Cu 1: phn mm tt l phn mm c cc yu t sau *cc ch tiu c bn: Phn nh ng yu cu ngi dng Cha t li tim tng Gi thnh khng vt qu gi c lng

lng ban u D vn hnh, s dng Tnh an ton v tin cy cao *hiu sut x l cao: Hiu sut thi gian tt phc tp tnh ton thp Thi gian quay vng ngn Thi gian hi p nhanh S dng ti nguyn hu hiu: CPU, RAM, HDD... *tnh d hiu: Kin trc v cu trc thit k d hiu D kim tra, kim th, kim chng D bo tr C ti liu (m t yu cu, iu kin kim th, vn hnh, bo tr, ...) vi cht lng cao Phn loi phn mm:

_ Phn mm h thng (System SW): l tp hp cc chng trnh gii quyt cc bi ton iu khin cc chng trnh v thit b trong mt my tnh hay mt h my tnh. _ Phn mm thi gian thc (Real-time SW) : L phn mm iu phi,phn tch hoc kim sot cc s kin ca th gii thc ngay khi chng xut hin.Bao gm cc phn mm iu khin t ng ,robot _ Phn mm tnh ton KH&KT (Eng.&Scie. SW): N l phn mm trong cc ng dng mi,thit k hay ch to my tnh tr gip.

_ Phn mm nhng (Embedded SW): mm my tnh nm trong cc chip gn vi thit b.N ch c kch hot iu khin sn phm v h thng cho ngi dng,cho th trng cng nghip khi cc h thng ny hot ng. _ Phn mm my c nhn (Personal computer SW): Phn mm my tnh c nhn phc v trc tip cho mt c nhn lm vic vi mt my.Phn mm ny tip tc c pht trin v c ci thin khng ngng c bit l giao din ngi-my. _Phn mm trn Web (Web-based SW): Ta c th truy nhp vo cc trang Web nh mt phn mm chuyn dng l s phi hp ca cc cu lnh c th thc hin c. nh CGI,HTML,Perl hay Java v cc d liu siu vn bn _Phn mm tr tu nhn to (AI SW): Phn mm ny s dng cc thut ton phi s gii quyt cc vn phc tp m tnh ton hay phn tch trc tip khng qun l ni.Nh cc h chuyn gia,cc h c s tr thc,nhn dng nh v ni

Cu 2: nhng kh khn trong sn xut phn mm: (1,)Khng c phng php m t r rng nh ngha yu cu ca ngi dng , sau khi bn giao sn phm d pht sinh nhng trc trc (2) Vi nhng phn mm quy m ln, t liu c t c nh thi gian di, do vy kh p ng nhu cu thay i ca ngi dng mt cch kp thi trong thi gian (3)Nu khng c Phng php lun thit k nht qun m thit k theo cch ring (ca cng ty, nhm), th s dn n suy gim cht lng phn mm (4) Nu khng c chun v lm t liu quy trnh sn xut phn mm, th nhng c t khng r rng s lm gim cht lng phn mm (5) Nu khng kim th tnh ng n ca phn mm tng giai on m ch kim giai on cui v pht hin ra li, th thng bn giao sn phm khng ng hn (6) Nu coi trng vic lp trnh hn khu thit k th thng dn n lm gim cht lng phn mm (7) Nu coi thng vic ti s dng phn mm , th nng sut lao ng s gim (8) Phn ln trong quy trnh pht trin phn mm c nhiu thao tc do con ngi thc hin, do vy nng sut lao ng thng b gim (9) Khng chng minh c tnh ng n ca phn mm, do vy tin cy ca phn mm s gim (10) Chun v mt phn mm tt khng th o c mt cch nh lng, do vy khng th nh gi c mt h thng ng n hay khng

(11) Khi u t nhn lc ln vo bo tr s lm gim hiu sut lao ng ca nhn vin (12) Cng vic bo tr ko di lm gim cht lng ca t liu v nh hng xu n nhng vic khc Cu 3: -Vng i phn mm l thi k tnh t khi phn mm c sinh (to) ra cho n khi cht i (t lc hnh thnh p ng yu cu, vn hnh, bo dng cho n khi loi b khng u dng) -Quy trnh phn mm (vng i phn mm) c phn chia thnh cc pha chnh: phn tch, thit k, ch to, kim th, bo tr. Biu din cc pha c khc nhau theo tng ngi *** c im ca vng i phn mm : 1) Pha xc nh yu cu v thit k c vai tr quyt nh n cht lng phn mm, chim phn ln cng sc so vi lp trnh, kim th v chuyn giao phn mm (2) Pha c th ha cu trc phn mm ph thuc nhiu vo suy ngh trn xung v tru tng ha, cng nh chi tit ha (3) Pha thit k, ch to th theo trn xung, pha kim th th di ln (4) Trc khi chuyn sang pha k tip phi m bo pha hin nay c kim th khng cn li (5) Cn c c ch kim tra cht lng, xt duyt gia cc pha nhm m bo khng gy li cho pha sau (6) T liu ca mi pha khng ch dng cho pha sau, m chnh l i tng quan trng cho kim tra v m bo cht lng ca tng quy trnh v ca chnh phn mm (7) Cn chun ha mu biu, cch ghi chp to t liu cho tng pha, nhm m bo cht lng phn mm (8) Thao tc bo tr phn mm l vic x l quay vng tr li cc pha trong vng i phn mm nhm bin i, sa cha, nng cp phn mm Cu 4: Phn tch hng i tng Cc bc phn tch ( 3 bc) +M hnh use case +M hnh lp +M hnh ng

 M hnh use case: Xy dng cc chc nng ca phn mm ++Cc chc nng nhn quan im ca ngi s dng h thng ++Kt qu ++Biu use case c phn cp, cng cc kch bn tng ng -Cc bc xy dng m hnh use case 1. Xc nh tc nhn & use case

2. Xc nh c cc mi quan h v phn r biu use case 3. Biu din cc use case thng qua cc kch bn 4. Kim tra v hiu chnh m hnh Vai tr 1. Use case la cng c ngi dng tip cn v m t cc chc nng h thng theo quan im ca mnh 2. Khch hng v ngi dng tim nng tham gia cng nhm pht trin trong bc phn tch & thit k h thng thng nht chung v cc chc nng cn thit h thng 3. Use case l c s cho vic xy dng cc lp cn thit M hnh lp ++Dng biu din cc lp, thuc tch v mi quan h gia cc lp da trn tp cc use case v kch bn ++Lp: Mt nhm i tng c chung thuc tnh & phng thc **Xc nh lp ? Phng php trch danh t Phng php dng th ghi (CRC-class responsibility collaboration) Xc nh trch nhim n v lp phi hp pht trin lp khc & thuc tnh, phng thc ca lp Phng php xc nh t UC v kch bn &&Cc nhim v cn t c Xc nh cc lp

 Xc nh cc thuc tnh & mt s phng thc c bn Ch ra c mt s quan h gia cc lp Xc nh lp t UC v kch bn Nghin cu tt c cc UC v kch bn tm cc lp ng c vin Loi b cc lp ng c vin khng hp l Lp d tha: C 2 hay nhiu danh t cng ch ti 1 thc th. Danh t khng tch hp: khng lin quan n phm vi ca bi ton Danh t m t nhng lp khng r rng Danh t ng vai tr (role) trong mi quan h vi lp khc Cc danh t biu din cc cng c xy dng phn mm hoc cc thut ng trong lp trnh thut ton M hnh ng +Biu din cc hot ng lin quan n mt lp hay lp con + Cc hot ng ny tng t nh s my trng thi hu hn biu trng thi + Tng tc gia cc i tng trong thi gian chy. ( th hin bng m hnh tun t hoc cng tc) +Cc hnh ng tng qut biu din cc qu trnh kinh doanh hoc tng tc vi ngi dng +Cc chuyn i trng thi theo thi gian ( biu trng thi) Biu tun t Biu cng tc Biu hot ng Biu trng thi

Tng kt : Pha phn tch hng i tng gm 3 bc chnh : m hnh use

case, m hnh lp , m hnh ng

Cu 5: kim th , chin lc kim th en v trng ****Kim th hp en : +Khng c s hiu bit g v thit k bn trong & code ca chng trnh +Da trn c t bn ngoi ca chng trnh (What ?) Cc phng php kim th hp en Phn on tng ng : Mc ch: gim s lng test bng cch chn cc tp d liu i din +Thc hin: Chia d kiu vo thnh cc on, mi on i din cho mt s d liu => vic kim th ch thc hin trn i din +u im: Test theo mc tru tng hn l trng. p dng: mn hnh, menu hay mc qu trnh V d: Form thng tin sinh vin c cc thng tin ( H tn, Ngy Sinh, Gii tnh) im mn hc cng ngh phn mm ,Trong h tn khng qu 25 k t,

Phn tch gi tr bin : L 1 trng hp ring ca phn on +Th d: nu min d liu l thng th gi tr 0 hay >12 l khng hp l +Thng s dng trong kim th mun on li : Da vo trc gic v kinh nghim

+Th d li chia cho 0. Nu mun c php chia th phi kim th li ny +Nhc im: khng pht hin ht li ***kim th hp trng : Hiu r c cu trc bn trong ca ng dng code +Da trn c t bn trong ca chng trnh (How ?) B cc lnh B cc r nhnh B cc iu kin B cc iu kin - r nhnh Kim th n v :Mt n v l mt thnh phn phn mm nh nht m ta c th kim th c. V d, cc hm (Function), th tc (Procedure), lp (Class) hay phng thc (Method) u c th c xem l Unit. Kim th tch hp : tip gia chng Intgration Test kt hp cc unit vi nhau v kim tra s giao + Pht hin li giao tip xy ra gia cc Unit.

Cc loi kim th trong kim th tch hp Kim th cu trc Kim th chc nng (Functional Test) Kim th hiu nng (Performance Test) Kim th kh nng chu ti (Stress Test) Kim th h thng : Mc ch System Test kim th thit k v ton b h thng (sau khi tch hp) c tha mn yu cu t ra ? Cc loi kim th thng dng Kim th chc nng (Functional Test) Bo m cc hnh vi ca h thng tha mn ng yu cu thit k. Kim th hiu nng (Performance Test)

 bo m ti u vic phn b ti nguyn h thng (v d b nh) nhm t cc ch tiu nh thi gian x l hay p ng cu truy vn cu 6: cc bc lp k hoch test case, test plan ***test case : M t mt d liu u vo (input), hnh ng (action) hoc s kin (event) v mt kt qu mong i (expected response), -> xc nh mt chc nng ca phn mm hot ng ng hay khng. Mt test case c th c cc phn c th khc nhau nh m test case, tn test case, mc tiu test, cc iu kin test, cc yu cu data input, cc bc thc hin v cc kt qu mong i. Mc chi tit c th c nh ngha khc nhau da vo ng cnh ca d n v quy m ca cng ty sn xut phn mm. V d : (Name,desc,test steps, expected, status,..) ***test plan: Mc ch Nhm ch nh v m t cc loi kim tra s c trin khai v thc hin. Kt qu ca bc lp k hoch l bn ti liu k hoch KTPM, bao gm nhiu chi tit t cc loi kim tra, chin lc kim tra, cho n thi gian v phn nh lc lng kim tra vin Thi im lp test plan: Khi cc yu cu tng i y , cc chc nng v lung d liu chnh c m t -> master test plan Cc bc lp k hoch test plan: 1. Xc nh yu cu kim tra Ch nh b phn, thnh phn ca PM s c kim tra, phm vi hoc gii hn ca vic kim tra. Yu cu kim tra cng c dng xc nh nhu cu nhn lc 2. Kho st ri ro Cc ri ro c kh nng xy ra lm chm hoc cn tr qu trnh cng nh cht lng kim tra. V d: k nng v kinh nghim ca kim tra vin qu yu, khng hiu r yu cu

3. Xc nh chin lc kim tra

 Ch nh phng php tip cn thc hin vic kim tra trn PM, ch nh cc k thut v cng c h tr kim tra, ch nh cc phng php dng nh gi cht lng kim tra cng nh iu kin xc nh thi gian kim tra 4. Xc nh nhn lc,vt lc: k nng, kinh nghim ca kim tra vin Phn cng, phn mm, cng c, thit b gi lp cn thit cho vic kim tra 5. Lp k hoch chi tit c lng thi gian, khi lng cng vic, xc nh chi tit cc phn cng vic, ngi thc hin, thi gian tt c cc im mc ca qu trnh kim tra 6. Tng hp v to cc bn k hoch kim tra 7. Xem xt cc k hoch kim tra C s tham gia ca tt c nhng ngi c lin quan, k c trng d n v c th c khch hng 8. Thit k Test Mc ch: Nhm ch nh cc Test Case v cc bc kim tra chi tit cho mi phin bn PM. Giai on thit k test l ht sc quan trng, n bo m tt c cc tnh hung kim tra qut ht tt c yu cu cn kim tra +++Thit k Test Cc bc thit k Xc nh v m t Test Case M t cc bc chi tit kim tra Xem xt v kho st bao ph ca vic kim tra Xem xt Test Case v cc bc kim tra Pht trin Test Script Cu 7: Kim th t ng(thun li v kh khn) Thun li : KTPMkhng cn can thip ca KTV. Gim chi ph khi thc hin kim tra s lng ln test case hoc test case lp li

nhiu ln. Gi lp tnh hung kh c th thc hin bng tay.

Kh khn: Mt chi ph to cc script thc hin KTT. Tn chi ph dnh cho bo tr cc script. i hi KTV phi c k nng to script KTT. Khng p dng c trong vic tm li mi ca PM. Cu 8: k thut xc nh yu cu ngi dung : Phng php xc nh yu cu 1. K thut xc nh yu cu 2. Ni dung xc nh yu cu 3. Cc nguyn l phn tch yu cu K thut xc nh yu cu phn mm: Yu cu phn mm: l tt c cc yu cu v phm mm do khch hng - ngi s dng phn mm - nu ra, bao gm: cc chc nng ca phn mm, hiu nng ca phn mm, cc yu cu v thit k v giao din, cc yu cu c bit khc +Thng thng cc yu cu phn mm c phn loi theo 4 thnh phn ca phn mm: -Cc yu cu v phn mm (Software) -Cc yu cu v phn cng (Hardware) -Cc yu cu v d liu (Data) -Cc yu cu v con ngi (People, Users) +Mc ch: mc ch ca yu cu phn mm l xc nh c phn mm p ng c cc yu cu v mong mun ca khch hng - ngi s dng phn mm Cc nguyn l phn tch yu cu s dng

+Nguyn l I. M hnh ha d liu Xc nh cc i tng d liu Xc nh cc c tnh ca cc i tng d liu Thit lp cc mi quan h gia cc i tng d liu

+Nguyn l II. M hnh ha cc chc nng Xc nh cc chc nng chuyn i i tng d liu Ch ra lung d liu i qua h thng nh th no Biu din b phn sn sinh d liu v b phn tiu th d liu+Nguyn l III. M hnh ha hnh vi Ch ra cc trng thi (states) khc nhau ca h thng c t cc hin tng (events) lm h thng thay i trng thi +Nguyn l IV. Partition the Models Tinh lc tng m hnh biu din cc mc tru tng thp hn Lc i tng d liu To ra phn cp chc nng Biu din hnh vi (behavior) cc mc chi tit khc nhau +Nguyn l V. Bn cht (Essence) Hy bt u bng cch tp trung vo bn cht ca vn ch khng xem xt nhng chi tit ci t (begin by focusing on the essence of the problem without regard to implementation details)