UNIT TWO

LIFE PROCESSES OF HUMANS

Humans Breathing Organs

HUMANS BREATHE
1) Humans need air to breathe (), we need oxygen from air to survive. 2) Breathing is include 2 action, inhale (take in ) and exhale (let out).

inhale (breathe in)

exhale (let out) 3) The air which breathe in contains more oxygen while the air which let out contains more carbon dioxide.
Air flows Nose Windpipe Lungs

Humans Excrete and Defecate

1) Excretion is the removal of waste products from body. 2) Human excrete () and defecate () to get rib of waste materials () from body. 3) These waste materials are : - urine () - sweat () - carbon dioxide () 4) Excretion is essential to keep the human body in good health. 5) Human will suffer from many diseases if the waste products are not remove well.

6) Waste products are produced by body cells when they carry out chemical processes. 7) Defecation is the process by which faeces() are removed from the body. 8) Faeces are undigested food materials. 9) Faeces also contain some bacteria() and very little amount of water. 10) Faeces are formed and accumulated() in the large intestine(). 11) Faeces are removed() from body through anus().

Human Excretory Organs

1) The human excretory organs are - the lungs - the kidneys - the skin

2) The lungs remove carbon dioxide and water during exhalation. 3) Carbon dioxide and water are produced when body cells carry out respiration(). 4) The kidneys are organs that filter out() waste materials from blood() and produce them become urine. 5) Urine consists of water, urea(), and mineral salt(). 6) Urine is stored in urinary bladder() before removed from body. 7) The skin excretes waste products in form of sweat(). 8) Sweat contains water, urea and mineral salt.

9) Sweat is produced by sweat glands() the skin and gets out from by sweat pores(). 10) Sweating can helps to cooling the body and reduces the temperature of body.

The Functions of Human Excretory Organs

Excretory Organs Lungs Kidneys Skin Waste Products Carbon dioxide, water Urine (urea + water + mineral salt) Urine (urea + water + mineral salt) Method of Excretion Exhalation Urination Sweating

The Important of Excretion and Defecation

1) Through excretion, humans get rids of toxic waste products() such as carbon dioxide and urea. 2) Helps to control the amounts of water and mineral salts in the body. 3) Sweating can cool the body and maintain the body temperature. 4) If faeces stay too long in the body will become drier and harder and can cause constipation().

1) Humans can respond() to external stimuli() to protect themselves from danger. 2) Examples of stimuli that body can respond to are: - sound() - temperature() - pain() - smell() 3) The senses organs of humans are: - skin - a pair of eyes - a pairs of ears - the nose - the tongue

Humans Respond to Stimuli

4) Examples of how human respond to stimuli: Stimuli Responses

High temperature at When the hands touches a hot the surface of a glass. surface , it quickly pulls back.

Low temperature of When it is cold, we rub our hands together to keep them warm. a cold wind.
Pain is felt when the fingers touch the thorns of a durian fruit.

When the hand touches a sharp object, it quickly pulls back.

Stimuli
The loud noise of thunder.

Responses
We cover our ears when there is thunder.

The foul smell We cover our noses to keep out bad of animal waste. smell.

1) The ability to respond to high temperature can helps human to avoid getting injured or burnt. 2) The ability to respond to low temperatures can help human to avoid losing too much heat when it is cold. 3) The ability to respond to pain can helps human avoid getting injured by sharp objects. 4) The ability to respond to loud sounds enables human to protect their ears from damage. 5) The ability to respond to smells can help to keep human away from things that may be dirty, dangerous or bad for our health.

The Important of Responses To Stimuli

Humans Reproduce
1) Reproduction() is the process by which humans produce their young or offspring( ). 2) Humans need reproduce to: - maintain their number.() - increase their number.() - maintain the balance of nature.( ) 3) If humans do not reproduce, in the end, all humans will die out and human species become extinct. 4) Humans have their own families, thus they have their own family tree.

Bad Habits That Affect Life Processes

1) Habits that bring harm to life processes include: - smoking - taking drugs - drinking alcohol 2) These habits cause harm to the organs in our body and cause dead. 3) Smoking contains many chemicals that can damage the lungs. 4) Cigarette smoke contains nicotine, tar and acids.

ANIMALS EXCRETE AND Substances In Effects Cigarette Smoke DEFECATE

1) Animals need to Lungs become brown and less efficient for waste products from their bodies. exchange of gasses. 2) Different Tar animals use different organs for Lung cells are damaged - which may lead to excretion. lung cancer. 3) Excretory of animals are: Acids organs Asthma( ) and bronchitis(). - the lungs() 5) Drugs and alcohol can make a person less - the kidneys() sensitive or reaction to stimuli( - the gills( delayed ) ). - the skin() 6) Drug and alcohol can upset() the stability 4) The lungs: of a person. A drunk driver may even cause an a) animals such as mammals(), birds(), and accident. reptiles() have lungs.
Nicotine Effects throat() and may cause lung excrete and cancer( ). defecate to remove

In b) Substances Those animals like monkeys, cats, chicken, Effects Cigarette Smoke eagles, crocodiles, snake ... Effects throat() and may cause lung Nicotine c) Such animals excrete carbon dioxide and water cancer(). in the form of Lungs exhaled air through become brown and lesstheir efficientlungs. for exchange of gasses. 5) The kidneys: Tar Lung cells are damaged - which may lead to a) Majority of land animals( ) and some lung cancer. aquatic animals() can excrete waste Acids Asthma() and bronchitis(). products such as ammonia, uric acid and urea in 5) Drugs and alcohol can make a person less form of urine through kidneys. or delayed reaction stimuli( b)sensitive Examples of such animals areto turtles, fish, ). birds, rats, goats... frogs, 6) Drug and alcohol can upset() the stability 6) The gills: a person. drunk animals driver may cause an a) of Most of theA aquatic like even fishes, tadpole accident. and prawns excreta through gills.

surface of theEffects gills.throat() and may cause lung Nicotine cancer(). 7) The skin: Lungs become brownthrough and less efficient a) Other animals which excrete the for skin exchange of gasses. Tar are earthworms( ) and insects. Lung cells are damaged - which may lead to b) The excretory lung materials cancer. of insects are used to build the hard outer layer of the skin. Acids Asthma( ) and bronchitis( ). c) examples is thecan butterfly 5) An Drugs and alcohol make a whose personexcretory less products deposited on its to wings as fine sensitive are or delayed reaction stimuli( colourful scales. ). 8) Animals also alcohol defecate to remove undigested food 6) Drug and can upset( ) the stability from bodies in the same way a human. of their a person. A drunk driver may as even cause an accident.

Substances In Effects b)Cigarette They remove carbon dioxide through the Smoke

Effects through 1) Different types of animals breathe Cigarette Smoke different breathing structures. Effects throat() and may cause lung Nicotine cancer(). 2) The breathing structures of animals include: Lungs become brown and less efficient for - the lungs exchange of gasses. Tar - the tracheal system( ) Lung cells are damaged - which may lead to - book lungs( ) cancer. lung - moist )) and bronchitis(). Acidsskin( Asthma( 3) The lungs: 5) Drugs and alcohol can make a person less a) Majority animals and some of aquatic sensitive of or land delayed reaction to stimuli( animals ). breathe through the lungs. b) Examples of land animals are: 6) Drug and alcohol can upset() the stability - birds, ducks, rabbits, tigers, snakes ... of a person. A drunk driver may even cause an c) Examples accident. of aquatic animals are: - whales, dolphin, turtles, sea lion ...

ANIMALS BREATHE Substances In

4) The tracheal system: In in insects such as grasshoppers( a) Substances Can be found Effects Cigarette Smoke ), dragonflies( ), praying mantises(), Effects throat() and may cause lung cockroaches( ) ... Nicotine cancer(). b) Consists of many tiny air tubes() that carry Lungs become brown and less efficient for air directly to exchange body cells. of gasses. Tar Lung cells are damaged which may lead to c) When an insects breathe in, air- gets into these lung cancer. air tubes through the tiny pores called Acids ) and bronchitis(). spiracles( )Asthma( which along the side of the 5) Drugs and alcohol can make a person less insects body. or delayed reaction d) sensitive Insects also breathe out the to airstimuli( through ). spiracles. 6) Drug and alcohol can upset() the stability of a person. A drunk driver may even cause an accident.

5) Book lungs: Substances In Effects a) Cigarette Book lungs are breathing organs that look like Smoke book pages. Effects throat() and may cause lung Nicotine cancer( ). ) and scorpions() b) Animals such as spiders( Lungsbook become brown and less efficient for breathe with their lungs.
Tar exchange of gasses. Lung cells are damaged - which may lead to lung cancer. Asthma() and bronchitis().

Acids

5) Drugs and alcohol can make a person less sensitive or delayed reaction to stimuli( ). 6) Drug and alcohol can upset() the stability of a person. A drunk driver may even cause an accident.

6) The gills: Substances In animals such as fish, squids(), a) Most aquatic Effects Cigarette Smoke tadpoles, prawns ... breathe with gills. Effects throat( ) and may cause b) When water goes into a fishs mouth, itlung will Nicotine cancer(). flow over the gills. Lungs become brown and less efficient for c) The oxygen that is dissolved exchange of gasses.in water will move Tar Lung cells in are the damaged - which may lead to into the blood vessels gills. lung cancer. d) At the same time, the carbon dioxide in the Acids Asthma() and bronchitis(). blood vessels will move into the water. 5) Drugs and alcohol can make a person less sensitive or delayed reaction to stimuli( ). 6) Drug and alcohol can upset() the stability of a person. A drunk driver may even cause an accident.

7) Moist skin: Substances In ) breathe only through their a) Earthworms( Effects Cigarette skin. Smoke throat() and may cause lung with b) Frog( ) and Effects salamanders( ) breathe Nicotine cancer(). their lungs when on the land, but they can also Lungs become brown and less efficient for breathe their skin when stay inside the water. exchange of gasses. Tar Lung to cells are damaged which moist may leadall to c) Such animals have keep their -skin lung cancer. the time. So they usually live in the water or Acids Asthma() and bronchitis(). damp( ) places. 5) Their Drugsskin and also alcohol make mucus( a person less d) cancan produce ). sensitive or delayed reaction to stimuli( ). 6) Drug and alcohol can upset() the stability of a person. A drunk driver may even cause an accident.

Substances In ANIMALS Cigarette Smoke

REPRODUCE Effects
to

1)

reproduce a new generation( ) less to efficient replace Lungs become brown and for exchange of gasses. them. Tar Lung cells are damaged - which may lead to 2) Therefore, animals need to reproduce duce to: lung cancer. - maintain their number.( ) Acids Asthma() and bronchitis(). - increase their number.() 5) Drugs and the alcohol can make a person less - maintain balance of nature.( sensitive or delayed reaction to stimuli( ) ). reproduce in two ways: 3) Animals 6) Drug and alcohol - laying eggs( can ) upset() the stability of a person. Ato drunk driver may even cause an - giving birth live babies( ) accident.

Nicotine Animals will die

Effects throat() and may cause lung sooner( cancer( ). ) or later and need

Substances In LAYING EGGS Effects Cigarette Smoke amphibians, birds and reptiles 1) Insects, fishes,

Effects throat() and may cause lung reproduce by laying eggs. Nicotine cancer(). 2) These animals do Lungs not suckle( ) become brown and less efficient for

INSECTS

Tar

FISH

exchange of gasses. REPTILES LungAMPHIBIANS cells are damagedBIRDS - which may lead to lung cancer.

) and bronchitis(). Housefly AcidsMalaysian Asthma( Frog Chicken Snake mahseer () ()

5) Drugs and alcohol can make a person less sensitive or delayed reaction to stimuli( Moth Toad Common tilapia Duck Crocodile ). () () 6) Drug and alcohol can upset() the stability Ant Salamander Giant gouramy Eagle Turtle of a person. A drunk driver may even cause an () () accident. Animals that reproduce by laying eggs

3) Fish and amphibians lay eggs in the water. Substances In Effects 4) Insects and reptiles lay eggs on land. Cigarette Smoke
ANIMALS
Bird Nicotine

The branches of trees, nest.

Tar

PLACE TO LAY Effects throat( ) and mayEGGS cause lung cancer().

Butterfly
Turtle

Termite, grasshopper Acids Common lizard

Lungs become brown and less efficient for Leaves exchange of gasses. Beach, buried indamaged the sand Lung cells are - which may lead to lung cancer.

Underground holes

6) Drug and alcohol can upset() the stability 5) Most animals lay lot of eggs so that some of an of a person. Aa drunk driver may even cause them will hatch(). accident.

Dark places 5) Drugs and alcohol can make a personinside less the Dark places, under cupboard, Cockroach sensitive ordrawer delayed reaction to stimuli( Garden snail). Dark, wet places

Asthma() and bronchitis().

Substances In Effects Cigarette Smoke 6) Some animals such as the chicken, birds and snake

Effects throat( ) and may cause lung will sit on their eggs until they hatch. Nicotine cancer(). 7) The chicken will look after its eggs and the chicks. Lungs become brown and less efficient for 8) However. Some animals such as the turtle, tortoise, exchange of gasses. Tar are damaged which may lead leave to mosquito and frogLung willcells not on their -eggs. They the eggs to hatchlung by cancer. themselves. Acids digs a Asthma( and bronchitis( ). its 9) The turtle hole on a) sandy beach to lay eggs. It than covers the with sand to burry 5) Drugs and alcohol can hole make a person less the eggs. or delayed reaction to stimuli( sensitive 10) A female ). mosquito lays its eggs in stagnant water. The eggs float on the surface of the water. The 6) Drug and alcohol can upset( ) the stability eggs hatch in two to three days. of a person. A drunk driver may even cause an accident.

Substances In ) give birth to live young( 1) Most mammals( Effects Cigarette Smoke ). Effects throat() and may cause lung Nicotine 2) Examples of land cancer( mammals ). that give birth young are elephants, cows, cats, rats, ... Lungs become brown and less efficient for of gasses. 3) Whales( ) and exchange dolphins( ) are aquatic Tar Lung cells are damaged - which may lead to mammals that give birth to live young. lung cancer. 4) The only mammals that lay eggs are the spiny Acids Asthma() and bronchitis(). anteater() and the duck-billed platypus 5) Drugs ( ). and alcohol can make a person less sensitive or delayed reaction to stimuli( 5) Mammals usually give birth to very few ). ). offspring( 6) Drug and alcohol can upset( ) the stability 6) The offspring of the mammals feed on milk from of a person. A drunk glands. driver may even cause an the mothers mammary accident. 7) Mammals take care of their young until they can live on their own.

GIVING BIRTH TO LIVE YOUNG

Substances In the series of stages undergone by a 1) A life cycles is Effects Cigarette Smoke living thing from or egg to adulthood(). Effects throat() and may cause lung Nicotine 2) Different animalscancer( may have ). different life cycles. 3) Animals undergo changes in size shape during Lungs become brown and and less efficient for exchange of gasses. the different stages of their life cycles. Tar Lung cells are damaged - which may lead to 4) Some young animals look like their parents but lung cancer. some do not. They undergo changes until they look Acids Asthma() and bronchitis(). like their parents. 5) Drugs and alcohol can make a person less sensitive or delayed reaction to stimuli( ). 6) Drug and alcohol can upset() the stability of a person. A drunk driver may even cause an accident.

LIFE CYCCLES OF ANIMALS

Substances In Cigarette Smoke

Nicotine

Effects
Effects throat() and may cause lung cancer(). Lungs become brown and less efficient for exchange of gasses. Lung cells are damaged - which may lead to lung cancer. Asthma() and bronchitis().

Tar

Acids

5) Drugs and alcohol can make a person less sensitive or delayed reaction to stimuli( ). 6) Drug and alcohol can upset() the stability of a person. A drunk driver may even cause an accident.

PLANTS RESPOND TO STIMULI

1) Plants respond to the following stimuli: - gravity() - water() - sunlight() - touch() 2) When a part of plants grows towards a stimulus, it is said to show a positive response. 3) However, when a part of plant grows away from the stimulus, it is said to show a negative respond.

1) The response of plants to gravity: a) roots grow towards gravity. b) shoots grow away from gravity. c) the response of roots to gravity makes sure that roots always grow downwards into the soil. d) this growth of roots deep into the soil helps plants to find water and minerals in the soil.

PLANTS RESPOND TO GRAVITY

1) The response of plants to water: a) roots grow towards water. b) shoots grow away from water. c) the response of roots to gravity makes sure that roots always grow towards the source of water in the soil. d) plants need water to prevent wilting and for making food in the process of photosynthesis. e) minerals in the soil also dissolved in the water.

PLANTS RESPOND TO WATER

1) The response of plants to sunlight: a) shoots grow towards sunlight. b) roots grow away from sunlight. c) the growth of shoots towards sunlight makes sure that plants can get sunlight to carry out photosynthesis.

PLANTS RESPOND TO SUNLIGHT

PLANTS RESPOND TO TOUCH

1) The response of plants to touch: a) the leaflets of the mimosa plant will fold up when been touched. b) the response may help to protect the plant from animals that try to eat its leaves.

c) the hinged leaves of the Venus flytrap closed up when something touches them. d) this response helps the plants trap small insects for food.

c) the tendrils of some plants such as the cucumber plants and bitter gourd plant, the twining stems of some plants like bean plant and the morning glory plant curl around nearby branches or other supporting structures that the plants come in touch with.

2) The response of tendrils and twining stems helps plants to climb to a higher position to get more sunlight for photosynthesis. 3) Such response also helps plants with soft stems to get support from nearby plants or supporting structures.

PLANTS REPRODUCE
1) Plants need to reproduce to ensure the survival of their species. 2) If the existing plants do not reproduce, the plants species on Earth will become extinct. 3) Animals that feed on plants will also not survive and will become extinct. 4) Without plants, the Earth will no longer be a suitable place for humans to live in. 5) The Earth will also become a very hot place. 6) The amount of oxygen in the air will decrease quickly.

7) Different types of plants reproduce in different ways. 8) Ways of plants reproduce include reproducing : - by seeds() - by spores() - by the cutting of the stems() - through the leaves() - through suckers() - through underground stems()

BY SEEDS
1) Flowering plants such as the durian tree, maize, rambutan tree, balsam plant, watermelon and papaya tree produce new plants by seeds. 2) The flowers of these plants will develop into fruits and their seeds can de found in the fruits. 3) When fruits are eaten by animals, the undigested seeds will pass from the animals body. 4) When there is water and suitable temperature, the seed will geminate to produce a new plants. 5) In most cases, the new plants look very much the same as the parent plants.

1) Non-flowering such as ferns, mushroom and mosses reproduce by spores. 2) A spores is a tiny spherical cell that can be observed by using a magnifying lens. 3) Spores are very tight, they can easily be carries away by the wind. 4) Millions of spores found inside a spores capsule. 5) The spores capsules of a fern are located in groups at the underside of the leaves of the fern. 6) When the spores are ripe, the spore capsules burst open and the spores scattered. 7) The spores will start to grow when they land on soil under favourable conditions such as enough humus, water and the suitable temperature.

BY SPORES

THROUGH THE LEAVES

1) Young plants can grow from the leaves of certain plants such as the begonia, bryophyllum and African violet. 2) The leaves of these plants are usually thick and buds grow from them. 3) Shoots and roots grow from the buds to produce young plants.

THROUGH THE CUTTING OF STEMS

1) Plants such as the sugar cane, tapiaco, begonia, rose, hibscus and geranium grow through stemcutting. 2) In stem-cutting, the stem that is cut from the parent plant must have a bud. 3) When the stem cuttings of these plants are planted in the soil, the buds on the them will grow into a new plant.

1) Some plants such as the banana, bamboo, yam and pineapple plants grow from suckers. 2) Young plants usually grow around the parent plants. 3) The young plants can be transferred to another place by digging them up and planting them in good soil away from the parent.

THROUGH SUCKERS

1) The ginger, turmeric and potato are examples of plants that grow from underground stems. 2) Underground stems contain stored food for the plants. 3) Buds of these plants grow below the soil surface. 4) The buds will produce young shoots and roots. 5) As the shoot grows into a young plant, it will also start to store food in its underground stem.

THROUGH UNDERGROUND STEMS