SRISTI SAGAR ROLL NO.

-72

EXPLICIT SETS
It is also possible to use an explicit set of values in the WHERE-clause rather than a nested query.
Explicitly mentioned rows can be

retrieved through IN operator.

 Syntax-Diagram :test-expression
NOT

IN

constants )
,

SQL-Statement :SELECT <attribute-list> FROM <Table-name> WHERE <Column-name> IN (Constants)

 Example :- Display the names of the employee who

belongs to department number 10,20 & 30. SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO IN(10,20,30) ;
EMP
DEPTNO 20 30 40 20 10 ENAME SMITH ALLEN WARD JONES MARTIN MGR 7902 7698 7698

Output
ENAME

:-

SMITH
ALLEN JONES MARTIN

40

BLAKE

7566

The negated form of IN in NOT IN.

 Advantage over nested query :-

Retrieve result in less time.

Advantage over comparison test :X IN ( A , B , C ) is completely equivalent to (X = A) OR ( X = B) OR (X = C)
So it is efficient to use Explicit Set here.

 Meaning of NULL in SQL : Unknown Value Unavailable or Withheld Value Not applicable attribute NULL is used as a placeholder for unknown or missing values. Syntax-Diagram :column-name IS
NOT

NULL

NULL

 SQL Statement :SELECT <attribute list> FROM <table name> WHERE <column-name> IS NULL/NOT NULL

The negated form of IS NULL is IS

NOT NULL.
Example :- Display the names of the

employees who do not have a manager(MGR).

SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE MGR IS NULL;

EMP
DEPTNO
20 30 40 20 10 40

ENAME
SMITH ALLEN WARD JONES MARTIN BLAKE

MGR
7902 7698 7698 7566

ENAME
WARD MARTIN

 We cant use = or != operator to test null

values. Reasons: SQL considers each NULL value as being distinct from every other NULL value . Also, NULL is not a real data value. While comparing with = operator SQL would search for NULL=NULL Values on both sides are unknown ,So the test doesnt produce a true result.

 Example :SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE MGR = NULL;

EMP
DEPTNO 20 30 40 20 10 40 ENAME SMITH ALLEN WARD JONES MARTIN BLAKE MGR 7902 7698
7698 7566

Output:no rows selected