Student Conference on Research and Development {SCOReD) 2003 Proceedings, Putrajaya, Malaysia

A GUI Based Per-Unit Representation of Power System with Symmetrical Components: An E-Learning Approach
I *

Marizan Sulaiman and Zainuddin Mat Isa

Faculty of Electrical Engineering Kolej Universiti Teknikal Kebangsaan Malaysia Email: mar~zar~(ir~kuiktn.etlu.ni~.z;~ii~uddi~~(iirkutk~ii.~~t~.~iily
Abstract: Every textbook on power system analysis

discusses the per-unit system, varying in depth with problems and solutions.. However, it is still not an interactive method for teaching and learning the perunit representation. Thus, it needs a new approach to make teaching and leaming process more interactive and interesting for students. The Graphical User Interface (GUI) provides the user with interactive - visual communication to analyze the power systems. This paper presents the GUI based per-unit representation of power systems with symmetrical components in the Visual Basic (VB) environment, The software allows the user to draw the single line diagram representingthe power system with ratings of each component. l h s GU1 based per-unit system is developed for the teaching and learning environment of the power system analysis. The user can make use of this interactive software to calculate the per-unit impedance with respect to the system common MVA base, The reactance diagram of the three sequence impedances, namely,' the zero-, positive-, and negative- sequence impedances, can be drawn either manually or automatically. It is hoped that this GUT software will enhance the learning process and make it more interactive, interesting and user friendly.
Keywords Graphical User Interface (GUI), Expert System, Power Engineering Education, Per-Unit Representation, Power System Analysis.
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and enhances the Iearning process in the classroom. as well as in the student's self-study.
11.

POWER SYSTEM MODELING

Power system is a complicated electrical network. Therefore, it is necessary to create an equivalent representation as a model of practical diagram that is easier to read, understand and analysis.
A. Single-Line Diagram
'

Single-line diagram is a simplified diagram which

drawn by omitting the circuit line to neutra1,

indicating the components by standard symbols rather than by their equivalent circuits [1,5-7]. It shows by a single line representation and standard symbols how the transmission lines and associated apparatus of an electrical system are connected together. The purpose of this single-line diagram is to show important infomation of power system networks in a more simplified and conipact form. It also will show location and connection between generator,
transformer, transmission line, motor, static load,

circuit breaker, reactor and different switch using their own standard symbol [1,5-71.'

E. Impedance Diagram
An impedance diagram is used to draw a singlephase o f per-phase equivalent circuit o f the system and it can be used to czlculate performance of the system under load condition or upon the occurrence of a fault. The impedance diagram is very usefuI in power system analysis because all circuit parameters are always been given in per-unit scale. Standard network analysis is used to analyze impedance diagram due to the changing of voltage Jevels in calculating the per-unit quantity. Resistance is often omitted when making fault calculations, even in computer progmms, These small values o f resistance (less than 0.1 percent) [1,5-6] compared to the reactance of generator and transformer and sometimes transmission line, will not affect the result of calculation. The omission of this resistance will change the impedance diagram to the reactance diagram.

1.

INTRODUCTION

Many students have difficulty on understanding the concepts and mastering the analytical skills required in their first course in power systems. This becomes apparent in subsequent courses when the students falter in app1ying those concepts and skills to the design, model and analysis power system. They lose interest in power system and will result in a decrease in enrollment. The project featured in this paper is aimed at the development of educational software to help students to understand more on power system analysis with symmetricaI components. The software package is developed to help students to learn and make the subject more interesting. The interactive and comprehensive software supplements

0-7803-8 173-4/03/$17.0002003 EEE.

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C. Per-Unit System
The solution of interconnected power system having several different voltage levels requires the cumbersome transformation of all impedances to a single MVA system. In this way, all reactance in this system can be expressed as a percent or per unit A minimum of four base quantities. is required to completely define a per-unit system: volt-ampere, voltage, current and impedance. Selected MVAe is chosen from the biggest available in the system and usually at generation part. Base current and base impedance are then calculated from SB and VB and must obey the circuit laws 11-81. The new irripedance can be calculated from the change of impedance referred to the old system is given by

The sequence voltage and current can be obtain by inversing the phase voltage and current and can be derive in matrix form as below:

D . Symmetrical Components
The method o f symmehical components was introduced by Fortescue [I-81 in 1918 and had been improved by Wanger and Evans in 1993 [1,5]. According to Fortescue's theorem, three unbalanced phasors of a three-phase system can be resolved into three balanced systems of phasors. The balanced sets of components are positive-, negative- and zerusequence as shown i n Table 1 .
Table 1. Symmetrical Component Phase Component Criteria Diagram - a-b-c sequence - Samemagnitude Positive- Phase different. sequence 120" , V . ,
I
~~ ~

(4)

where, a = 1L120" = -0.5+ j0.866 is operator of symmetrical components. These equations show how to resolve three unsymmetrical phasors into their symmetrical components. The neutral current equation for generator and motor can be expressed as below

ii.

Sequence Networks for Generator and Motor

1 - a-c-bsequence
Negativesequence
120"

- Same magnitude, - Phase different

"*.

In general, the equation for phase voltages of generator or motor can be derived as below [1,4-6]

Vd

Zerosequence

- Samemagnitude - Phase different 0"

-c

""
Vd,

i.

The Symmetrical Components of Unsymmetrical Phasor

where E, = E,{ and - sign for generator; on the other hand, E, = E,, and -Isign for motor.

With reference to Figure 1 and by substituting related formulas (reference [ l]), the phase voltage and current cap be expressed in matrix form as below:
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iii.

Zero-Sequence Networks for Three Phase Transformers

The positive- and negative- sequence networks arc the same for three-phase transformer but differ for zero- sequence where connections between primary

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deltu configurations [1I.

1 1 1 .

and secondary depend on wye, grounded wye and

.

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT TOOL

The user can also rotate the selected component on canvas to 90', 180' or 270' by pressed CTL+ R keys. Selected component can also be moved or drag from one place to another to place it at a suitable position just by pressed the left mouse button and without released it, move the mouse cursor around lhe canvas. When user release mouse button, the selected component will be moved to new position depending on position of mouse cursor. The second part is to calculate or convert the impedance value of every component to per unit value. The main window for per-unit calculation is shown' in Fig. 4. User can access this window by choosing "View" menu from single-line diagram window.

A Windows based Graphical User Interface (GUI)

software tool was developed to facilitate the teaching and learning of power system This software is written in Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 (VB) which i s known as one of the best Windows programming tools because of its' coding environment. Hence, VB can be used to develop many Windows based applications from the simplest to the complicated ones. The main advantage of VI3 is the combination between graphical visual programming and code programming. That is to- say, the visual description of the application can be seen on the development and design process. Therefore, the application criteria such as size, color, interface and position of each component can be decided before the coding is created. The programmer can also use standard builtin functions or can make a little modification of these functions depending upon the applications; this makes VB a choice to create high quality and professional applications. Besides, Vl3 i s easy to leam and more fun rather than Using other programming language either FOTRAN or C++.

IV.

IMPLEMENTATION SOFTWARE

In generally, this software can be divided into few main parts or steps that user must followed to complete the analysis of power system. The first part is to draw a singleline diagram. With interactive GUI, user can draw corresponding singleline diagram by selecting the graphical menu that represent the common power system symbols. User can choose which. User can choose graphical menus using mouse and then place it at the white canvas to create a complete single-line diagram. The value of component such as voltage and impedance can be entered after user placed the selected component on canvas and this value can be change from time to time. Fig. 3 shows the example of single-line diagram created by this software.

Fig. 3. Single Line Diagram

This window allow user to convert impedance value to per-unit value manually and this will help user to compare the result with automatic calculation make by this software which will be shown at sequences diagram. However, the selected base MVA and base voltage must be entered first before any conversion can be made. This base afso will be used by software in automatic calculation or in other words, user must enter this window to fill the selected base MVA and base voltage. The full result of manually conversion to per-unit value can be view by pressing the "Data" button. An example result of manually conversion is shown in Fig. 5 . fig. 6 shown the sequences impedance diagram with respective per-unit value that had be obtained from the single-line diagram drawn in Fig. 3. This diagram can be view when user pressed "Positive Sequence" tab to view positive- sequence diagram or "Negative Sequence" tab to view negative- sequence diagram or "Zero Sequence" tab to view zerosequence diagram and oiily one sequence impedances diagram can be view at certain time. The "Main View" tab used to shown the original single-line diagram.

Fig. 2. Main Window for Software

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(a) Positive Sequence Diagram

Fig. 4. Main Window for Per-Unit Calculation

(b) Negative Sequence Diagram

( c) Zero Sequence Diagram

Fig. 6. Sequence Impedance of Electrical Power

Network
Fig. 5. Table Shown Result for Manually Per-Unit Value Conversion

will be upgraded to make it even more user friendly. This software will be upgrade until fault analysis and can simplified the sequence diagrams depending on
fault location.

V .

CONCLUSION .

A Windows based graphical form to facilitate the learning of power system analysis was presented in this paper. This package is written in Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0. This software provides a user-friendly environment and easy to use tool to aid students for h i s tool better visualizing on power system analysis. T has three main modules: 1. A user designed single-line diagram, 2. Automatic or manual per-unit conversion, and 3. Displaying the corresponding positive-, negative and zero- sequence diagrams. This software

V I .

REFERENCES

[I] Marizan, Zainuddin, et al, An Expert System Based Power System Modeling With Symmetrical Seminar Kebangsaan Components, Pascasiswazah, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, March. 2003. [ 2 ] Yu, Chen, et al, A Windows Based Graphical Package for Symmetrical Components Analysis,

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[3]
141

[SI
[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

IEEE Transaction on Power System, Vol. 10, No. 4. Nov. 1994. Yu, Liu, Wu, et al, A GUI Based Visualization for Sequences Network, IEEE Truiisacfiori on Power Systems, VoI. 13, No. 1. Feb. 1998. Negnevitsky, M., et al, A Knowledge Based Tutoring System for Teaching Fault Analysis, IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, Vol. 13, No. 1. Feb. 1998. Glover, S a m , Power System Analysisc, and Design, BrooksKole, 2002 Grainger, Stevenson, Jr., Power System Analysis, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1994 Saadat, H., Power System Analysis, McGrawHill Book Company, 1999 Chan Wei Lun, Anatisis Sistem Kuasa Menggunakan Sistem Pintar, Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Elektrik dan Elektronik, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2002 Brown, S., Visual Basic Developer Guide, SYBEX Inc., 1994

VII.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This project is supported by the short-term grant from Kolej Universiti Teknikal Kebangsaan Malaysia (KUTKM).

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