HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

BI GING MN

TON RI RC 2

Ging vin: in thoi/E-mail: B mn:

TH.S. Phan Th H hathiphan@yahoo.com Cng ngh phn mm

Hc k/Nm bin son:I/2009-2010

BI GING MN

TON RI RC 2
CHNG 6.CY V CY KHUNG CA TH

M u Cc ng dng ca cy Cc phng php duyt cy Cy khung ca th Cy khung nh nht

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TON RI RC 2
M U nh ngha 1. Cy l mt th v hng, lin thng v khng c chu trnh n. V cy khng th c chu trnh n, nn cy khng th c cnh bi v khuyn. Vy mi cy u l th n. nh ngha 2. Mt th khng c chu trnh n nhng khng lin thng c gi l rng.

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TON RI RC 2
M U Cy thng c nh ngha nh mt th v hng, trong gia mi cp nh ca n lun tn ti mt ng i n duy nht. nh l sau cho thy trong th v hng th tnh lin thng v khng c chu trnh n tng ng vi tnh tn ti ng i n duy nht gia mi cp nh

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TON RI RC 2
M U nh l 1. Mt th v hng l mt cy nu gia mi cp nh ca n lun tn ti ng i n duy nht. nh ngha 3. Cy c gc c gi l m-phn nu tt c cc nh trong ca n khng c hn m con. Cy c gi l mphn ng (strict) nu mi nh trong ca n c ng m con. Cy m-phn vi m = 2 c gi l cy nh phn. Cy c gc c sp (hay c th t) l cy c gc trong cc con ca mi nh c sp xp theo mt th t nht nh. Cy c gc c sp c v sao cho cc con ca mi nh trong c sp th t t tri qua phi. Trong cy nh phn c th t, cc nh trong c hai con, con th nht gi l con bn tri v con th hai l con bn phi. Cy c gc l con bn tri ca mt nh c gi l cy con bn tri, tng t ta c nh ngha v cy con bn phi.
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TON RI RC 2 M U Nhng tnh cht ca cy

nh l 2. Cy vi n nh c ng n-1 cnh. nh l 3. Cy m-phn ng vi i nh trong s c tt c n = m*i + 1 nh. nh l 3. Cy m-phn ng vi a) Nu cy c n nh th s nh trong l i = (n-1)/m v s l l l = ((m-1)n+1 )/m b) Nu cy c i nh trong th khi s nh l n = m.i + 1 v s l l l=(m-1)i+1. c) Nu cy c l l th s nh l :

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TON RI RC 2
M U nh ngha. Mc ca nh v trong cy c gc l di ca ng i duy nht t gc ti n. Mc ca gc c nh ngha bng khng. cao ca cy l mc cao nht ca tt c cc nh. Ni cch khc cao ca cy c gc l chiu di ca ng i di nht t gc ti mt nh bt k. Cy m-phn c gc v cao h c gi l cn i nu tt c cc l u mc h hoc h-1.

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TON RI RC 2

Cy AVL l cy nh phn sao cho ti mi nh chiu cao ca cy con tri v cy con phi khc nhau khng qu 1. Vy cy AVL l trng hp c bit ca cy nh phn cn i: cy AVL l cy nh phn cn i, nhng ngc li ni chung khng ng. Cy m-phn hon ton(complete) l cy mphn ng trong mi l cng mt mc.

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TON RI RC 2
M U

nh l 5. C nhiu nht mh l trong cy mphn, cao h.

H qu 1. Nu cy m-phn c chiu cao h v c l l, khi h logml. Nu cy m-phn ng v cn i, khi h = logm l. (Nh li l x l s nguyn nh nht khng b hn x).

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TON RI RC 2
CC NG DNG CA CY

Chng ta s nghin cu ba bi ton bng m hnh cy. Cc phn t trong mt danh sch c lu tr nh th no c th d dng nh v c chng? Hy xc nh dy cc quyt nh tm mt i tng c tnh cht no trong tp hp cc i tng thuc mt loi no . Cn phi m ha tp cc ch ci bng cc dy nh phn nh th no c hiu qu nht?

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TON RI RC 2
CC NG DNG CA CY

gii quyt: tm hiu 3 loi cy sau Cy tm kim nh phn Cy quyt nh Cc m tin t

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TON RI RC 2
CC NG DNG CA CY Cy tm kim nh phn

Tm kim mt phn t trong mt danh sch l mt trong nhng cng vic quan trng nht trong tin hc. Mc ch hng u ca chng ta l a ra mt thut ton tm kim c hiu qu nht l tm mt phn t khi cc phn t c sp xp theo mt th t no . iu c th thc hin c bng cy tm kim nh phn. l cy nh phn trong mi nh ch c nhiu nht l 2 con: mt con tri v mt con phi. Mi nh c gn mt kha. Cc nh c gn kha sao cho kha ca nh ln hn kha ca tt c cc nh thuc cy con bn tri, v nh hn kha ca tt c cc nh thuc cy con bn phi ca n.
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TON RI RC 2
CC NG DNG CA CY

Mt cy nh phn tm kim ch c cc nh con bn tri s to thnh mt cy lch tri hay sp xp theo th t gim dn ca kha. Mt cy nh phn tm kim ch c cc nh con bn phi s to nn mt cy lch phi hay sp xp theo th t tng dn ca kha.

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TON RI RC 2
CC NG DNG CA CY

Nu gi tr kha ca nh x trng vi gi tr kha ti nh gc th khng th thm node. Nu gi tr kha ca nh x nh hn gi tr kha ti nh gc v cha c l con bn tri th thc hin thm node vo nhnh bn tri. Nu gi tr kha ca nh x ln hn gi tr kha ti nh gc v cha c l con bn phi th thc hin thm node vo nhnh bn phi.

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TON RI RC 2

Thao tc tm kim nh trn cy nh phn tm kim: Gi s ta cn tm kim kha c gi tr x trn cy nh phn tm kim, trc ht ta bt u t gc:

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TON RI RC 2
CC NG DNG CA CY Nu cy rng: php tm kim khng tho mn; Nu x trng vi kho gc: php tm kim tho mn; Nu x nh hn kho gc th tm sang cy bn tri; Nu x ln hn kho gc th tm sang cy bn phi;

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TON RI RC 2
CC NG DNG CA CY

Thao tc loi b nh (Remove): Vic loi b nh trn cy nh phn tm kim kh phc tp. V sau khi loi b ta phi iu chnh li cy n vn l cy nh phn tm kim. Khi loi b nh trn cy nh phn tm kim th nh cn loi b c th mt trong 3 trng hp sau:

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TON RI RC 2
CC NG DNG CA CY Nu nh p cn loi l nh treo th vic loi b c thc hin ngay. Nu node p cn xo c mt cy con th ta phi ly node con ca node p thay th cho p. Nu nh p cn xo c nhieu cy con th ta xt: Nu nh cn xo pha cy con bn tri th nh bn tri nht s c chn lm nh th mng, nu nh cn xo pha cy con bn phi th nh bn phi nht s c chn lm node th mng.

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TON RI RC 2

CC NG DNG CA CY Cy quyt nh
Cc cy c gc c th dng m hnh cc bi ton trong c mt dy cc quyt nh dn n li gii. Chng hn, cy tm kim nh phn c th dng nh v cc phn t da trn mt lot cc so snh, trong mi so snh cho ta bit ta c nh v c phn t hay cha, hoc ta s i theo cy con tri hoc cy con phi. Cy c gc trong mi nh trong ng vi mt quyt nh v mi cy con ti cc nh ny ng vi mi mt kt cc c th ca quyt nh c gi l cy quyt nh. Nhng li gii c th ca bi ton tng ng vi cc ng i ti cc l ca cy c gc ny. V d sau s minh ha mt GI ng ngTH.S.PHAN ca cyTH quy t nh. NG d VIN: H
B MN: CNG NGH PHN MM

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TON RI RC 2
V d 1. C 4 ng xu trong c 1 ng xu gi nh hn ng xu tht. Xc nh s ln cn (thng bng) cn thit xc nh ng xu gi. Gii. R rng ta ch cn hai ln cn xc nh ng xu gi v khi ta t bn ng xu ln bn cn th ch c th xy ra hai kt cc: ng s 1,2 nh hn hoc nng hn ng s 3, 4. Thc hin quyt nh cn li ging nh trn cho hai ng xu nh hn ta xc nh c ng xu no l gi. Hnh 7.3 di y s m t cy quyt nh gii quyt bi ton.

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TON RI RC 2
1 2 3 4

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TON RI RC 2
PHNG PHP DUYT CY

H a ch thng dng 1. Gn nhn cho gc bng s 0. Sau k nh con ca n ( mc 1) t tri sang phi c gn nhn l 1, 2, 3, ..., k. 2. Vi mi nh v mc n c nhn l A, th r nh con ca n tnh t tri qua phi c gn nhn l A.1, A.2,..., A.r. Theo th tc ny, nh v mc n vi n1, c nhn l x1.x2.....xn, trong ng i duy nht t gc ti v s i qua nh th x1 mc 1, nh th x2 mc 2, ...
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PHNG PHP T CY TON RDUY I R C 2

Cc phng php duyt cy Duyt tin th t, Trung th t Hu th t.

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TON RI RC 2
PHNG PHP DUYT CY nh ngha 1. Gi s ta c cy T vi gc r. Nu T ch c gc th r l cch duyt tin th t ca T. Nu khng th gi T1, T2, ..., Tn l cc cy con ti r t tri qua phi. Duyt tin th t T s ving thm r u tin. Sau duyt T1 theo kiu tin th t, duyt T2 theo kiu tin th t, ... c nh vy cho n khi Tn c duyt theo kiu tin th t

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BI GING MN

TON RI RC 2
PHNG PHP DUYT CY Duyt theo kiu tin th t cy T l a,b,e,j,h,n,o,p,f,c,d,g,l,m,h,i.

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TON RI RC 2
nh ngha 2. Gi s ta c cy T vi gc r. Nu T ch c gc th r l cch duyt trung th t ca T. Nu khng th gi T1, T2, ..., Tn l cc cy con ti r t tri qua phi. Duyt trung th t T s ving thm T1 u tin, sau thm r, ri duyt T2 theo kiu trung th t, ... c nh vy cho n khi Tn c duyt theo kiu trung th t. VD:j,e,n,k,o,p,b,f,a,c,l,g,m,d,h,i.

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TON RI RC 2
nh ngha 3. Gi s ta c cy T vi gc r. Nu T ch c gc th r l cch duyt hu th t ca T. Nu khng th gi T1, T2, ..., Tn l cc cy con ti r t tri qua phi. Duyt hu th t T s bt u duyt T1 theo kiu hu th t, ri duyt T2 theo kiu hu th t, ... c nh vy cho n khi Tn c duyt theo kiu hu th t, v cui cng kt thc bng vic ving thm r. j,n,o,p,k,e,f,b,c,l,m,g,h,i,d,a.

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TON RI RC 2
Cc k php trung t, tin t v hu t
^

Cch duyt cy nh phn biu din biu thc cho theo kiu trung th t s to ra biu thc c cc s hng v cc php ton theo ng th t nh l c trong biu thc ban u.

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TON RI RC 2

Biu thc c y du ngoc nh vy c gi l dng trung t. x y + 2 ^ x 4 - 3 / +.

c dng tin t ca biu thc khi ta duyt cy theo kiu tin th t. Cc biu thc c vit di dng tin t c gi l k php Ba lan +^+xy2/-x43

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TON RI RC 2
PHNG PHP DUYT CY(tip)

dng hu t ca mt biu thc bng cch duyt cy nh phn theo kiu hu th t. Biu thc vit di dng hu t c gi l k php Ba lan ngc. x y + 2 ^ x 4 - 3 / +.

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CY BAO TRM

TON RI RC 2

Khi nim Nhng thut ton xy dng cy bao trm

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CY BAO TRM

TON RI RC 2

nh ngha 11.2 Gi s G l mt th v hng. Cy T c gi l cy bao trm ca th G nu T l mt th ring ca G.

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TON RI RC 2
V D th G:

b c

Mt s cy bao trm ca G: Hnh 11.2. th c cy bao trm

b c

a d

b c e

Hnh 11.3. Hai cy bao trm ca th G

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TON RI RC 2

CY BAO TRM (tip)

nh l 11.2: th v hng G c cy bao trm G lin thng. Chng minh: : Hin nhin : Chn a l mt nh bt k trong th G. K hiu: d(x) l khong cch gia a v nh x. Xy dng cc tp nh: D0 = {a}, Di = { x d(x) = i } vi i 1.

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TON RI RC 2
CY BAO TRM (tip)

D0

D1

D2

...

Hnh 11.4. Cch xy dng cy bao trm

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TON RI RC 2
CY BAO TRM (tip) Chng minh: Lp tp cnh T nh sau: Vi mi nh x ca th G, x Di vi i 1, ta ly cnh no ni x vi mt nh trong Di-1. Tp cnh ny s to nn mt th ring ca G vi n nh v n - 1 cnh. th ring ny lin thng v mi nh u c ni vi nh a. Theo tnh cht 3) ca cy th T l mt cy. Do vy, T l cy bao trm ca th G.

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CY BAO TRM (tip) TON RI RC 2

nh l 11.3 (Borchardt): S cy bao trm ca mt th v hng y n nh l nn 2. Mt s thut ton tm cy bao trm:

- Thut ton s dng phng php duyt theo chiu su. - Thut ton s dng phng php duyt theo chiu rng.

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TON RI RC 2
THUT TON TM CY BAO TRM

Thut ton 11.1 (Tm cy bao trm bng phng php duyt theo chiu su) D liu: Biu din mng DK cc danh sch k ca th v hng G. Kt qu: Cy bao trm (V, T) ca th G.

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TON RI RC 2
THUT TON TM CY BAO TRM (tip)

Thut ton 1 void CBT_S (v) ; 2 { 3 Duyet [v] := true ; 4 for u DK[v] do 5 if ! (Duyet [u] ) 6 {T := T {(v, u)} ; CBT_S (u) } 7 };

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TON RI RC 2
THUT TON TM CY BAO TRM (tip)

8 main() { Chng trnh chnh } 9{ for u V do Duyet [u] := false ; 10 T := ; 11 CBT_S (z) ; { z l nh tu ca th, s tr thnh gc ca cy } 12 }

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TON RI RC 2
THUT TON TM CY BAO TRM (tip)

1.

2.

3.

Tnh ng n ca thut ton: : Khi ta thm cnh (v, u) vo tp cnh T th trong th (V, T) c ng i t z ti v. Vy thut ton xy dng ln th lin thng. Mi cnh mi (v, u) c thm vo tp T c nh v c duyt v nh u ang duyt. Vy th ang c xy dng khng c chu trnh. Theo tnh cht ca php duyt theo chiu su, th tc CBT_S thm tt c cc nh ca th lin thng G.
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TON RI RC 2
THUT TON TM CY BAO TRM (tip)

Do vy, th do thut ton xy dng l mt cy bao trm ca th cho. phc tp ca tht ton l: O(n+m).

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TON RI RC 2
V D p dng thut ton trn cho th (nt mnh) ta nhn c cy bao trm (nt m) nh sau:
2 3 4 6 5 8

9 7

Hnh 11.5. Cy bao trm ca th tm theo phng php duyt theo chiu su
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TON RI RC 2
THUT TON TM CY BAO TRM (tip)

Thut ton 11.2 (Tm cy bao trm bng phng php duyt theo chiu rng)

D liu: Biu din mng DK cc danh sch k ca th v hng G. Kt qu: Cy bao trm (V, T) ca th G.

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11.3. THUT TON TM CY TRM TON RIBAO RC 2 (tip)

Thut ton
1 BEGIN 2 for u V do Duyet [u] := false ; 3 T := ; 4 Q := ; 5 pus_queue z into Q ; { z l nh tu ca
th v l gc ca cy }

Duyet [z] := true ;

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

while Q do begin pop_qeue v from Q ; for u DK[v] do if ! Duyet [u] then begin in-queue u into Q ; Duyet [u] := true ; T := T {(v, u)} end end END.

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TON RI RC 2
11.3.THUT TON TM CY BAO TRM (tip)

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TON RI RC 2
THUT TON TM CY BAO TRM (tip)

phc tp ca thut ton: O(m+n). V d: p dng thut ton trn cho th (nt mnh) ta nhn c cy bao trm (nt m) nh sau:
2 3 4 6

5 9 7

Hnh 11.6. Cy bao trm ca th tm theo phng php duyt theo chiu rng
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CY BAO TRM NH NH T TON R IR C2

KN cy bao trm Thut ton tm cy bao trm nh nht

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TON RI RC 2
CY BAO TRM NH NHT Bi ton: Cho th v hng G lin thng vi tp cnh E v hm trng s c : E N. Tm cy bao trm T ca G sao cho tng trng s ca cc cnh ca T t gi tr nh nht. Mt s thut ton tm cy bao trm nh nht: - Thut ton Kruskal - Thut ton Prim

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TON RI RC 2
THUT TON KRUSKAL

Thut ton: 1. Chn cnh c trng s b nht, k hiu l e1 v t W := {e1}. 2. Gi s chn c W = {e1, e2, ... , ei}. Chn ei+1 l cnh c trng s b nht trong s cc cnh cn li trong E \ W sao cho {e1, e2, ... , ei, ei+1} khng cha chu trnh. 3. B sung: W := W {ei+1}. 4. Lp li cc bc 2. 3. chng no cn c th.

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TON RI RC 2
THUT TON KRUSKAL (tip) nh l 11.4 : Tp cc cnh W tm c theo thut ton Kruskal to nn cy bao trm nh nht ca th G. Thut ton Kruskal chi tit 1 procedure Kruskal ; 2 begin 3 W := ; Z := E ;

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TON RI RC 2
THUT TON KRUSKAL (tip)
4 Thut ton Kruskal chi tit 1 procedure Kruskal ; 2 begin 3 W := ; Z := E ; 4 while (|W| < n -1) and (Z ) do 5 begin 6 chn cnh e c trng s b nht trong Z ; 7 Z := Z \ {e} ; 8 if W {e} khng cha chu trnh then
1 W := W {e}

9 end ; 10 if |W| < n -1 then writeln( th khng lin thng) 11 end ;

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TON RI RC 2
V D th c trng s v cy bao trm nh nht:
2 1 1 6 2 5 6 2

1 4 5

1 1 1 5

Hnh 11.10. th trng s v mt cy bao trm nh nht

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TON RI RC 2
THUT TON PRIM Thut ton Prim Prim ci tin thut ton Kruskal nh sau: mi vng lp ta chn cnh c trng s b nht trong s cc cnh k vi cc cnh chn m khng to nn chu trnh.

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TON RI RC 2
THUT TON PRIM (tip) Thut ton Prim c gi l phng php ln cn gn nht: bt u t mt nh no a ca th G ta ni n vi nh gn nht, chng hn b. Ngha l, cnh (a, b) c chn c trng s b nht. Tip theo, trong s cc cnh k vi nh a hoc nh b ta chn cnh c trng s b nht m khng to nn chu trnh vi cnh (a, b). Cnh ny dn n nh th ba c ... Tip tc qu trnh ny cho n khi nhn c cy gm n nh v n-1 cnh. chnh l cy bao trm nh nht.

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TON RI RC 2
THUT TON PRIM (tip) 1 procedure Prim ; 2 begin 3 W := {cnh c trng s b nht }; 4 for i := 1 to n - 2 do 5 begin 6 e := cnh c trng s b nht k vi cnh trong W v nu ghp n vo W th khng to nn chu trnh ; 7 W := W {e} 8 end 9 end ;

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GING VIN: TH.S.PHAN TH H B MN: CNG NGH PHN MM

BI GING MN

TON RI RC 2
CY BAO TRM NH NHT (tip) nh l 11.5 Trong th v hng c trng s i mt khc nhau, cy bao trm nh nht tn ti v duy nht. Chng minh: V trong vng lp ch c duy nht mt cnh c chn.

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GING VIN: TH.S.PHAN TH H B MN: CNG NGH PHN MM

BI GING MN

TON RI RC 2
CY BAO TRM LN NHT Trong cc thut ton Kruskal v Prim ta khng rng buc v du ca trng s, nn c th p dng cho th v hng vi trng s trn cc cnh c cng du tu .

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GING VIN: TH.S.PHAN TH H B MN: CNG NGH PHN MM

BI GING MN

TON RI RC 2
CY BAO TRM LN NHT (tip)

tm cy bao trm ln nht ta c hai cch: 1. i thnh du - cho cc trng s trn cc cnh. p dng mt trong hai thut ton trnh by trn tm cy bao trm nh nht. Sau i du + tr li, ta s c cy bao trm ln nht. 2. Sa i trong cc thut ton: bc chn cnh c trng s b nht ... c thay bng chn cnh c trng s ln nht ... cn cc bc khc th gi nguyn. Khi thut ton kt thc, ta s nhn c cy bao trm ln nht.

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GING VIN: TH.S.PHAN TH H B MN: CNG NGH PHN MM