1/TU-2, byte mo u ng V5 c t chc nh sau:
Cc bit 1 v 2 ca V5 [BIP-2 trong Hnh 3.18(C)] c s dng gim st li tc l mt
phng thc kim tra chn l trn bit c ch nh:
Bit s 1 l chn l chn c tnh ton trn tt c cc bit l (1, 3, 5 ...) ca tt c cc
byte trong TU-1/TU-2 SPE trc .

Bit s 2 l chn l chn c tnh ton trn ton b bt chn (2, 4, 6 ...) ca tt c cc
byte trong TU-1/TU-2 SPE trc .

Lu : Tnh ton BIP-2 bao hm c cc byte mo u ng VC-1/VC-2 nhng
khng bao hm cc con tr TU-1/TU-2.
G1, byte trng thi tuyn ca VC-4 POH, c cp pht truyn ngc tr li bn thng bo
trng thi u cui tuyn nh Li Khi u Xa (FEBE) v cc Ch Th S C u Xa

(RDI, xem Hnh 2.11, Chng 2 v mt thit b u cui ng (VC-4 PTE) gc
V vy, i vi truyn ti TU-1/TU-2:
Bit s 3 ca V5 c s dng lm ch th Li-Khi-u-Xa (FEBE) ca ng VC-1/VC-2.
Li ny c gi ngc tr li Thit b u cui ng VC-1/VC-2 PTE gc nu mt hay
nhiu li b pht hin bi BIP-2, trong khi
Bit s 8 ca V5 c s dng lm VC-1/VC-2 Path RDI
C2, byte nhn tn hiu ng ca VC-4 POH, c cp pht ch ra cu trc ca VC-4 SPE
(xem Bng 2.8).
V vy, i vi truyn ti TU-1/TU-2.
Bit s 5 n 7 ca byte V5 cung cp mt nhn tn hiu VC-1/VC-2 (xem Bng ). Tm gi
tr nh phn c th ng vi 3 bit ny.
V d, tng t nh Nhn Tn Hiu ng (byte C2), m 0 [(L1, L2, L3)=(000)] ch ra
rng tuyn VC-1/VC-2 khng c trang b v m 1[(L1, L2, L3)=(111)] ch ra rng tuyn
VC-1/VC-2 c trang b vi ti khng xc nh. Su m cn li c dnh nh ngha
theo yu cu trong vic b tr VC-1/VC-2.
Mt im khc bit gia C2 v (L1, L2, L3) l thnh phn sau l mt hm ca kch c TU,
chng hn nh TU-11, TU-12 hay TU-2. Ni cch khc, byte C2 mt mnh c th ch ra tn hiu
m STM-1 ang mang, nhng (L1, L2, L3) khng th. Chng hn nh (L1, L2, L3)=(010), mt
m vi gi tr 2 c gn ch ra truyn ti tn hiu cn ng b. Tn hiu ny c th l mt
DS1, mt E1 hay mt tn hiu DS2. Thng tin ph tr bn cnh (L1, L2, L3) c yu cu
ch nh loi tn hiu duy nht. l
A. Khi cc bit s 5 & 6 ca cc con tr TU-1/TU-2 l (11) trong khi (L1, L2, L3)=(010) th
VC-1/VC-2 SPE ang mang tn hiu cn ng b DS1.
B. Khi cc bit s 5 & 6 ca cc con tr TU-1/TU-2 l (10) trong khi (L1, L2, L3)=(010) th
VC-1/VC-2 SPE ang mang tn hiu cn ng b CEPT-1.
Cn ba byte con tr na bn cnh V5 c n nh lm mo u ng VC-1/VC-2. Chng
l J2, N2 v K4 v vic cp pht cho chng l tm thi. Hin nay, cc byte ny c n nh
cho cc mc ch sau:
Byte J2: c s dng truyn lp i lp li mu nhn dng im truy cp ng cp thp
(tc l VC-1/VC-2) v vy mt thit b u cui ng pha thu c th xc minh s kt
ni lin tc ca n ti my pht nh
Mu nhn dng ny s dng dng s E.164; mt khung 16 byte c xc nh truyn
s E.164 ny; khung 16 byte ny ging nh khung 16 byte c nh ngha cho byte J1.
Byte N2 ang c xem xt cung cp chc nng gim st kt ni trung chuyn (tandam)
theo cng phng thc nh byte N1 (Byte Ngi iu Hnh Mng NOB) trong mo u
ng cp cao (VC-3/VC-4); Chc nng ny s khng lm nh hng ti phng tin
gim st kt ni im u- im cui (BIP-2) ca V5.
Byte K4 Vn ang c nghin cu
79
3.6. MO U NG VC-1/VC-2
Bng 3.4: Nhn tn

Kch c TU*
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
hiu VC-1/VC-2 (cc bit 5 7 ca V5)
Nhn tn hiu
000
001
010
011
Nhn dng VC c qui nh

TU-11 khng c trang b
TU-11 c trang b nhng khng xc nh
B tr cn ng b cho DS1
B tr ng b bit cho DS1
100
101
110
111
000
001
010
cho DS1
TU-11 khng c ch nh
TU-11 khng c ch dnh
TU-11 khng c ch nh
TU-12 khng c trang b
B tr cn ng b cho CEPT-1
011
100
101
110
111
000
001
cho CEPT-1
B tr ng b byte cho CEPT-1
TU-12 khng c ch nh
TU-12 khng c ch nh
TU-12 khng c ch nh
TU-2 khng c trang b
010
011
100
101
110
111
cho DS2
TU-2 khng c ch
TU-2 khng c ch
TU-2 khng c ch
TU-2 khng c ch
TU-2 khng c ch
B tr ng b byte
B tr ng b bit
B tr cn ng b
nh
nh
nh
nh
nh
* Kch c VT c ch th bi bit 5 & 6 ca t m 16 bit (V1, V2)
3.7 B tr/Ghp tn hiu STM-1

Tc tn hiu v cc dng khung SDH c tho lun trong Chng 2 v con tr AU-n
(n=3 hoc 4) v con tr TU-n (n=11, 12, 2 hoc 3) va c m t trong chng ny. By gi
l lc ta phi nghin cu cch thc b tr/ghp cc container khc nhau vo mt tn hiu STM-1
(xem Hnh 2.12 trong Chng 2). Danh mc sau y cung cp tt c cc ng dng hin ti v
tim nng trong tng lai:

C-4 c b tr vo VC-4 (k hiu b tr vo) AU-4 AUG STM-1
C-3 c b tr vo vC-3 TU-3 TUG-3 VC-4 ... STM-1
C-2 c b tr vo VC-2 TU-2 TUG-2 VC-3 AU-3 AUG STM-1
1. DS2 cn ng b C-2
2. DS2 ng b bit C-2
C-12 c b tr vo VC-12 TU-12 TUG-2 VC-3 AU-3 AUG STM-1
1. CEPT-1 cn ng b C-12
2. CEPT-1 ng b bit C-12
3. CEPT-1 ng b byte C-12, 30 knh
4. CEPT-1 ng b byte C-12, 31 knh
B tr C-11 vo VC-11 TU-11 TUG-2 VC-3 ... STM-1
1. DS1 cn ng b C-11
2. DS1 ng b bit C-11
3. DS1 ng b byte C-11
rng mt tn hiu DS1 1,544 Mbit/s hay mt tn hiu CEPT-1 2,048 Mbit/s c th l
mt tn hiu cn ng b, ng b bit hoc ng b byte. Nhng mt tn hiu DS2 6,312 Mbit/s
c th hoc l tn hiu cn ng b hoc mt tn hiu ng b bit trong khi mt tn hiu CEPT-3
(34,368 Mbit/s), mt tn hiu DS3 (44,736 Mbit/s) v mt tn hiu CEPT-4 (139,264 Mbit/s) l
cc tn hiu cn ng b thng thng. nh ngha v tn hiu cn ng b, ng b bit, ng
b byte c m t trong Chng 1.
3.7.1 B tr C-4 vo STM-1

B tr trc tip mt tn hiu CEPT-4 tc 139,264 Mbit/s vo mt tn hiu STM-1 c tho
lun trong phn ny. T qu trnh b tr ny ta c th thy c ba im th v v th tc b
tr/ghp SDH.
A. C cc lut duy nht cho b tr mt container C-4 vo mt tn hiu STM-1;
81
3.7. B TR/GHP TN HIU STM-1
B. C cc mi quan h duy nht gia C-4, VC-4, AU-4, AUG v mt tn hiu STM-1 (Hnh
3.19 v )
C. Chi tit v b tr mt tn hiu CEPT-4 vo mt Container.
Trc tin, cc
bc chnh c
s dng b
tr mt container
C-4 vo mt tn
hiu STM-1
(tc
VC-
l mt C-4
4 AU-4
AUG STMc m t nh
1)
sau:
Hnh 3.19: C-4, VC-4, AU-4, AUG v STM-N
1. Mt C-4 gm mt tn hiu CEPT-4 hoc tng ng chng hn nh tn hiu ISDH H4,

vi tc tn hiu l 139,264 Mbit/s. Mt container C-4 c th c xem l mt cu trc
9 260 byte trong khong thi gian 125 s. M t chi tit bc ny (t CEPT-4 vo C-4)
s c
trnh by sau vi tham kho
ti Hnh 3.20v 3.21.

2. Mt tp 9 byte mo u ng VC-4 (J1, B3, C2, G1, F2, H4, F3, K3 v N1) c b
sung vo C-4 hnh thnh mt khung ti tin ng b VC-4 (xem Hnh 3.19 v 3.20). V
vy, mt tn hiu VC-4 c cu trc 9 261 byte trong khong thi gian 125 s.
3. Chn (9) byte khc ca con tr AU-4 [chi tit xem Hnh 3.2(A), ch 4 byte tc l H1, H2
v ba byte H3 c s dng] c chn vo khung VC-4 t c mt AU-4 (ging

ht AUG - xem Hnh 3.19 v 3.21). rng con tr AU-4 xc nh v tr mo u ng
hay chnh xc hn l v tr ca J1. Ni cch khc, con tr AU-4 xc nh khung VC-4 v
khung ny li quyt nh v tr ca conainter C-4.
4. AUG cng thm Mo u on Ghp (MSOH) v Mo u on Lp (RSOH) hon thin
mt khung STM-1 (xem Hnh 3.19 v 3.20).

5. N khung STM-1 sau c th c ghp vo mt STM-N (N=4, 16 hay 64).
82
CHNG 3.
NG DNG
CON TR SDH
TR-
(B
Hnh 3.20: C-4, VC-4, AU-4, AUG v STM-N (tip)

By gi chi tit ghp mt tn hiu CEPT-4 vo mt container C-4 s c xem xt bng vic
tham kho ti Hnh 3.21. Container C-4 c cu trc 9 hng 260 ct. Mi hng c gi l mt
khung con v c t chc ng nht c s dng mang nhiu loi thng tin. Hng 260 byte
hay khung con ny c chia thnh 20 block (khi) tc l tt c 9 hng ca container C-4 c t
chc byte ging nh t chc ch ra trn hnh ny. Mi khi c 13 byte v c dng thc sau:
Mt khi 13 byte = Mt byte c bit + 12 byte thng tin
Ta c th
phn loi 20 khi ny thnh 4
loi:
A. Mt khi c dn trc bi mt byte "W":
Khi th nht gm byte "W" v 12 byte
"thng tin" (hay byte I), l 1 lung bt t tn hiu CEPT-4. Byte "X" gm 8 bit thng
tin t lung CEPT-4.

B. Mt khi c dn trc bi byte "X":
cc khi th 2, 6, 10, 14 v 18 mang byte "X"
cng vi 12 byte "I". Byte "X"c 1 bit iu khin (ch th) nhi (hay ng chnh), 2 bit
thng tin mo u ang c nghin cu bi U ban SDH, v 5 bit c d phng cho
cc tiu chun tng lai. bit

C. Mt khi c dn trc bi byte "Z":
Khi th 20 gm 1 byte "Z" v 12 byte "I". Byte
"Z" c 5 bit thng tin, 1 bit cho s dng trong tng lai, v 1 bit dnh cho c hi nhi
(hay ng chnh).
D. Mt khi c dn u bi byte "Y"
: 13 khi cn li, mi khi gm 1 byte "Y" v 12
byte "I". Byte "Y" c 8 bit danh cho tng lai.
3.7. B
TR/GHP
STM-1
TN HIU
H
4
83
Mt container C-4 mang tn hiu CEPT-4 hay tn hiu tng ng ca n vi tc 139,264

Mbit/s nh th no? Tc tn hiu c th linh hot nh th no? H thng hp thu s thay i
v tc t tc danh nh ca tn hiu nh th no? V nhiu cu hi khc c th c tr
li bng vic nghin cu Hnh 3.20 mt cch k cng.

A. Trong Hnh 3.21 ta c th thy rng c 9 khung con (hng) trong 1 khung STM-1 125 s.
Mi hng c cng t chc bit v c mt byte VC-4 POH dn hng .

B. Trong mi khung con, bn cnh cc byte mo u truyn ti, c 260 byte dnh cho dung
lng VC-4 SPE. Tc l trong mi hng c

Mt byte mo u ng POH (byte u tin ca VC-4 SPE)
1934 bit thng tin (ti tin) trn 1 khung con c tnh nh sau:
20 (128)+8+6=1934
trong 20 l ch 20 block, mi block gm 12 byte (8 bit) "I", s 8 th 2 l byte
"W" 8 bit thng tin cho lung s liu v 6 l 6 bit "I" trong byte "Z".

5 bit iu khin nhi (CCCCC), mt trong mi byte "X". Do s sp t ny c
thc hin trn c s 125 s nn c hi ng chnh v th cng c thc hin trn c
s 125 s.
Nhm 5 bit C iu khin c hi nhi tc l:
Nu (CCCCC)=(00000), bit S l mt bit d liu; tc l nu h thng quyt nh
s dng bit "S" tryn ti 1 bit t lung bit CEPT-4 th my pht s to ra 5

s 0 cho 5 bit C ny, tri li cc bit C s c truyn vi 5 bit "1".
Nu (CCCCC)=(11111), bit S s l bit nhi
B phiu a s s c s dng ra quyt nh nhi trong b gii ng b
nhm bo v chng li cc li bit n v kp trong cc bit C. Lu rng i
vi cc ng dng b phiu a s th ta ch cn ba bit C thay v 5 bit. V vy, i
vi cc dch v mi trong tng lai, hai bit C d tha c th c s dng trn
(phng din l thuyt) cho truyn ti tin.
Mt bit c hi nhi (S) trong byte "Z": c s dng iu tit tn hiu c tc
cao hn tc c th c truyn bi cc bit thng tin (I) c cp. Hot ng
ny s c trnh by trong phn sp ti.

Hai bit knh thng tin mo u (OO): ang c nghin cu.
Cc bit con li l cc bit nhi c nh (RRR ... R):
13 byte + 5 5 bit +1 bit= 130 bit
V phng din l thuyt chng c th c s dng cho cc tiu chun tng lai.
Dung lng d phng ny l 9,36 Mbit/s chim khong 6% dung lng STM-1. Bng
cch cng 9,36 Mbit/s ny vo 139,264 Mbit/s (s c tho lun sau), ta c th c
lng dung lng ca STM-1 ti a l 148,68 Mbit/s nu ton b dung lng 9,36
Mbit/s c s dng. Nu 2 bit C khng dng n c m t trn cng c dng
truyn tin tc th dung lng STM-1 ti a c th s l

139,32 Mbit + (130 + 2) 9 8000 = 148,82 Mbit/s
C. T t chc bit ca khung con VC-4 SPE va m t trn, tc CEPT-4 c rt ra nh sau:
8000 khung 9 khungcon 1934
bit
khungcon
= 139,248 Mbit/s
khung
Tc danh nh CEPT-4 = 139,264 Mbit/s

Nu bit S c s dng th tc d liu = 8000 9 1935 = 139,320 Mbit/s
y 1934 l s lng bt dnh cho ti tin trong 1 khung con (hng) c tnh ton
trn. Tc l trong Hnh 3.21, nu ch cc v tr "I" ca container C-4 c s dng
truyn tn hiu CEPT-4 th CEPT-4 s c tc 139,248 Mbit/s. Tuy nhin CEPT-4 c
tc danh nh l l 139,264 Mbit/s nhng n c th c tc thc l 139,264 Mbit/s
X ppm (parts per million = phn triu). Do ta c th s dng bit c hi ng chnh
"S" iu tit tc cao hn 139,248 Mbit/s (ch tnh ring cho bit I). Khi mi bit "S"
(1 bit/khung con) c s dng truyn d liu ta c th c 1935 bit trong mt khung
con c th c s dng truyn thng tin. iu ny to ra mt tc tn hiu ti a l
139,32 Mbit/s nh c tnh trn; tc ny ln hn 139,264 Mbit/s + X ppm. Cc
tiu chun hin ti iu ha tc tn hiu (139,248 Mbit/s, 139,32 Mbit/s) c th x l
mt tc
trong khong t 139,264
Mbit/s-115ppm v 139,264 Mbit/s+400 ppm.
85
3.7. B TR/GHP TN HIU STM-1
3.7.2
B
C-3
STM-
tr/ghp
vo
1
Hnh 3.22: C-3, VC-3, TU-3, TUG-3, VC-4, AU-4, AUG v STM-N
Trong
Chng ?? ta bit c hai
ng dng khc nhau cho container C-3: mt cho b tr

tn hiu CEPT-3 tc 34,368 Mbit/s v ng dng kia cho b tr tn hiu DS3 tc 44,737
Mbit/s. Trng hp b tr CEPT-3 s c tho lun y. Mt tn hiu CEPT-3 hoc tng
ng c b tr vo mt container C-3. Cc bc chnh cho vic b tr/ghp ba container C-3
vo mt tn hiu STM-1 (tc l C-3 VC-3 TU-3 TUG-3 VC-4 AU-4 AUG
STM-1) c tng kt trn Hnh 3.19.

1. Mt C-3 (9 84 byte: xem Hnh 3.24) gm mt tn hiu CEPT-3 hay bt c mt tn hiu
tng ng khc (chng hn nh ISDN H31) vi tc 34,368 Mbit/s. Chi tit b tr
mt CEPT-3 vo C-3 s c tho lun sau vi s tham chiu ti Hnh 3.24. .

2. Chn byte mo u ng VC-3 tc l J1, B3, C2, G1, F2, H4, F3, K3 v N1 c b
sung vo mt C-3 hnh thnh mt khung VC-3 (9 85 byte) (xem Hnh 3.22, 3.23 hay
3.24 )
3. Ba byte con tr TU-3 (H1, H2, H3) c b sung vo mt VC-3 hnh thnh mt TU-3.
iu ny c ch ra rt r bi vng t m trong Hnh 3.23. Lu rng VC-3 SPE c

pha "floating" so vi con tr TU-3.
4. Su byte nhi c nh c b sung vo cng ct vi cc byte con tr TU-3 cho cc
ct c hon thin. Khi khung TUG-3 9 86 byte c hnh thnh.
86
NG
SDH
CHNG 3.
DNG CON TR
(B TRMAPPING/GHPMULTIPLEXING)
Hnh 3.23: C-3, VC-3, TU-3, TUG-3, VC-4, AU-4, AUG v STM-N (tip)
5. Ba TUG-3 c ghp xen byte hnh thnh mt khung VC-4 c cha mt ct mo u
ng VC-4 POH v hai ct nhi c nh bn cnh ba TUG-3 (xem Hnh 3.23). Sau hai
ct nhi ny l mt ct (ba byte con tr cng vi 6 byte nhi c nh) t TUG-3 s 1, mt
ct (3 byte con tr cng vi 6 byte nhi c nh) t TUG-3 s 2 v mt ct (ba byte con
tr cng 6 byte nhi c nh) t TUG-3 s 3. Cc ct theo sau cc ct con tr ny l danh
cho ba VC-3: mt ct cho TUG-3 (hay VC-3) s 1, mt ct na dnh cho TUG-3 s 2,
tip theo l mt ct khc cho TUG-3 s 3 vv... VC-4
6. Chn byte na ca con tr AU-4 c chn vo khung VC-4 t c AU-4 cng chnh
l AUG (xem Hnh 3.23). Lu rng ging nh trng hp b tr CEPT-4, con tr AU-4
quyt nh v tr ca mo u ng VC-4, chnh xc hn l v tr ca J1. Ni cch khc,
con tr AU-4 xc nh v tr khung VC-4 v v pha mnh VC-4 xc nh v tr ca C-4.
7. AUG cng vi Mo u on Ghp (MSOH) v Mo u on Lp (RSOH) hon thin
mt khung STM-1 (xem Hnh 3.22 v 3.23 ).

8. N khung STM-1 sau c th c ghp vo mt tn hiu STM-N (N=4,16 hay 64)
Cc bc trn dng ghp mt tn hiu CEPT-3 vo mt tn hiu STM-1 s c tho lun
theo mt quan im khc, phng thc t trn xung di vi s tham kho Hnh 3.23. Trong
mt tn hiu STM-1, con tr AU-4 trc tin xc nh v tr bt u ca khung VC-4 (mt cu
trc 9 261). Khung VC-4 ny ly byte "J1" lm byte u tin ca n. Mt khi v tr byte "J1"
c xc
nh, ct u tin ca khung
VC-4 c thit lp. Sau khi ct ny c nhn ra, hai

ct nhi c nh tip theo c b sung vo tr thnh cc ct th 2 v th 3 ca VC-4. Ct
th 4 c dnh cho TUG-3 th nht; ct ny c ba byte c n nh lm con tr TU-3 s 1,
87
3.7. B
TN HIU
TR/GHP
STM-1
Hnh 3.24: CEPT-3, C-3 v VC-3
v 6 byte nhi c nh c dng lm y ct ny. Tng t, cc ct th 5 v th 6 c

dnh cho TUG-3 s 2 v s 3 mang cc con tr ca TU-3 s 2 v 3. Nn lu rng c mt
s khc bit gia TU-3 v TUG-3. TUG-3 gm 6 byte nhi c nh trong ct con tr TU-3.
Nh trn va m t c 261 ct cho mt khung VC-4. V ba trong s c n nh cho ct
mo u ng v hai ct nhi c nh, s c 258 ct cn li dnh cho ba TU-3 hay TUG-3.
Mi TU-3 chim 86(258/3) ct; mt ct dng cho con tr TU-3 v nhi c nh v 85 ct c
n nh lm mt khung VC-3. Trong s 85 ct, mt ct dng lm mo u ng VC-3. V vy
mt khung C-3 c cu trc 9 84 byte (nh ch ra trn Hnh 3.24).

By gi chi tit b tr tn hiu CEPT-3 vo C-3 s c tho lun c tham chiu ti Hnh
3.24. Container C-3 c mt cu trc 9 hng 84 ct. Cc hng th nht, th 2 v 3 c nhm
vi nhau v c gi l nhm Lung 1 (hay T1). Tng t cc hng th 4, 5 v 6 to thnh T2
trong khi cc hng th 7, 8 v 9 to nn T3. Tt c cc nhm 3 hng (tc l T1, T2 v T3) c
cu trc thng tin ging nhau nh c ch ra trn Hnh 3.24.

Hng th nht v th 2 ca T1, T2, T3 c cng t chc bit nhng hng th ba c t chc bit
hi khc mt cht. Hng u tin v hng th 2 gm 60 byte thng tin [60 43+3(53)+3].
Trong hnh ny, 8I c ngha l 1 byte thng tin 8 bit. Mi hng cng cha 22 byte "R" (d tr)
(224+1+5+1+5+5+1), v 2 byte "X". Mi byte "X" c 6 bt d tr cho tng lai v 2 bit iu
khin ng chnh. Tt c hnh thnh nn 84 byte cho mi hng. Mt khc, hng th 3 gm 58
byte thng tin, 23 byte "R", 1 byte "X", 1 byte "Y" v 1 byte "Z". Byte "Y" c 7 bit d tr v
mt bt c hi ng chnh, trong khi byte "Z" c 7 bit cho d liu v mt cho c hi ng chnh.
A. Trong mi khung con 3-hng (3 hng 84 ct, T1, T2, T3) c:

1431 bit thng tin c tnh nh sau
60 8 + 608+588+7 =1431
y hai s 60 xut pht t hng 1&2, mi hng c 60 byte thng tin, 58 t hng s
3 c 58 byte thng tin, v 7 t byte "Z" c 7 bit thng tin.
Hai nhm 5 bit iu khin nhi (C C C C C , i=1 v 2). (C C C C C ) c s
dng iu khin S cn (C C C C C ) c dng iu khin S .
Nu C C C C C =00000 th bit S l bt d liu
Nu C C C C C =11111 th bit S l bit nhi
i
B phiu a s s c s dng a ra quyt nh nhi trong b gii ng b

nhm bo v khi cc li bit n v kp trong cc bit C. Lu rng i vi cc ng
dng b phiu a s ta ch cn ba bit C thay v 5 bit. V vy, i vi bt k dch v

no trong tng lai, 2 bit C d ny v mt l thuyt c th c s dng cho truyn
ti tin.
Hai bit c hi nhi (S , S ): mt bit trong byte "Y" v mt bit trong byte "Z". Chng
1
c s dng iu ha d liu c tc cao hn 34,344 Mbit/s (s thy trong
phn di y).
Cc bit con li l cc bit nhi c nh (RRR ...R):
8 (22 + 22 + 23) + 5 6 + 7=573 bit
C 22 byte "R" cho hng th nht v hng th 2, 23 byte "R" cho hng th 3, 6 bit
"r" trong 5 byte "X" v 7 bit "r"trong byte "Y". Chng c th c s dng cho tng
lai. Dung lng d tr ny l 13,752 Mbit/s hay khoang 8,8% dung lng STM-1.
Bng vic b sung 13,752 Mbit/s ny vo 34,392 Mbit/s (s thy di y) ta c th
c tnh c dung lng ti a ca C-3 l khong 48,144 Mbit/s nu tt c dung
lng d phng c s dng. Nu 2 bit C d c cp trn cng c s dng
cho ti tin th dung lng C-3 ti a s l

34,392 Mbit/s + (573 + 2)3 8000=48,192 Mbit/s
B. T t chc bit ca VC-3 SPE va m t trn, tc CEPT-3 c rt ra:
khungcon
bit
8000 khung
s3
khung1431 khungcon
= 34,344 Mbit/s
Nu bit S c s dng th tc d liu = 8000 3 1433
= 139,320 Mbit/s
Tc l nu ta ch s dng cc bit I ca container C-3 truyn mt tn hiu CEPT-3 th CEPT-3

s c tc 34,344 Mbit/s. Tuy nhin, mt tn hiu CEPT-3 c tc danh nh l 34,364
Mbit/s c th c tc thc l 34,368 X ppm. V vy, ta phi s dng cc bit c hi ng
chnh "S" iu ha tc cao hn 34,344 Mbit/s khi ch s dng duy nht cc bit "I". Khi tt
c cc bit "S" (2 bit trong 1 khung con 3-hng) c s dng truyn d liu, tc tn hiu
ti a t 34,392 Mbit/s ln hn 34,368 Mbit/s + X ppm. Cc tiu chun hin ti iu ha tc
tn hiu (34,344 Mbit/s, 34,392 Mbit/s) c th x l mt tn hiu c tc trong khong t
34,368
Mbit/s-700 ppm n
34,368 Mbit/s+700 ppm.
89
3.8. B TR/GHP C-12 VO STM-1
3.8 B tr/ghp C-12 vo STM-1

Mt Container C-12 c th c s dng b tr mt tn hiu cn ng b, ng b bit, ng
b byte 30
knh. Trng
hiu cn ng
C-12 s c
nhng khc
ng b v tt
c ba trng
cn k. Cc
b tr/ghp 63
knh hay ng b byte 31

hp b tr/ghp mt tn
b
tho lun chi tit. Tip ,
bit gia trng hp cn
hp khc s c gii thch
bc chnh ca qu trnh
Hnh 3.25: C-12, VC-12, TU-12, TUG-2, TUG-3, VC-4, AU-4, AUG v STM-N
container C-12 vo mt tn hiu STM-1 (tc l C-12 VC-12 TU-12 TUG-2 TUG-3
VC-4 AU-4 AUG STM-1) c c kt trong Hnh 3.25. Tuy nhin, t TUG-3 n
STM-1 tc l TUG-3 VC-4 AU-4 AUG STM-1 ging ht nh khi b tr mt tn
hiu C-4 (mang tn hiu CEPT-4 nh trnh by trn) vo mt tn hiu STM-1. V vy cc
bc ny s c b qua v ch tho lun cc bc chnh cho qu trnh b tr/ghp 63 C-12 vo
mt tn hiu STM-1 ti khi hnh thnh TUG-3. Cc bc ny bao gm:

1. Mt C-12 gm 1 tn hiu CEPT-1 hay bt c tn hiu tng ng no khc c tc
2,048 Mbit/s. Chi tit b tr mt tn hiu CEPT-1 vo mt container C-12 s c trnh
by sau cng vi Hnh 3.28.
2. Mt byte mo u ng c b sung vo mt C-12 hnh thnh mt khung VC-12
c cu
mus [xem
trc 1 35 trong khung 125

Hnh 3.26(C)]. Lu rng V5
c xem
l byte u tin ca ti tin VC-12. Byte mo u ng VC-12 c b sung l V5 cho
khung 125 s th nht, J2 cho 125 s th 2, N2 cho 125 s th 3 v K4 cho khung 125
s th 4. Mt siu khung VC-12 500 s c dung lng 140 byte ti tin.
3. Bn byte con tr TU-12 (V1 V4) c thm vo VC-12 to thnh mt TU-12 (xem
Hnh 3.26). Cc byte con tr TU-12 dn u bn khung 125 s trong mi siu khung 500
s. Tc l V1 dn u khung s 1, V2 dn u khung s 2, v vv.... TU-12 c cu trc 1
90
DNG
TR-
CHNG 3. NG
CON TR SDH (B
MAPPING/GHPMULTIPLEXING)
Hnh 3.26: C-12, VC-12 v TU-12 (tip)
36 byte trong mt khung 125 hay n chim 4 ( 36 byte/ (9 byte/ct))ct ca mt
khung STM-1.
4. Ba TU-12 (mi TU-12 c 4 ct) c ghp xen byte vo mt TUG-2 c dung lng 12
ct.
5. By TUG-2 c ghp xen byte hnh thnh mt TUG-3 c mt ct nhi c nh b
sung v mt ct khc vi 3 byte Ch Th Con Tr Rng (NPI) v 6 byte nhi c nh.

TUG-3 ny c cu trc 9 byte 86 byte ( 127+2: 12 ct /1 TUG-2, 7 TUG-2/TUG-3,
v hai ct b sung)[xem Hnh 3.27].
6. Ba TUG-3 c ghp xen byte vo mt VC-4 c 1 thm ct mo u ng VC-4 (gm
9 byte: J1,B3, C2, G1, F2, H4, F3, K3 v N1) bn cnh ba tn hiu TUG-3 ny. Bc
ny ging ht nh khi b tr/ghp cc tn hiu C-3 tc 34,368 Mbit/s vo mt tn hiu
STM-1 (xem Hnh 3.23.
7. Cc bc cn li t mt VC-4 n mt tn hiu STM-1 hay mt STM-N ging nh trng
hp b tr/ghp mt tn hiu CEPT-4 hay ba tn hiu CEPT-3 vo mt tn hiu STM-1.

By gi chi tit qu trnh b tr mt tn hiu CEPT-1 vo mt container C-12 s c trnh
by cng vi Hnh 3.28. Mt container o VC-12 (dn u bi byte V5) c cu trc 4 khung
91
3.8. B
TR/GHP C-12 VO STM-1
Hnh 3.27: TU-12, TUG-2 v TUG-3 (tip)
125 s, mi khung c cu trc 1 35 byte. Khung 125 s th nht c dn u bi byte V5,

khung th 2 dy u bi byte J2, khung th 3 dn u bi byte N2 v khung th 4 dn u bi
byte K4.
A. Trong khong thi gian mt siu khung 500 s c 1023 bit thng tin (thuc ti tin) c tnh
nh sau:
3 32 8 + 31 8 + 7=1023 bit
y 3 32 8 xut pht t 3 khi (32 8I) trong ba khung 125 s u, 31 8 t
khung
125 s th 4, v 7 t byte trc khi(31 8); trong byte ny, bit u l bit c hi ng
chnh th 2 (S .
2
B. Hai nhm 3 bit iu khin nhi (C C C , i=1 v 2); hai bit C t byte nm trn khi (32 8I)
ca khung 125 s th 2, v 2 t khung tip theo. V vy c hi ng chnh c thc hin
trn c s 500 s. Nhm 3 bit C ny iu khin c hi nhi
i
Nu C C C =000 th bit S l bit d liu

i
Nu C C C =111 th bit S l bit nhi

i
B phiu a s s c s dng a ra quyt nh nhi trong b gii ng b nhm

bo v chng li cc li bit n v kp trong cc bit C.
C. Hai bit c hi nhi (S , S ): c s dng iu ha tn hiu c tc cao hn tn hiu c
th c mang bi cc bit thng tin I (s c tho lun sau).
1
D. Cc bit cn li l cc bit nhi c nh (RRR...R):
92
DNG CON
CHNG 3. NG
TR SDH (B TRMAPPING/GHPMULTIPLEXING)
Hnh 3.28: Cn ng b E1, C-12, VC-12 v TU-12

5 8 + 2 2 + 6=50 bit /(500 s)
C 5 byte
"R" trong 1 siu khung, 2 bit
"RR" trong hai byte ch th iu khin u tin v

5 bit "RRRRR" trong byte ch th iu khin th 3. Chng c th c s dng cho tng
lai. Dung lng d tr ny l 0,1 Mbit/s. Bng cch b sung 0,1 Mbit/s ny vo 2,050
Mbit/s (s thy di y), ta c th c lng dung lng ti a ca VC-12 l khong
2,150 Mbit/s nu ton b dung lng 0,1 Mbit/s ny c s dng.

2,050 Mbit/s + 0,1 Mbit/s = 2,150 Mbit/s
E. T t chc bit ca khung con VC-12 SPE va m t trn, tc CEPT-1 c rt ra nh
sau:
2000
500
1023
bit
500s
= 2,046 Mbit/s
Nu 2 bit S c s dng th tc d liu = 2000 (1023+2)
= 2,050 Mbit/s
Tc l nu ta ch s dng cc v tr "I" ca container C-12 truyn tn hiu CEPT-1 th

CEPT-1 s c tc 2,046 Mbit/s. Tuy nhin, CEPT-1 tc danh nh l 2,048 Mbit/s c tc
thc l 2,048 Mbit/s X ppm. Do , ta phi s dng cc bit c hi ng chnh "S" iu
ha tc cao hn 2,046 Mbit/s s dng duy nht cc bit "I". Khi c 2 bit S c s dng
truyn d liu, tc tn hiu ti a tr thnh 2,050 Mbit/s ln hn 2,048 Mbit/s + X ppm. Cc
93
3.8. B
C-12 VO
TR/GHP
STM-1
Hnh 3.29: Cn ng b E1, C-12, VC-12 v TU-12

tiu chun hin ti iu ha tc tn hiu (2,046 Mbit/s, 2,050 Mbit/s) c th iu khin mt
tn hiu CEPT-1 vi tc t 2,048 Mbit/s-980 ppm ti 2,048 Mbit/s+980 ppm. Bn c th t
hi l do vi sao hai bit S (bit c hi ng chnh) cn c s dng trong ng dng ny. Cu
tr li nh sau: Nu ch 1 bit S c s dng th s c tng ng l 1024 (1023 + 1) bit trn 1
siu khung 500
s c th c s dng cho
truyn ti tin. Khi tc tn hiu tr thnh 2,048

Mbit/s ng bng tc danh nh ca mt tn hiu CEPT-1. Vy khi xy ra trng hp tc
tn hiu vo ln hn tc danh nh mt cht th C-12 s khng th tip nhn tn hiu ny. V
vy, hai bit S s l cn thit thay v 1. B tr ti tin C-12 c th l ti tin cn ng b hoc l ti
Hnh 3.30: B tr C-12 ng b bit so vi b tr C-12 cn ng b

tin ng b bit. Hnh 3.30 ch ra s khc bit gia hai qu trnh b tr tn hiu C-12 cn ng
b va m t v tn hiu C-12 ng b bit.Do tn hiu l ng b nn khng cn nhi bit. Bn
cnh iu ny vic b tr C-12 ng b bit hu nh ging vi b tr C-12 cn ng b. Sau y
s lit k nhng khc bit gia chng.

Trc tin, byte "X" sau byte mo u ng V5 mang "10" v 6 bit "R" trong trng hp

ng b bit thay v c 8 bit "R" nh trong trng hp cn ng b
Byte "Y" sau byte J2 mang "10", bn bit thng tin mo u "O" v 2 bit "R" i vi
trng hp ng b bit. Byte ny mang cc bit iu khin nhi, 4 bit "O" v hai bit "R"
trong trng hp cn ng b.
Byte ng trc byte N2 cng l mt byte "Y" trong khi i vi trng hp cn ng b
n l mt byte d tr "R"
Byte ng sau N2 l byte d tr cho trng hp ng b. Mt khc trong trng hp cn
ng b n ging nh byte ng sau byte J2.

Byte ng sau byte K4 li l mt byte "X" cho trng hp ng b bit. Trong trng hp
cn ng b , byte ny mang them 2 bit iu khin na, 5 bit d tr v chi mt bit c hi
ng chnh.
i vi trng hp ng b bit, do tn hiu l ng b nn c 4 khi 32 8I mang 32
knh CEPT-1. i vi trng hp cn ng b, ch c ba khi 32 8I cng vi 1 khi 31
8I. Do , thay v mt byte "X" ta phi s dng byte ng trc khi 31 8I mang
ti tin CEPT-1. Do bn cht cn ng b, byte ny mang 7 bit "I" v mt bit c hi ng
chnh S .
2
Hnh 3.31: C-12 ng b byte: 30 knh

Bt c byte no khc khng c cp trn u nh nhau cho c phng php b tr ng
b bit v cn ng b. Kh nng th 3 ca ghp /b tr C-12 l b tr ti tin ng b byte 30
knh. Qu trnh ghp ti tin 30 knh ny c trnh by trn Hnh 3.31.
a khung 500
s mang tng cng 140 byte. Khung 125 s u tin gm 1 byte mo u
ng VC-12 (byte V5), mt byte "X", 1 byte "R", 15 byte ti tin cc knh t 1 n 15, 1 byte
"M" cho tn hiu ng chnh a khung, 15 byte ti tin na cho cc knh t 16 n 30 v 1 byte
3.8. B
TR/GHP C-12 VO STM-1
95
"R" na. Khung 125 s th 2, th 3 v th 4 rt ging vi khung 125 s u tin tr ngoi l

sau: Byte V5 c thay th bi byte J2 trong khung th 2, N2 trong khung th 3 v K4 trong
khung th 4.
Lu rng trong mi khung 125 s khung byte d tr u tin "R*" c th c s dng
cho khe thi gian 0 nu cn thit. Cc byte d tr khc l cc bit nhi c nh ti thi im hin
ti. Chng c th s c s dng trong tng li.
Kh nng b tr/ghp C-12 th 4 l b tr ti tin ng b byte 31 knh. Vic b tr ti tin 31
knh ny c trnh by trong Hnh 3.32. Thc t ging nh trng hp ng b byte 30 knh
ngoi tr mt iu l byte "M" c thay th bi mt byte ca ti tin 31 knh, tc l knh 16.
V vy cc khe cho knh t 16 ti 30 trong ng dng trc tr thnh knh t 17 n 31.
Hnh 3.30, 3.31 v 3.32 ch ra ch TU "kha" v TU "ng". S khc bit gia chng,
mc ch ca chng v chuyn i t ch ny sang ch khc s c trnh by sau. Ch
"locked-kha" c th s sm b loi b khi cc tiu chun trong tng lai.
3.9 Tng kt hot ng ghp/b tr: Din gii tc tn hiu

Phn trn trnh by cc qu trnh b tr nhiu loi ti tin nh CEPT-1, CEPT-3 v CEPT-4 vo
mt tn hiu SDH STM-1. thit k h thng (phn cng hoc phn mm), ta cn bit cc
loi tc tn hiu khc nhau t mt container bt k ti tn hiu STM-1. V d mt tn hiu
CEPT-1 tc 2,048 Mbit/s c b tr vo mt container C-12 m trc tin c chuyn vo
VC-12, sau vo TU-12, vo TUG-2, vo TUG-3, vo VC-4, vo AU-4, vo AUG v cui
cng l vo 1 tn hiu STM-1. Cc tc tn hiu ca C-12, VC-12, TU-12, TUG-2, TUG-3,
VC-4, AU-4 v AUG s rt hu ch i vi ngi thit k h thng. V vy, cc tc ny s
c din gii trong phn ny. lm iu ta cn nh li rng 1 byte trong mt STM-N
64)
ca
tin
hot
hiu
VCmt
(N=1, 4, 16 hay
c tc 64
kbit/s hay 0,064
Mbit/s, mt ct
STM-N c tc
0,576
Mbit/s. Trc
ta bt u t
ng b tr tn
CEPT-1. Mt
12 t C-12 vi
Hnh 3.33: C-12 ng b byte: 31 knh
97
3.10. CC TN HIU MC XCH
byte con tr TU-12 b sung hnh thnh mt tn hiu TU-12 chim 4 ct ca khung STM-1.
V vy tc ca 1 TU-12 v VC-12 tng ng l 2,304 Mbit/s v 2,240 Mbit/s [hay 4 0,576
Mbit/s v (2,304-0,064 Mbit/s)]. Bn byte mo u ng (V5, J2, N2, K4) c b sung vo
C-12 to nn 1 VC-12. iu ny dn ti tc 2,176 Mbit/s (2,240-0,064) cho C-12.

Mt tn hiu CEPT-3 tc 34,368 Mbit/s c chuyn sang 1 VC-3 tc 48,960 Mbit/s.
Tc ny c din gi nh sau:
Mt TUG-2 chim 12 ct ca khung STM-1 v c tc l 9,612 Mbit/s (
12 0,576
Mbit/s). Mt VC-3 c hnh thnh t 7 lung TUG-2 v mt ct mo u ng VC-3 v c
tng cng l 85 (equiv7 12 + 1) ct. Do tc ca VC-3 l 48,960 Mbit/s ( 85 0,576
Mbit/s).
S khc nhau gia mt C-3 v mt VC-3 l mt ct mo u ng VC-3. V vy tc
ca VC-3 l 48,384 Mbit/s ( 48,960-0,576). Mt VC-3 v 3 byte con tr TU-3 hnh thnh nn
mt TU-3. V vy tc ca TU-3 l 49,152 Mbit/s ( 48,960+3 times0,064). T Hnh 3.23 ta
c th thy rng ct c cha con tr TU-3 c 6 byte nhi c nh trong mt khung TUG-3. V
vy tc ca mt TUG-3 l 49,536 Mbit/s ( 49, 152 + 6 0, 064). Ba TUG-3 vi 1 ct mo
u ng VC-4 v 2 ct nhi c nh to nn 1 tn hiu VC-4 (xem Hnh 3.23). V th tc
ca mt VC-4 l 150,336 Mbit/s ( 3 49, 536 + 0, 576 + 2 0, 576). Do 9 byte con tr AU-4
c b sung vo 1 VC-4 hnh thnh nn 1 tn hiu AU-4 nn AU-4 c tc l 150,912
Mbit/s ( 150, 336 + 9 0, 064). Lu rng mt tn hiu AU-4 cng chnh l 1 tn hiu AUG.
Cui cng, tn hiu STM-1 c to ra bng vic b sung 27 byte mo u on lp (RSOH)
v 45 byte mo u on ghp (MSOH) nn tc ca n l 155,52 Mbit/s ( 150,912 + (27
+ 45) 0,064)). Din gii tc ca tt c cc tn hiu quan tm (H thng ITU-T) c thc

hin trong phn trn v c trnh by trn Hnh 3.33.
3.10 Cc tn hiu mc xch

C hai loi tn hiu mc xch SDH c th c mt vi gi tr ng dng trong cc mng SDH.
l AU-4-Nc v TU-2-mc. Vic tho lun s bt u t tn hiu AU-4-Nc. Ta bit rng mt tn
hiu AU-4 c thit k mang mt container C-4 c dung lng 149,76 Mbit/s (xem Hnh
3.33). Nu c cc dch v trong tng lai i hi dung lng ln hn 149,76 Mbit/s ta cn mt
phng tin chuyn ch ti tin cho cc dch v ny. Mt AU-4-Nc c thit k cho mc
ch ny. Hnh 3.34 din t mt AU-4-N hay C-4-N tiu chun vi N=4 hoc 16 nm trong mt
tn hiu STM-N (N=4 hoc 16). Khung ny gm N ct byte mo u ng VC-4. Nu cu trc
mc xch l cn thit th c duy nht mt ct byte mo u ng VC-4 c yu cu nh ch
ra trn Hnh 3.34(A). Ct mo u ng VC-4 ny c chc nng ging ht nh mo u ng
VC-4 c m t phn trc. C (N-1) ct nhi c nh theo sau ct mo u ng VC-4
k trn. Hai VC-4-Nc c xut c tc tn hiu l 599,04 Mbit/s v 2396,16 Mbit/s
tng ng cho N=4 v N=16.
Mt AU-4 c mt con tr 9 byte c trnh by trn Hnh 3.34. Chn byte ny l H1, Y, Y,
1*, 1*, H2, H3, H3 v H3 [Hnh (A)]. V vy, mt tn hiu AU-4-Nc c 9N byte con tr AU-4
[Hnh 3.34(A)]. Ni cch khc, c N nhm con tr 9-byte (H1, H2) cho mt tn hiu AU-4-Nc.
Con tr AU-4
th nht c cc chc nng
thng thng.
V gi tr lch con tr ca
con tr
98
CHNG 3. NG DNG CON TR SDH (B TR- MAPPING/GHP-MULTIPLEXING)
Hnh 3.34: VC-4-N so vi VC-4-Nc (concatenated)
AU-4 th nht ny c phm vi bnh thng ca n nh c m t trong mc 3.3.1. T chc

con tr c v li trong Hnh 3.35(B): bn bit "N", 2 bit "S", 5 bit "I", 5 bit "D". Hnh 3.35(C)
cho thy t chc con tr ca cc con tr AU-4 th 2, 3, ... v th N. Kiu n nh con tr ny
c s dng lm ch th mc xch v khng cn thc hin cc chc nng ca mt con tr AU-4
thng thng, v d nh con tr AU-4 u tin. Ch th mc xch ny quyt nh rng cc b x
l con tr s tin hnh trn AU-4 u tin ca AU-4-Nc.

Tng t nh cc AU-4, m TU-2 c th c mc ni hnh thnh mt TU-2-mc, nu ti
tin i hi mt dung lng ln hn dung lng C-2 6,784 Mbit/s. Cc lut s dng mc ni
cc TU-2 c th c nhm vo 3 loi: (1) mc ni cc TU-2 k nhau trong VC-3 cp cao hn:
(2) mc ni kiu chui cc TU-2 trong VC-4 cp cao hn; v (3) mc ni o cc TU-2 trong
VC-4 cp cao hn. Trong trng hp mc ni cc TU-2 k nhau trong VC-3 cp cao hn ta c
th p dng ch th mc xch "1001" trong cc bit t 1 ti 4, "khng xc nh" trong cc bit 5
v 6, con li l "1" cho cc bit t 7 n 16 ca con tr TU-2. N hon ton ging vi AU-4-Nc
v c ch ra trn Hnh 3.35(C). Mc xch quyt nh rng b x l con tr TU-2 thc hin
tt c cc hot ng nh c ch ra bi con tr TU-2 u tin trong TU-2-mc, nh trong xu
AU-4-Nc. Lu rng trong loi mc xch ny VC-2-mc cha mo u ng container o n
xut hin trong
VC-2 s 1 ca VC-2-mc.
Mc xch tun t cc TU-2 trong VC-4 cp cao hn cho php truyn ng thi mt vi
TU-2-mc v TU-3 trong cng mt ti tin VC-4. Chi tit ca loi mc xch ny ang c nghin
cu thm.
Loi mc xch TU-2 th 3 l mc xch o cc TU-2 trong VC-4. Loi mc xch ny cho
php truyn mt VC-2-mc trong m TU-2 m khng s dng ch th mc xch trong cc byte
con tr. N ch i hi thit b kt cui ng cung cp chc nng mc xch.
N i hi cc tn hiu n v Lung c mc ni ti u pht ca tuyn c pht ra vi

cng gi tr con tr. Cc n v lung ti mi giao tip s c gi trong mt VC-4 cp cao hn.
Khi VC-4 cp cao hn c kt cui, cc ....
99
3.10. CC TN HIU MC XCH
Hnh 3.35: Con tr AU-4 v Ch th Mc xch
3.10.1 Chuyn i gia ch Floating v ch Locked

i vi tiu chun hin ti, c hai phng php (ch ) ghp cc cu trc n v lung. La
chn ny c th s sm b loi b khi b tiu chun. Hai ch ny l:
A. Ch
Floating (ng) : Trong
ch TU
floating, bn khung VC-n 125
s lin tip
(n=11, 12 hay 2) c t chc thnh mt a khung 500 s nh c ch ra trn Hnh
3.25, 3.26, 3.28, 3.31, 3.32... 3.34. Pha ca a khung ny c ch ra bi byte ch th v tr
a khung H4 ca VC-m POH (m=3 hoc 4).Khi hai bit cui cng ca H4 l (00), n ch
ra khong 125 s u tin trong a khung 500 s; khi hai bit cui ca H4 l (01), n ch
ra khong 125 s th 2 trong a khung 500 s vv...

B.Ch Locked (kha) : Mt khc, trong ch TU kha, truyn ti l qu trnh b tr c
nh ti tin c cu trc ng b vo mt VC-m (m=3 hoc 4). iu ny c ngha l mt
quan h pha trc tip gia thng tin lung v v tr ca thng tin d trong VC-m. Ni cch
khc, thng tin v lung l c nh v c th nhn bit tc th v tr ca n so vi con tr
AU-m kt hp vi VC-m. V vy, khng con tr TU no c yu cu v tt c cc byte
ca mt TU hay TUG u sn sng dng cho ti tin. Phn hnh v vi du "locked mode"
trong Hnh 3.36 c dng gii thch khi nim ny. V d, i vi con tr TU-12, c
36 byte trong khung 125 s. Byte u tin c n nh lm con tr TU-12, V1, V2, V3
hoc V4 trong ch floating. Mt byte khc, c th l byte th 2, V5 ca khung 125 s
ny c n nh lm VC-12 POH. 31 byte cn li sn sng dng lm ti tin. i vi mt
hot ng ch locked, cc chc nng ny khng cn b yu cu, tt c 36 byte thay
v 34 byte c th c s dng cho b tr ti tin. ng dng ny ca hot ng ch
locked ca TU-12 th c m rng cho TU-11 v TU-2.
100CH
DNG
TR-
NG 3. NG
CON TR SDH (B
MAPPING/GHPMULTIPLEXING)
Hnh 3.36: Con tr AU-4 v Ch th Mc xch

Hnh 3.36 ch ra s chuyn i gia hai ch floating v locked. Byte u ca mi khong
125 s khng cn c s dng lm mt con tr TU-n (n=11, 12 hay 2), v vy n c d tr

v c th c s dng b tr ti tin. Tng t byte V5 (byte th 2) trong ch locked cng
c d tr. a khung VC-n 500 s l khng cn thit. Vai tr ca byte ch th a khung H4
trong ch locked l xc nh cc khung bo hiu 2 v 3 ms cho vic b tr ti tin ng b
byte, chng hn nh b tr C-12 ng b byte (ch ra trn Hnh 3.31 hay 3.32).
Chng 4
nh thi v ng b (Timing and
Synchronization)
Mc ch ca chng
Sau khi hon thnh chng ny ban c th
M t ng b khung: mc ch v ng dng ca n, vic tho lun s bt u
chnh v cp ng
b
Tho lun v ng b mng: mc ch ca n, cc thuc tnh, tnh nng
M t s khc bit gia ng b mng ring v ng b mng cng cng.

Tho lun v phn cp ng h c s dng trong mng s.
Tho lun v cc phng php nn zero khc nhau nn cc bit 0 lin tc trong lung
bit s nhm ci thin kh nng khi phc nh thi ti my thu, cc phng thc ny l
m ng truyn v ngu nhin ha.

Tm tt chng
Cc vn ch yu lin quan ti thng tin k thut s nhm t c cht lng truyn
tin v qun l thng tin (IM&M)cao bao gm : khi phc thi gian, ng b mng v
ng b khung.
ng b khung
ng b
c s
khung SONET/SDH: n c th
dng nh v cc byte con
tr v bt
c byte mo u truyn ti no khc.

ng b mng: mc ch ca n, cc thuc tnh chnh v thc hin ng b mng,; ba
cp ng b; phn cp ng h ng b mng: strata 1, 2, 3 v 4; cu trc ng b, cc
yu cu v chnh xc ca ng h, cc yu cu v t l trt i vi nhiu loi ng
h stratum khc nhau; ng h v khi phc thi gian (cc chc nng v hot ng ca
ng h ; khi phc thi gian bng vic s dng m ng truyn hay cc b ngu nhin
ha, v cu hnh nh thi).
101
CHNG 4. NH THI V NG B (TIMING AND SYNCHRONIZATION)

102
Cc yu cu ng b SDH v cc bn tin trng thi ng b
4.1 Gii thiu

Do nhng tin b v cng ngh cng nh nhu cu v cc dch v ISDN bng rng tng mnh,
cc mng thng tin (ring hoc cng cng) ang tin ha sang cc mng s. Vic truyn thng
tin qua cc mng s c rt nhiu thun li. Tuy nhin cng c nhng vn phc tp lin quan
ti truyn dn s. t c cht lng Truyn tin v Qun l thng tin cao th cc vn ny
cn phi c gii quyt tha ng. Trong s cc vn ny ni ln ba vn chnh rt quan
trng sau:
A. Khi phc thi gian Mt h thng s phi mang lung bit s t ngun (my pht) ti ch
ca tn hiu (my thu) vi mt cht lng c th chp nhn c. Mt my thu phi khi
phc lung bit s ny sang dng tn hiu s ca n. Nu ngun tn hiu l mt my tnh
hay mt thit b u cui th tn hiu khi phc c khi c th c phn pht trc
tip ti ngi nhn nh ca n. Mt khc, nu thng tin mang lu lng thoi th tn
hiu s khi phc ny phi c bin i ngc li sang dng tng t v pht ti
ngi nhn. Trong bt c trng hp no, tn hiu s c khi phc nht thit phi ging
tn hiu c pht i t ngun ca n. Nu khng hon ton ging th li to ra trong
d liu phi c gim ti mc ti thiu. t c mc ch ny, ng h my thu
phi c chnh xc nht nh so vi ng h c s dng ti my pht. Cng vy, mi
quan h v pha ca ng h my thu v ng h my pht phi c gi nguyn mt
trng thi xc nh. Cng ngh c ng dng nhm t c mc ch ny c gi l
"phng thc khi phc thi gian"
B. ng b mng Thng tin ton cu tr thnh mt hot ng khng th thiu c trong
x hi ngy nay. Cc mng khc nhau (cng cng hay ring: chuyn mch hay khng
chuyn mch) cn phi c kt ni vi nhau. ng b mng gia cc mng ny l cn
thit t c truyn thng tin s vi mt cht lng (hay t s li bit BER) c th
chp nhn c. Cc ng h c s dng to tn hiu v khi phc tn hiu phi p
ng mt s c tnh k thut nht nh d m bo vic ng b mng li.
C. ng b khung Bt k mt tn hiu s no c to khun thnh mt n v thi gian no
c hiu l mt khung. n v thi gian thng c s dng nht cho mt khung l
125 s. Mt lung bit s thng cha cc bit s t nhiu ngi s dng khc nhau. Bng
vic thit lp khong thi gian khung, my thu c th phn tch lung bt thnh nhiu
nhm khc nhau v phn pht mi nhm ca lung bit s ti ngi dng nh ca n.
Mt mu ng b khung (gm nhiu bit ng b khung) thng c yu cu trong mt
lung bit t c "ng b khung".
Ba vn ny s c tho lun trong chng ny. Trc ht mi quan h gia mt lung
bit s v phng thc ng b khung s c xt qua vi vic ly mt tn hiu DS1 lm v d.
Thng qua v d ny ta s c th hiu c s cn thit ng b khung v khi nim ng b
khung.
103
4.2. NG B KHUNG
4.2 ng b khung
Trong Chng 1 chng ta tho lun ngn gn v ng b khung. Hnh ?? trong Chng 1
minh ha mt
tn
hiu DS1 c
mt
bit ng b
khung c
chn
vo c mi
khong thi
gian
khung 193 bit hay 125 s. Hnh 4.4 minh ha mt tn hiu DS1 mang mt bit ng b khung v
24 knh 8 bit trong mi khong thi gian khung 125 s. Bt u tin ca mt tn hiu DS1 mang
Hnh 4.1: Dng tn hiu DS1

mt bit ng b khung. Bit ng b khung ny lm vic nh mt du hiu hay mt c. Mt tn
hiu s mang 24 knh thoi hay s kt hp c thoi ln s liu vi tc 1,544 Mbit/s v c
gi l tn hiu DS1 [Tn hiu s Bc M- mc 1]. Mt tn hiu DS1 cng c gi l mt tn
hiu hai nhm. i vi mt h thng tng t, 12 knh thoi c ghp vo mt tn hiu tc
cao sau c truyn i nh mt tn hiu FDM (Frequency Division Multiplxed). Tn hiu
ny c t tn l tn hiu nhm. V th mt tn hiu DS1 mang 24 knh thoi c dung lng
bng hai ln tn hiu nhm; mt tn hiu hai nhm v vy c gn cho mt tn hiu mang 24
tn hiu tn s m thoi (VF) c s ha. Tn hiu ny c mang bi mt i dy ng xon
(cho mt hng truyn) v c gi l h thng mang T1. T1 l mt phng tin truyn dn 4
dy vi khong cch on lp in hnh l 6000 ft. Dch v cp bi DS1 l mt T1.5. Tc
DS1 c th c rt ra t:
(1 + 24 ) 8000 = 1,544 Mbit/s
y 1 l mt bit ng b khung c thm vo 24 knh thoi trong khong thi gian khung
125 s; 24 i din cho 24 knh thoi mang bi mt DS1; mi knh (i khi gi l mt khe
thi gian) c 8 bit trong mt khung; v c 8000 mu trong 1 giy chuyn i t tn hiu
thoi tng t sang tn hiu s PCM 8 bit. Nu 24 knh dng cho lu lng s phi thoi, ta c
th hnh dung rng thi gian c lng t thnh cc khung 125 s, v c 8000 khung nh vy
trong mi mt giy. Lu rng c 193 ( 1+ 248) bit trong 1 khung. Ni khc i, mt tn
hiu DS1 c mt khung 193 bit.
Mt iu cn ni na l cc tn hiu DS1 c th c ghp vo mt tn hiu tc cao hn.
Tn hiu tc cao hn ny sau c th c truyn qua cp ng trc, v tuyn s hoc h
thng cp si
quang.
4.2.1 Siu khung v mu ng b khung ca mt tn hiu DS1

hiu mc ch ca bt khung ta gi thit rng mt tn hiu DS1 c thit k mang 24
tn hiu thoi (khch hng thoi) c s ha. Trc khi truyn i bt k mt thng tin ca

104
khch hng no, mt bit "1" c to ra lm bit nh du khung cho khung s 1. Bit ny sau
c km theo bi 8 bit d liu t khch hng s 1, 8 bit d liu t khch hng s 2, 8 bit d
liu t khch hng s 3 ... v 8 bit d liu t khch hng s 24. Qu trnh ny c lp li c
mi khong 12 khung 1,5 ms. Vi khung th 2, bit khung l "0"; vi khung th 3, bit ny cng
l "0", vv... iu ny c ch ra trn Hnh . Mt cu trc gm 12 khung c gi l mt siu
khung. S
kt hp 12 bit khung
ca mt
siu khung c gi l
mu khung
hay mu ng b
khung.
Mt tn hiu DS1 c
dng tn
hiu ny c gi l
mt tn
hiu DS1 SF
(SuperFrame)
khc vi
mt tn hiu DS1 ESF
(Siu
khung m rng: s c
tho lun
sau) T Hnh ta c th
Hnh 4.2: Dng siu khung tn hiu DS1

thy rng mu ng b khung ca mt tn hiu SF DS1 c cho bi chui sau:
100011011100
Chui ny c s dng khi h thng truyn dn T1 c thit k vo u nm 1960. Vo thi
im , PCM s dng chuyn i 24 tn hiu thoi thnh 1 lung bit s c quan st v
thy rng c hi mt ng b khung do lung bit thng tin c mu ny l rt him. Ta c th
chia mu 12 bit khung ny lm hai phn:

A. Cc bit khung u cui
F - 6 bit khung t 6 khung l c cho nh sau:

T
105
4.2. NG B KHUNG
1 0 1 0 1 0 cho cc khung l
B. Cc bit khung bo hiu F - 6 bit khung t 6 khung chn c cho nh sau:

S
0 0 1 1 1 0 cho cc khung chn.

Ta c th d dng nh c mu khung ca tn hiu DS1 cu trc SF ny. T na di ca Hnh
c th thy rng cc khung l c lung bit "...101010101010101..." trong khi cc khung chn c
lung bit "...000111000111000...". i vi cc khung l, khung u tin lun c mt "1" lm
bt nh du khung trong khi i vi cc khung chn, bin gii gia hai SF l mt "0" tch khi
hai "0".
Hnh 4.3: Mu khung DS1
4.2.2 Pht hin mu khung ca mt tn hiu DS1

My thu s dng mt mu khung 12 bit (Hnh 4.3) t c ng b khung ti my thu. Mt
khi ng b khung ny c thit lp, my thu c th phn pht mt cch chnh xc v
thng minh tt c cc byte 8 bit n khch hng nh ca chng.

Khi mt h thng s c khi ng, mt mu khung hp l c to ra ti my pht, my
pht ny cng s
pht i mt s knh ri
lp y 24 khe
thi gian trong khong thi gian
khung 125 s. Mu khung 12 bit (Hnh 4.3) c to ra lin tc v c chn vo v tr thch

hp ca n. Trong chu trnh khi ng, my thu s khi ng ch tm kim khung ca n
nh ch ra trong Hnh 4.4(A). My thu s thu thp 12 bit, vi c hai bit lin tc cch nhau mt
khong 193 bit [xem Hnh 4.4(B)]. V mt l thuyt, my thu cn 193 b nh m 12 bit. Bt
th 1, 194, 387 ...v th 2124 c lu trong b nh m th nht [Hnh 4.4(B)]. V my thu
s so snh 12 bit (ny t mi b nh m) vi mu khung. Qu trnh ny c thc hin ng
thi nhm gim thi gian tm kim khung. Nu mu 12 bit ph hp vi mu khung cho trc
th ng b khung c xc lp. Nu mt mu khung c chn vo v tr thch hp ca n ti
my pht, mt trong s 193 b nh m trong Hnh 4.4(B) phi cha mu khung. Khi my
thu s i vo ch duy tr khung ng b ca n. 12 bit ca cc v tr bit khung s lin tc
106
Hnh 4.4: Ch tm kim mu khung v ch duy tr mu khung
c kim tra so snh vi mu khung. Khi mu khung vn cn hp l, h thng s tip tc li

ch duy tr khung ca n. Sau khi ng b khung c thit lp, v bt c khi no mt khe
thi gian hay nhiu khe thi gian sn sng cho cc bit d liu, d liu s c ghp vo lung
bit vi cc mu khung hp l.
ch duy tr khung, nu mu khung b mt trong vi khung lin tip th h thng s nhy
v ch tm kim mu khung ca n. Th tc tm kim mu khung khi s bt u. Nu
mu khung khng th tm c th h thng s gi nguyn ch tm kim khung ca n.
i vi phn ln cc h thng s, s c mt ng b khung c xc nh trc c cho php.
Nu mu khung khng th c tm thy trong mt s khung nht nh th h thng s tuyn b
"mt khung". Nu c sn knh (ng) d phng th h thng qun l mng s di cc dch v
khi ng hin ti ( mt ng b khung) v chuyn mch bo v s chuyn n sang ng
d phng.
4.2.3 DS1 cu trc siu khung m rng (ESF)

DS1 c m t trong phn trn gi l tn hiu SF DS1 c mt mu khung 12 bit. Mu khung
c lp li c 12 khung 1 ln. Mt tn hiu DS1 khc c gi l DSF DS1 (siu khung m
rng) c mu khung 6 bit nh ch ra trn Hnh.

Mt s im v cc loi tn hiu DS1 ny cn phi c cp. Trc ht, mt DS1 ES s
dng bo hiu trm bit. Ni cch khc, trong mi siu khung, 1 bit b ly i khi mi knh trong
s 24 knh ca khung s 6 v 12. Mu khung phi c lp li c 12 khung 1 ln. i vi mt
tn hiu DS1 ESF, bo hiu trm bit khng c s dng. Mt mu khung 6 bit c m rng
vo hai siu khung, tc l 24 khung:
107
4.2. NG B KHUNG
001011
Hnh 4.5: Tn hiu SF DS1 v tn hiu ESF DS1

Cc v tr bit khung c cp pht qua khong thi gian 24 khung (Hnh 4.5) c s dng theo
cch hon ton khc SF DS1.
A. cc bit chim v tr bt nh du khung trong cc khung s 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 v 24 c s
dng lm mu khung
B. Cc bit chim cc khung s 1, 3, 5, 7, ... v 23 c s dng cho bo hiu. Chng thng
c ni ti nh cc tuyn s liu hay cc knh thng tin s liu (DCC). Chng thc hin
cc chc nng vn thng c thc hin bi cc bit ly trm.
C. 6 bit cn li chim cc khung s 2 , 6, 10, 14, 18 v 22 c s dng kim tra d chu
trnh CRC qua 24 bit ny thc hin chc nng pht hin/sa li.
i vi tn hiu ESF DS1 ny, mu khung khng cn c di 12 bit na, thay v iu , n
c di 6 bit. Bo hiu trm bit khng cn c yu cu i vi s sp t ny.
4.2.4 ng b khung SDH

Cng ging nh mt tn hiu DS1, mt tn hiu SDH phi mang mu khung trong lung bit ca
n. Vic to mu khung l nhim v quan trng nht ca my pht. My thu phi thit lp ng

108
b
n
phc
n.
b
khung trc khi

c th khi
lung bit ca
Sau khi ng
khung
c thit
lp,
thc
cc
n,
nng
t
my thu c th
hin c tt c
chc nng ca
mt s chc
ny c m
ngn gn y.
Chng 2
sng t mt iu
lm
rng mt tn hiu STM-1 c mu khung
Hnh 4.6: Mu byte khung v cu trc khung STM-1

dng s Hex F628 [F628: 1111 0110 0010 1000 (A1, A2)] v c cha trong hai byte khung
A1 v A2. C mt s khc bit gia mu khung ny v mu khung ca tn hiu DS1. [A1, A2]
l mt mu tp trung trong 1 khong thi gian khung 125 s (Hnh 4.6). Mu khung ca mt
tn hiu DS1 c phn b qua 12 khung ca mt siu khung 1,5 ms. i vi mt tn hiu ESF
DS1, mu khung "001011" c phn b qua qung thi gian 24 khung 3 ms.
Ti my pht, mu khung 16 bit cha ng trong 2 byte (A1, A2) c to ra v t vo hai
byte u tin ca mi khung 125 s (Hinh 4.6). Ta cn ghi nh mt iu rng mu khung ny
khng th b xo trn (hay ngu nhin ha) ti my pht. S d nh vy l do my thu cn mu
khung ny thit lp im bt u ca khung vt l 125 s. Mt khi v tr ny c nhn bit
ti my thu, th bit c s dng ti my thu nhm t li (reset) b gii ngu nhin c th c
nh v. Nh trnh by trong Hnh 4.6, mt khi mu (A1, A2) c nh v, my thu c th
a ra nhng quyt nh quan trng sau:

A.Chc nng t li (resetting): B ngu nhin ha (ti u pht) phi c t li c 125 s
mt ln. Bit c ngha nht (MSB) ca byte theo sau byte d vt on (J0) ca STM-1
th N ca mt tn hiu STM-N c s dng thc hin chc nng t li (reset) ny.
Tc l
MSB ca byte u tin sau
hng u tin ca mo u on (Hnh 4.6) ca mt

tn hiu STM-N c s dng reset b ngu nhin ha v gi tr ban u "1111111"
do b ngu nhin ha ca SDH l mt b ngu nhin ha 7 bit i din cho a thc sinh
1 + X + X . Xem Hnh Ph lc ?? . Tng t b gii ngu nhin ha ti u thu phi
6
c reset cng bi bit v cng gi tr ban u c 125 s mt ln. V tr ca cc byte

khung, A1 v A2 v cng quan trng nh v tt c cc v tr byte ca mo u truyn
ti, k c cc byte mo u on. Nu khng c mu khung ny, hoc nu mu khung b
xo trn th bt c s dng reset b ngu nhin ha v b gii ngu nhin khng th
c nh v
B. Xc nh v tr ca cc byte con tr STM-1, H1 v H2: Khi mu [A1, A2] c nhn
ra, tc l my thu t c ng b khung ca n. Con tr STM-1 (H1, H2) c pha c
109
4.3. NG B MNG
nh so vi khung STM-1. Ni cch khc, byte u tin ca con tr, tc l H1 nm cch

A1 810 byte i vi tn hiu STM-1. Mt khi t m (H1, H2) c nh v, Ti tin
ng b STM-1 SPE s c xc nh. Ti tin ca mt tn hiu STM-1 khi c xc
nh mt cch duy nht. Lu rng (H1, H2) cng xc nh cc v tr ca tt c cc byte
mo u ng STM-1.
C. Xc nh v tr ca cc byte con tr VT-n (V1, V2): i vi truyn ti lung cp thp (chng
hn nh DS1, E1, DS2) mt khi byte mo u ng VC-4 POH (chng hn nh J1) c
nh v th ta c th xc nh v tr ca t m con tr VT-n (V1, V2). T m (V1, V2) tip
tc c s dng xc nh v tr ca ti tin VT-n hay chnh xc hn l v tr ca byte
mo u ng u tin V5.
D. Xc nh tt c cc byte mo u truyn ti STM-1 khc: Tt c cc byte mo u truyn
ti SDH (mo u on lp v mo u on ghp) c pha c nh so vi mu khung.
Chng hn byte gim st li on lp (B1) hay byte gim st li on ghp (B2) c th
c nh v mt khi byte A1 c nhn bit.
4.3 ng b mng
Phn ny tho lun mc ch ca ng b mng. Ngoi ra, cu trc, thuc tnh, c im v
mc ng b s c tho lun.
4.3.1 Mc ch ca ng b mng
ng b mng l cng ngh nn tng m bo rng vic truyn tin gia v vn h thng phn
chia thi gian ng b khc nhau c thc hin m khng xy ra vt mc (overflowing) hay
di mc (underflowing) b nh m. Trn hay di mc b nh m to ra s gim cht lng
i vi tn hiu mang tin tc. Vt mc v di mc c gi l "trt" (s c nghin cu
sau trong chng ny) v c iu khin bi ng h ca h thng phn chia thi gian ng
b. Nhng v d v cc h thng ny l:
Cc tng i
Cc h thng kt ni cho
Cc b ghp knh
4.3.2 Cc thuc tnh chnh ca ng b mng

Ba thuc tnh chnh ca ng b mng c m t nh sau:
A. ng b mng l ngun ti nguyn dng chung do n l mt cng ngh h tr ng sau ca
cc ng dng mng. Chng hn, trong mt tng i in thoi, h thng ng h ca mt
tng i
thng kim sot

110
khng ch v nh nhp (nh thi) cho hng ngn mch (lu lng thoi hoc phi
thoi) kt cui trn tng i
m cn nh nhp cho tt c cc thit b ng b trong tng i
V vy, tt c cc dch v chuyn mch (tng i) v ring ph thuc vo hot ng ng
h ca tng i .
B. N c th biu l nhng vn nhy cm vi ng b

Nu ng dng ca khch hng ch yu l thoi, ng b thng khng phi l vn
ln. S d nh vy l do dch v thoi c th chu ng c trt ng h ng
b m khng nh hng qu mc ti cht lng m thoi

Nu cc dch v gm s liu bng tn thoi, d liu s, fax, hoc cc dch v s khc
th khch hng c th s nhn ra cht lng dch v khng tha mn. V vy, cuc
cch mng s s tp trung vo nng lc ng b ca mng hin c.

Gii quyt cc vn ng b thng kh khn v tn km. Chun ng b c th
phi tri qua mt lot cc ng h v cc phng tin truyn dn nn n c th vt
ra ngoi bin gii ca cc h thng iu hnh, chuyn mch v truyn dn hin c.

C. S ph thuc ln nhau gia cc mng
Mt khch hng khi u bng mt mng s liu ring, c lp. Mng ny c th
hot ng nh mt khu vc nh thi ring bit, tt c cc ng h tham kho ti
mt ngun ng h n c la chn, ng h ny c th c mt lch tn s
mt cch c h thng rt ng k.
Do tt c cc ng h trong mng c tham kho ti cng mt ngun, sai
lch tn s thng l khng quan trng.

Tuy nhin, nu mt digital gateway c thit lp gia cc mng ng b, vic ng
b phi c nng cp loi tr lch tn s.
4.3.3 Ba cp ng b
Ba cp ng b l cp bit, cp khung v cp khe thi gian. ng b cp bit lin h ti cc lp
vt l, v lin quan ti cc vn v thi gian.
Chn ng h
Khi phc ng h
Rung pha ng truyn
Ca s ly mu trong cc mu mt (eye pattern)
Can nhiu Intersymbol (gia cc k t)
Mt s 1
111
4.3. NG B MNG
ng b cp khung mun ni ti s cn thit t c ng chnh pha hp l cho my pht v

my thu, chng hn nh s bt u v kt thc ca mt nhm bit c th c ng nht. N
m ch ti mt khong thi gian khung 125 s, nh c m t trong cc phn trc y ca
chng ny. Mt qung thi gian khung 125 s c nh ngha nh sau:

(i vi h tn hiu DS1): Mt nhm bit gm 24 byte (hay khe thi gian) v mt xung
ng b khung vi tng cng 193 bit.

(i vi h tn hiu CEPT-1): Mt nhm bit gm 32 byte cho tng s 256 bit.
ng b cp khe thi gian lin quan ti vic x l khe thi gian. Cc khe thi gian c gi i
t mt nt ngun, vi mt tc khng i ti my thu vi mt khong thi gian tr c nh.
Cc khe thi gian c "ghp phn theo thi gian" vo mt khung 125 s bi mt h thng s
nm ti mt nt ngun v c truyn i bi mt h thng truyn dn s ti mt h thng khc
t ti nt thu. Trong iu kin hon ho, cc khe thi gian c gi t nt ngun vi tc

khng i v c phn pht ti b nh m ca h thng thu. H thng c cc khe thi gian
vi thi gian tr c nh v gi thit rng khng c lch ngu nhin hay mang tnh h thng
no ca ng h nt thu pht sinh trong mi tng quan vi ng h pht th qu trnh ny s
tip tc m khng c s bin i no trong b nh m cng vi s hp nht ton vn khe thi
gian.
4.3.4 nh ngha mt s thut ng c s dng

Rung pha (Jitter) : L s bin i ngn hn ca thi im c ngha ca tn hiu s so vi v
tr l tng theo thi gian.
Tri pha (wander) : L s bin i di hn ca thi im c ngha ca tn hiu s vi v tr
l tng theo thi gian.
Trt (slip) : L s lp li hay mt i cc cm bit trong lung bit s do s khng ng nht
gia tc c v tc ghi d liu ti b nh m.
Phase hits : l s thay i t ngt, khng kim sot c v pha ca tn hiu s c pht i.
N xut hin mt cch ngu nhin v ko di trong khong thi gian rt ngn (vi phn
giy)
Mt cch hiu khc v Jitter v wander l tng tng mt tn hiu s bin i lin tc v v tr
ca n theo thi gian bng vic di chuyn tin ln pha trc v li li pha sau so vi ngun
ng h l tng (xem Hnh 4.7). Trong thc t, tri pha v rung pha ca mt tn hiu s tng
ng vi hot ng iu ch pha ca tn hiu ng h dng to d liu (Hnh 4.7). Trong
tnh hung thc t, ng nhin l rung pha gm mt di rng cc tn s vi cc bin khc
nhau.
C rung pha v tri pha u c cng mt bin : Tn hiu b di pha l bao nhiu - v mt
tn s: tn hiu di pha nhanh chm nh th no? Rung pha c nh ngha trong tiu chun
ITU-T G.810 l s bin i pha c thnh phn tn s ln hn hay bng 10 Hz trong khi tri pha
c nh
ngha l s bin i pha vi
tc nh hn
10 Hz (Hnh 4.8).
112
Hnh 4.7: S bin i pha gia hai tn hiu
Hnh 4.8: Phm vi tn s ca rung pha v tri pha theo G.810
n v o rung pha
Rung pha thng c ch nh v o mc bin pha ln nht trong mt hay nhiu bng tn
o. Mt giao tip c th c ch nh s dng nhiu bng tn o khc nhau do nh hng ca
rung pha ph thuc vo tn s cng nh ln ca n.

ln ca rung pha c ch nh theo n v UI (khong n v), theo 1 n v UI ca
rung pha tng ng vi rng ca mt bit d liu bt chp tc d liu l bao nhiu. V
d, mt tn hiu ITU-T E-1 tc 2,048 Mbit/s c UI=488 ns trong khi vi mt tn hiu
SDH tc 155,52 Mbit/s c UI=6,4 ns.

ln ca rung pha thng c ly gi tr nh - nh ch khng ly gi tr trung bnh bnh
phng. V vy, i vi mt thit b mng, gi tr nh ca rung pha gy ra li bit.

Tuy nhin, gi tr trung bnh bnh phng RMS thng hu ch trong vic thit lp m hnh
c tnh tch ly rung pha trong cc h thng ng truyn di c s dng cc thit b nh cc
b lp SDH.
n v o tri pha
o tri pha i hi ngun tham kho "tri t do", khi so snh tng i vi n, tri pha ca mt
tn hiu c xc nh. Bt k mt ngun tham kho s cp PRC no cng c th c s dng
lm tham kho cho php o ny v n c n nh di hn tt hn hoc bng 1011
v n
113
4.3. NG B MNG
nh ngn hn tt. Mt PRC thng l mt ng h cesium hoc c th l mt ngun t GPS.

Do n lin quan ti cc tn s thp trong thi gian di, cc d liu b tri c th cha ng
hng gi thng tin v pha. Tuy nhin nhng bin i qu v pha rt quan trng nn phn tch
thi gian l cn thit. V vy a ra thc o cht lng ng b thi ba tham s c nh
ngha v c s dng ch ra cc mc gii hn v cht lng hot ng.

Sai s khong thi gian TIE (tri pha tnh theo ns)
Sai s khong thi gian ti a MTIE (quan h ti gi tr tri nh - nh)
lch thi gian TDEV (tri tnh theo gi tr trung bnh bnh phng RMS)
TIE c nh ngha l s bin i nh-nh pha ca tn hiu s c o so vi mt tn
hiu tham kho trong khong thi gian quan st. TIE theo qui c c t v 0 khi bt u chu
k o T. V vy TIE cho s thay i v pha k t khi php o bt u . Mt v d v o TIE
c cho trn
Hnh 4.9. Xu hng tng l do
lch tn s vo
khong 1ns/10s hay 1010
trong
trng hp ny.
Hnh 4.9: V d v o tri pha

MTIE l thc o tri pha c trng cho lch tn s v thi gian qu pha. N l mt
hm ca khong thi gian quan st
MTIE: l s bin i nh nh ln nht ca TIE trong bt c khong thi gian quan st no.
t. nh ngha chc nng c cho trn Hnh 4.10
Hnh 4.10: nh ngha chc nng ca MTIE

tnh ton MTIE trong khong thi gian quan st t no t php o TIE th mt ca s
vi rng thi gian t c di chuyn dc theo ton b khong thi gian ca d liu TIE, ghi

114
li cc gi tr nh. Gi tr nh l MTIE(t) ti gi tr t . Qu trnh ny c lp li cho mi

khong t mong mun.
V d ch ra trn Hnh 4.9 ch ra di ca s l 20 giy c t ti mt v tr no . Gi
tr TIE nh-nh cho ca s l 4ns. Tuy nhin khi ca s 20 giy c di chuyn dc theo
ton b chu k o th gi tr ln nht ca TIEpp (nh-nh) li l 11 ns (khong 30 s k t khi
bt u php o).
V vy MTIE(20)=11 ns.
4.3.5 Cc nguyn nhn gy rung pha, tri, trt pha v phase hit.
Rung pha l s o khng n nh theo thi gian v lun tn ti trong cc h thng truyn
dn. Rung pha c ngun gc t nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau trong h thng truyn dn s song
ch yu c th phn ra nh sau:
Rung pha tn s thp (tri) do thi gian tr truyn dn ca cp bin i di tc ng ca
s bin ng nhit chm ca mi trng t cp.

Rung pha do s bt n nh khng tng quan gia cc ngun ng h
Rung pha do tp m trong cc mch ca b dao ng s dng lm ng h trong ton h
thng cng nh tp m trong cc mch logic gy ra cho cc chuyn tip s v ng h khi
sn xung b dn rng.
Nhiu giao thoa gia cc k t lm mo dng xung mi bit do lm thay i mc pht
hin xung, gy rung pha, tri cho lung bt c ti sinh.

Tch ly rung pha, tri trong mng lm trn hay di mc b nh m gy ra trt.
Rung pha theo thi gian do bin i chm di ng truyn di tc ng ca nhit
v do chnh xc ca ng h cp thp khi bm theo ng h ch s cp trong mng.

phase hit c gy ra bi s thay i nhit t cc ng truyn kim loi khc nhau, m
rng v thu hp vi cc tc khc nhau cng nh do nhng rung ng v chn ng.
4.3.6 Phn cp ng h ng b
Cc ng h c phn cp da trn cp chnh xc tng i ca chng. Chng c chia lm
cc cp thc hin ng b c gi l cp stratum. Cc cp c nh s theo cp bc stratum
(Bng 4.1). Mi stratum t 1 ti 4 c ng h vi mc chnh xc, n nh v (tiu biu)
l gi thnh gim dn . .
Cc ng h Stratum 1 l nhng ng h ngun ca mng c gi l ng h Tham kho
S cp (PRC) hay Ngun Tham kho S cp (PRS). Cc ng h Statum 2, 3 v 4 l cc b thu
tn hiu nh thi (xung nhp) v tiu biu l mng thit b truyn dn hay chuyn mch.
Cc ng h Stratum 2 in hnh c tm thy trong cc tng i ng di (lin tnh) v
mt s thit b
kt ni cho s.
115
4.3. NG B MNG
Bng 4.1: Strata v cc ng dng
Stratum
1
2
3
ng dng
chun cho mng (PRC- ng h Chun S cp)
Tng i trung k
H thng kt ni cho s DCS
Tng i ni ht
DCS
Tng i DPBX
B ghp knh
DPBX
PCMux (Ghp knh PCM)
EXM (ghp knh tng i: COT )
Cc ng h Stratum 3 c tm thy trong cc tng i ni ht, thit b kt ni cho s,

mt s tng i PBX v cc b ghp knh T1.
ht
PBX v
ni
lm
Cc ng h
Stratum 4
c tm thy trong hu
cc thit b ghp
knh T1, tng i
tt c cc knh. V
chung c dng
ng h kt cui.
Hnh 4.11: Kin trc ng b ha AT&T
Hnh 4.11 cho thy mt v d v phn cp ng h ng b s dng trong cc mng s ca

AT &T . Phn cp ng h c 17 PRC (vo thi im nm 1995, hin nay th con s ny tng
ln nhiu). Cc PRC ny c iu khin bi GPS. Cc PRC ny c s dng to ra cc
ng h cp tip theo c cht lng Stratum 2. Cc ng h Stratum 2 sau c dng to
cc ng h stratum 3 v stratum 3 cui cng li c s dng to cc ng h stratum 4.

116
4.3.7 Phn loi ng h

ng h c hiu y nh l ngun tn hiu nh thi s dng cho thit b mng cung cp
tn hiu xung nhp n nt mng. Ty theo chc nng cung cp tn hiu nh thi trong mng,
ngun ng h c th c chia thnh cc loi nh sau:

ng h thu : Thu tn hiu nh thi t ngun tn hiu nh thi cp cao hn, nh nhp hot
ng ni b, phn chia tip tn hiu nh thi ti u ra hoc khng nu nh l ng h
kt cui.
ng h pht : Chnh l nhng ngun tham kho s cp PRS, pht v phn phi tn hiu nh
thi ti cc ng h trong cc mng khc nhau, c n nh tt nht ton mng. Tuy
nhin n c th li tr thnh ng h thu trong trng hp c iu khin bi GPS nh
trnh by trong phn trn.

ng h ch : Cung cp tn hiu nh thi ti thit b cc b hoc ng h khc.
ng h t : nh nhp hot ng ni nh tn hiu nh thi t ng h ch - hay ng h cp
cao hn, khi mt tham kho s chuyn sang ch lu gi hay chy t do hoc chuyn
mch sang ngun ng h khc).

ng h tham kho
: lm tham kho cho ng h ni ti nt mng, thng c chn vi
chnh xc cao nht c th t c.

ng h ni b
: l ngun pht tn hiu nh thi ti nt mng vi chnh xc ca xung
nhp ph thuc vo tn hiu t ng h tham kho.

Ty theo dng tn hiu nh nhp t ng h c th c hai loi:
ng h hot ng thng xuyn (regular clock) v
ng h hot ng cch qung (gap clock)
Ngun ng h ng b mng SDH c vai tr quyt nh n ton b hot ng ca mng
m trc ht l vn ng b mng. chnh xc, v tr, chc nng ca ng h trong mng,
cch thc cung cp tn hiu nh thi cng nh yu cu v tn hiu u ra c xem xt cht ch
nhm to ra mt mng ng b ha kh nng p ng hot ng dn hng (steering) trong
mng SDH [2].
4.3.8 Kin trc ng b mng

Nhm t c tin cy cao, mng ng b bao gm c ngun ng b s cp v th cp
(d phng). Mi nt ng b nn tip nhn c ng h tham kho thi gian s cp v th cp.
Trong cc mng ring, iu ny khng phi l lc no cng lm c do thiu kt ni vi cc
mng khc. Ngoi cc ng h tham kho thi gian s cp v th cp, mi nt mng c trang
b mt ng h
ni b c th chuyn mch
(t ng)
nhng hng hc tm thi ca
cc ngun
117
4.3.
NG
B
MNG
Hnh 4.12: Cp ngun nh thi gian tch hp
chun ng b s cp v th cp sang ngun ni b ny. chnh xc ca ng h ni b ny

phi t mc 20 ppm hoc tt hn.
Kin thit ng b mng nh trn Hnh 4.12 c gi l BITS (Ngun cp tn hiu nh nhp
tch hp) v c s dng rng ri trong cc mng s Bc M. N cho php tiu chun ha cc
ngun nh thi cho cc mng s. BITS cng gim c cc vn sau:

S ph thuc vo nhiu ng h
Mo u qun l v bo dng
phase hits
Rung pha
Tri pha
Nhng giy c li
Trong mt mng, mt ng h n c ch nh lm BITS, c chnh xc cao nht (tiu
biu l Stratum 1). Trong hot ng bnh thng, B to Tn hiu nh thi (TSG) la chn
mt ng h stratum 1 s dng lm ng h s cp. Nu ng h s cp khng p ng tiu
chun stratum 1 th TGS s chn ng h th cp (cng l mt ng h stratum 1). Nu c hai
ng h s cp v th cp lm vic khng tt th TGS t ng chuyn mch sang ng h ni
b d phng. BITS cung cp tt c cc chun ng b cho DS1 v DS0 c yu cu cho ng
h tng i trong mng. Tt c cc ng h khc bn trong mng nhn tn hiu chun thi gian
t BITS. Cc ng h ny to ra ti cc v tr quan trng (critical) c s dng iu khin
tt c cc ng h cn thit ca tt c cc v tr trong mng. Nhng yu cu v chnh xc
c lit k trong Bng 4.2. S cung cp ng h ti cc v tr ngoi cc v tr quan trng
c gi l "cp nh thi lin mng". (Hnh 4.11 cho thy phn cp ng h).

118
Bng 4.2: Nhng yu cu v tnh tng thch ng h stratum
Stratum
xc ti thiu
1
2
3
4
Lu gi (24 gi
chnh
1,0 1011
1,6 108
4,6 106
3,2 105
u)
tc trt
trong trng hp xu nht
2/nm
10/ngy
130/gi
15/pht
khng p dng
1 1010
255 slips
khng p dng
4.3.9 chnh xc ca ng h
chnh xc ng h i vi mi ng h stratum c tng kt trong Bng 4.2. Trong bng
ny, yu cu v chnh xc ti thiu, tc trt (hay t l trt) trong trng hp xu nht,
v kh nng lu tr trong vng 24 gi u tin i vi mi ng h c lit kt.

ng h Stratum 1 l ng h chy t do v khng s dng tham kho nh thi cho vic
iu khin thi gian ca n. Stratum 1 phi duy tr chnh xc tn s tt hn 1 1011. N c
th gm ton b tiu chun nguyn t cesium s cp. PRC khng cn phi c thc hin vi
cc chun nguyn t s cp; chng hn nh AT&T PRC gm ton b cc tiu chun nguyn t
th cp (Rubidium) c dn hng di hn bi h thng nh v ton cu GPS.

S gp mt ca tc trt ca mt ng h stratum 1 chy t do n l l khng ng k.
Mt mng nhn nh thi t hai ng h stratum 1 chy t do (duy tr chnh xc tn s 1
1011) tri qua ti a 2 ln trt trong mt nm. Trt ny to ra l do khng chnh xc
ca ng h. Mt khc, mt mng vi nh thi ly t duy nht mt ng h v khng c kt
ni no ra ngoi s khng xy ra trt c to ra bi khng chnh xc ca ng h ngun
nh thi nh vy.
Ch hot ng thng thng ca mt ng h thu l tch tn hiu nh thi t thi gian
chun ca ng h ngun. ch ny, ng h my thu phi c kh nng x l mt n
nh ngn hn ca ngun thi gian chun (rung pha), v c th chuyn mch nhng gim on
ngn hn ca tn hiu thi gian chun. Chng hn, khi tn hiu chun (tham kho) u vo tri
qua nhng h
hng ngn hn th cc ng h
stratum 2 v
stratum 3 phi lu gi c
thi gian
chun trong khong 10 s. Nhng ng h ny khng gy ra li gi thi gian ln hn 1000 ns

(vi mi chuyn mch tham kho hay thi gian qu so vi ngun thi gian ca n). Cc ng
h stratum 4 khng c yu cu gi thi gian nh vy.
Ch hot ng th hai ca b thu l chy khi mt ngun thi gian chun. "Lu gi holdover" l kh nng duy tr chnh xc tn s sau khi tt c mi tn hiu chun thi gian b
mt. (Bng 4.2). Lu rng i vi stratum 4 ng h ngay lp tc chuyn vo ch chy t
do khi ngun thi gian tham kho (chun) b mt. Trng thi chy t do m ch ti n nh
ca ng h khi hot ng ca n ch da trn hot ng ca cc b dao ng ni ca ring n.
Tt c cc ng h phi c kh nng kha vo mt ng h chy t do cng cp stratum.
119
4.3. NG B MNG
4.3.10 Nhng yu cu i vi tc trt

hiu v tc trt (slip rate) i hi phi c nhng hiu bit v ngha v tm quan trng
ca chnh xc ng h c lit k trong Bng 4.2. i vi mt h thng thng tin, chnh
xc ng h l tng i. Nu mt my thu c mt ng h vi tc ng bng tc ng
h ca my
pht (ta c
th coi ng
h ca my
pht ny l
ng h tham
kho) th i
vi mt
truyn ti
im im, ng
h my
thu c
chnh xc l
ln v cng.
Hnh 4.13: Tm quan trng ca chnh xc ng h my thu

nghin
cu tm quan trng ca mt
ng h v mi quan h ca n vi tc trt, mt
v d c a ra trn Hnh 4.13. Cc gi thit sau c dng minh ha tm quan trng ca
ng h.
A. Tc truyn l 1 Mbit/s
B. Ton b lung bit thng tin i hi 1 pht c th truyn i ht
C. ng h my thu c chnh xc l 106.
Trong 1 pht, my pht ny gi i 60.000.000 bit. Kch bn th nht gi thit rng ng h my
thu c chnh xc v cng ln. Tc l ng h ti my thu c tc chnh xc bng tc
ng h ti my pht v chng trng thi ng b hon ho. Tn hiu sau khi gii m (khi
phc) s gm 60.000.000 bit bng s lng bit c pht i.

By gi gi s ng h my thu c chnh xc 106
v nu 1.000.000 xung ng h c
to ra bi ngun ng h ti my thu th hai trng hp sau c th xy ra:

120
Trong kch bn xu nht, s lng xung ng h c to ra c th l 1.000.001 nhiu

hn 1 xung so vi tc danh nh ca n.
Trong kch bn xu nht th hai, s lng xung ng h to ra c th l 999.999 t hn 1
xung so vi tc danh nh ca n.
Do , nh ch ra trn Hnh 4.13, do s bin ng v chnh xc ca ng h my thu nn
mc d 60.000.000 bit c pht i trong 1 pht nhng s lng bit nhn c c th nm
gia 59.999.940 v 60.000.060 bit (Hnh 4.14). Nu ng h c chnh xc ln v cng th
my thu s khi phc s lng chnh xc cc bit c pht i ti ngun thng tin. Tuy nhin
nu chnh xc ng h l 106 (nh trong v d ny) th 60 bit thng tin s hoc l b xa

i hoc
c thm
vo trong 1
pht. Trong
bt c trng
hp no th
thng tin
c khi
phc
cng thiu chnh xc. Tm quan trng ca chnh xc ng h tr nn r rng.
Hnh 4.14: Tm quan trng ca chnh xc ng h my thu (tip)

y, s lng bt c pht i ti my pht v s lng bit c khi phc bi my thu
c so snh. Li c th pht sinh trn mi bit khng c so snh v y l mt vn ring
bit khng lin quan ti chnh xc ng h. Mc d ng h my thu c chnh xc l v
cng ln (dn ti s lng bit c khi phc chnh xc bng s lng bit c pht i) th cc
bit nhn c
ny vn c th c mt s bit
li. V d (Hnh
4.14) gi s rng c 60 bit
nhn
c c li. H thng c BER=106
(60/60.000.000). Nhng rung pha (Jitter) ng h hay
ng b ng h chc chn s nh hng ti T l hay Tc Li Bit (BER).
Hnh 4.15: B nh m khe thi gian ca my thu

Sau khi hiu c tm quan trng ca chnh xc ng h, nh ngha v tc trt s
c a ra. hiu tc trt xu nht ta nn bit v chc nng ca b nh m ca my
121
4.3. NG B MNG
thu. My pht c b nh m vi mt kch c ph hp v my thu cng vy v Hnh th hin

mt b nh m . V l tng b m my thu khng bao gi tri qua bt c s kin trn
(vt mc - overflow) b nh m hay di mc (underflow) b nh m. iu ny l khng
th trong thc t.
Trt c th sinh ra khi b nh m khe thi gian tri qua trng ti trn hay di mc. Trng
thi ny c th b to ra bi chnh xc ca ng h (hoc l ng h c hoc l ng h ghi)
tng i so vi ng h ca my pht. Khi mt ln trt xy ra trong lung bit DS1 hay E-1,
ton b khung 125 s phi b lp li hay b xa. V vy trt c nh ngha l s xa b hay
lp li ca mt khe thi gian. Tc

c nh ngha nh sau:
Tc trt =
V d, tnh ton tc
trt trong trng hp xu nht
S khung b xa hay pht li (lp li)

n v thi gian
(4.1)
trt ca ng h
stratum 4 c chnh ti thiu 3,2105

Bng ), th tc bt u vi chnh xc ny:
(xem
chnh xc
3, 2 105=
3,2 =
3, 2 bit b xa
3, 2 giy b xa
=
105
105 bit c truyn i 105 giy c pht
(4.2)
Trn y ta mi ch xem xt trng hp xa. Trng hp lp c th nhn c theo cng

phng thc. T (4.2) ta c th pht biu nh sau:
Nu 10 giy thng tin c pht i (ngha l) 3,2 giy thng tin (hay 3,2 8000 khung)
b xa b.
5
Lu rng c 8000 khung trong mt giy i vi bt c lung d liu s no, PDH hay
SDH. V 3,2 8000=25.600 v vy, pht biu trn c pht biu li nh sau:
Nu 10 giy thng tin c pht i 25.600 khung thng tin s b xa b.
5
Do 10 giy tng ng vi 1666,67 pht nn i vi ng h stratum 4 vi chnh xc

3,2 105 tuyn b trn tr thnh
5
Nu 1666,67 pht thng tin c truyn i 25.600 khung thng tin b xa

iu ny c th c n gin ha bng cch chia c hai v cho 1666,67, ta c th t c
kt qu sau.
Nu 1 pht thng tin c truyn i 15,36 khung thng tin s b xa
T nh ngha c cho bi (4.1), ta c th rt ra c kt lun sau:

Mt ng h stratum 4 vi chnh xc 3,2 105 c tc trt (t l trt) l 15,36
slips/pht.
T l trt i vi ba loi ng h strata cn li c th c tnh ton theo cng phng
php. nh hng ca trt ph thuc vo ng dng v dch v.

122
4.3.11 Yu cu ng b SDH
Phn t mng SDH (NE) phi c ng b vi ng h cht lng stratum 3 hoc cao hn.
Nu phn t mng SDH khng th c ng b vi mt ng h cht lng stratum 3 th phn
t phi c
trang b mt b dao ng ni
vi chnh xc
ti thiu l 20 ppm. Vic s
dng ng h
chy t do ny c ch ra
trn Hnh 4.12.
Cc ng dng mng SDH
phi trang
Hnh 4.16: Yu cu n nh ngn hn i vi STM-N

b cc tn hiu nh thi p ng cc yu cu v n nh nh ch ra trn Hnh 4.16 v 4.17.
Hinh 4.16 ch ra yu cu n nh ngn hn ca tn hiu ra ca STM-N. Vi thi gian quan st 1
giy, gi tr trung bnh bnh phng mt n nh v pha ti a phi nh hn hay bng 3 ns.
i vi thi gian quan st di 100 giy, yu cu l 10dB/decade. Thi gian quan st trn 100
giy mt n nh pha rms ti a l nh hn hoc bng 300 ns, c lp vi yu cu v tn hiu
chun thi gian c trang b bi nh cung cp mng. Phn (A) ch ra kiu tn hiu c yu
cu trong khi phn (B) ch ra loi tn hiu ty chn.
Hnh 4.17: Yu cu n nh ngn hn i vi tn hiu tham kho nh thi
4.3.12 Trng thi ng b

Trong cc ng dng SDH, cc bit t 5 n 8 ca byte S1 ca tn hiu STM-N c s dng
mang bn tin trng thi ng b. Hnh 4.18 cho thy cc byte mo u truyn ti ca mt
tn hiu STM-1. Trc y c 3 byte Z1 cho mi tn hiu. Cc byte ny ban u cha c n
123
4.4. NG H V KHI PHC THI GIAN
nh, v c gi l cc byte dnh cho tng lai. Vi cc tiu chun SDH hin nay, mt trong
ba byte ny
vng trn
dng
ng b.
thi ng
chim 4 bit
Bn bit
dng cho
Bng 4.3
c nh du bi
c ch nh v s
ch ra bn tin thng bo
Nhng Bn tin Trng
b ny (SSM) ch
cui cng ca byte S1.
u vn cha c s
cc tiu chun hin ti.
lit k cc bn tin ny
Hnh 4.18: Byte Bn tin Trng thi ng b

cho cc tiu chun SDH. Nu SSM=000 th cht lng ng b cha c xc nh hay cha
bit. iu ny c th c p dng cho cc mng ng b c nhiu tiu chun vng khc nhau.
Nu SSM=0001, 0100 hay 1000 th ng b mng c thc hin theo cc c tn qui nh theo
tiu chun ITU-T G.811. Ba m ny tng ng dnh cho cc ng dng tng hp, chuyn tip,
v cc b. Khi SSM=1011 th c tnh ng b c p dng cho ngun nh thi thit b ng
b SETS. Nu SSS=1111 th trng ny khng c s dng cho ng b. 10 m cn li c
lit k trong Bng dng cho tng lai.
4.4 ng h v khi phc thi gian

Hot ng tham kho c th gm c mt s s kin hng hc ng k. V d, trong khuyn
ngh G.821, mc tiu kt ni im-im cho nhng giy li nghim trng l khng vt qu 175
/ngy. Cc s kin li h hng ng h c th xut hin trn tuyn truyn ti DS1 trong khong

124
Bng 4.3: Bn tin Trng thi ng b S1
Cc bt t 5-8 M t
mc cht lng ng
b SDH
0000ng b,
cha xc nh cht
lng
0001 D tr
0010ng h
chun s cp
(khuyn ngh
G.811; Q=2)
0011 D tr
0100ng h
trung chuyn
(khuyn ngh
G.812; Q=3)
0101 D tr
0110
D tr
0111
D tr
1000
ng h cc b (khuyn ngh G.812; Q=4)
1001
D tr
1010
D tr
1011
Ngun nh thi thit b ng b (SETS); Q=5
1100
D tr
1101
D tr
1110
D tr
1111
Khng s dng cho ng b Q=6 (*)
Lu : (*) Bn tin ny c th m phng li ca thit b v s c
m phng bi tn hiu AIS on ghp
1 n 100 s kin mi ngy ph thuc vo kiu, thi gian v cc yu t khc. Nhng suy gim
phm cht lin tc ny s nh hng bt li ti ton b hot ng ng b ca mng.
Hnh 4.13 v 4.14 minh ha tm quan trng ca chnh xc ng h ti my thu. Bt c
ng h no cng phi p ng nhng i hi v chnh xc, rung pha v trt ca n. Ngoi
ra, mt ng h phi c ng b vi lung d liu thng tin. Vn ny c bit ti nh
mt phng thc khi phc thi gian trong mt mng s. hiu c vn khi phc thi
gian, ta cn nghin cu cc chc nng v hot ca ng h, cc c tnh mong mun ca dng
sng tn hiu nhn c v nhiu cc khc nhau nn cc bit "zero" ca mt lung bit s.
4.4.1 Cc chc nng v hot ng ca ng h

C nhiu chc
nng c thc hin bi ng
h my thu. Hai chc nng c bn ca ng h
my thu c m t ngn gn nh sau:

Khi phc s c lng ng thi gian nh thi ca nt ngun ban u gc t ngun
tham kho ti.

Duy tr kh nng gi tt nh thi so vi ng h ngun (khi vng mt ngun tham kho)
bng cch s dng s c lng v d on.

C ba ch hot ng ca ng h my thu: Hot ng l tng, hot ng v hot ng lu
gi. Chng c nh ngha nh sau:
125
Hot ng l tng: Trong hot ng l tng, ng h my thu khng tri qua s ngt
qung no ca ngun nh thi tham kho. ng h s hot ng ch kha pha
nghim ngt vi tn hiu tham kho ti. Lu rng y khng phi l hot ng thc ca
mng.
Hot ng stress: Hot ng ny phn nh hot ng ca ng h my thu trong nhng
iu kin mng thc t. ch hot ng ny, vi s c mt ca gin on ng h
nh thi chun.
n nh ca tn hiu nh thi u ra ging nh l qu trnh iu tn s nhiu
trng i vi cc chu k quan st di hn

lch tn s to ra gia ng h my thu v ng h tham kho ca n
Hot ng lu gi: Hot ng ny phn nh nhng thi im khng thng xy ra khi
ng h my thu mt ngun chun thi gian tham kho trong mt khong thi gian tng
i di.
Trong ch lu gi, cc thnh phn chnh ca ng h my thu l di tn v lch tn
ban u.
4.4.2 Khi phc thi gian

Vic khi phc thi gian ti my thu c hai vn : (1) ly ngun tham kho u? v (2) Lm
th no ng b ng h ny vi pha trung thc v chnh xc? Hnh 4.19 cho thy rng, mc
d
ng h my thu
c tc
chnh xc nh
yu cu
ca mng nhng
tn hiu
khi phc c th
vn c
nhng bit li. Ta
gi
thit rng ng h
my
thu c chnh
xc tc
theo yu cu
ca
Hnh 4.19: Tm quan trng ca ng b ng h

mng. ng h s 1 trong Hnh 4.19 c im bt u khc so vi im bt u ca ng h s

126
2. Hai ng h ny c cho l c pha khc nhau. Tn hiu s nhn c qua mt ng truyn

c ly ln c nhiu s c dng sng nh c cho trn phn u ca hnh v. Ta cng gi thit l
ng h my thu s 1 c pha trung thc v chnh xc. Tc l tn hiu c gii m t dng sng
thu c i din cho tn hiu c truyn i nu nh h thng c coi l khng c li (tc
l nu nh nhiu h thng c th c b qua). Bng cch p dng ng h ny gii m tn
hiu nhn c ta c th nhn c lung s liu sau khi khi phc l "101110001110001100".
Vic ny t c bng cch s dng cnh tng (rise-edge) ca tn hiu ng h s 1 pht
hin xem liu dng sng nhn c (in p) l ln hn hay nh hn mc ngng pht hin.
Nu
in p nhn c
ti
cnh tng ca
ng
h ln hn ngng
th bit
c xc nh l
"1".
Nu
nh hn n l mc
logic
"0". By gi, gi s
rng
ng h my thu
vi tc
chnh xc
Hnh 4.20: Tm quan trng ca ng b ng h

ging nh ng h s 1 khng th ng b c ti v tr chnh xc. ng h s 2 khi c
pha khc vi pha ca ng h s 1. Nu cc cnh tng cng c s dng gii m dng sng
nhn c ta c th khi phc tn hiu s thnh "111110001110001000". Lu rng c hai bit
li l bit s 2 v 16 pht sinh trong lung d liu c khi phc ny. iu ny bt ngun t
vic ng h my thu khng th t c ng b thch hp ca n.

Mt ln na, trong my thu ny ng h s 1 ng b vi lung d liu s. y chc chn
l c tnh mong mun ca ng h my thu. Ni cch khc, ng h my thu phi c dng
thng hng vi cc v tr bit ca dng sng pht i (hoc nhn c) c th khi phc lung
d liu mt
cch chnh xc. thc
hin iu ny, mt vng kha pha PLL thng c s

dng ti my thu. Mt PLL c ng dng kha ng h my thu vo cc v tr bit ca lung
d liu nhn c. iu ny c cho trn Hnh 4.20. ng h bn di l ng h my thu
c to ra t mt ng h ni b hay t ngun bn ngoi. Trc khi ng h ny c cp vo
PLL, cc cnh tng ca n khng c dng thng hng vi cc v tr bit ng ca lung d liu
pht.
Nu tn hiu ti (hay dng sng ti) c c tnh thch hp (tc l c chuyn tip t "0"
sang "1") v tn hiu ti ny c cp vo PLL, ng h my thu s c pha c kha vo v
tr ng (Hnh 4.20). ng h c pha b kha khi c th c s dng gii m dng sng
nhn c nhm khi phc lung d liu i vo. Cc bit li do pha ng h khng chnh xc
nh ch ra trn Hnh 4.19 s khng xut hin trong trng hp ny.
127
Bng 4.4: M ng truyn thng dng

Mng
Mng s Bc M
Mng s ITU-T
M ng truyn
DS1: AMI (o du lun phin) hay B8ZS
DS2: B6ZS
DS3: B3ZS
E1, E2 hoc E3 : HDB3
2 E4: CMI (o du m)
c tnh mong mun ca dng sng nhn l g?

Hnh 4.21 ch ra hai loi dng sng c th nhn c. Dng sng pha trn khng c mt
bit "1"; n khng c mt chuyn tip tn hiu t "1 sang 0" v "t 0 sang 1". Mt tn
hiu s vi c im ny l khng mong mun. Mt khc, dng sng bn di trong Hnh 4.21
c rt
nhiu chuyn tip
ny. Tn
hiu s ny c th
c s
dng kha
ng
h my thu vo
tr ng ca n
trn Hnh 4.20.
hiu s c t
tip c th c
cc v
nh gi
Cc tn
chuyn
Hnh 4.21: Lung bit s nhn mong mun

chuyn thnh cc tn hiu c nhiu chuyn tip hay khng?
Cu tr li l "c". Thc t, C mt s bin php c th c p dng t c mc ch
ny. Phng php ny c gi l "nn khng" hay cng ngh "thay th bit khng". Hai phng
php ph bin nht l
M ng truyn
Gi ngu nhin
4.4.3 M ng truyn nhm m bo mt bit 1

Bng 4.4 lit k cc loi m ng truyn thng c s dng . Trong s cc m ng truyn
ny, B3ZS v HDB3 thng c s dng nhiu nht. Chng cng kh hiu hay thc hin nht.

128
Hnh 4.22: p dng m B3ZS

Bng 4.5: Cc mu thay th ca m ng truyn B3ZS
Cc tnh ca xung ng trc S lng xung lng cc c + v ba bit 0 c thay th
k t ln thay th cui cng
L
0000+
+
Chn
+0+
-0-
B3ZS: M ng ny cho php ch hai bit 0 lin tip c truyn qua mng s. N thay
th bt k 3 bit 0 lin tip no bng mt trong 4 mu xc nh (xem Bng 4.5) . Mi
trong s bn mu xc nh trc to ra s vi pham lng cc bit th 3. V vy m B3ZS
thng c vit thnh "00V, +0V, 00V hay -0V", y "+" i din cho mc in p
dng, du "-" i din cho mc in p m v "V" i din cho bit vi phm lng cc.
Hnh 4.22 minh ha mt tn hiu nh phn vi vi chuyn tip (tc l c qu nhiu bit "0"
lin tc trong lung bit ca n) bng cch p dng m B3ZS c chuyn sang dng
sng vi nhiu chuyn tip mong mun. Khi my thu (ging nh trong Hnh 4.20) nhn
tn hiu ny, ng h ca n c th d dng c kha vo v tr chnh xc ca n. Lung
d liu c khi phc s i din chnh xc chui c pht i. Trong Hnh 4.22, m
B3ZS l mt tn hiu Tr v Khng 50% vi chu trnh cng tc. Khi mt tn hiu c in
p nh ca n trong khong 50% chu trnh cng tc (duty cycle) ca khong thi gian bit
v sau tr v mc in p 0-volt cho khong thi gian bit cn li th n c gi l
tn hiu RZ vi chu trnh cng tc 50%. Mt tn hiu c chu trnh cng tc
50% tt hn
cho khi phc thi gian hn l tn hiu NRZ (Khng Tr v Khng). M ng truyn
HDB3 (Lng cc mt cao-thay th 3 zero), c s dng truyn ti E1, E2 hay E3,
cc chc nng ging h nh B3ZS. Nu c m ng B4ZS th n s ng nht vi m
HDB3.
HDB3: M ng truyn ny cho php ch ba bit 0 lin tip c truyn qua mng s. N
thay th bt c chui 4 bit 0 lin tip no bng mt trong bn mu nh trc (xem Bng
129
Chn
Bng 4.6: Cc mu
+00+
thay th ca m ng truyn HDB3 -00-
Cc tnh ca xung ng trc S lng xung lng cc c + v 4 bit 0 c thay th

k t ln thay th cui cng
L
000+
000+
4.6). Mi trong s 4 mu ny to ra mt vi phm lng cc bit th 4. V vy, m HDB3

thng c vit l "000V, +00V, 000V hay -00V", y du "+", "-" v "V" c cng
ngha nh trong trng hp m ng truyn B3ZS. Vic thay th v ng dng ca mt
may HDB3 ging ht nh i vi B3ZS.
4.4.4 B gi ngu nhin dng cho nn zero

Mt cch thay th cho vic nn chui khng trong lung d liu l p dng cng ngh xo trn
(ngu nhin ha). Mt b gi ngu nhin l mt b to nhiu hay gi ngu nhin c thc hin
nh s dng cc thit b nh 1 bit nh m t trong Hnh ca Chng. Chng m t ng dng
ca b gi ngu nhin ny vi a thc sinh 1 + x +x .

6
Mt tn hiu STM-N phi c ni dung nh thi bit ti Giao tip Nt Mng (NNI), Mt
mu bit thch hp loi tr kh nng mt chui di cc bit "1" v "0" c cung cp bi b gi
ngu nhin. B gi ngu nhin ng b kiu khung c di chui 127 hot ng ti tc
ng truyn c s dng. a thc sinh l 1 + x +x .

6
B gi ngu nhin phi c t li v "1111111" ln bit c ngha ln nht ca byte nm

sau byte cui cng ca hng u tin ca mo u on STM-N. Bit ny v tt c cc bt sau
s b xo trn, c cng (modulo 2) vi u ra t v tr x ca b gi ngu nhin. B gi
ngu nhin chy lin tc t u n cui tn hiu STM-1. Hng u tin ca STM-N SOH (9
7
N byte bao gm cc byte ng b khung A1 v A2) s khng b xo trn.
4.4.5 Cu hnh tn hiu nh thi

i vi cc ng dng SDH, cu hnh nh thi c cho trn Hnh 4.23. C nm cu hnh c th
s dng cho mng SDH. l: nh thi t ngun bn ngoi, nh thi t ng dy tn hiu,
nh thi dng thng tn hiu vo, nh thi kiu mch vng v cu hnh chy t do.
Mt v d v
PRC (ng
nh thi t ngun bn ngoi l

h Tham kho S cp) vi mc
cht lng stratum 1 c chnh xc 1011 nh trnh by trn Bng 4.2. i vi cu hnh ng
dy, ng h c ly t tn hiu quang i vo. ng h nhn c ny sau c p dng
cho ng h ca cc ng quang u ra.

i vi cu hnh nh thi dng thng tn hiu vo th cc ng h c ly t tn hiu quang
vo. Tuy nhin ng h nhn c c p dng lm ng h cho ng quang ra theo cng
130
Hnh 4.23: Cc cu hnh nh thi khc nhau
hng truyn.
i vi cu hnh nh thi vng, ging nh cu hnh nh thi ng dy, cc ng h c
ly t tn hiu quang vo. ng h nhn c ny sau c s dng lm ng h cho cc
ng quang ra. S khc bit gia nh thi vng v nh thi ng dy l ch nh thi
vng ch p dng cho mt SDH NE (phn t mng SDH) lm vic nh mt phn t lm vic
ch kt cui). Mt khc nh thi ng dy c s dng khi SDH NE c cu hnh lm
b ADM (B ghp xen /r - Add/Drop Multiplexer).
Ti liu tham kho

[1] Ming-Chwan Chow, Understanding SONET/SDH Standards and Applications, 1st Edition,
Andan Pulisher New Jersey, 1995.
[2] Chu Cng Cn, K thut truyn dn SDH, Nh XB Giao thng Vn ti, 2003.
131

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K Thut Truyn Dn SDH

Nghim Xun Anh

Phn cp s cn ng b (ng lc cho s ra i ca SDH)

Nhiu tc /dng tn hiu khc nhau: V d so snh DS1 vi CEPT-1 .

Cc phng n nn khng khc nhau: V d B3ZS so vi HDB3

Nhiu th tc ghp knh khc nhau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nhiu kiu t chc/t l phn trm mo u khc nhau . . . . . . . . . .

Khng tng thch gia cc nh sn xut cho thng tin si quang . . . .

Thuc tnh v li ch ca SDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nhu cu khch hng tng v xu hng ca mng tng lai . . . . . . . .

Cc thuc tnh chnh ca SDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Phn cp tn hiu SDH (Tc , Dng tn hiu v Mo u)

PDH v cc Container SDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Khi nim khung SDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

STM-N (N=4, 16 hoc 64) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cc byte truyn ti SDH v mo u ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

V tr /tn cc byte mo u SDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chc nng mo u on ghp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cc thnh phn ca tn hiu STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C-4, VC-4, AU-4, AUG v STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C-3, VC-3, TU-3, TUG-3, VC-4, AUG v STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . .

C-12, VC-12, TUG-2, TUG-3, VC-4, AU-4, AUG v STM-1 . . . . . .

Mi quan h gia TU-n (n=11, 12 hoc 2) vi TUG-2 . . . . . . . . . .

ng dng con tr SDH (B tr- Mapping/ghp-Multiplexing)

Phn loi con tr STM-1 v v tr con tr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Con tr (H1, H2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(H1, H2) vi t cch mt con tr AU-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(H1, H2) vi t cch mt con tr AU-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Con tr TU-1/ TU-2

Gi tr lch ti tin TU-1/TU-2

Cc hot ng con tr TU-1/TU-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B tr/Ghp tn hiu STM-1

B tr/ghp C-3 vo STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B tr/ghp C-12 vo STM-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tng kt hot ng ghp/b tr: Din gii tc tn hiu . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.10 Cc tn hiu mc xch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.10.1 Chuyn i gia ch Floating v ch Locked . . . . . . . . . . . .

nh thi v ng b (Timing and Synchronization)

Gii thiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Siu khung v mu ng b khung ca mt tn hiu DS1

Pht hin mu khung ca mt tn hiu DS1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

DS1 cu trc siu khung m rng (ESF)

ng b khung SDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Cc thuc tnh chnh ca ng b mng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

nh ngha mt s thut ng c s dng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Kin trc ng b mng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

4.3.10 Nhng yu cu i vi tc trt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

ng h v khi phc thi gian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Cc chc nng v hot ng ca ng h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

Khi phc thi gian

M ng truyn nhm m bo mt bit 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

B gi ngu nhin dng cho nn zero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Cu hnh tn hiu nh thi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Danh sch hnh v

Truyn dn s so vi truyn dn tng t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

FDM (tng t) so vi TDM (s)

Chuyn i Tc /Dng tn hiu PDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Dng tn hiu cho DS1 v CEPT-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tm quan trng ca Tc ng h My thu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tm quan trng ca Tc ng h My thu ng b . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Khi phc thi gian (nh thi) ca my thu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ghp knh chn bit so vi chn byte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.10 Chn mo u cho cc tn hiu PDH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.11 Mi trng sn phm sng nh sng t nhiu nh cung cp . . . . . . . . . . . .