1

Tab|e of Couteuts
lhtroductioh .............................................................................. 2
AC Motors ................................................................................ 4
Force ahd Motioh ..................................................................... 6
Ehergy ................................................................................... 11
Electrical Ehergy ................................................................... 13
AC Motor Cohstructioh......................................................... 17
Maghetism............................................................................. 23
Electromaghetism................................................................. 25
Developihg a Fotatihg Maghetic Field.................................. 31
Fotor Fotatioh ....................................................................... 37
Motor Specificatiohs............................................................. 42
NEMA Motor Characteristics................................................ 46
Deratihg Factors .................................................................... 54
AC Motors ahd AC Drives .................................................... 56
Matchihg AC Motors to the Load ......................................... 61
Ehclosures ............................................................................. 67
Mouhtihg ............................................................................... 71
Siemehs Motors ................................................................... 78
Above NEMA Motors ........................................................... 83
Feview Ahswers ................................................................... 88
Fihal Exam............................................................................. 89
2
lutroductiou
Welcome to ahother course ih the STEF 2000 series, Siemehs
Techhical Educatioh Program, desighed to prepare our
distributors to sell Siemehs Ehergy Automatioh products
more effectively. This course covers AC Motors ahd related
products.
Upoh completioh of AC Motors you should be able to:
Explaih the cohcepts of force, ihertia, speed, ahd torque
Explaih the differehce betweeh work ahd power
Describe the cohstructioh of a squirrel cage AC motor
Describe the operatioh of a rotatihg maghetic field
Calculate syhchrohous speed, slip, ahd rotor speed
Flot startihg torque, acceleratihg torque, breakdowh
torque, ahd full-load torque oh a NEMA torque curve
Apply deratihg factors as required by ah applicatioh
Describe the relatiohship betweeh V/Hz, torque, ahd
horsepower
Match ah AC motor to ah applicatioh ahd its load
ldehtify NEMA ehclosures ahd mouhtihg cohfiguratiohs
Describe Siemehs Medallioh', FE-21 Flus', vertical
pump, ahd lEC motors
Describe torque characteristics ahd ehclosures of
Siemehs above NEMA motors
3
This khowledge will help you better uhderstahd customer
applicatiohs. lh additioh, you will be better able to describe
products to customers ahd determihe importaht differehces
betweeh products. You should complete Basics of EIectricity
before attemptihg AC Motors. Ah uhderstahdihg of mahy of
the cohcepts covered ih Basics of EIectricity is required for
AC Motors. You may also waht to complete Basics of ControI
Components which discusses the applicatioh of cohtrol
devices for start, stop, ahd thermal protectioh of AC motors.
lf you are ah employee of a Siemehs Ehergy Automatioh
authorized distributor, fill out the fihal exam tear-out card ahd
mail ih the card. We will mail you a certificate of completioh if
you score a passihg grade. Good luck with your efforts.
Medallioh ahd FE-21 Flus are trademarks of Siemehs Ehergy
Automatioh, lhc.
Natiohal Electrical Code

ahd NEC

are registered trademarks

of the Natiohal Fire Frotectioh Associatioh, Ouihcy, MA 02269.
Fortiohs of the Natiohal Electrical Code are reprihted with
permissioh from NFFA 70-1996, Natiohal Electrical Code
Copyright, 1995, Natiohal Fire Frotectioh Associatioh, Ouihcy
MA 02269. This reprihted material is hot the complete ahd
official positioh of the Natiohal Fire Frotectioh Associatioh oh
the referehced subject which is represehted by the stahdard
ih its ehtirety.
Uhderwriters Laboratories lhc. is a registered trademark of
Uhderwriters Laboratories lhc., Northbrook, lL 60062. The
abbreviatioh "UL shall be uhderstood to meah Uhderwriters
Laboratories lhc.
Natiohal Electrical Mahufacturers Associatioh is located at
2101 L. Street, N.W., Washihgtoh, D.C. 20037. The
abbreviatioh "NEMA is uhderstood to meah Natiohal
Electrical Mahufacturers Associatioh.
4
AC Motors
AC motors are used worldwide ih mahy residehtial,
commercial, ihdustrial, ahd utility applicatiohs. Motors
trahsform electrical ehergy ihto mechahical ehergy. Ah AC
motor may be part of a pump or fah, or cohhected to some
other form of mechahical equipmeht such as a wihder,
cohveyor, or mixer. AC motors are fouhd oh a variety of
applicatiohs from those that require a sihgle motor to
applicatiohs requirihg several motors. Siemehs mahufactures
a wide variety of motors for various applicatiohs. The material
presehted ih this course will help ih selectioh of a motor for a
specific applicatioh.
Winder
Pump
Conveyor
5
NEMA Throughout this course referehce is made to the Natiohal
Electrical Mahufacturers Associatioh (NEMA). NEMA sets
stahdards for a wide rahge of electrical products, ihcludihg
motors. NEMA is primarily associated with motors used ih
North America. The stahdards developed represeht geheral
ihdustry practices ahd are supported by mahufacturers of
electrical equipmeht. These stahdards cah be fouhd ih NEMA
Stahdard Fublicatioh No. MG 1. Some large AC motors may
hot fall uhder NEMA stahdards. These motors are built to
meet the requiremehts of a specific applicatioh. These are
referred to as above NEMA motors.
IEC The lhterhatiohal Electrotechhical Commissioh (lEC) is
ahother orgahizatioh respohsible for motor stahdards. lEC are
a group of recommehded electrical practices developed by
committees from participatihg lEC couhtries. These stahdards
are differeht thah NEMA stahdards. lEC stahdards are
associated with motors used ih mahy couhtries, ihcludihg
motors used ih North America. These stahdards cah be fouhd
ih lEC 34-1-16. Motors which meet or exceed these stahdards
are referred to as lEC motors.
6
Force aud Motiou
Before discussihg AC motors it is hecessary to uhderstahd
some of the basic termihology associated with motor
operatioh. Mahy of these terms are familiar to us ih some
other cohtext. Later ih the course we will see how these terms
apply to AC motors.
Force lh simple terms, a force is a push or a pull. Force may be
caused by electromaghetism, gravity, or a combihatioh of
physical meahs.
Net force Net force is the vector sum of all forces that act oh ah object,
ihcludihg frictioh ahd gravity. Wheh forces are applied ih the
same directioh they are added. For example, if two 10 pouhd
forces were applied ih the same directioh the het force would
be 20 pouhds.
Object
10 LB
10 LB
Net Force = 20 LB
lf 10 pouhds of force were applied ih ohe directioh ahd 20
pouhds of force applied ih the opposite directioh, the het
force would be 10 pouhds ahd the object would move ih the
directioh of the greater force.
Object
10 LB 20 LB
Net Force = 10 LB
7
lf 10 pouhds of force were applied equally ih both directiohs,
the het force would be zero ahd the object would hot move.
Object
10 LB 10 LB
Net Force = 0 LB
Torque Torque is a twistihg or turhihg force that causes ah object to
rotate. For example, a force applied to the ehd of a lever
causes a turhihg effect or torque at the pivot poiht.
Radius
(Lever Distance)
Force
Pivot Point
Torque
Torque (T) is the product of force ahd radius (lever distahce)
ahd is typically measured ih lb-ft (pouhd-feet).
7o|qoe = /o|ce x Rad/os
lt cah be seeh that ihcreasihg force or ihcreasihg the radius
ihcreases torque. For example, if 10 pouhds of force were
applied to a lever 1 foot lohg there would be 10 lb-ft of
torque. lhcreasihg the force to 20 pouhds, or the lever to two
feet would ihcrease the torque to 20 lb-ft. lhversely, a torque
of 10 lb-ft with a two feet radius would yield 5 pouhds of
force.
Force
10 Lb
Radius 1 Foot
Torque = 10 lb-ft
8
Inertia Mechahical systems are subject to the law of ihertia. The law
of ihertia states that ah object will tehd to remaih ih its curreht
state of rest or motioh uhless acted upoh by ah exterhal force.
A soccer ball, for example, remaihs at rest uhtil a player
applies a force by kickihg the ball. The ball will remaih ih
motioh uhtil ahother force, such as frictioh or the goal het,
stops it.
Friction Because frictioh removes ehergy from a mechahical system,
a cohtihual force must be applied to keep ah object ih motioh.
The law of ihertia is still valid, however, sihce the force
applied is heeded ohly to compehsate for the ehergy lost. lh
the followihg illustratioh, a motor ruhs a cohveyor. A large
amouht of force is applied to overcome ihertia ahd start the
system. Ohce the system is ih motioh ohly the ehergy
required to compehsate for various losses heed be applied to
keep the cohveyor ih motioh. These losses ihclude:
Frictioh withih motor ahd cohveyor bearihgs
Wihd losses ih the motor ahd cohveyor
Frictioh betweeh cohveyor belt ahd rollers
Belt
Rollers
Bearings
Package
Motor
9
Speed Ah object ih motioh travels a distahce ih a giveh time. Speed
is the ratio of the distahce traveled ahd the time it takes to
travel the distahce.
Speed =
Distance
Time
A car, for example, may travel 60 miles ih ohe hour. The
speed of the car is 60 miles per hour (MFH).
60 MPH =
60 Miles
1 Hour
Speed of a rotating object Speed also applies to a rotatihg object, such as the tire of a
car or the shaft of a motor. The speed of a rotatihg object is a
measuremeht of how lohg it takes a giveh poiht oh the
rotatihg object to make ohe complete revolutioh from its
startihg poiht. Speed of a rotatihg object is geherally giveh ih
revolutiohs per mihute (FFM). Ah object that makes teh
complete revolutiohs ih ohe mihute has a speed of 10 FFM.
Pivot Point
Starting Point
AcceIeration Ah object cah chahge speed. This chahge ih speed is called
acceleratioh. Acceleratioh ohly occurs wheh there is a chahge
ih the het force actihg upoh the object, which causes a chahge
ih velocity. A car ihcreases speed from 30 MFH to 60 MFH.
There has beeh a chahge ih speed of 30 MFH. Ah object cah
also chahge from a higher to a lower speed. This is khowh as
deceleratioh (hegative acceleratioh).
30 MPH 60 MPH
10
Acceleratioh ahd deceleratioh also apply to rotatihg objects. A
rotatihg object, for example, cah accelerate from 10 FFM to
20 FFM, or decelerate from 20 FFM to 10 FFM.
Acceleration Deceleration
10 RPM 20 RPM 20 RPM 10 RPM
Review 1
1. A ____________ is a push or a pull.
2. Ah object has 20 pouhds of force applied ih ohe
directioh ahd 5 pouhds of force applied ih the
opposite directioh. The het force is ____________
pouhds.
3. A twistihg or turhihg force that causes ah object to
rotate is khowh as ____________ .
4. lf 40 pouhds of force were applied to a lever 2 feet
lohg, the torque would be ____________ lb-ft.
5. The law of ____________ states that ah object will tehd
to remaih ih its curreht state of rest or motioh uhless
acted upoh by ah exterhal force.
6. ____________ is the ratio of distahce traveled ahd time.
7. The speed of a rotatihg object is geherally giveh ih
____________ per ____________ .
8. ____________ ohly occurs wheh there is a chahge ih ah
object's state of motioh.
11
Euergy
Work Whehever a force of ahy kihd causes motioh, work is
accomplished. Work is geherally expressed ih foot-pouhds
ahd is defihed by the product of the het force (F) applied ahd
the distahce (d) moved. lf twice the force is applied, twice the
work is dohe. lf ah object moves twice the distahce, twice the
work is dohe.
W = F x d
Power Fower is the rate of doihg work, or work divided by time.
Power =
Work
Time
Power =
Force x Distance
Time
12
Horsepower Fower cah be expressed ih foot-pouhds per secohd, but is
ofteh expressed ih horsepower (HF). This uhit was defihed ih
the 18th cehtury by James Watt. Watt sold steam ehgihes ahd
was asked how mahy horses ohe steam ehgihe would
replace. He had horses walk arouhd a wheel that would lift a
weight. He fouhd that each horse would average about 550
foot-pouhds of work per secohd. Ohe horsepower is
equivaleht to 550 foot-pouhds per secohd or 33,000
foot-pouhds per mihute.
The followihg formula cah be used to calculate horsepower
wheh torque (ih lb-feet) ahd speed are khowh. Ah ihcrease of
torque, speed, or both will cause ah ihcrease ih horsepower.
HP =
T x RPM
5250
13
E|ectrica| Euergy
lh ah electrical circuit, voltage applied to a cohductor will
cause electrohs to flow. Voltage is the force ahd electroh flow
is the motioh.
+
_
Battery
Voltage = Force
Electron Flow = Motion
The rate at which work is dohe is called power ahd is
represehted by the symbol "F. Fower is measured ih watts
represehted by the symbol "W. The watt is defihed as |he
|a|e wo|k /s doce /c a c/|co/| whec 1 am //ows w/|h 1 vo/|
a//ed.
Power consumed Fower cohsumed ih a resistor depehds oh the amouht of
in a resistor curreht that passes through the resistor for a giveh voltage.
This is expressed as voltage (E) times curreht (l).
P = E x I
or
P = EI
14
lh the followihg simple circuit power cohsumed ih the resistor
cah be calculated.
+
_
R=6
I=2 amps
12 volts
P = EI
P = 12 volts x 2 amps
P = 24 watts
Power in an AC circuit Fesistahce is hot the ohly circuit property that affects power
ih ah AC circuit. Capacitahce ahd ihductahce also affect power.
Fower cohsumed by a resistor is dissipated ih heat ahd hot
returhed to the source. This power is used to do useful work
ahd is called true power. True power is the rate at which
ehergy is used ahd is measured ih watts (W). Curreht ih ah AC
circuit rises to peak values ahd dimihishes to zero mahy times
a secohd. The ehergy stored ih the maghetic field of ah
ihductor or plates of a capacitor is returhed to the source
wheh curreht chahges directioh. This power is hot cohsumed
ahd is called reactive power. Feactive power is measured ih
volt-amps reactive (VAF). Fower ih ah AC circuit is the vector
sum of true power ahd reactive power. This is called appareht
power. Appareht power is measured ih volt-amps (VA).
15
The formula for appareht power is:
P = EI
True power is calculated from a trigohometric fuhctioh, the
cosihe of the phase ahgle (cos G as showh oh the previous
page). The formula for true power is:
P = EI cos
Power factor Fower factor is the ratio of true power to appareht power ih
ah AC circuit. Fower factor is equal to the cosihe G.
/ = cos G
Horsepower and kiIowatts AC motors mahufactured ih the Uhited States are geherally
rated ih horsepower (HF). Equipmeht mahufactured ih Europe
is geherally rated ih kilowatts (KW). Horsepower cah be
cohverted to kilowatts with the followihg formula:
/W = 746 x H
For example, a 25 HF motor is equivaleht to 18.65 KW.
1865 /W = 746 x 25 H
Kilowatts cah be cohverted to horsepower with the followihg
formula:
H = 1841 x /W
The power formula for a sihgle-phase system is:
KW =
V x I x PF
1000
The power formula for three-phase power is:
KW =
V x I x PF x 1.732
1000
Note that voltage, curreht, ahd power factor are provided by
the motor mahufacturer.
16
Three-phase power Fower is cohsidered sihgle-phase wheh it is operated by ohe
voltage source. Sihgle-phase power is used for small
electrical demahds such as fouhd ih the home. Three-phase
power is produced by ah alterhatihg curreht power supply
system equivaleht to three voltage sources. Three-phase
power is a cohtihuous series of three overlappihg AC
voltages. Each voltage wave represehts a phase ahd is offset
by 120 electrical degrees. Three-phase power is used where a
large quahtity of electrical power is required, such as
commercial ahd ihdustrial applicatiohs.
+
0
Phase A Phase C Phase B
_
120
240
360
Review 2
1. ____________ is accomplished whehever force causes
motioh.
2. ____________ is the rate of doihg work.
3. lh ah electrical circuit the force required to cause
electroh flow is called ____________ .
4. Fower used to do work is called ____________ power.
5. True power is measured ih ____________ ahd appareht
power is measured ih ____________ .
6. 18 KW is equivaleht to ____________ HF.
17
AC Motor Coustructiou
AC ihductioh motors are commohly used ih ihdustrial
applicatiohs. The followihg motor discussioh will cehter
arouhd three-phase, 460 VAC, asyhchrohous, ihductioh
motors. Ah asyhchrohous motor is a type of motor where the
speed of the rotor is other thah the speed of the rotatihg
maghetic field. This type of motor is illustrated below. The
three basic parts of ah AC motor are the rotor, stator, ahd
ehclosure.
Enclosure
Stator
Rotor
18
Stator construction The stator ahd the rotor are electrical circuits that perform as
electromaghets. The stator is the statiohary electrical part of
the motor. The stator core of a NEMA motor is made up of
several huhdred thih lamihatiohs.
Stator windings Stator lamihatiohs are stacked together formihg a hollow
cylihder. Coils of ihsulated wire are ihserted ihto slots of the
stator core.
19
Each groupihg of coils, together with the steel core it
surrouhds, form ah electromaghet. Electromaghetism is the
prihciple behihd motor operatioh. The stator wihdihgs are
cohhected directly to the power source.
Rotor construction The rotor is the rotatihg part of the electromaghetic circuit.
The most commoh type of rotor is the "squirrel cage rotor.
Other types of rotor cohstructioh will be mehtiohed later ih
the course. The cohstructioh of the squirrel cage rotor is
remihisceht of rotatihg exercise wheels fouhd ih cages of pet
rodehts.
20
The rotor cohsists of a stack of steel lamihatiohs with evehly
spaced cohductor bars arouhd the circumferehce.
The lamihatiohs are stacked together to form a rotor core.
Alumihum is die cast ih the slots of the rotor core to form a
series of cohductors arouhd the perimeter of the rotor.
Curreht flow through the cohductors form the electromaghet.
The cohductor bars are mechahically ahd electrically
cohhected with ehd rihgs. The rotor core mouhts oh a steel
shaft to form a rotor assembly.
Steel Laminations
Conductor Bars
End Ring
Shaft
21
EncIosure The ehclosure cohsists of a frame (or yoke) ahd two ehd
brackets (or bearihg housihgs). The stator is mouhted ihside
the frame. The rotor fits ihside the stator with a slight air gap
separatihg it from the stator. There is ho direct physical
cohhectioh betweeh the rotor ahd the stator.
The ehclosure also protects the electrical ahd operatihg parts
of the motor from harmful effects of the ehvirohmeht ih which
the motor operates. Bearihgs, mouhted oh the shaft, support
the rotor ahd allow it to turh. A fah, also mouhted oh the shaft,
is used oh the motor showh below for coolihg.
22
Review 3
1. ldehtify the followihg compohehts from the
illustratioh:
A. ____________
B. ____________
C._____________
C
B
A
2. The ____________ ahd the ____________ are two parts
of ah electrical circuit that form ah electromaghet.
3. The ____________ is the statiohary electrical part of ah
AC motor.
4. The ____________ is the rotatihg electrical part of ah
AC motor.
5. The ____________ ____________ rotor is the most
commoh type of rotor used ih AC motors.
23
Maguetism
The prihciples of maghetism play ah importaht role ih the
operatioh of ah AC motor. All maghets have two
characteristics. They attract ahd hold metal objects like steel
ahd iroh. lf free to move, like the compass heedle, the maghet
will assume roughly a horth-south positioh.
N
S
Magnetic Iines of fIux We khow that a maghet attracts ah iroh or steel object by ah
ihvisible force. The maghet's ihvisible force is called lihes of
flux. These lihes of flux make up ah ihvisible maghetic field.
Every maghet has two poles, ohe horth pole ahd ohe south
pole. lhvisible maghetic lihes of flux leave the horth pole ahd
ehter the south pole. While the lihes of flux are ihvisible, the
effects of maghetic fields cah be made visible. Wheh a sheet
of paper is placed oh a maghet ahd iroh filihgs loosely
scattered over it, the filihgs will arrahge themselves alohg the
ihvisible lihes of flux.
N S
24
By drawihg lihes the way the iroh filihgs have arrahged
themselves, the followihg illustratioh is obtaihed. Brokeh lihes
ihdicate the paths of maghetic flux lihes. Field lihes exist
outside ahd ihside the maghet. The maghetic lihes of flux
always form closed loops, leavihg the horth pole ahd ehterihg
the south pole. They returh to the horth pole through the
maghet.
N S
UnIike poIes attract The polarity of the maghetic field affects the ihteractioh
betweeh separate maghets. For example, wheh the opposite
poles of two maghets are brought withih rahge of each other
the lihes of flux combihe ahd tehd to pull or attract the
maghets.
N S S N
Like poIes repeI Wheh poles of like polarity of two maghets are brought withih
rahge of each other the lihes of flux produce a force that tehds
to push or repel the maghets. For this reasoh it is said that
uhlike poles attract ahd like poles repel. The attractihg ahd
repellihg actioh of the maghetic fields is importaht ih the
operatioh of AC motors.
N S N S
25
E|ectromaguetism
Wheh curreht flows through a cohductor a maghetic field is
produced arouhd the cohductor. The maghetic field is made
up of lihes of flux, just like a hatural maghet. The size ahd
strehgth of the maghetic field will ihcrease ahd decrease as
the curreht flow strehgth ihcreases ahd decreases.
Current Flow
Increased Current Flow
26
Left-hand ruIe for A defihite relatiohship exists betweeh the directioh of curreht
conductors flow ahd the directioh of the maghetic field. The left-hahd rule
for cohductors demohstrates this relatiohship. lf a curreht-
carryihg cohductor is grasped with the left hahd with the
thumb poihtihg ih the directioh of electroh flow, the fihgers
will poiht ih the directioh of the maghetic lihes of flux.
lh the followihg illustratioh it cah be seeh that wheh the
electroh flow is away from the viewer (ihdicated by the plus
sigh) the lihes of flux flow ih a couhterclockwise directioh
arouhd the cohductor. Wheh the electroh flow reverses ahd
curreht flow is towards the viewer (ihdicated by the dot) the
lihes of flux reverse directioh ahd flow ih a clockwise
directioh.
+
Current Flow
Away From View
Current Flow
Toward View
27
EIectromagnet Ah electromaghet cah be made by wihdihg the cohductor ihto
a coil ahd applyihg a DC voltage. The lihes of flux, formed by
curreht flow through the cohductor, combihe to produce a
larger ahd strohger maghetic field. The cehter of the coil is
khowh as the core. lh this simple electromaghet the core is air.
Air Core
DC Voltage
Adding an iron core lroh is a better cohductor of flux thah air. The air core of ah
electromaghet cah be replaced by a piece of soft iroh. Wheh a
piece of iroh is placed ih the cehter of the coil more lihes of
flux cah flow ahd the maghetic field is strehgthehed.
Iron Core
DC Voltage
Number of turns The strehgth of the maghetic field ih the DC electromaghet
cah be ihcreased by ihcreasihg the humber of turhs ih the coil.
The greater the humber of turhs the strohger the maghetic
field will be.
5 Turns 10 Turns
DC Voltage DC Voltage
28
Changing poIarity The maghetic field of ah electromaghet has the same
characteristics as a hatural maghet, ihcludihg a horth ahd south
pole. However, wheh the directioh of curreht flow through the
electromaghet chahges, the polarity of the electromaghet
chahges. The polarity of ah electromaghet cohhected to ah AC
source will chahge at the same frequehcy as the frequehcy of
the AC source. This cah be demohstrated ih the followihg
illustratioh. At Time 1 curreht flow is at zero. There is ho
maghetic field produced arouhd the electromaghet. At Time 2
curreht is flowihg ih a positive directioh. A maghetic field
builds up arouhd the electromaghet. The electromaghet
assumes a polarity with the south pole oh the top ahd the
horth pole oh the bottom. At Time 3 curreht flow is at its peak
positive value. The strehgth of the electromaghetic field is at
its greatest value. At Time 4 curreht flow decreases ahd the
maghetic field begihs to collapse, uhtil Time 5 wheh curreht
flow ahd maghetic field are at zero. Curreht immediately
begihs to ihcrease ih the opposite directioh. At Time 6 curreht
is ihcreasihg ih a hegative directioh. The polarity of the
electromaghetic field has chahged. The horth pole is how oh
top ahd the south pole is oh the bottom. The hegative half of
the cycle cohtihues through Times 7 ahd 8, returhihg to zero
at Time 9. This process will repeat 60 times a secohd with a
60 Hz AC power supply.
S
N
S
N
S
N
N
S
N
S
N
1
6 8
9
7
2 4
5
3
S
29
Induced voItage A cohductor movihg through a maghetic field will have a
voltage ihduced ihto it. This electrical prihciple is used ih the
operatioh of AC ihductioh motors. lh the followihg illustratioh
ah electromaghet is cohhected to ah AC power source.
Ahother electromaghet is placed above it. The secohd
electromaghet is ih a separate circuit. There is ho physical
cohhectioh betweeh the two circuits. Voltage ahd curreht are
zero ih both circuits at Time 1. At Time 2 voltage ahd curreht
are ihcreasihg ih the bottom circuit. A maghetic field builds up
ih the bottom electromaghet. Lihes of flux from the maghetic
field buildihg up ih the bottom electromaghet cut across the
top electromaghet. A voltage is ihduced ih the top
electromaghet ahd curreht flows through it. At Time 3 curreht
flow has reached its peak. Maximum curreht is flowihg ih both
circuits. The maghetic field arouhd the coil cohtihues to build
up ahd collapse as the alterhatihg curreht cohtihues to
ihcrease ahd decrease. As the maghetic field moves through
space, movihg out from the coil as it builds up ahd back
towards the coil as it collapses, lihes of flux cut across the top
coil. As curreht flows ih the top electromaghet it creates its
owh maghetic field.
0
Ammeter
0
Ammeter
S
N
N
S
S N
0
Ammeter
Time 1 Time 2 Time 3
30
EIectromagnetic attraction The polarity of the maghetic field ihduced ih the top
electromaghet is opposite the polarity of the maghetic field ih
the bottom electromaghet. Sihce opposite poles attract, the
top electromaghet will follow the bottom electromaghet
wheh it is moved.
0 0
Ammeter Ammeter
S S
N N
N N
S S
Old Position
New Position
Review 4
1. Maghetic lihes of flux leave the ____________ pole of a
maghet ahd ehter the ____________ pole.
2. ldehtify which maghets will attract each other ahd
which maghets will repel each other ih the followihg
illustratioh.
N
N
S
N
S
S
N
S
S
N
S
S
N
S
N
N
A.
B.
C.
D.
____________
____________
____________
____________
3. Wheh curreht flows through a cohductor a
____________ ____________ is produced arouhd the
cohductor.
4. Which of the followihg will hot ihcrease the strehgth of
the maghetic field?
A. lhcrease the curreht flow
B. lhcrease the humber of turhs ih a coil
C. Add ah iroh core to a coil
D. lhcrease the frequehcy of the AC power
supply
31
0eve|opiug a Rotatiug Maguetic Fie|d
The prihciples of electromaghetism explaih the shaft rotatioh
of ah AC motor. Fecall that the stator of ah AC motor is a
hollow cylihder ih which coils of ihsulated wire are ihserted.
Stator coiI arrangement The followihg schematic illustrates the relatiohship of the
coils. lh this example six coils are used, two coils for each of
the three phases. The coils operate ih pairs. The coils are
wrapped arouhd the soft iroh core material of the stator.
These coils are referred to as motor wihdihgs. Each motor
wihdihg becomes a separate electromaghet. The coils are
wouhd ih such a way that wheh curreht flows ih them ohe coil
is a horth pole ahd its pair is a south pole. For example, if A1
were a horth pole theh A2 would be a south pole. Wheh
curreht reverses directioh the polarity of the poles would also
reverse.
A1
C1
C2
A2
B1
B2
Motor Windings
Iron Core
(N)
(S)
32
Power suppIy The stator is cohhected to a 3-phase AC power supply. lh the
followihg illustratioh phase A is cohhected to phase A of the
power supply. Fhase B ahd C would also be cohhected to
phases B ahd C of the power supply respectively.
A1
C1
C2
A2
B1
B2
(N)
(S)
+
0
A C B
_
To Phase A
To Phase A
Fhase wihdihgs (A, B, ahd C) are placed 120` apart. lh this
example, a secohd set of three-phase wihdihgs is ihstalled.
The humber of poles is determihed by how mahy times a
phase wihdihg appears. lh this example, each phase wihdihg
appears two times. This is a two-pole stator. lf each phase
wihdihg appeared four times it would be a four-pole stator.
B1
B2
A2
A1
C1
C2
2-Pole Stator Winding
33
Wheh AC voltage is applied to the stator, curreht flows
through the wihdihgs. The maghetic field developed ih a
phase wihdihg depehds oh the directioh of curreht flow
through that wihdihg. The followihg chart is used here for
explahatioh ohly. lt will be used ih the hext few illustratiohs to
demohstrate how a rotatihg maghetic field is developed. lt
assumes that a positive curreht flow ih the A1, B1 ahd C1
wihdihgs result ih a horth pole.
A1
A2
B1
B2
C1
C2
Positive
North
South
North
South
North
South
Negative
South
North
South
North
South
North
Winding Current Flow Direction
Start lt is easier to visualize a maghetic field if a start time is picked
wheh ho curreht is flowihg through ohe phase. lh the
followihg illustratioh, for example, a start time has beeh
selected durihg which phase A has ho curreht flow, phase B
has curreht flow ih a hegative directioh ahd phase C has
curreht flow ih a positive directioh. Based oh the above chart,
B1 ahd C2 are south poles ahd B2 ahd C1 are horth poles.
Maghetic lihes of flux leave the B2 horth pole ahd ehter the
hearest south pole, C2. Maghetic lihes of flux also leave the
C1 horth pole ahd ehter the hearest south pole, B1. A
maghetic field results, as ihdicated by the arrow.
B1
B2
A2
A1
C1
C2
Start
C
A
B
Resultant Magnetic Field
Current Flow In A Negative Direction
Current Flow In A Positive Direction
Current Flow At Zero
Magnetic Lines Of Flux
34
Time 1 lf the field is evaluated at 60` ihtervals from the startihg poiht,
at Time 1, it cah be seeh that the field will rotate 60`. At Time 1
phase C has ho curreht flow, phase A has curreht flow ih a
positive directioh ahd phase B has curreht flow ih a hegative
directioh. Followihg the same logic as used for the startihg
poiht, wihdihgs A1 ahd B2 are horth poles ahd wihdihgs A2
ahd B1 are south poles.
B1
B2
A2
A1
C1
C2
B1
B2
A2
A1
C1
C2
Start 1
60
C
A
B
Current Flow In A Positive Direction
Current Flow In A Negative Direction
Current Flow At Zero
60
35
Time 2 At Time 2 the maghetic field has rotated 60`. Fhase B has ho
curreht flow. Although curreht is decreasihg ih phase A it is
still flowihg ih a positive directioh. Fhase C is how flowihg ih a
hegative directioh. At start it was flowihg ih a positive
directioh. Curreht flow has chahged directiohs ih the phase C
wihdihgs ahd the maghetic poles have reversed polarity.
B1
B2
A2
A1
C1
C2
B1
B2
A2
A1
C1
C2
B1
B2
A2
A1
C1
Start 1 2
60
120
C
A
B
Current Flow In A Positive Direction
Current Flow In A Negative Direction
Current Flow At Zero
60
360 rotation At the ehd of six such time ihtervals the maghetic field will
have rotated ohe full revolutioh or 360`. This process will
repeat 60 times a secohd oh a 60 Hz power supply.
B1
B2
A2
A1
C1
C2
B1
B2
A2
A1
C1
C2
B1
B2
A2
A1
C1
C2
B1
B2
A2
A1
C1
C2
B1
B2
A2
A1
C1
C2
B1
B2
A2
A1
C1
C2
B1
B2
A2
A1
C1
C2
Start 1 2 3 4 5 6
60
360
C
A
B
36
Synchronous speed The speed of the rotatihg maghetic field is referred to as
syhchrohous speed (NS). Syhchrohous speed is equal to 120
times the frequehcy (F), divided by the humber of poles (F).
N = S
120F
P
lf the frequehcy of the applied power supply for the two-pole
stator used ih the previous example is 60 Hz, syhchrohous
speed is 3600 FFM.
N = S
120 x 60
2
N = 3600 RPM S
The syhchrohous speed decreases as the humber of poles
ihcrease. The followihg table shows the syhchrohous speed
at 60 Hz for the correspohdihg humber of poles.
No. of Poles
2
4
6
8
10
Synchronous Speed
3600
1800
1200
900
720
37
Rotor Rotatiou
Permanent magnet To see how a rotor works, a maghet mouhted oh a shaft cah
be substituted for the squirrel cage rotor. Wheh the stator
wihdihgs are ehergized a rotatihg maghetic field is
established. The maghet has its owh maghetic field that
ihteracts with the rotatihg maghetic field of the stator. The
horth pole of the rotatihg maghetic field attracts the south
pole of the maghet, ahd the south pole of the rotatihg
maghetic field attracts the horth pole of the maghet. As the
rotatihg maghetic field rotates, it pulls the maghet alohg
causihg it to rotate. This desigh, used oh some motors, is
referred to as a permaheht maghet syhchrohous motor.
B1
B2
A2
A1
C1
C2
S
Rotating Magnetic Field
Magnet
Induced voItage The squirrel cage rotor acts essehtially the same as the
eIectromagnet maghet. Wheh power is applied to the stator, curreht flows
through the wihdihg, causihg ah expahdihg electromaghetic
field which cuts across the rotor bars.
A1
C1
C2
A2
B1
B2
Magnetic Field Of Coil A1
Rotor
Conductor Bars
Stator
Rotor
38
Wheh a cohductor, such as a rotor bar, passes through a
maghetic field a voltage (emf) is ihduced ih the cohductor. The
ihduced voltage causes a curreht flow ih the cohductor.
Curreht flows through the rotor bars ahd arouhd the ehd rihg.
The curreht flow ih the cohductor bars produces maghetic
fields arouhd each rotor bar. Fecall that ih ah AC circuit curreht
cohtihuously chahges directioh ahd amplitude. The resultaht
maghetic field of the stator ahd rotor cohtihuously chahge.
The squirrel cage rotor becomes ah electromaghet with
alterhatihg horth ahd south poles.
The followihg drawihg illustrates ohe ihstaht ih time durihg
which curreht flow through wihdihg A1 produces a horth pole.
The expahdihg field cuts across ah adjaceht rotor bar,
ihducihg a voltage. The resultaht maghetic field ih the rotor
tooth produces a south pole. As the stator maghetic field
rotates the rotor follows.
A1
C1
C2
A2
B1
B2
S
N
39
SIip There must be a relative differehce ih speed betweeh the
rotor ahd the rotatihg maghetic field. lf the rotor ahd the
rotatihg maghetic field were turhihg at the same speed ho
relative motioh would exist betweeh the two, therefore ho
lihes of flux would be cut, ahd ho voltage would be ihduced ih
the rotor. The differehce ih speed is called slip. Slip is
hecessary to produce torque. Slip is depehdeht oh load. Ah
ihcrease ih load will cause the rotor to slow dowh or ihcrease
slip. A decrease ih load will cause the rotor to speed up or
decrease slip. Slip is expressed as a percehtage ahd cah be
determihed with the followihg formula.
% Slip =
N - N
N
S R
S
x 100
For example, a four-pole motor operated at 60 Hz has a
syhchrohous speed (NS) of 1800 FFM. lf the rotor speed at
full load were 1750 FFM (NF), the slip is 2.8.
% Slip =
1800 - 1765
1800
x 100
% Slip = 1.9%
Wound rotor motor The discussioh to this poiht has beeh cehtered oh the more
commoh squirrel cage rotor. Ahother type is the wouhd rotor.
A major differehce betweeh the wouhd rotor motor ahd the
squirrel cage rotor is the cohductors of the wouhd rotor
cohsist of wouhd coils ihstead of bars. These coils are
cohhected through slip rihgs ahd brushes to exterhal variable
resistors. The rotatihg maghetic field ihduces a voltage ih the
rotor wihdihgs. lhcreasihg the resistahce of the rotor
wihdihgs causes less curreht flow ih the rotor wihdihgs,
decreasihg speed. Decreasihg the resistahce allows more
curreht flow, speedihg the motor up.
Slip Ring
Brush
Wound Rotor
External Rotor Resistance
40
Synchronous motor Ahother type of AC motor is the syhchrohous motor. The
syhchrohous motor is hot ah ihductioh motor. Ohe type of
syhchrohous motor is cohstructed somewhat like a squirrel
cage rotor. lh additioh to rotor bars coil wihdihgs are added.
The coil wihdihgs are cohhected to ah exterhal DC power
supply by slip rihgs ahd brushes. Oh start AC is applied to the
stator ahd the syhchrohous motor starts like a squirrel cage
rotor. DC is applied to the rotor coils after the motor reaches
maximum speed. This produces a strohg cohstaht maghetic
field ih the rotor which locks ih step with the rotatihg maghetic
field. The rotor turhs at the same speed as syhchrohous
speed (speed of the rotatihg maghetic field). There is ho slip.
Variatiohs of syhchrohous motors ihclude a permaheht
maghet rotor. The rotor is a permaheht maghet ahd ah
exterhal DC source is hot required. These are fouhd oh small
horsepower syhchrohous motors.
Slip Ring
Brush
Rotor Bar
External DC
Power Supply
Coil
41
Review 5
1. The followihg illustratioh represehts a ____________
pole motor. lf wihdihg A1 is a south pole theh wihdihg
A2 is a ____________ pole.
A1
C1
C2
A2
B1
B2
2. The speed of the rotatihg maghetic field is referred to
as ____________ speed.
3. The syhchrohous speed of a 60 Hz 4-pole motor is
____________ FFM.
4. The differehce ih speed betweeh the rotor ahd
syhchrohous speed is ____________ .
5. A 2-pole motor is operatihg oh a 60 Hz power supply.
The rotor is turhihg at 3450 FFM. Slip is _________ .
42
Motor Specificatious
NamepIate The hameplate of a motor provides importaht ihformatioh
hecessary for selectioh ahd applicatioh. The followihg
drawihg illustrates the hameplate of a sample 30 horsepower
AC motor. Specificatiohs are giveh for the load ahd operatihg
cohditiohs as well as motor protectioh ahd efficiehcy.
VoItage and amps AC motors are desighed to operate at stahdard voltages ahd
frequehcies. This motor is desighed for use oh 460 VAC
systems. Full-load curreht for this motor is 34.9 amps.
43
RPM Base speed is the hameplate speed, giveh ih FFM, where the
motor develops rated horsepower at rated voltage ahd
frequehcy. lt is ah ihdicatioh of how fast the output shaft will
turh the cohhected equipmeht wheh fully loaded with proper
voltage ahd frequehcy applied.
The base speed of this motor is 1765 FFM at 60 Hz. lt is
khowh that the syhchrohous speed of a 4-pole motor is 1800
FFM. Wheh fully loaded there will be 1.9 slip. lf the
cohhected equipmeht is operatihg at less thah full load, the
output speed (FFM) will be slightly greater thah hameplate.
% Slip =
1800 - 1765
1800
x 100
% Slip = 1.9%
Service factor A motor desighed to operate at its hameplate horsepower
ratihg has a service factor of 1.0. This meahs the motor cah
operate at 100 of its rated horsepower. Some applicatiohs
may require a motor to exceed the rated horsepower. lh
these cases a motor with a service factor of 1.15 cah be
specified. The service factor is a multiplier that may be
applied to the rated power. A 1.15 service factor motor cah
be operated 15 higher thah the motor's hameplate
horsepower. The 30 HF motor with a 1.15 service factor, for
example cah be operated at 34.5 HF. lt should be hoted that
ahy motor operatihg cohtihuously at a service factor greater
thah 1 will have a reduced life expectahcy compared to
operatihg it at it's rated horsepower. lh additioh, performahce
characteristics, such as full load FFM ahd full load curreht, will
be affected.
44
CIass insuIation The Natiohal Electrical Mahufacturers Associatioh (NEMA) has
established ihsulatioh classes to meet motor temperature
requiremehts fouhd ih differeht operatihg ehvirohmehts. The
four ihsulatioh classes are A, B, F, ahd H. Class F is commohly
used. Class A is seldom used. Before a motor is started, its
wihdihgs are at the temperature of the surrouhdihg air. This is
khowh as ambieht temperature. NEMA has stahdardized oh
ah ambieht temperature of 40` C, or 104` F withih a defihed
altitude rahge for all motor classes.
Temperature will rise ih the motor as sooh as it is started.
Each ihsulatioh class has a specified allowable temperature
rise. The combihatioh of ambieht temperature ahd allowed
temperature rise equals the maximum wihdihg temperature
ih a motor. A motor with Class F ihsulatioh, for example, has a
maximum temperature rise of 105` C wheh operated at a 1.0
service factor. The maximum wihdihg temperature is 145` C
(40` ambieht plus 105` rise). A margih is allowed to provide
for a poiht at the cehter of the motor's wihdihgs where the
temperature is higher. This is referred to as the motor's hot
spot.
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
80
60
5
10
10
15
105
125
Class B
80 C Rise
10 C Hot Spot
Class A
60 C Rise
5 C Hot Spot
Class F
105 C Rise
10 C Hot Spot
Class H
125 C Rise
15 C Hot Spot
The operatihg temperature of a motor is importaht to efficieht
operatioh ahd lohg life. Operatihg a motor above the limits of
the ihsulatioh class reduces the motor's life expectahcy. A
10` C ihcrease ih the operatihg temperature cah decrease the
motor's ihsulatioh life expectahcy as much as 50.
45
Motor design The Natiohal Electrical Mahufacturers Associatioh (NEMA) has
established stahdards for motor cohstructioh ahd
performahce. NEMA desigh B motors are most commohly
used.
Efficiency AC motor efficiehcy is expressed as a percehtage. lt is ah
ihdicatioh of how much ihput electrical ehergy is cohverted to
output mechahical ehergy. The homihal efficiehcy of this
motor is 93.6. The higher the percehtage the more
efficiehtly the motor cohverts the ihcomihg electrical power
to mechahical horsepower. A 30 HF motor with a 93.6
efficiehcy would cohsume less ehergy thah a 30 HF motor
with ah efficiehcy ratihg of 83. This cah meah a sighificaht
savihgs ih ehergy cost. Lower operatihg temperature, lohger
life, ahd lower hoise levels are typical behefits of high
efficiehcy motors.
46
lEMA Motor Characteristics
Standard motor designs Motors are desighed with certaih speed-torque characteristics
to match speed-torque requiremehts of various loads. The
four stahdard NEMA desighs are NEMA A, NEMA B, NEMA C,
ahd NEMA D. NEMA A is hot used very ofteh. NEMA B is
most commohly used. NEMA C ahd NEMA D are used for
specialized applicatiohs. A motor must be able to develop
ehough torque to start, accelerate ahd operate a load at rated
speed. Usihg the sample 30 HF, 1765 FFM motor discussed
previously, torque cah be calculated by trahsposihg the
formula for horsepower.
HP =
T = T =
T = 89.2 Lb-Ft
T x RPM
5250
HP x 5250
RPM
30 x 5250
1765
Speed-torque curve for A graph, like the ohe showh below, shows the relatiohship
NEMA B motor betweeh speed ahd torque the motor produces from the
momeht of start uhtil the motor reaches full-load torque at
rated speed. This graph represehts a NEMA B motor.
300
275
250
225
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
% Synchronous Speed
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
47
Starting torque Startihg torque (poiht A oh the graph) is also referred to as
locked rotor torque. This torque is developed wheh the rotor
is held at rest with rated voltage ahd frequehcy applied. This
cohditioh occurs each time a motor is started. Wheh rated
voltage ahd frequehcy are applied to the stator there is a brief
amouht of time before the rotor turhs. At this ihstaht a NEMA
B motor develops approximately 150 of its full-load torque.
A 30 HF, 1765 FFM motor, for example, will develop
approximately 133.8 Lb-Ft of torque.
300
275
250
225
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
% Synchronous Speed
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
A
Full-Load Torque
89.2 Lb-Ft
133.8 Lb-Ft
Starting Torque
48
AcceIerating and The maghetic attractioh of the rotatihg maghetic field will
breakdown torque cause the rotor to accelerate. As the motor picks up speed
torque decreases slightly uhtil it reaches poiht B oh the graph.
As speed cohtihues to ihcrease from poiht B to poiht C torque
ihcreases uhtil it reaches it's maximum at approximately
200. This torque is referred to as acceleratihg or pull up
torque. Foiht C is the maximum torque a motor cah produce.
At this poiht a 30 HF motor will develop approximately 178.4
Lb-Ft of torque. lf the motor were overloaded beyohd the
motor's torque capability, it would stall or abruptly slow
dowh at this poiht. This is referred to as breakdowh or pullout
torque.
300
275
250
225
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
% Synchronous Speed
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Full-Load Torque
89.2 Lb-Ft
133.8 Lb-Ft
178.4 Lb-Ft
Starting Torque
A
B
C
Breakdown
(Pullout) Torque
Accelerating Torque
49
FuII-Ioad torque Torque decreases rapidly as speed ihcreases beyohd
breakdowh torque (poiht C), uhtil it reaches full-load torque at
a speed slightly less thah 100 syhchrohous speed. Full-load
torque is the torque developed wheh the motor is operatihg
with rated voltage, frequehcy ahd load. The speed at which
full-load torque is produced is the slip speed or rated speed
of the motor. Fecall that slip is required to produce torque. lf
the syhchrohous speed of the motor is 1800 FFM ahd the
amouht of slip is 1.9, the full-load rated speed of the motor
is 1765 FFM. The full-load torque of the 1765 FFM 30 HF
motor is 89.2 Lb-Ft. NEMA desigh B motors are geheral
purpose sihgle speed motors suited for applicatiohs that
require hormal startihg ahd ruhhihg torque such as
cohveyors, fahs, cehtrifugal pumps, ahd machihe tools.
300
275
250
225
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
% Synchronous Speed
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Full-Load Torque
89.2 Lb-Ft
133.8 Lb-Ft
178.4 Lb-Ft
Starting Torque
Accelerating Torque
Breakdown
(Pullout) Torque
Slip 1.9%
A
B
C
D
50
Starting current and Startihg curreht is also referred to as locked rotor curreht,
fuII-Ioad current ahd is measured from the supply lihe at rated voltage ahd
frequehcy with the rotor at rest. Full-load curreht is the curreht
measured from the supply lihe at rated voltage, frequehcy
ahd load with the rotor up to speed. Startihg curreht is
typically 600-650 of full-load curreht oh a NEMA B motor.
Startihg curreht decreases to rated full-load curreht as the
rotor comes up to speed.
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Time
M
o
t
o
r
F
u
l
l
-
L
o
a
d
A
m
p
s
(
%
) Starting Current
Full-Load Current
NEMA A motor NEMA sets limits of startihg (locked rotor) curreht for NEMA
desigh B motors. Wheh special load torque or load ihertia
requiremehts result ih special electrical desighs that will yield
higher locked rotor curreht (LFA), NEMA desigh A may result.
This desighatioh also cautiohs the selectioh of motor cohtrol
compohehts to avoid trippihg protective devices durihg
lohger acceleratioh times or higher thah hormal startihg
curreht.
51
NEMA C motor Startihg torque of a NEMA desigh C motor is approximately
225. A NEMA C, 1765 FFM, 30 HF motor will develop
approximately 202.5 Lb-Ft of startihg torque. Hard to start
applicatiohs such as pluhger pumps, heavily loaded
cohveyors, ahd compressors require this higher startihg
torque. Slip ahd full-load torque are about the same as a
NEMA B motor. NEMA C applies to sihgle speed motors from
approximately 5 HF to 200 HF.
300
275
250
225
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
% Synchronous Speed
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
202.5 Lb-Ft
A
B
Breakdown Torque
52
NEMA D motor The startihg torque of a NEMA desigh D motor is
approximately 280 of the motor's full-load torque. A NEMA
D, with a full-load rated speed of 1765 FFM, 30 HF motor will
develop approximately 252 Lb-Ft of startihg torque. Very
hard to start applicatiohs, such as puhch presses, crahes,
hoists, ahd oil well pumps require this high startihg torque.
NEMA D motors have ho true breakdowh torque. After ihitial
startihg torque is reached torque decreases uhtil full-load
torque is reached. NEMA D motors typically are desighed
with 5 to 8 slip or 8 to 13 slip.
300
275
250
225
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
% Synchronous Speed
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
252 Lb-Ft
Slip 8%
A
MuItispeed and ASD These specialized motor desighs are uhiquely desighed or
(adjustabIe speed drive) selected to specific load requiremehts. NEMA desigh
classificatiohs are hot applicable to these specialized motors.
Soft starts Various special cohfiguratiohs of motor cohtrols are selected
wheh startihg/acceleratihg torques must be more accurately
cohtrolled, or wheh startihg curreht must be limited. lh the
cases of part wihdihg start or wye-delta start, the motor
wihdihgs must be desighed with uhique cohhectiohs for the
special cohtrols. lh cases such as reduced voltage
autotrahsformer or electrohic soft starts, relatively stahdard
motors may be approved for these special applicatiohs.
53
Review 6
1. A 30 HF motor with a 1.15 service factor cah be
operated at ____________ HF.
2. A motor with Class F ihsulatioh has a maximum
____________ temperature rise.
3. The startihg torque of a NEMA B motor is
approximately ____________ of full-load torque.
4. ____________ torque refers to poiht oh a torque curve
where a motor is overloaded beyohd the motor's
torque capability, causihg the motor to stall or
abruptly slow dowh.
54
0eratiug Factors
Several factors cah effect the operatioh ahd performahce of
ah AC motor. These heed to be cohsidered wheh applyihg a
motor.
VoItage variation AC motors are desighed to operate oh stahdardized voltages
ahd frequehcies. The followihg table reflects NEMA
stahdards.
60 Hz
115 VAC
200 VAC
230 VAC
460 VAC
575 VAC
50 Hz
380 VAC
400 VAC
415 VAC
220/380 VAC
A small variatioh ih supply voltage cah have a dramatic affect
oh motor performahce. lh the followihg chart, for example,
wheh voltage is 10 below the rated voltage of the motor,
the motor has 20 less startihg torque. This reduced voltage
may preveht the motor from gettihg its load started or
keepihg it ruhhihg at rated speed. A 10 ihcrease ih supply
voltage, oh the other hahd, ihcreases the startihg torque by
20. This ihcreased torque may cause damage durihg
startup. A cohveyor, for example, may lurch forward at
startup. A voltage variatioh will cause similar chahges ih the
motor's startihg amps, full-load amps, ahd temperature rise.
+20
+15
+10
+5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
0
0
+5 +10 +15 -5 -10 -15
Below Above
% Voltage Variation
%
C
h
a
n
g
e
I
n
M
o
t
o
r
P
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
55
Frequency A variatioh ih the frequehcy at which the motor operates
causes chahges primarily ih speed ahd torque characteristics.
A 5 ihcrease ih frequehcy, for example, causes a 5
ihcrease ih full-load speed ahd a 10 decrease ih torque.
Frequency
Variation
+5%
-5%
% Change
Full-Load Speed
+5%
-5%
% Change
Starting Torque
-10%
+11%
AItitude Stahdard motors are desighed to operate below 3300 feet.
Air is thihher ahd heat is hot dissipated as quickly above 3300
feet. Most motors must be derated for altitude. The followihg
chart gives typical horsepower deratihg factors, but the
deratihg factor should be checked for each motor. A 50 HF
motor operated at 6000 feet, for example, would be derated
to 47 HF, providihg the 40C ambieht ratihg is still required.
Altitude
3300 - 5000
5001 - 6600
6601 - 8300
8301 - 9900
9901 - 11,500
Derating Factor
0.97
0.94
0.90
0.86
0.82
50 HP X 0.94 = 47 HP
The ambieht temperature may also have to be cohsidered.
The ambieht temperature may be reduced from 40`C to 30`C
at 6600 feet oh mahy motors. A motor with a higher ihsulatioh
class may hot require deratihg ih these cohditiohs.
Ambient
Temperature (C)
40
30
20
Maximum
Altitude (Feet)
3300
6600
9900
56
AC Motors aud AC 0rives
Mahy applicatiohs require the speed of ah AC motor to vary.
The easiest way to vary the speed of ah AC ihductioh motor is
to use ah AC drive to vary the applied frequehcy. Operatihg a
motor at other thah the rated frequehcy ahd voltage has ah
effect oh motor curreht ahd torque.
VoIts per hertz A ratio exists betweeh voltage ahd frequehcy. This ratio is
referred to as volts per hertz (V/Hz). A typical AC motor
mahufactured for use ih the Uhited States is rated for 460 VAC
ahd 60 Hz. The ratio is 7.67 volts per hertz. Not every motor
has a 7.67 V/Hz ratio. A 230 Volt, 60 Hz motor, for example,
has a 3.8 V/Hz ratio.
460
60
230
60
= 7.67 V/Hz = 3.8 V/Hz
Flux (.), maghetizihg curreht (lM), ahd torque are all
depehdeht oh this ratio. lhcreasihg frequehcy (F) without
ihcreasihg voltage (E), for example, will cause a
correspohdihg ihcrease ih speed. Flux, however, will
decrease causihg motor torque to decrease. lt cah be seeh
that torque (T = k.lW) is directly affected by flux (.). Torque
is also affected by the curreht resultihg from the applied load,
represehted here by lW. Maghetizihg curreht (lM) will also
decrease. A decrease ih maghetizihg curreht will cause a
correspohdihg decrease ih stator or lihe (lS) curreht. These
decreases are all related ahd greatly affect the motor's ability
to hahdle a giveh load.

E
F
T = k I W
I = M
E
2 FL M
57
Constant torque AC motors ruhhihg oh ah AC lihe operate with a cohstaht
flux (.) because voltage ahd frequehcy are cohstaht. Motors
operated with cohstaht flux are said to have cohstaht torque.
Actual torque produced, however, is determihed by the
demahd of the load.
T = k I W
Ah AC drive is capable of operatihg a motor with cohstaht flux
(.) from approximately zero (0) to the motor's rated
hameplate frequehcy (typically 60 Hz). This is the cohstaht
torque rahge. As lohg as a cohstaht volts per hertz ratio is
maihtaihed the motor will have cohstaht torque
characteristics. AC drives chahge frequehcy to vary the speed
of a motor ahd voltage proportiohately to maihtaih cohstaht
flux. The followihg graphs illustrate the volts per hertz ratio of
a 460 volt, 60 Hz motor ahd a 230 volt, 60 Hz motor. To
operate the 460 volt motor at 50 speed with the correct
ratio, the applied voltage ahd frequehcy would be 230 volts,
30 Hz. To operate the 230 volt motor at 50 speed with the
correct ratio, the applied voltage ahd frequehcy would be 115
volts, 30 Hz. The voltage ahd frequehcy ratio cah be
maihtaihed for ahy speed up to 60 Hz. This usually defihes the
upper limits of the cohstaht torque rahge.
230
230
115
0 0
460
0
0
30
30
60
60
230
30
= 7.67 V/Hz
115
30
= 3.8 V/Hz
460
60
= 7.67 V/Hz
230
60
= 3.8 V/Hz
58
Constant horsepower Some applicatiohs require the motor to be operated above
base speed. The hature of these applicatiohs requires less
torque at higher speeds. Voltage, however, cahhot be higher
thah the rated hameplate voltage. This cah be illustrated usihg
a 460 volt, 60 Hz motor. Voltage will remaih at 460 volts for
ahy speed above 60 Hz. A motor operated above its rated
frequehcy is operatihg ih a regioh khowh as a cohstaht
horsepower. Cohstaht volts per hertz ahd torque is
maihtaihed up to 60 Hz. Above 60 Hz the volts per hertz ratio
decreases, with a correspohdihg decrease ih torque.
Frequehcy V/Hz
30 Hz 7.67
60 Hz 7.67
70 Hz 6.6
90 Hz 5.1
Flux (.) ahd torque (T) decrease:

E
F

T = k I W
230
0
460
0 30 60 90
Constant
Horsepower
Constant
Torque
Decreasing V/Hz
Horsepower remaihs cohstaht as speed (N) ihcreases ahd
torque decreases ih proportioh. The followihg formula
applies to speed ih revolutiohs per mihute (FFM).
HP (remains constant)=
5250
T (decreases) N (increases) x
59
Reduced voItage and A NEMA B motor that is started by cohhectihg it to the power
frequency starting supply at full voltage ahd full frequehcy will develop
approximately 150 startihg torque ahd 600
startihg curreht. AC drives start at reduced voltage ahd
frequehcy. The motor will start with approximately 150
torque ahd 150 curreht at reduced frequehcy ahd voltage.
The torque/speed curve shifts to the right as frequehcy ahd
voltage are ihcreased. The dotted lihes oh the torque/speed
curve illustrated below represeht the portioh of the curve hot
used by the drive. The drive starts ahd accelerates the motor
smoothly as frequehcy ahd voltage are gradually ihcreased to
the desired speed. Ah AC drive, properly sized to a motor, is
capable of deliverihg 150 torque at ahy speed up to speed
correspohdihg to the ihcomihg lihe voltage. The ohly
limitatiohs oh startihg torque are peak drive curreht ahd peak
motor torque, whichever is less.
225
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
% Synchronous Speed
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
60 30 10 20 40 50
Frequency - Hz
2
Some applicatiohs require higher thah 150 startihg torque.
A cohveyor, for example, may require 200 rated torque for
startihg. lf a motor is capable of 200 torque at 200 curreht,
ahd the drive is capable of 200 curreht, theh 200 motor
torque is possible. Typically drives are capable of producihg
150 of drive hameplate rated curreht for ohe (1) mihute. lf
the load requires more startihg torque thah a drive cah
deliver, a drive with a higher curreht ratihg would be required.
lt is appropriate to supply a drive with a higher cohtihuous
horsepower ratihg thah the motor wheh high peak torque is
required.
60
SeIecting a motor AC drives ofteh have more capability thah the motor. Drives
cah ruh at higher frequehcies thah may be suitable for ah
applicatioh. Above 60 Hz the V/Hz ratio decreases ahd the
motor cahhot develop 100 torque. lh additioh, drives cah
ruh at low speeds, however, self-cooled motors may hot
develop ehough air flow for coolihg at reduced speeds ahd
full load. Each motor must be evaluated accordihg to its owh
capability before selectihg it for use oh ah AC drive.
Harmohics, voltage spikes, ahd voltage rise times of AC
drives are hot idehtical. Some AC drives have more
sophisticated filters ahd other compohehts desighed to
mihimize uhdesireable heatihg ahd ihsulatioh damage to the
motor. This must be cohsidered wheh selectihg ah AC drive/
motor combihatioh. Motor mahufacturers will geherally
classify certaih recommehded motor selectiohs based oh
experiehce, required speed rahge, type of load torque, ahd
temperature limits.
Distance between Distahce from the drive to the motor must also be takeh ihto
drive and motor Cohsideratioh. All motor cables have lihe-to-lihe ahd lihe-to-
grouhd capacitahce. The lohger the cable, the greater the
capacitahce. Some types of cables, such as shielded cable or
cables ih metal cohduit, have greater capacitahce. Spikes
occur oh the output of AC drives because of the chargihg
curreht ih the cable capacitahce. Higher voltage (460 VAC) ahd
higher capacitahce (lohg cables) result ih higher curreht
spikes. Voltage spikes caused by lohg cable lehgths cah
potehtially shorteh the life of the AC drive ahd motor. Wheh
cohsiderihg ah applicatioh where distahce may be a problem,
cohtact your local Siemehs represehtative.
Service factor on AC drives A high efficiehcy motor with a 1.15 service factor is
recommehded wheh used oh ah AC drive. Due to heat
associated with harmohics of ah AC drive, the 1.15 service
factor is reduced to 1.0.
61
Matchiug AC Motors to the Load
Ohe way to evaluate whether the torque capabilities of a
motor meet the torque requiremehts of the load is to
compare the motor's speed-torque curve with the speed-
torque requiremehts of the load.
300
275
250
225
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
300
275
250
225
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
% Synchronous Speed % Synchronous Speed
0 0 10 10 20 20 30 30 40 40 50 50 60 60 70 70 80 80 90 90 100 100
Motor Load
Load characteristics tabIes To fihd the torque characteristics a table, similar to the partial
ohe showh below, cah be used. NEMA publicatioh MG 1 is
ohe source of typical torque characteristics.
Load Description
Load Torque as % Full-
Load Drive Torque
Break-
away
Accel-
erating
Peak
Running
200
150
100
150
30
40
40
75
150
110
100
100
50
110
40
110
125
100
100
100
40
100
100
100
Actuators:
Screw-down (rolling mills)
Positioning
Agitators
Liquid
Slurry
Blowers, centrifugal:
Valve closed
Valve open
Blowers, positive displacement,
rotary, bypassed
Calenders, textile or paper
62
CaIcuIating Ioad torque The most accurate way to obtaih torque characteristics of a
giveh load is to obtaih them from the equipmeht
mahufacturer. A simple experimeht cah be set up to show
how the torque of a giveh load cah be calculated. lh the
followihg illustratioh a pulley is fastehed to the shaft of a load
that a motor is to drive. A cord is wrapped arouhd the pulley
with ohe ehd cohhected to a sprihg scale. The torque cah be
calculated by pullihg oh the scale uhtil the shaft turhs ahd
hotihg the readihg oh the scale. The force required to turh the
shaft, ihdicated by the scale, times the radius of the pulley
equals the torque value. lt must be remembered that the
radius is measured from the cehter of the shaft. lf the radius of
the pulley ahd shaft were 1 foot, for example, ahd the force
required to turh the shaft were 10 pouhds, the torque
requiremeht is 10 Lb-Ft. The amouht of torque required to
turh the cohhected load cah vary at differeht speeds.
Torque = Force (F) x Radius (R)
Force (F)
Radius (R)
Scale
63
CentrifugaI pump Wheh a motor accelerates a load from zero to full-load speed
the amouht of torque it cah produce chahges. At ahy poiht
durihg acceleratioh ahd while the motor is operatihg at full-
load speed, the amouht of torque produced by the motor
must always exceed the torque required by the load. lh the
followihg example a cehtrifugal pump has a full-load torque of
600 Lb-Ft. This is equivaleht to 200 HF. The cehtrifugal pump
ohly requires approximately 20 of full-load torque to start.
The torque dips slightly after it is started ahd theh ihcreases to
full-load torque as the pump comes up to speed. This is
typically defihed as a variable torque load.
300
275
250
225
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
% Synchronous Speed
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
600 Lb-Ft
120 Lb-Ft
64
A motor has to be selected that cah start ahd accelerate the
cehtrifugal pump. By comparihg a 200 HF NEMA B motor
curve to the load curve, it cah be seeh that the motor will
easily start ahd accelerate the load.
300
275
250
225
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
% Synchronous Speed
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
600 Lb-Ft
120 Lb-Ft
Screw down actuator lh the followihg example a screw dowh actuator is used. The
startihg torque of a screw dowh actuator is approximately
200 of full-load torque. Comparihg the load's requiremeht
with the NEMA desigh B motor of equivaleht horsepower, it
cah be seeh that the load's startihg torque requiremeht is
greater thah the motor's capability. The motor, therefore, will
hot start ahd accelerate the load.
300
275
250
225
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
% Synchronous Speed
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Load
Motor
65
Ohe solutioh would be to use a higher horsepower NEMA B
motor. A less expehsive solutioh might be to use a NEMA D
motor of the same horsepower requiremehts as the load. A
NEMA D motor would easily start ahd accelerate the load.
300
275
250
225
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
% Synchronous Speed
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Load
Motor
The motor selected to drive the load must have sufficieht
torque to start, accelerate, ahd ruh the load. lf, at ahy poiht, the
motor cahhot produce the required torque the motor will stall
or ruh ih ah overloaded cohditioh. This will cause the motor
to geherate excess heat ahd typically exceed curreht limits
causihg protective devices to remove the motor from the
power source. lf the overload cohditioh is hot corrected, or
the proper motor ihstalled, the existihg motor will evehtually
fail.
66
Review 7
1. A motor rated for 460 VAC operatihg oh ah a supply
of 437 VAC (-5) will have a ____________ chahge
ih motor performahce.
2. Usihg the altitude deratihg table the "Deratihg Factors
sectioh, a 200 HF motor operated at 5500 feet would
be derated to ____________ HF.
3. The volts per hertz ratio of a 460 Volt 60 Hz motor is
____________ V/Hz.
4. Wheh applyihg ah AC motor to ah AC drive a motor
with a ____________ service factor is recommehded.
5. lf the radius of a pulley ahd shaft were 2 feet, ahd the
force required to turh the shaft were 20 pouhds, the
amouht of torque required to turh the load is
____________ Lb-Ft.
67
Euc|osures
Fecall that the ehclosure provides protectioh from
cohtamihahts ih the ehvirohmeht ih which the motor is
operatihg. lh additioh, the type of ehclosure affects the
coolihg of the motor. There are two categories of ehclosures:
opeh ahd totally ehclosed.
Open drip proof (ODP) Opeh ehclosures permit coolihg air to flow through the motor.
The rotor has fah blades that assist ih movihg the air through
the motor. Ohe type of opeh ehclosure is the drip proof
ehclosure. The veht opehihgs oh this type of ehclosure
preveht liquids ahd solids fallihg from above at ahgles up to
15` from vertical from ehterihg the ihterior of the motor ahd
damagihg the operatihg compohehts. Wheh the motor is hot
ih the horizohtal positioh, such as mouhted oh a wall, a special
cover may be hecessary to protect it. This type of ehclosure
cah be specified wheh the ehvirohmeht is free from
cohtamihates.
Vents
Vents
68
TotaIIy encIosed lh some cases air surrouhdihg the motor cohtaihs corrosive
non-ventiIated (TENV) or harmful elemehts which cah damage the ihterhal parts of a
motor. A totally ehclosed motor ehclosure restricts the free
exchahge of air betweeh the ihside of the motor ahd the
outside. The ehclosure is hot airtight, however, ahd a seal at
the poiht where the shaft passes through the housihg keeps
out water, dust, ahd other foreigh matter that could ehter the
motor alohg the shaft. The absehce of vehtilatihg opehihgs
meahs all heat dissipates through the ehclosure by meahs of
cohductioh. Most TENV motors are fractiohal horsepower.
TENV motors are used, however, for larger horsepower
special applicatiohs. For larger horsepower applicatiohs the
frame is heavily ribbed to help dissipate heat more quickly.
TENV motors cah be used ihdoors ahd outdoors.
69
TotaIIy encIosed The totally ehclosed fah-cooled motor is similar to the TENV
fan cooIed (TEFC) except ah exterhal fah is mouhted opposite the drive ehd of
the motor. The fah provides additiohal coolihg by blowihg air
over the exterior of the motor to dissipate heat more quickly.
A shroud covers the fah to preveht ahyohe from touchihg it.
With this arrahgemeht ho outside air ehters the ihterior of the
motor. TEFC motors cah be used ih dirty, moist, or mildly
corrosive operatihg cohditiohs. TEFC motors are more
widely used for ihtegral HF applicatiohs.
Fan
ExpIosion proof (XP) The explosioh proof motor ehclosure is similar ih appearahce
to the TEFC, however, most XF ehclosures are cast iroh. The
applicatioh of motors used ih hazardous locatiohs is subject
to regulatiohs ahd stahdards set by regulatory agehcies such
as the Na|/oca/ E/ec||/ca/ Code

ahd Uhderwriters
Laboratories for XF motors used ih the Uhited States.
70
Hazardous environments Although you should hever specify or suggest the type of
locatioh, it is importaht to uhderstahd regulatiohs that apply to
hazardous locatiohs. lt is the user's respohsibility to cohtact
local regulatory agehcies to defihe the locatioh as Divisioh l or
ll ahd to comply with all applicable codes. There are two
divisiohs.
Division I Hazardous materials are hormally preseht ih the atmosphere.
A divisioh l locatioh requires ah explosioh proof motor.
Division II Atmosphere may become hazardous as result of abhormal
cohditiohs. This may occur if, for example, a pipe breaks that
is the cohduit for a hazardous chemical.
CIasses and groups Ohce the locatioh is defihed as hazardous the locatioh is
further defihed by the class ahd group of hazard. Class l,
Groups A through D are chemical gases or liquids such as
gasolihe, acetohe, ahd hydrogeh. Class ll, Groups E, F, ahd G
ihclude flammable dust, such as coke or graih dust. Class lll is
hot divided ihto groups. lt ihcludes all ighitable fibers ahd lihts
such as clothihg fiber ih textile mills.
Class I
Groups A - D
Gases and Liquids
Groups E - G
Flammable Dust Ignitible Fibers
Gasoline
Acetone
Hydrogen
Ethyl
Coke Dust
Grain Dust
Metallic Dust
Rayon
Jute
Class II Class III
lh some cases it may be hecessary for the user to defihe the
lowest possible ighitioh temperature of the hazardous
material to future assure the motor complies with all
applicable codes ahd requiremehts.
71
Mouutiug
NEMA dimensions NEMA has stahdardized frame size motor dimehsiohs.
Stahdardized dimehsiohs ihclude bolt hole size, mouhtihg
base dimehsiohs, shaft height, shaft diameter, ahd shaft
lehgth. Existihg motors cah be replaced without reworkihg the
mouhtihg arrahgemeht. New ihstallatiohs are easier to desigh
because the dimehsiohs are khowh. Letters are used to
ihdicate where a dimehsioh is takeh. For example, the letter
"C ihdicates the overall lehgth of the motor. The letter "E
represehts the distahce from the cehter of the shaft to the
cehter of the mouhtihg holes ih the feet. The actual
dimehsiohs are fouhd by referrihg to a table ih the motor data
sheet ahd referehcihg the letter to fihd the desired dimehsioh.
72
NEMA divides stahdard frame sizes ihto two categories:
fractiohal ahd ihtegral. Fractiohal frame sizes are desighated
48 ahd 56 ahd ihclude primarily horsepower ratihgs of less
thah ohe horsepower. lhtegral or medium horsepower
motors are desighated by frame sizes rahgihg from 143T to
445T. A "T ih the motor frame size desighatioh of ihtegral
horsepower motors ihdicates the motor is built to curreht
NEMA frame stahdards. Motors built prior to 1966 have a "U
ih the motor frame size desighatioh, ihdicated they are built to
previous NEMA Stahdards.
143 =
326 =
T
U
Current NEMA Standards
Previous NEMA Standards
The frame size desighatioh is a code to help idehtify key
frame dimehsiohs. The first two digits, for example, are used
to determihe the shaft height. The shaft height is the distahce
from the cehter of the shaft to the mouhtihg surface. To
calculate the shaft height divide the first two digits of the
frame size by 4. lh the followihg example a 143T frame size
motor has a shaft height of 3 ihches (14 4).
Shaft
Height
143T
14 4 = 3"
Frame
73
The third digit ih the ihtegral "T frame size humber is the
NEMA code for the distahce betweeh the cehterlihes of the
mouhtihg bolt holes ih the feet of the motor.
14 T 3
Distance
Between
Bolt Holes
Frame
The dimehsioh is determihed by matchihg the third digit ih
the frame humber with a table ih NEMA publicatioh MG-1. lt
cah be seeh that the distahce betweeh the cehterlihes of the
mouhtihg bolt holes ih the feet of a 143T frame is 4.00 ihches.
Frame
Number
Series
140
160
180
200
210
220
250
280
320
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.25
5.50
6.25
7.00
8.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
4.50
5.00
5.50
6.25
7.00
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.00
5.50
6.25
7.00
8.00
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
5.50
6.25
7.00
8.00
9.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
6.50
6.25
6.75
8.25
9.50
10.50
4.50
5.00
5.50
6.50
6.25
6.75
8.25
9.50
10.50
D 1 2 3 4 5
Third/Fourth Digit In Frame Number
74
IEC dimensions lEC also has stahdardized dimehsiohs which differ from
NEMA. Mahy motors are mahufactured usihg lEC
dimehsiohs. lEC dimehsiohs are showh ih the followihg
drawihg.
Mounting positions The typical floor mouhtihg positiohs are illustrated ih the
followihg drawihg, ahd are referred to as F-1 ahd F-2
mouhtihgs. The cohduit box cah be located oh either side of
the frame to match the mouhtihg arrahgemeht ahd positioh.
The stahdard locatioh of the cohduit box is oh the left-hahd
side of the motor wheh viewed from the shaft ehd. This is
referred to as the F-1 mouhtihg. The cohduit opehihg cah be
placed oh ahy of the four sides of the box by rotatihg the box
ih 90` steps.
F-1 Position
(Standard)
F-2 Position
Shaft
Conduit Box
75
With modificatioh the foot-mouhted motor cah be mouhted
oh the wall ahd ceilihg. Typical wall ahd ceilihg mouhts are
showh ih the followihg illustratioh. Wall mouhtihg positiohs
have the prefix "W ahd ceilihg mouhted positiohs have the
prefix "C.
Assembly W-1
Assembly W-5
Assembly C-1
Assembly W-2
Assembly W-6
Assembly C-2
Assembly W-3
Assembly W-7
Assembly W-4
Assembly W-8
Mounting faces lt is sometimes hecessary to cohhect the motor directly to the
equipmeht it drives. lh the followihg example a motor is
cohhected directly to a gear box.
Gear Box
Motor
76
C-face The face, or the ehd, of a C-face motor has threaded bolt
holes. Bolts to mouht the motor pass through matihg holes ih
the equipmeht ahd ihto the face of the motor.
ARN
I N
G
Threaded Bolt Holes
D-fIange The bolts go through the holes ih the flahge of a D-flahge
motor ahd ihto threaded matihg holes of the equipmeht.
Through Bolt Holes
77
Review 8
1. A type of opeh ehclosure that prevehts liquids ahd
solids fallihg from above at ahgles up to 15` from
vertical from ehterihg the ihterior of the motor is ah
____________ ____________ ____________ .
2. A type of ehclosure that is closed ahd uses a fah
mouhted oh the shaft to supply coolihg is referred as
____________ ____________ ____________
____________ .
3. Gasolihe is defihed as a Class ____________ hazard.
4. The NEMA dimehsioh from the cehter of the shaft to
the mouhtihg surface is desighated by the letter
____________ .
5. The letter ____________ ih the motor frame size
desighatioh ihdicates a motor is built to curreht NEMA
stahdards.
6. The shaft height cah be determihed by dividihg the
first two digits of ah ihtegral frame desighatioh by
____________ .
7. A motor ihtehded to be mouhted oh the wall with the
cohduit box facihg up ahd the shaft facihg left is ah
Assembly ____________ .
8. A ____________ motor has threaded bolt holes to
mouht a motor to ahother piece of equipmeht.
78
Siemeus Motors
Siemehs mahufactures a wide rahge of AC motors. The
followihg motors provide ohly ah ihtroductioh to these
motors. Cohtact your local Siemehs represehtative for more
ihformatioh oh ahy of the motors discussed or other
Siemehs AC motors.
MedaIIion" motors Medallioh motors represeht the hewer family of Siemehs
ehclosed motors. Stahdard efficiehcy Medallioh motors are
available from 1 to 300 HF. Wheh used oh a 230/460 VAC, 3-
phase, 60 Hz power supply stahdard efficiehcy Medallioh
motors are wouhd for either 900, 1200, 1800, or 3600 FFM.
Fremium efficiehcy Medallioh motors are available from 1 to
400 horsepower at 460 volts, 3-phase, 60 Hz. Fremium
efficiehcy Medallioh motors are wouhd for 900, 1200, 1800,
or 3600 FFM. Medallioh motors are also available ih
stahdard ahd premium efficiehcy from 1 to 200 HF for use
oh 575 volt systems. Other voltages ahd frequehcy desighs
are also available. Cohtact your Siemehs represehtative for
ihformatioh ahd lead times.
79
Medallioh motors are available with lohger shafts for belt
driveh applicatiohs ahd vertical mouhtihg for applicatiohs
such as pumps. Various protective devices, such as
thermocouples ahd thermistors, cah be ihstalled as ah optioh.
These devices are wired ihto the motor cohtroller ahd shut
dowh the motor if temperature becomes excessive. Space
heaters cah also be used to keep the temperature of the
motor above the dew poiht ih areas that are damp or humid.
Space heaters are turhed off wheh the motor is ruhhihg ahd
oh wheh the motor is stopped.
Medallioh motors are also available ih two-speed
cohfiguratiohs. A two-speed motor ofteh has two sets of
wihdihgs, each wouhd with a differeht humber of poles. The
wihdihgs are brought out to ah exterhal cohtroller. The motor
cah be ruh at either speed. Typical speed selectiohs are 900
or 1200 FFM at low speed, ahd 1800 FFM at high speed.
T1
T3
T2
L1
L2
L3
T11
T12
T13
1
2
3
11
12
13
Low Speed: Close 1, 2, 3
Open 11, 12,13
High Speed: Close 11, 12, 13
Open 1, 2, 3
Speed =
120 x Frequency
Number of Poles
- Slip
PE-21 PIus" motors FE-21 Flus mottors are premium efficiehcy motors available
from 1 to 500 HF. Fremium efficiehcy motors typically cost
slightly more thah stahdard efficiehcy motors, but payback is
ih ehergy savihgs.
80
The followihg example is used to show ehergy savihgs
available over the life of a premium efficiehcy motor. A 25 HF
stahdard motor with ah efficiehcy of 86.5 costihg $590, ahd
a FE-21 Flus with ah efficiehcy of 93 costihg $768 are
compared. Usihg a process life of 60,000 hours at $.08 a
kilowatt hour, the FE-21 Flus will save $7,055 ih total operatihg
cost.
C = 590 + L
C = 768 + L
C = $104,081 L
C = $97,026 L
.746 x 25 x 60,000 x .08
.746 x 25 x 60,000 x .08
86.5
93.0
100
100
C = P + L I
.746 x HP x T x R O U
E
100
C = Lifetime motor operating cost
P = Initial price of motor
HP = Motor horsepower
T = Lifetime hours of operation
R = Local utility rates - ($/KWH)
E = Motor nameplate efficiency
L
I
O
U
25 HP, 1800 RPM, TEFC
Std. F/L Eff. 86.5%
Std. Motor P $590
PE-21 Plus Eff. 93.0%
PE-21 Plus P $768
I
I
Std. Motor
PE-21 Plus Motor
Savings = $7,055
Example:
81
VerticaI pump motors Vertical hollow shaft pump motors are desighed for vertical
pump applicatiohs. The motors are squirrel cage ihductioh
type with NEMA desigh B torque ahd curreht characteristics.
Motors are rated from 25 to 250 HF ahd 1800 FFM. Vertical
pump motors are desighed for 460 volt, 3-phase, 60 Hz
systems. Thermostats ahd space heaters are optiohal.
These motors have NEMA stahdard F flahge mouhtihg shaft
with a hollow shaft which accomodates the driveh shaft to
extehd through the rotor. The couplihg for cohhectihg the
motor shaft to the driveh shaft is located ih the top of the
motor.
lh additioh to hollow shaft, more cohvehtiohal solid shaft
motors are supplied where the motor shaft is coupled to the
driveh shaft below the F flahge face. Vertical solid shaft
motors desighed for ih-lihe pump applicatiohs are available
from 3 - 100 HF at 3600 FFM, ahd 3 - 250 HF at 1200 ahd 1800
FFM.
82
IEC motors lEC motors are mahufactured to meet specificatiohs of the
lhterhatiohal Electrotechhical Commissioh, lEC 34. Stahdard
voltages at 50 Hz are 220, 400, 500, or 660 volts. Stahdard
voltage at 60 Hz is 460 volts. Siemehs lEC motors are
available with 2, 4, 6, ahd 8 poles. lEC motors are also
available for multispeed applicatiohs. Siemehs lEC motors
are available from 600 W (1.24 HF) to 630 KW (840 HF).
While mouhtihg flahge dimehsiohs, shaft height, shaft
extehsiohs, ahd other performahce stahdards clearly differ
with comparable NEMA motors, a closer comparisoh will
show remarkably similar characteristics. Ferhaps the greatest
obstacle to workihg with lEC motors is familiarity with uhique
termihology ahd the ability to correlate with more familiar
NEMA stahdards.
83
Above lEMA Motors
Motors that are larger thah the NEMA frame sizes are referred
to as above NEMA motors. These motors typically rahge ih
size from 200 to 10,000 HF. Some above NEMA motors
mahufactured by Siemehs may also be cohsidered
Medallioh' motors. There are ho stahdardized frame sizes or
dimehsiohs because above NEMA motors are typically
cohstructed to meet the specific requiremehts of ah
applicatioh. Siemehs offers large motors ih seveh basic frame
sizes: 30, 500, 580, 680, 708, 800, ahd 1120 frames. For each
frame size Siemehs has stahdard frame dimehsiohs similar to
NEMA dimehsiohs. For specific applicatioh ihformatioh
cohtact your local Siemehs represehtative.
C
W
XW
2F
X
B
Keyway Length
Yoke Width
AB
AC
XD
XL
AF
2E
E
D
HT
AA
Pipetap
N-W
N
84
The customer typically supplies specificatiohs for startihg
torque, breakdowh torque, ahd full-load torque based oh
speed-torque curves obtaihed from the driveh equipmeht
mahufacturer. There are, however, some mihimum torques
that all large AC motors must be able to develop. These are
specified by NEMA.
Locked Fotor Torque 60 of Full-Load Torque
Full-Up Torque 60 of Full-Load Torque
Maximum Torque 175 of Full-Load Torque
Above NEMA motors require the same adjustmeht for
altitude ahd ambieht temperature as ihtegral frame size
motors. Wheh the motor is operated above 3300 feet a higher
class ihsulatioh should be used or the motor should be
derated. Above NEMA motors with class B ihsulatioh cah
easily be modified for operatioh ih ah ambieht temperature
betweeh 40` C ahd 50` C. Above 50` C requires special
modificatioh at the factory.
EncIosures Ehvirohmehtal factors also affect large AC motors. Ehclosures
used oh above NEMA motors look differehtly thah those oh
ihtegral frame size motors.
Open drip proof (ODP) The opeh drip proof ehclosure provides the same amouht of
protectioh as the ihtegral frame size opeh motor. This
provides the least amouht of protectioh for the motor's
electrical compohehts. lt is typically used ih ehvirohmehts
free of cohtamihahts.
85
HorizontaI drip proof The weather protected l ehclosure is ah opeh ehclosure that
weather protected I has vehtilatihg passages desighed to mihimize the ehtrahce
(Type CG) of raih, show, ahd airborhe particles that could come ihto
cohtact with the electrical ahd rotatihg parts of the motor. All
air ihlets ahd exhaust vehts are covered with screehs. lt is
used oh ihdoor applicatiohs wheh the ehvirohmeht has a
small amouht of moisture ih the air. This ehclosure is available
to 10,000 horsepower.
Weather protected II Weather protected ll ehclosures are opeh ehclosures with
(Type CGII) vehts cohstructed so that high velocity air ahd airborhe
particles blowh ihto the motor cah be discharged without
ehterihg the ihterhal vehtilatihg passages leadihg to the
electrical parts of the motor. The ihtake ahd discharge vehts
must have at least three 90` turhs ahd the air velocity must be
less thah 600 feet per mihute. lt is used outdoors wheh the
motor is hot protected by other structures. This ehclosure is
available through 10,000 horsepower.
86
TotaIIy encIosed fan The totally ehclosed fah cooled motor fuhctiohs the same as
cooIed (Type CGZ) the TEFC ehclosure used oh ihtegral frame size motors. lt is
desighed for ihdoor ahd outdoor applicatiohs where ihterhal
parts must be protected from adverse ambieht cohditiohs.
Type CGZ utilizes coolihg fihs oh all arouhd the yoke ahd
housihg. Available up to 900 HF oh 580 frames ahd 2250 HF
oh 708-880 frames.
TotaIIy encIosed air to air Type TEAAC totally ehclosed motor utilizes air to tube type
cooIed (Type TEAAC) heat exchahgers for coolihg. Available through 4500 HF.
TotaIIy encIosed water-to- There comes a poiht wheh the motor frame cahhot
air cooIed (Type RGG) adequately dissipate heat, eveh with the help of a fah. This
ehclosure is desighed to cool the motor by meahs of ah
water-to-air heat exchahger. This type of ehclosure requires a
steady supply of water. Available through 10,000 HF.
87
TotaIIy encIosed fan cooIed Large AC motors are also used ih hazardous ehvirohmehts.
expIosion proof (Type AZZ) This ehclosure meets or exceeds all applicable UL
requiremehts for hazardous (Divisioh 1) ehvirohmehtal
operatioh. Available through 1750 HF.
Review 9
1. Stahdard efficiehcy Medallioh motors are available
from 1 to ____________ horsepower.
2. Fremium efficiehcy Medallioh motors are available
from 1 to ____________ horsepower.
3. Ah advahtage of a premium efficiehcy motor over a
stahdard efficiehcy motor is a savihgs ih ____________
over the operatihg life of the motor.
4. Vertical pump motors have NEMA desigh
____________ torque ahd curreht characteristics.
5. lEC motors are built to lEC ____________ stahdards.
6. Above NEMA motors are available from ____________
to ____________ HF.
7. Locked rotor torque of ah above NEMA motor is
____________ of full-load torque.
88
Review Auswers
Review 1 1) force; 2) 15; 3) torque; 4) 80; 5) ihertia; 6) Speed;
7) revolutiohs per mihute; 8) Acceleratioh
Review 2 1) Work; 2) Fower; 3) voltage; 4) true; 5) watts, volt amps;
6) 25
Review 3 1) A. ehclosure, B. stator, C. rotor; 2) stator ahd rotor;
3) stator; 4) rotor; 5) squirrel cage
Review 4 1) horth, south; 2) A. attract, B. repel, C. repel D. attract;
3) maghetic field; 4) D
Review 5 1) 2, horth; 2) syhchrohous; 3) 1800; 4) slip; 5) 4.2
Review 6 1) 34.5; 2) 105 C; 3) 150; 4) Breakdowh
Review 7 1) -10; 2) 188; 3) 7.67; 4) 1.15; 5) 40
Review 8 1) opeh drip proof; 2) totally ehclosed fah cooled; 3) l; 4) D;
5) T; 6) 4; 7) W-2; 8) C-face
Review 9 1) 300; 2) 400; 3) ehergy; 4) B; 5) 34; 6) 200 to 10,000; 7) 60
89
Fiua| Exam
The fihal exam is ihtehded to be a learhihg tool. The book
may be used durihg the exam. A tear-out ahswer sheet is
provided. After completihg the test, mail the ahswer sheet ih
for gradihg. A grade of 70 or better is passihg. Upoh
successful completioh of the test a certificate will be issued.
1. ____________ is a twistihg or turhihg force that causes ah
object to rotate.
a. Torque c. lhertia
b. Frictioh d. Acceleratioh
2. lf 50 pouhds of force were applied to a lever 3 feet lohg,
the torque would be ____________ Lb-Ft.
a. 16.7 c. 47
b. 53 d. 150
3. The rate of doihg work is called ____________ .
a. ihertia c. power
b. speed d. ehergy
4. A motor with a ratihg of 60 KW would have ah equivaleht
ratihg of ____________ HF.
a. 45 c. 65
b. 80 d. 120
5. The three basic parts of ah AC motor are the
____________ .
a. rotor, stator, ahd ehclosure
b. shaft, housihg, ahd cohhectioh box
c. coolihg fah, rotor, ahd stator
d. ehd brackets, bearihgs ahd coolihg fah
90
6. A four-pole motor operatihg at 50 Hz has a syhchrohous
speed of ____________ FFM.
a. 1500 c. 1800
b. 3000 d. 3600
7. A motor with a syhchrohous speed of 900 FFM ahd a
rotor speed of 850 FFM has ____________ slip.
a. 3 c. 5.5
b. 9.4 d. 20
8. ____________ is ah ihdicatioh of how much electrical
ehergy is cohverted ihto mechahical ehergy.
a. Service factor c. Temperature rise
b. Efficiehcy d. FFM
9. ____________ torque is also referred to as startihg torque.
a. Full up c. Breakdowh
b. Acceleratihg d. Locked rotor
10. A NEMA B motor that is started by cohhectihg it to the
power supply at rated voltage ahd frequehcy has a
typical startihg curreht of ____________ .
a. 100 c. 200
b. 150 d. 600
11. The temperature rise of a motor with Class F ihsulatioh is
____________ C with a 10 C hot spot.
a. 60 c. 80
b. 105 d. 125
12. The volts per hertz ratio of a 460 VAC, 60 Hz motor is
____________ V/Hz.
a. 3.8 c. 5.1
b. 7.67 d. 9.2
13. A motor operated withih a speed rahge that allows a
cohstaht volts per hertz ratio is said to be ____________ .
a. cohstaht hp c. cohstaht torque
b. variable torque d. variable flux
91
14. A +5 variatioh ih frequehcy cah have a __________
chahge ih startihg torque.
a. +5 c. -10
b. -5 d. +10
15. The followihg graph represehts a NEMA ____________
motor.
300
275
250
225
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
a. A c. C
b. B d. D
16. A ____________ motor ehclosure uses veht opehihgs to
preveht liquids ahd solids fallihg from above at ahgles
from up to 15` from vertical from ehterihg the ihterior of
the motor.
a. TENV c. TEFC
b. XF d. ODF
17. Graih dust is ih a hazardous locatioh Class __________ .
a. ll c. A
b. lll d. C
18. The letter ____________ ih the motor frame size
desighatioh of ah ihtegral horsepower motor ihdicates
the motor is built to curreht NEMA stahdards.
a. C c. T
b. U d. N
92
19. The shaft height of a 449 frame ihtegral horsepower
motor is ____________ ihches.
a. 3 c. 4.4
b. 9 d. 11
20. FE-21 Flus' motors are available from 1 to
____________ HF.
a. 500 c. 800
b. 1200 d. 2500