Programming Essentials Programming Essentials Programming Essentials Programming Essentials

Programming Essentials
Textbook: T. Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
Outline
Tcl/Otcl
Tcl Regular Expression OTcl
Unix Essentials
Summary y
Redirection Command AWK Grep
Overview, Syntax, and Example Data type: String, List, Associative array, y Handle Input/Output, Mathematical functions Control Structures Procedure
T l: Outline Tcl: O tlin
An Interpreter:
T l: Overview Tcl: O i
Interpret instructions lines by lines No need for compilation
Core language for NS2 Strength: Simplicity

N t ti n Notation
>> : Command C d prompt t foo : A string foo <foo> : The Th value l stored t d in i variable i bl foo [foo] : Optional placement of foo
Program invocation
T l Program Tcl: P Invocation I ti
>> tclsh [<filename> [<args>] g ] >> ns [<filename> [<args>] ] N No input i arg = Enter E Tcl T l environment; i Take command line by line <filename> = an input Tcl file name <args> = input arguments separated by white spaces
T l Program Tcl: P Invocation I ti

<filename> = Tcl script p or Simualtion
script
From F within ithi th the simulation i l ti script i t
The input argument <args> is stored in an array $argv The number of input arguments is stored in a variable $argc To T retrieve i nth (={0,1,}) ( {0 1 }) i input argument, execute
lindex $ $argv g $ $n
Position based ( (not keyword-based) y )

First word = Tcl command
T l: Syntax Tcl: S nt x
Each word separated by a white space Termination = EOL or Semicolon ; $ = Interpretation p of variable
Grouping p g

T l: Syntax Tcl: S nt x
<str>: evaluation of <str> {<str>}: <str> with value substitution [<str>]: <str> without value substitution (<str>): the index <str>
\ = disable the special character # = comment t
T l Simple Tcl: Si l Example E l

Convert temperature from Fahrenheit (Tf) to Celsius (Tc):
Tc = f(Tf) = [ (Tf -32) 32) *5/9 5/9 ]
10
T l Data Tcl: D Type--String T S i

Main Data Type = string, string list, list associative array String: Example
# var var.tcl tcl
>> tclsh t l h var.tcl t l ( 10 + 15 ) ( 25 )
Quiz: $c stores ( 10 + 15 )
11
T l String Tcl: S i
Default type set: Value assignment / Retrieval set <name> <expr> set the value of $<name> to <expr> $<name> set return the value stored in $<name> unset <name> Remove the value stored in <name>
append <varname> <val1> <val2> Append <val1> val1 <val2> val2 to the variable <name> name
12
T l String Tcl: S i
From the previous example, example insert
unset c puts $c
13
T l String Tcl: S i
Command: string, g, format, , scan Command string:

string match <pattern> <string>:

Return 1 if matched; 0 otherwise <pattern> Use Regular Expression
string tolower: change to lower case string toupper: change h to upper case string length: return no. of characters
14
T l String Tcl: S i
Command string g( (cont.): ) string first <str>: return the first occurrence of <str> string last <str>: return the last occurrence of <str> string range <str> <f> <l>: return the characters in <str> between <f> position and <l> position
15
Command format <fmt> <f t> < <v1> 1> < <v2> 2> similar to p printf in C++ Return the formated string
Format %s %c Meaning g String Ascii Equivalent (of input integer) Format Meaning g %x or %X Hexadecimal %f Floating point %e or %E Scientific Representation %g or %G Either Ei h %f or %e
16
T l String Tcl: S i
%d or %i Integer %u %o d value l Unsigned Octal
Command
T l String Tcl: S i
scan <str> <fmt> <v1> <v2>
Reverse of format Parse <str> Look for format <fmt> Place relevant values in <v1> <v2> Regular Expression can be used in
<str>
17
Similar to arrays Use {} to

Create a list Create a sublist {} = empty list
T l List Tcl: Li
Commands: C d set, list, lappend,

split, join, llength, lindex, linsert, , lreplace p
18
T l List Tcl: Li
List Creation: Use either
set mylist [list 1 2 3] set mylist 1 2 3 set mylist {1 2 3}
M Member b retrieval t i l: R Retrieve t i th the nth (={0,1,}) member of the list lindex $mylist <n> Quiz: lindex $mylist 1 returns ( 2 )
19
T l List Tcl: Li
Member setting:
lset mylist <n> <value>
G Group retrieval/replace i l/ l setting: i Return a list containing the nth to mth member b of f the h list li
lrange $mylist <n> <m> lreplace $mylist <n> <m> <e1> <e2>
20
T l List Tcl: Li
List Appending: String Length
l lappend d $mylist $ li t $ $anotherlist th li t llength $mylist
Convert List to String: Convert String to List:
join <list1> <list2>
spit <str> <separator>

21
T l Associative Tcl: A i i A Array

An array y with string g indices Creation:
set price(apple) 10 set price(orange) 20 array <name> <arr> [<pattern>]:
Return u a list containing g all index values u of f <arr>. Return only indices which match the <pattern>. Return indices and values of <arr>
array get <arr>:
22
T l Handle Tcl: H dl
An object j return by y Tcl Channel: a file, a serial port, or a TCP socket Graphic: a graphic object http: h a ref. f to a URL We shall focus on channel channel Discuss later in file access
23
T l Input/Output Tcl: I /O
Tcl Channel: Channel Interface to the outside world (4 types) ?? 1. Standard input: stdin ?? 2. Standard output: stdout 3. Standard error: stderr {r,w,a,r+,w+,a+} 4. File channel
To obtain the channel To close the file
close <channel> open <filename> [<acc [<acc_type>] type>]
24
T l Input/Output Tcl: I /O
gets: Read from the channel gets <channel> <var> puts: Write to the channel puts [-nonewline] [<channel>] <string>
Example: Copy input input.txt txt to output.txt output txt

Wait for end of line
Write to the output file (output.txt)

25
T l Mathematics Tcl: M h i
incr: expr:
Increment Tell Tcl that the following is a mathematical expression.
expr <operand1> <operator> <operand2> expr <function>(<arg>) f ti ( )
Example:
Operator: Function:
expr $a + 3 expr log10(10)
26
Lists of operators:
27
Lists of functions:
returns a floating point rand returns a random number in [0,1] srand returns a random integer g wide returns an integer part hypot returns
double
[1] http://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.5/TclCmd/mathfunc.htm [2] C. Flynt, Tcl/Tk: A developer guide, Morgan Kaufmann, 2003.
28
T l Control Tcl: C l Structure S

if/else/elseif
29

switch
30

while/for/foreach
31
T l Procedures Tcl: P d
Definition:
proc <proc_name> { <arg1> <argn> } { <actions> return <returned_value> }
Invocation:
<proc_name> <val1> <valn>
32
T l Procedures Tcl: P d
Global scope: use
global <varname1> <varname2>
Global Information Variable: Variable Meaning $argv A list of input argument $ $argc Th number The b of f elements l ts i in $argv $ $env An associative array of environment variables
33
Outline
Tcl/Otcl
Unix Essentials
Summary y
34
R Regular l E Expression i
Syntax for String Matching Tcl, Perl, AWK, etc. gy Terminology

Example:
Rules = Piece: Matching rule Target String: A string to be search Atom: A character in a target string Count Modifier: Modify the number of matching
Is there h any n [or more] in the h string This h is the h beginning b

Matched!!
35
Atom
Atom
X [ [a-x] ] . ^ $ \
Meaning A character X A character Any h t within ithi a to t x Any character (e.g., a.c match abc) Beginning of the target string only (e.g., (e g â ^ ) ) End of the target string only (e.g., z$) Inhibit special character
36
Count Modifier
Syntax y
Modifier
x? x+ x*
Meaning Zero or One occurrence of fx One or More occurrence of x Zero or More occurrence of x 0 Color N/A Color 1 Colour Colour Colour 2 or more N/A Colouur Colouur
37
Example
Regex g Colou?r Colou+r Colou*r
Range
Range
[abc] [a-z] [â] [â-z]
Meaning a, b, or c Any character from a to z Any y character except p a Any character except a to z
38
T l Invocation Tcl I i
Find a match
regexp [<opt>] <pattern> <str> <varF> <varS1> <varS2>
<opt>:
option <pattern>: pattern to be matched <str>: given string <varF>: put the result of the entire match here
<var1>, < 1> < <var2>, 2> <pattern> may contain several parts, each enclosed by (). Put 1st, 2nd , part in <var1>, <var2>,
39
T l Invocation Tcl I i
Substitution
regsub [<opt>] <pattern> <str> <substr> <var>
<substr>:
string to substitute the matched string <var>: put the modified string here
Example
regexp ABcdEF{([A-Z]*)((a-z)*[A-Z]*)} a b c d e
regsub wrung This is wrong!! result
What Wh t are stored t d in i $a, $b,$c, $d, $e, and d $result?

40
Outline
Tcl/Otcl
Unix Essentials
Summary y
41
OT l Outline OTcl: O li
Overview Example Syntax Useful methods
42
OT l Overview OTcl: O i
Object oriented Tcl (OTcl) Class:
A collection ll ti of f common thi things Attributes State or Memory Methods What to do Instvar Instproc
Objects and Instances Inheritance
Base class = Mother class = Parent class Derived class = child class
43
OT l Example OTcl: E l
Base Class = Class Node
Instvar = state Instproc = recv() ( )
Derived Class = Class Mobile

Derive all ll instvars and instprocs from class Node Instvar I t = location Instproc = move()
44
BASE CLASS
Class Node
OTcl: Example
recv(pkt)
state
Derive
Class Mobile
location
move(x,y) recv_(pkt)
state
DERIVED CLASS
45
Constructor Constructor: Creat Creating ng an Object
OT l Example OTcl: E l
Invocation
Object instantiation Return the value stored in the instvar state

46
Set the instvar state to be 0
Invoke the instproc move
OT l Main OTcl: M i Characteristics Ch i i

Declaration Anywhere Constructor = init Destructor = destroy y Call through object or class Instvar $self = itself Instproc next: call the same instproc of the mother class
47
OT l Syntax OTcl: S
Class Declaration
Class <classname> [-superclass <Baseclassname>]
Instvar declaration: Declared in an instproc

$self instvar <name1> <name2>
Instvar access: set

Retrieve the value: Set the value:
$<object> set <instvar_name> <value> $<object> j set <instvar_name>
48
OT l Syntax OTcl: S
Instproc declaration
<classname> instproc <proc_name> {<arg1> <argn>} { <body> }
Note: <argi> can be replaced with { {<argi> i <def>} d f }, where <def> d f is the default value, automatically assigned if the value is not specified at the invocation.
49
OT l Syntax OTcl: S
Instproc invocation
<object> <proc_name> <val1> <valn>
Object construction
OTcl: <classname> <object <object_name> name> NS2: new <classname>
new does d t two thi things

alloc{}: Allocate memory init{}: Necessary initialization
50
OT l Useful OTcl: U f l Procedures P d

next:
Invoke the instproc (with the same name) of the base class.
$self next [<args>]
info: i f R Return t th the information i f ti of f

Instvar: <varname> info <options>
51

info: Return the information of Class: <classname> info <options>
52

class:
Change the class init: Constructor instvar: Declare an instvar instproc: Declare an instproc next: Invoke instproc of the mother class proc: Declare l a procedure set: Set or return the value of an instvar unset: t The opposite of set unknown: Invoked when no matched instproc superclass: Define the superclass
53

More on procedure pertaining to
Class: Visit
ftp://ftp tns lcs mit edu/pub/otcl/doc/class html ftp://ftp.tns.lcs.mit.edu/pub/otcl/doc/class.html
Object: Visit
ftp://ftp.tns.lcs.mit.edu/pub/otcl/doc/object.html
54
Outline
Tcl/Otcl
Unix Essentials
Summary y
Basic Command Grep p AWK
55
U i B Unix: Basic i commands d

Basic Commands
ls more/less cd mv pwd cp chmod rm
Redirection
Pipe Pi (|): ) a | b Use input of a as an input of b Write Redirection (>) : a > b.txt Write output of a in the file b.txt Append Redirection (>>): a >> b.txt Append outputof a to the file b.txt
56
U i G Unix: Grep
Look for a <pattern> through a set of files
grep [option] <pattern> [<filename>]
<pattern> can be either text or regular
p expression
Most frequently q y used

grep -r <pattern> * Look for a <pattern> in all sub-directory r = recursive
57
Outline
Tcl/Otcl
Unix Essentials
Summary y
Redirection Command Grep p AWK
58
AWK Overview AWK: O i

Developed by Aho Aho, Weinberger, Weinberger and Kernighan (thus AWK) awk gawk (gnu extenstion) Main Ma n purpose purpose: Extract words from a structured file
59
AWK Example AWK: E l

Input: infile.txt infile txt
Output: Lines with EnQ
60
AWK Syntax AWK: S

Invocation
Tell AWK what what to do do!! !!
61
R Records d and d Fi Fields ld

A Record = A line in a data file Fields
Within Withi a record d Separated by delimiter
A delimiter
A white space by default
Modified by -F option E.g., E g -F: F: Use : as a delimiter

62
E Examples l
Record = Entire Line Delimiter D li i = Whi White space Fields (stored in variables)
$1 = EnQ $2 = 0.164 $3 = FromNode
63
AWK Script S i
Syntax
Key steps

1. Do <initialization> 1 2. For each record If <pattern> is matched, do <actions> 3. Do <final actions>

64
Patterns
Recall: Th Three types of f patterns: 1. Empty: p y Match everything y g 2. Regular expression: Enclosed by // 3. Boolean: ==, >, <, >=, <=
65
P Pattern: Examples E l
AWK script:
BEGIN{print Begin Program;} /EnQ/ {print Found EnQ;} /DeQ/ {print Found DeQ;} if $2 > 0.17 {print $2;} END{print {p End Program;} g ;}
Output:
Begin Program Found EnQ Found DeQ Found EnQ Found DeQ Q Found EnQ 0.172 Found DeQ 0.172 F Found d E EnQ Q 0.178 0 178 End Program
66
A i Actions
A statement ends with ; Basic Actions
+ * / (addition) (subtraction) (multiplication) (division) ++ (increment) -- (decrement) = (assignment) % (modulo)
67
A i Actions: O Output
Basic printing:
print <item1> <item2>
Print with a specified format:

printf(<format>,<item1>,<item2> )
Write to a file (>):

print test > myfile.txt
Append App nd to t a file fil (>>):

print test >> myfile.txt
68
E Example l
Input: infile.txt infile txt Show lines with EnQ
>> awk /EnQ/ infile.txt
69
V i bl Variables
No Declaration Type: Floating point or String A i Assign: U Use = Every y text is variable, unless Enclosed by String Enclosed by [] [ ] Array Enclosed by [] Associative Array
70
C Control l Structure S
Main Structures: If, If While While, for
Breaking keywords
71
Outline
Tcl/Otcl
Unix Essentials
Summary y
Redirection Command Grep p AWK
72
Summary
Tcl Interpreter C++ Compiler Q: Main difference? Pros and Cons ? Regular expression Pattern matching OTcl = Object oriented version of Tcl Unix basic commands Redirection commands: |, >, >> Grep: Pattern finding command AWK: Extract info based on given pattern
73

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Programming Essentials

Redirection Command AWK Grep

T l: Outline Tcl: O tlin

Interpret instructions lines by lines No need for compilation

Core language for NS2 Strength: Simplicity

T l Program Tcl: P Invocation I ti

T l Program Tcl: P Invocation I ti

From F within ithi th the simulation i l ti script i t

Position based ( (not keyword-based) y )

\ = disable the special character # = comment t

T l Simple Tcl: Si l Example E l

T l Data Tcl: D Type--String T S i

>> tclsh t l h var.tcl t l ( 10 + 15 ) ( 25 )

string match <pattern> <string>:

%d or %i Integer %u %o d value l Unsigned Octal

scan <str> <fmt> <v1> <v2>

Similar to arrays Use {} to

Commands: C d set, list, lappend,

Convert List to String: Convert String to List:

join <list1> <list2>

spit <str> <separator>

T l Associative Tcl: A i i A Array

array get <arr>:

Example: Copy input input.txt txt to output.txt output txt

Write to the output file (output.txt)

Increment Tell Tcl that the following is a mathematical expression.

expr <operand1> <operator> <operand2> expr <function>(<arg>) f ti ( )

T l Control Tcl: C l Structure S

T l Control Tcl: C l Structure S

T l Control Tcl: C l Structure S

Redirection Command AWK Grep

Is there h any n [or more] in the h string This h is the h beginning b

What Wh t are stored t d in i $a, $b,$c, $d, $e, and d $result?

Redirection Command AWK Grep

Objects and Instances Inheritance

Derived Class = Class Mobile

Constructor Constructor: Creat Creating ng an Object

Object instantiation Return the value stored in the instvar state

Set the instvar state to be 0

Invoke the instproc move

OT l Main OTcl: M i Characteristics Ch i i

Instvar declaration: Declared in an instproc

Instvar access: set

new does d t two thi things

OT l Useful OTcl: U f l Procedures P d

info: i f R Return t th the information i f ti of f

OT l Useful OTcl: U f l Procedures P d

OT l Useful OTcl: U f l Procedures P d

OT l Useful OTcl: U f l Procedures P d

Basic Command Grep p AWK

U i B Unix: Basic i commands d

<pattern> can be either text or regular

Most frequently q y used

Redirection Command Grep p AWK

AWK Overview AWK: O i

AWK Example AWK: E l

Output: Lines with EnQ

AWK Syntax AWK: S

Tell AWK what what to do do!! !!

R Records d and d Fi Fields ld

Modified by -F option E.g., E g -F: F: Use : as a delimiter

1. Do <initialization> 1 2. For each record If <pattern> is matched, do <actions> 3. Do <final actions>

Print with a specified format: