Algebra: Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

Binomial Theorem
Adv a n c e d Level Pur e Mat he ma t i c s

Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
Algebra
Chapter 5 Binomial Theorem
Appendix 1 Summation Sign and Product Sign 2
5.1 Introduction 6
5.3 Binomial Theorem for Positie Integral Index 1!
5." The #reatest $oefficient and
The Term %ith The #reatest A&solute 'alue 1"
5.5 (ore Properties of Binomial $oefficients 16
5.6) Binomial Series 23
Prepared &* K. F. Ngai
Page 1
5
Binomial Theorem
Appendix 1 Summation Sign and Product Sign
1. The sigma notation + a
r
r
n
1
, a
1
- a
2
- - a
n 1
- a
n
Example a
r
r
1
5
, a
1
- a
2
- a
3
- a
"
- a
5
. r
r
3
6
/
,
2. a a a
k
k
n
l
l
n
i
i
n

! ! !
3. 0 1 a b a b
k k
k
n
k
k
n
k
k
n
+ +

1 1 1
". If c is a constant 2 then 0 1 ca
k
k
n
1
,
5. If c is a constant 2 then c
k
n
1
,
6. 0 1 a a
k k
k
n
1
1
,
3. a a
k
k
n
k
k
n
1
1
!
1
,
4. a a a
i
i
n
i j
j
n
i
n

_
,

1
2
1 1
/. The product notation + a
k
k
n
1
, a
1
a
2
a
n 1
a
n
Example 3
2
1
5
k
k
, . 3
1 k
n
,
1!. 0 1 a b a b
k k
k
n
k
k
n
k
k
n

_
,
_
,
1 1 1
Page 2
Binomial Theorem
11. 0 1 ca
k
k
n
1
,
12.
a
a
k
k
k
n
1
1
,
13). r
n n
r
n

+
1
1
2
0 1
1"). r
n n n
r
n
2
1
1 2 1
6

+ + 0 10 1
15). r
n n
r
r
n
r
n
3
1
2 2
1
2
1
"

_
,
0 1
16. a
k
k
n
0
, a
!
-

a
k
k
n
1
, a
n
-
13. kr lr
k
k
n
l
l
n

! !
14. ar ar ar
k
k
n
k
k
n
k
k
n
+

1
1
!
1
1
2
1

1/. kp p
k
k
n
k
1
3
1
5
5
5
Page 3
Binomial Theorem
2!. C x C x
k
n k
k
n
k +
1
1
1
3
5 5
5
5
Example 1 Sho% that

+
n
1 r
1 n
2 6
6
1
1 6
1
.
7ence express

+
n
1 6
n
1 6
1 6
1
6
1
in term of n .
Example 2 0a1 8ind the constants A and B in the follo%ing identit*
x
B
1 x
A
x x
3 x
2
+
+
+
+
0&1 7ence ealuate
'
+
+
n
2 6
2
n
6 6
3 6
1 6
1
lim .
Page 4
Binomial Theorem
5.1 Introduction
1. Binomial Theorem + 01

-

x1
n

,
C C x C x C x
n n n
n
n n
! 1 2
2
+ + + + ... .
2. The term C
r
n
x
r
is called the general term.
Page 5
Binomial Theorem
3. C
r
n
is called the inomial coe!!icients.
". 01

x1
n

,
C C x C x C x
n n n n
n
n n
! 1 2
2
1 + + ... 0 1
5. Factorial Notation + n9 , n0n

110n

21321
Example 39 , 321 . /9 , /4365"321
:.B. 011 !9 , 1
021 n9 , n0n

119
031 n9 ,
0 19 n
n
+
+
1
1
"ominations +
n r
C 2 C
r
n
2
n
r
C
#e!inition ;et n &e a positie integer and r non<negatie integer %ith r n.
The s*m&ol C
r
n
is defined as C
P
r
n
r n r
n n n r
r
r
n r
n

+
9
9
90 19
0 1 0 1
9
1 1
Example C
3
9
2 C C
n
n
n
0

Example 3 ;et C
r
n
denote the &inomial coefficient2 sho% that
C
C
C
C
C
C
nC
C
n n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
1
!
2
1
3
2 1
2 3 1
2
+ + + +
+
0 1
.
Page $
Binomial Theorem
Pascal Triangle +
n , ! 1
n , 1 1 1
n , 2 1 2 1
n , 3 1 3 3 1
n , " 1 " 6 " 1

n , n C
n
!
C
n
1
C
n
n
1
C
n
n
Example C C
1
"
3
"
and C C C
3
"
3
3
2
3
+
Theorem 5.1 ;et n &e a positie integers 2 then
0a1 C C
r
n
n r
n

r , ! 2 1 2 2 2 ... 2 n
0&1 C C C
r
n
r
n
r
n
+
1
1
1
r , ! 2 1 2 2 2 ... 2 n1.
Page %
Binomial Theorem
Properties &
011 C
o
k
, C
k
!
1 +
,
021 C
k
k
, C
k
k
+
+
1
1
,
031 C
r
n
+
+
1
1
,
n
r
C
r
n
+
+
1
1
Example 4 Proe that 0 10 1 0 1
9
0 1 C C C C C C
n
n C C C
n n n n
n
n
n
n n n n
n
n
! 1 1 2 1 1 2
1
1 + + + +
.
Page '
Binomial Theorem
5.3 Binomial Theorem for Positive Integral Index
Theorem 5.2 8or an* positie integer n 2 01

-

x1
n

,

C x
r
n r
r
n
!
.
i.e. 01

-

x1
n

,
C C x C x C x
n n n
n
n n
! 1 2
2
+ + + + ...
Page (
Binomial Theorem
#e!inition 0a

-

b1
n

,

C a b C a b
r
n r n r
r
n
r
n n r r
r
n
! !
i.e. 0a

-

b1
n

,
C a b C a b C a b C a b
n n n n
n
n n
n
n n
!
!
1
1 1
1
1 1 !
+ + + +
Example 5 If the coefficients of three consecutie terms in the expansion of 01

-

x1
n
are 12! 2 21! and
252 respectiel*2 find the alue of n .
Page 1)
Binomial Theorem
Example $ Proe that C x
x
r
n r
r
n
+
1
!
1
1
=01

-

x1
n

1

>
Example % Proe that rC x
r
n r
r
n
!
1
, nx

=01

-

x1
n 1
x
n 1
>.
Page 11
Binomial Theorem
Example ' 0a1 Proe that for an* positie integer n 2
01-
1
n
1
n
, 1 -

1
1
!
1
1
r
k
n
k
r
r
n
9
0 1
'

.
0&1 7ence 2 or other%ise 2 sho% that for n 2 2
0i1 01-
1
n
1
n
? 01-
1
1 n +
1
n -1
2
0ii1 01-
1
n
1
n
? 3 .
Page 12
Binomial Theorem
5. The !reatest Coefficient and The Term "ith The !reatest
A#solute $alue
8or 01

-

x1
n
2 %hen n is een 2 the greatest coefficient is
C
n
n
2
2 %hen n is odd 2
the greatest coefficients are
C
n
n
1
2
and
C
n
n
+1
2
.
Example ( 8ind the greatest coefficient in the expansion of 03

-

5x1
14
and the greatest term %hen x ,

2
3
.
Page 13
Binomial Theorem
Example 1) ;et the 6th in the &inomial expansion of
n 2
1 x 1 0 + in ascending po%ers of x &e denoted
&*
6
T 2 i.e.
1 6 n 2
1 6 6
x $ T

.
0a1 If
3
1
x 2 find the range of alues of 6 such that
6 1 6
T T
+
.
0&1 8ind the greatest term in the expansion if
3
1
x and 15 n .
=7@A;2!!1>
Page 14
Binomial Theorem
5.5 %ore Properties of Binomial Coefficients
$onsider
n n
n
r n
r
2 n
2
n
1
n
!
n
x $ x $ x $ x $ $ 1 x 1 0 + + + + + + + 0)1
0a1 $hange x to
x
1
2 %e hae
n
n
n
r
n
r
2
n
2
n
1
n
!
n
x
1
$
x
1
$
x
1
$
x
1
$ $ 1
x
1
1 0
,
_
+ +
,
_
+ +
,
_
+
,
_
+ +
But
n
n
n
1 x 1 0
x
1
1
x
1
1 0 + +
n n n
1
x
1
1 0 x 1 x 1 0 + +
n
1 x 1 0 + ,

,
_
,
_
+ +
,
_
+ +
,
_
+
,
_
+
n
n
n
r
n
r
2
n
2
n
1
n
!
n
x
1
$
x
1
$
x
1
$
x
1
$ $ x
,
n
n
r n n
r
2 n n
2
1 n n
1
n n
!
$ x $ x $ x $ x $ + + + + + +

,
n n
!
r n
r n
2 n
2 n
n
1 n
n
n
x $ x $ x $ x $ $ + + + + + +

$ompared coefficient %ith 0)1
Ae hae
n
n
n
!
$ $
n
1 n
n
1
$ $

n
2 n
n
2
$ $

n
!
n
n
$ $
0&1 Put 1 x into 0)1
n
n
n
r
n
2
n
1
n
!
n
$ $ $ $ $ 2 + + + + + +
0c1 Put x x
n n
n
n r n
r
r 2 n
2
n
1
n
!
n
x $ 1 1 0 x $ 1 1 0 x $ x $ $ 1 x 1 0 + + + + +
If 1 x 2
n
n
n n
r
r n
2
n
1
n
!
n
$ 1 1 0 $ 1 1 0 $ $ $ ! 1 1 1 0 + + + + +
Ae hae + + + + + +
n
5
n
3
n
1
n
"
n
2
n
!
$ $ $ $ $ $
Sum of een coefficient is eBual to the sum of odd coefficient
B* 0&12
2
2
$ $ $ $ $ $
n
n
5
n
3
n
1
n
"
n
2
n
!
+ + + + + +
0d1 Cifferentiate 0)1 %.r.t.x
Page 15
Binomial Theorem
1 n n
n
1 r n
r
n
2
n
1
1 n
x n$ x r$ x $ 2 $ 1 x 1 0 n

+ + + + +
Put 1 x 2
n
n
n
r
n
2
n
1
1 n
n$ r$ $ 2 $ 1 2 0 n + + + +
0e1 Integrate &oth sides %.r.t.x from ! to 1

dx 1 x $ x $ x $ x $ $ 0 dx 1 x 1 0
n n
n
r n
r
2 n
2
1
!
n
1
n
!
1
!
n
+ + + + + + +

1
!
1 n n
n
1
!
1 r n
r
1
!
3 n
2
1
!
2 n
1
1
!
n
!
1
!
1 n
1 n
x $
1 r
x $
3
x $
2
x $
x $
1 n
1 x 1 0
+
+ +
+
+ + + +
+
+
+ + +

1 n
$
1 r
$
2
$
$
1 n
1 2
n
n
n
r
n
1 n
!
1 n
+
+ +
+
+ + +
+
+

0f1 $onsider
n m n m
1 x 1 0 1 x 1 0 1 x 1 0 + + +
+
2 %here
n 2 m
are positie integers.
n m n m
n m
r n m
r
2 n m
2
n m
1
n m
!
x $ x $ x $ x $ $
+ +
+
+ + + +
+ + + + + +
, 1 x $ x $ x $ x $ $ 10 x $ x $ x $ x $ $ 0
n n
n
r n
r
2 n
2
n
1
n
!
m m
m
r m
r
2 m
2
m
1
m
!
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
$ompared coefficient of
r
x
0DBuating coefficient of
r
x
1
n m
r
$
+
,
Example 11 $onsider the &inomial expansion 01

-

x1
2n
. Proe that
0a1 C C C C
n n n
n
n
0
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
+ + + + , 2
2n
0&1 C C C C
n n n
n
n
0
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
+ + , !
0c1 C C C C C C C C
n n n
n
n n n n
n
n
0
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
5
2
2 1
2
+ + + + + + + +

, 2
n 1
Page 1$
Binomial Theorem
Example 12 Proe that
0a1 C C C C nC
n n n n
n
n
1 2 3 "
2 3 " + + + + + , n2
n 1
0&1 C C C C nC
n n n n n
n
n
1 2 3 "
1
2 3 " 1 + + +

0 1 , !
0c1
C C C C
n
C
n
n n n n
n
n
n
! 1 2 3
1
1
2
1
3
1
"
1
1
2 1
1
+ + + + +
+

+
+

Page 1%
Binomial Theorem
Example 13 Proe that
0a1 1 2 2 3 3 " 1
2 3 "
+ + + + C C C n nC
n n n
n
n
0 1 , n0n

112
n 2
0&1 C C C C n C
n n n n
n
n
! 1 2 3
2 3 " 1 + + + + + + 0 1 , 0n

-

212
n 1
Example 14 Proe that if n is een 2
1
1 2
1
2 2 1
1
3 2 2
1
1
2 1
2 1
2
0 190 19 0 190 19 0 190 19 0 190 19 0 19 n n n n n n
n
+
+ +
+

+

Page 1'
Binomial Theorem
Example 15 Proe that C C C C C
n
n n n n
n
n 2
!
2
1
2
2
2 2
+ + + + 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 .
Example 1$ ;et
n
n
n
r n
n
1 r
n
1
n
r
n
!
$ $ $ $ $ $ 1 r 0 f
+
+ + +
0a1 Sho% that
n
r n
n
r
$ $

for
n 2 2 2 2 1 2 ! r
.
0&1 B* considering the expansion of
n 2
1 x 1 0 + 2 proe that
19 r n 0 19 r n 0
19 n 2 0
1 r 0 f
+
0c1 Sho% that

19 n 2 0 9 n
19 n 3 0
1 n 0 f $ 1 1 0 f $ 1 ! 0 f $
n
n
n
1
n
!
+ + +
.
Example 1% 0a1 Sho% that
E1

-

0n

-

11

xF01

-

x1
n 1
,C C x C x n C x
n n n
n
n n
! 1 2
2
2 3 1 + + + + + 0 1 .
Page 1(
Binomial Theorem
0&1 7ence sho% that
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 10 1
0 10 19
90 19
C C C n C
n n
n n
n n n
n
n
!
2
1
2
2
2 2
2 3 1
2 2 1
1
+ + + + +
+
.
Example 1' ;et m and n &e t%o positie integers %ith n m >
0a1 Sho% that
+
+

1
1
2 1 2
2
n
r
n n
r n
C

Page 2)
Binomial Theorem
0&1 B* considering the coefficient of
k
x in ( )
n
m
x
x
,
_
+ +
1
1 1 2 sho% that
n m
k n
k m
r
n
r
m
r k
C C C
+
+
!
m k n m
=7@A;46>
Example 1( ;et n &e an integer and n G 1 . B* considering the &inomial expansion of 01

-

x1
n
2 or
other%ise 2
0a1 sho% that C C C nC
n n n
n
n
1 2 3
2 3 + + + +
, 2
n 1
n.
0&1 ealuate
1
1
2
2 2
3
3 3
1
1
0 19 90 19 90 19
0 1
9 n n n
n
n
n
+ +

.
=7@A;/5>
Page 21
Binomial Theorem
Example 2) ;et k and n &e non<negatie integers.
Proe that 0a1 C
k
n
C
k
n
k
n
+
+
+
+
1
1
1
1
2 %here ! k n .
0&1 0 1
+
1
1
!
1
k
k
n
k
n
C , ! .
0c1
0 1
+

+
1
1
1
1 !
k
k
n
k
n
k
C
n
. =7@A;/!>
5.&' Binomial Series
Hecall + 8or r ? 1 2
1
1 r
, 1 - r - r
2
- r
3
- r
"
- ... and
1
1 + r
, 1 r - r
2
r
3
- r
"
...
Page 22
Binomial Theorem
8or a real num&er x %ith I

x

I ? 1 and a rational numer n 2
01-x1
n
,
n
r
x
r
r
_
,
!
2 %here
n
r
n n n n r
r
_
,

+ 0 10 1 0 1
9
1 2 1
i.e.
I
Some examples of &inomial series +
0a1
+
+

x 1
1
1 x 1 0
1
0&1

x 1
1
1 x 1 0
1
0c1 +
2
1 x 1 0
0d1
2
1 x 1 0
:.B.. Sometimes %e use the s*m&ol
n
r
_
,
for the &inomial coefficient C

r
n
.
Example 21 #ien that C
!
2 C
1
2 C
2
2 ... 2 C
n
denote the coefficients in the expansion of 01

-

x1
n
.
0a1 B* considering the coefficient of x
n
in the expansion of 01

-

x1
2n
2
sho% that C
!
2
- C
1
2
- C
2
2
- ... - C
n

2
,
0 19
0 91
2
2
n
n
0&1 B* considering the coefficient of x
n
in the expansion of 01

x
2
1
n
2 sho% that
Page 23
+
+
+ +
+ + +
r 2 n
x
9 r
1 1 r n 0 1 2 n 10 1 n 0 n
x
9 2
1 1 n 0 n
nx 1 1 x 1 0
Binomial Theorem
C
!
2
C
1
2
- C
2
2
... - 011
n
C
n

2
,
!
1
2
2 2
if is odd
if is een
n
n
n
n
n n
0 1
9
0 190 19
'
.
Example 22 #ien t%o positie integers n and r let ( ) ( ) ( )
r r r
n x x x x P + + + + + 1
0a1 Ahen
( ) x P
is %ritten in the form
( )

r
t
t
t
x a x P
!
sho% that
( )
t r t r t r r
t t r
n C a n a

+ + + + 2 1 2 1 for
1 2 2 2 2 1 2 ! r t

0&1 ;et
( ) 1 2 ! + n n S
and
( )

n
m
t
m n t S
1
2
%here
2 2 2 2 1 t
Sho% that
( ) ( )
+
1
!
2 1
r
t
r
t
r
n t S C n
Jse 0&1 to find
( ) n S 2 1
( ) n S 2 2 and
( ) n S 2 3 .
Page 24
Binomial Theorem
=7@A; 1/43>
Example 23 0a1 ;et m and n &e positie integers. Jsing the identit*
01

-

x1
n
- 01

-

x1
n -1
- ... - 01

-

x1
n -m
,
0 1 0 1 1 1
1
+ +
+ +
x x
x
n m n
2
%here x ! 2 sho% that C C C C
n
n
n
n
n
n m
n
n m
+ + +
+ +
+
+ + 1
1
1
.
0&1 Jsing 0a1 2 or other%ise 2 sho% that
( )
r r r r C
r
m
m
0 10 10 1
+
+
1 2 3 2" 1
5
"
5
5
.
Page 25
Binomial Theorem
7ence ealuate r r r r
r
k
0 10 10 1
1 2 3
!
for k " .
=7@A;/">
Page 2$

Algebra: Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

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Algebra: Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

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Binomial Theorem

Adv a n c e d Level Pur e Mat he ma t i c s

Example 5 If the coefficients of three consecutie terms in the expansion of 01

0e1 Integrate &oth sides %.r.t.x from ! to 1

Prepared &* K. F. Ngai

Prepared &* K. F. Ngai

0c1 Sho% that

for the &inomial coefficient C

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