SQL Commands - Docx - Watermark

SQL is a database computer language designed for the retrieval and
management of data in a relational database. SQL stands

for Structured Query Language
SQL is a standard language for storing, manipulating and retrieving

data in databases.
SQL Commands:
Data Definition Language Commands (DDL)
The commands are as follows:
▪ CREATE
▪ DROP
▪ ALTER
1 CREATE
This statement is used to create a table or a database.
The ‘CREATE DATABASE’ Statement
As the name suggests, this statement is used to create a database.
Syntax
CREATE DATABASE DatabaseName;
Example
CREATE DATABASE Company;
Create database hospital;
● The ‘CREATE TABLE’ Statement
This statement is used to create a table.
Syntax
CREATE TABLE TableName (

Column1 datatype [constraints],
....
ColumnN datatype [constraints]

);
SQL constraints are used to specify rules for the data in a table. The
following constraints are commonly used in SQL:
● NOT NULL - Ensures that a column cannot have a NULL

value
● UNIQUE - Ensures that all values in a column are different
● PRIMARY KEY - A combination of a NOT NULL and
UNIQUE. Uniquely identifies each row in a table
● FOREIGN KEY - Uniquely identifies a row/record in
another table
● CHECK - Ensures that all values in a column satisfies a
specific condition
● DEFAULT - Sets a default value for a column when no
value is specified
Example
CREATE TABLE Employee

(
EmployeeID int primary key,
EmployeeName varchar(25) not null,
ContactName varchar(25),
PhoneNumber int unique ,
Address varchar(25),
City varchar(25),
Country varchar(25),
Dept_number number(10) foreign key dept(dept_no)
);
Create table dept ( dept_no number(10) primary key , dept_name

varchar(30) not null , dept_location varchar(40));
Create table Student(USN varchar(8) primary key ,Name

varchar(30) not null ,Date_of_birth date, address varchar(50));
2 DROP
This statement is used to drop an existing table or a database.

This statement is used to drop an existing database. When you use
this statement, complete
The ‘DROP TABLE’ Statement
This statement is used to drop an existing table. When you use this
statement, complete information present in the table will be lost.
Syntax
DROP TABLE TableName;

Example
1 DROP Table Employee_Info;
The SQL INSERT INTO Statement
The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new records in a

table.
INSERT INTO Syntax
It is possible to write the INSERT INTO statement in two ways.

The first way specifies both the column names and the values to be
inserted:
If you are adding values for all the columns of the table, you do not
need to specify the column names in the SQL query. However,
make sure the order of the values is in the same order as the
columns in the table.
The INSERT INTO syntax would be as follows:
1 INSERT INTO table_name

VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);
2 INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3,
...)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);
Example
INSERT INTO Customers VALUES ('91','Cardinal', 'Tom B.
Erichsen', 'Skagen 21', 'Stavanger', '4006', 'Norway');
ALTER TABLE - ADD Column
To add a column in a table, use the following syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name

ADD column_name datatype;
The following SQL adds an "Email" column to the "Customers"

table:
Example
ALTER TABLE Customers
ADD Email varchar(255);
ALTER TABLE Persons

ADD DateOfBirth date;
ALTER TABLE - DROP COLUMN
To delete a column in a table, use the following syntax (notice that

some database systems don't allow deleting a column):

DROP COLUMN column_name;
The following SQL deletes the "Email" column from the

"Customers" table:
Example
ALTER TABLE Customers
DROP COLUMN Email;
ALTER TABLE - ALTER/MODIFY COLUMN
To change the data type of a column in a table, use the following

syntax:

MODIFY column_name datatype;
DROP COLUMN Example
Next, we want to delete the column named "DateOfBirth" in the

"Persons" table.
We use the following SQL statement:
ALTER TABLE Persons

DROP COLUMN DateOfBirth;
The SQL SELECT Statement
The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database.
The data returned is stored in a result table, called the result-set.
SELECT
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name;
SELECT DISTINCT Syntax

SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name;
SELECT column1, column2, columnN
FROM table_name
WHERE [condition]
SELECT ID, NAME, SALARY

FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE SALARY > 2000;
SELECT ID, NAME, SALARY

FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE NAME = 'Hardik';
1. Write a query in SQL to find the salaries of all employees

2. Write a query in SQL to display the details of the employee
BLAZE
3. Write a query in SQL to list all the employees whose
designation is CLERK.
Select * from emp where job=’clerk’;
4. Write a query in SQL to display the unique designations for

the employees.
Select DICTINCT(JOB) from emp;
5. Write a query in SQL to list the emp_name and salary.

SELECT ENAME ,SAL FROM EMP;
6. Write a query in SQL to list the emp_name and salary.

Sort in ascending order by salary
SELECT ENAME,SAL FROM EMP

7. Write a query in SQL to list the emp_no, salary, of all the
employees who belong to dept 10.
SELECT EMPNO, SAL FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=10;
8. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who does not

belong to department 20
SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE NOT DEPTNO =20;
9. Write a query in SQL to display the average salaries of

all the employees who works as ANALYST.
SQL AND, OR and NOT Operators

AND Syntax
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 AND condition2 AND condition3 ...;
OR Syntax
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 OR condition2 OR condition3 ...;
NOT Syntax
FROM table_name
WHERE NOT condition;
SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE Country='Germany' AND City='Berlin';

WHERE Country='Germany' OR City='Berlin';

WHERE NOT Country='Germany';
ORDER BY Syntax
FROM table_name
SC|DESC;
ORDER BY column1, column2, ... A
SELECT * FROM EMP
ORDER BY salary;

ORDER BY salary DESC;

ORDER BY Country, CustomerName;

ORDER BY Country ASC, CustomerName DESC;
The SQL Aggregate Functions
The MIN() function returns the smallest value of the

selected column.
The MAX() function returns the largest value of the selected
column.
The COUNT() function returns the number of rows that
matches a specified criterion.
The AVG() function returns the average value of a numeric
column.
The SUM() function returns the total sum of a numeric
column.
Example
SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name

WHERE condition;
SELECT COUNT(column_name) FROM table_name;
SELECT max(column_name) FROM table_name;
SELECT avg(column_name) , sum(column_name)

FROM table_name;
Example
Select count(empno) from Emp;
Select count(empno), max(sal), min(sal), Avg(sal) from Emp;
GROUP BY Syntax
The GROUP BY statement groups rows that have the same values
into summary rows, like "find the number of customers in each
country".
The GROUP BY statement is often used with aggregate functions

(COUNT, MAX, MIN, SUM, AVG) to group the result-set by one
or more columns.
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY column_name(s)]
[ORDER BY column_name(s)]
Example1
lists the number of Employes in each department
SELECT COUNT(empno), deptno

FROM Emp
GROUP BY deptno;
Example 2
Total amount of the salary in each department
Select deptno, sum(sal) as totalsalary from Emp
Group by deptno;
or
Select deptno, sum(sal) as totalsalary from Emp
Group by deptno
Order by deptno;
Example 3
Q Total amount of the salary on each employee
Select ename, sum(sal) from Emp
Group by ename
1. Write a query to display the name and salary of employees

earning more than 2850
SQL> Select ename, sal from emp where sal>2850;
2. Write a query to display the name and department number

for employee number 7856
SQL> Select name, deptno from emp where empno=7856
3. Displays employees' name and new salary after the
increment of 1000
SQL> select ename, (sal*1000) from emp ;
4. Write a query to display the name and department number

of all employees in departments 10 and 30 in alphabetical
order by name
Select ename,deptno from emp
Where deptno=10 or deptno=30
Order by ename;
5. Write a query to display the name and salary of employees

who earned more than 1500 and are in department number
10 or 30
Select ename,sal from emp
Where sal>1500 and deptno in(10,30,40);
6. Write a query in SQL to list the employees whose salaries

are less than 3500
Select ename,sal from emp
Where sal<3500;
7. Write a query in SQL to list all the employees of designation
CLERK in department no 20.
Select * from emp
Where job=’CLERK’ and deptno=20;
8. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who joined
before 1991.
Select * from emp
Where hiredate <(‘1-1-1991’)
Hiredate<1991
9.Write a query in SQL to display the average salaries of all

the employees who works as ANALYST.
Select avg(sal) from emp
Where job=’ANALYST’;
EMP Table
Department Table
9. Write a query in SQL to display deptname and location
10. Write a query in SQL to display names, designation and

dept name of all employees
11. Write a query in SQL to list of all employess working in
Research department
12. Write a query in SQL to list names designation , empno
and deptno of employees located in NEW YORK
13. Write a query in SQL to list employee names and

SALARIES working in CHICAGO
Select dname,loc from dept
Select e.ename,e.job, e.deptno, d.dname from emp e,dept

d
where e.deptno=d.deptno
Select e.ename,e.job, d.dname from emp e,dept d

where e.deptno=d.deptno and d.dname='RESEARCH'
Select e.ename,e.job,e.empno, d.dname from emp e,

dept d
where e.deptno=d.deptno
and
d.loc='NEW YORK'
The SQL IN Operator
The IN operator allows you to specify multiple values in a WHERE

clause.
The IN operator is a shorthand for multiple OR conditions.
IN Syntax
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN (value1, value2, ...);
Find all customers that are located in "Germany", "France" or

"UK":

WHERE Country IN ('Germany', 'France', 'UK');

WHERE Country =’Germany’ or country=’France’ or
Country=’UK’;
The SQL BETWEEN Operator
The BETWEEN operator selects values within a given range. The

values can be numbers, text, or dates.
The BETWEEN operator is inclusive: begin and end values are

included.
BETWEEN Syntax
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;
Find all products with a price BETWEEN 10 and 20:
SELECT * FROM Products

WHERE Price BETWEEN 10 AND 20;
SELECT * FROM Emp

WHERE Sal BETWEEN 10000 AND 25000;
The SQL LIKE Operator
The LIKE operator is used in a WHERE clause to search for a

specified pattern in a column.
There are two wildcards often used in conjunction with the LIKE
operator:
% The percent sign represents zero, one, or multiple

characters
_ The underscore represents a single character

FROM table_name
WHERE columnN LIKE pattern;
Find customers with a CustomerName starting with "a":

WHERE CustomerName LIKE '%a';
Fnd customers with a CustomerName that have "sri":

WHERE CustomerName LIKE %sri%;
1. Find all customers with a CustomerName
that have "s" in the second position:
Like ‘_s%’
3 Find employee names which starts with "a" and ends with
"o":
Like ‘a%o’
4 Find customers with a CustomerName that does NOT start

with "M":
Not like ‘M%’
The SQL HAVING Clause
The HAVING clause was added to SQL because the WHERE

keyword could not be used with aggregate functions.
HAVING Syntax
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
GROUP BY column_name(s)
HAVING condition
ORDER BY column_name(s);
The following SQL statement lists the number of customers in each

country. Only include countries with more than 5 customers:
Example
SELECT COUNT(CustomerID), Country
FROM Customers
GROUP BY Country
HAVING COUNT(CustomerID) > 5;
SQL INSERT ,DELETE & UPDATE

The SQL UPDATE Query is used to modify the existing records in
a table. You can use the WHERE clause with the UPDATE query
to update the selected rows, otherwise all the rows would be
affected.
Syntax
The basic syntax of the UPDATE query with a WHERE clause is
as follows −
UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2...., columnN = valueN
WHERE [condition];
Consider the CUSTOMERS table having the following records −
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | Pune | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
UPDATE CUSTOMERS
SET ADDRESS = ‘PUNE’
WHERE ID = 2;
UPDATE Customers
SET Age=32;
UPDATE CUSTOMERS
SET ADDRESS = 'Pune' , SALARY = 10000.00, ;
UPDATE CUSTOMERS
SET ADDRESS = 'Pune', SALARY = 15000.00
WHERE ID IN(3,5,6);
UPDATE CUSTOMERS
SET ADDRESS = 'Pune'
Where salary >1500
SQL DELETE
The SQL DELETE Query is used to delete the existing records

from a table.
You can use the WHERE clause with a DELETE query to delete
the selected rows, otherwise all the records would be deleted.
Syntax
The basic syntax of the DELETE query with the WHERE clause is
as follows −
DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE [condition]
DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS

WHERE ID = 6;
DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS;
DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS

WHERE Address = ‘DELHI’;
UPDATE CUSTOMERS_VIEW
SET AGE = 35
WHERE name = 'Ramesh';
VIEWS In SQL
In SQL, a view is a virtual table based on the result-set of an SQL

statement.
A view contains rows and columns, just like a real table. The fields
in a view are fields from one or more real tables in the database.
You can add SQL functions, WHERE, and JOIN statements to a
view and present the data as if the data were coming from one
single table.
Create Table Tablename
CREATE VIEW view_name AS

FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Consider the CUSTOMERS table having the following records −

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | Pune | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
CREATE VIEW CUST_AGE AS SELECT * FROM

CUSTOMERS
WHERE AGE>25;
SELECT * FROM CUST_AGE;
ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | | 8500.00 |
CREATE VIEW CUSTOMERS_VIEW AS

SELECT name, age
FROM CUSTOMERS;
SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS_VIEW;
+----------+-----+
| name | age |
+----------+-----+
| Ramesh | 32 |
| Khilan | 25 |
| kaushik | 23 |
| Chaitali | 25 |
| Hardik | 27 |
| Komal | 22 |
| Muffy | 24 |
+----------+-----+
CREATE VIEW Indian_Cust AS

SELECT CustomerName, ContactName
FROM Customers
WHERE Country = 'India';
Trigger Example 1
Given Student Report Database, in which student marks assessment

is recorded. In such schema, create a trigger so that the total and
average of specified marks is automatically inserted whenever a
record is insert.
Here, as trigger will invoke before record is inserted
Suppose the database
sql> desc Student;

| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-
| tid | int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL |
| name | varchar(30) | YES | | NULL |
| subj1 | int(2) | YES | | NULL |
| total | int(3) | YES | | NULL |
| per | int(3) | YES | | NULL |
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
SQL Trigger to problem statement.

Create trigger stud_marks
Before INSERT on Student
for each row
Set
Student.total = Student.subj1 + Student.subj2 + Student.subj3,
Student.per = Student.total * 60 / 100;
sql>insert into Student values(100, "John", 20, 20, 20, 0, 0);

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.09 sec)
sql> select * from Student;

+-----+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------+
| tid | name | subj1 | subj2 | subj3 | total | per |
+-----+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------+
| 100 | John | 20 | 20 | 20 | 60 | 36 |
+-----+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
Trigger Example 2
For example, given Library Book Management database schema

with Student database schema. In these databases, if any student
borrows a book from library then the count of that specified book
should be decremented. To do so,
Suppose the schema with some data,
sql> select * from book_det;

+-----+-------------+--------+
| bid | btitle | copies |
+-----+-------------+--------+
| 1 | Java | 8|
| 2 | C++ | 5|
| 3 | MySql | 10 |
| 4 | Oracle DBMS | 5|
+-----+-------------+--------+
sql> select * from book_issue;
+------+------+--------+
| bid | sid | btitle |
+------+------+--------+
To implement such procedure, in which if the system inserts the
data into the book_issue database a trigger should automatically
invoke and decrements the copies attribute by 1 so that a proper
track of book can be maintained.
Trigger for the system –
create trigger book_copies_deducts
After INSERT
on book_issue
for each row
update book_det set copies = copies – 1
where bid = new.bid;
Above trigger, will be activated whenever an insertion operation
performed in a book_issue database, it will update the book_det
schema setting copies decrements by 1 of current book id(bid).
sql> insert into book_issue values(1, 100, "Java");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.09 sec)
sql> select * from book_det;
+-----+-------------+--------+
| bid | btitle | copies |
+-----+-------------+--------+
| 1 | Java | 9|
| 2 | C++ | 5|
| 3 | MySql | 10 |
| 4 | Oracle DBMS | 5|
+-----+-------------+--------+
sql> select * from book_issue;
+------+------+--------+
| bid | sid | btitle |
+------+------+--------+
| 1 | 100 | Java |
+------+------+--------+
As above results show that as soon as data is inserted, copies of the
book deducts from the book schema in the system.
Create
Drop statement in SQL
1)Drop Table Table_name
Ex DROP TABLE Student;
2) Drop View View_name;
Ex DROP View Student_name;
3)Drop Trigger trigger_name
Ex DROP Trigger stud_marks;

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SQL​ is a database computer language designed for the retrieval and

management of data in a relational database. ​SQL​ stands

SQL is a standard language for storing, manipulating and retrieving

Data Definition Language Commands (DDL)

The commands are as follows:

This statement is used to create a table or a database.

The ‘CREATE DATABASE’ Statement

As the name suggests, this statement is used to create a database.

CREATE DATABASE DatabaseName;

CREATE DATABASE Company;

Create database hospital;

● The ‘CREATE TABLE’ Statement

This statement is used to create a table.

CREATE TABLE TableName (

ColumnN datatype [constraints]

● NOT NULL​ - Ensures that a column cannot have a NULL

CREATE TABLE Employee

Create table dept ( dept_no number(10) primary key , dept_name

Create table Student(USN varchar(8) primary key ,Name

This statement is used to drop an existing table or a database.

The ‘DROP TABLE’ Statement

DROP TABLE TableName;

1 DROP Table Employee_Info;

The SQL INSERT INTO Statement

The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new records in a

INSERT INTO Syntax

It is possible to write the INSERT INTO statement in two ways.

The INSERT INTO syntax would be as follows:

1 INSERT​ ​INTO​ ​table_name

ALTER TABLE - ADD Column

To add a column in a table, use the following syntax:

ALTER​ ​TABLE​ ​table_name

The following SQL adds an "Email" column to the "Customers"

ALTER​ ​TABLE​ Persons

To delete a column in a table, use the following syntax (notice that

ALTER​ ​TABLE​ ​table_name

The following SQL deletes the "Email" column from the

ALTER TABLE - ALTER/MODIFY COLUMN

To change the data type of a column in a table, use the following

ALTER​ ​TABLE​ ​table_name

DROP COLUMN Example

Next, we want to delete the column named "DateOfBirth" in the

We use the following SQL statement:

ALTER​ ​TABLE​ Persons

The SQL SELECT Statement

The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database.

The data returned is stored in a result table, called the result-set.

SELECT DISTINCT Syntax

SELECT column1, column2, columnN

SELECT ID​,​ NAME​,​ SALARY

SELECT ID​,​ NAME​,​ SALARY

1. Write a query in SQL to find the salaries of all employees

Select * from emp where job=’clerk’;

4. Write a query in SQL to display the unique designations for

Select DICTINCT(JOB) from emp;

5. Write a query in SQL to list the emp_name and salary.

6. Write a query in SQL to list the emp_name and salary.

SELECT ENAME,SAL FROM EMP

SELECT EMPNO, SAL FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=10;

8. Write a query in SQL to list the employees who does not

9. Write a query in SQL to display the average salaries of

SQL AND, OR and NOT Operators

SELECT​ * ​FROM​ Customers

SQL is a database computer language designed for the retrieval and

management of data in a relational database. SQL stands

● NOT NULL - Ensures that a column cannot have a NULL

1 INSERT INTO table_name

ALTER TABLE table_name

ALTER TABLE Persons

ALTER TABLE table_name

ALTER TABLE table_name

ALTER TABLE Persons

SELECT ID, NAME, SALARY

SELECT ID, NAME, SALARY

SELECT * FROM Customers

SELECT * FROM Customers

SELECT * FROM Customers

SELECT * FROM Customers

SELECT * FROM Customers

SELECT * FROM Customers

SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name

SELECT COUNT(column_name) FROM table_name;

SELECT max(column_name) FROM table_name;

SELECT avg(column_name) , sum(column_name)

10. Write a query in SQL to display names, designation and

Find all customers that are located in "Germany", "France" or

SELECT * FROM Customers

SELECT * FROM Customers

Find all products with a price BETWEEN 10 and 20:

SELECT * FROM Products

SELECT * FROM Emp

SELECT column1, column2, ...

SELECT * FROM Customers

SELECT * FROM Customers

DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS;

CREATE VIEW view_name AS