CHUONG 8: KY THUT XUNG

8.1. Khi niem:

Xung dien l 1 dang dien p hoac dng dien m thi gian ton tai cua
n rat nho, c the so snh duoc vi qu trnh qu do cua mach dien m n
tc dung.
- Mot so dang xung thung gap:
Xung vuong: ( xung chu nhat)
Hinh 8.1. Iin hieu xung vuong
Xung hnh thang
Hinh 8..2. Iin hieu xung hinh thang
Xung tam gic ( xung rang cua )
Hinh 8.3. Iin hieu xung tam giac
Xung hm mu
Hinh 8.4. Iin hieu xung vuong
v
t
t
v
v
t
v
t
- Cc tham so co ban cua xung
Xt 1 xung vuong thuc te
Hinh 8.5. Iin hieu xung vuong thuc te
Trong d:
V
m
: bien do xung ( gi tri cuc dai cua tn hieu xung )
0-t
1
: thi gian tre cua tn hieu xung, d l khoang thi gian can thiet
de tn hieu tang t 0 0,1 V
m
t
1
- t
2
: thi gian len hay cn goi l do di sun truc cua xung, d l
khoang thi gian can thiet de tn hieu tang t 0,1 V
m
0,9 V
m
t
2
- t
3
: thi gian ton tai dinh xung.
t
3
- t
4
: thi gian giam hay cn goi l do di sun sau cua xung.
t
5
= t
1
+t
2
+t
3
+t
4
: thi gian ton tai cua xung
oi vi dy xung tuan hon ta c them cc thong so sau:
Hinh 8.6. Iin hieu xung vuong tuan hon
- Chu ky xung T=t
x
+t
ng
- o rong xung t
x
- t
ng
: thi gian nghi cua xung
- Tan so xung f=1/T
Trong k thuat xung so, ngui ta thung d ng phuong php so doi vi
tn hieu xung khi bien do xung V
m
> mc ngung V
H
th xung d o trang
t
4
t
3
t
1
v
0.9V
m
0.9V
m
0.1V
m
t
t
2
t
ng
v
t
T
t
x
thi mc 1 hay mc cao. Khi V
m
< mc ngung V
L
th xung o trang thi
mc thap hay mc 0.
Khi V
l
<V
m
<V
H
xung o trang thi cam.
8.2. Cc che do lm viec cua BJT
Tuy theo dien p phan cuc, BJT c the lm viec o trang thi ngung dan, khuech
dai hay dan bo ho.
- Che do ngung dan: tiep xuc J
E
v J
C
deu phan cuc nguoc
- Che do khuech dai: J
E
phan cuc thuan, J
C
phan cuc nguoc
- Che do bo ho: J
E
v J
E
deu phan cuc thuan
e dng ngat cc mach dien tu, ngui ta thung dng BJT.
Ta xt mac mach sau:
Hinh 8.7.Mach tao tin hieu xung vuong
Khi dien p v
i
am hoac nho hon dien p ngung, BJT s roi vo trang thi
ngung dan (hoac tat). Dng I
C
c gi tri rat b, I
C
=I
Cbo
Khi ng vo v
i
duong , BJT dan, tuy theo gi tri cua dng ng vo I
B
, BJT
c the dan khuech dai hoac bo ho.
Khi BJT dan bo ho, dien p tren cuc C v E rat nho V
CES
=0.2V, dng I
C
lc d c gi tri l I
CS
=(V
CC
-V
CES
)/R
C
. Vay dieu kien de BJT hoat dong o che do
bo ho th dng I
B
>I
CS
/|
Neu v
i
< dien p ngung th BJT tat, v
0
=V
CC
Neu (v
i
- V
BE
)/R
b
> I
CS
/|, BJT dan bo ho, nguoc lai BJT dan khuech dai.
9.3. Cc mach tao xung co ban.
8.3.1. Mach khng trang thai bn (astable)
Mach con c goi lamach dao ng a hai dung tao xung vung
8.3.1.1 S mach vadang song :
VCC
Rc
Rb
v
0
Rc2
Rc2
VCC
C2 C1
Q1
Rc1
Q2
Rb2
Rb1
Vo2 Vo1
Hnh 8.8. S mach vadang song cua mach khng trang thai bn
8.3.1.1 Nguyn lylam vic :
-
Trang thai khng bn ban u : 0 s t s t
1
Q
1
tt , Q
2
dn bao hoa V
01
=Vcc
V
02
=V
ces
=0.2
V
~ 0
Vb/Q
2
=V
bes
=0.8
V
~ 0
TuC
2
nap in tVcc R
c1
J
E
/Q
2
at n giatr Vcc. TuC
1
xava
nap in theo chiu ngc lai tVcc R
b1
BJ T Q
2
dn bao hoa. Qua trnh
nap in cua tuC
1
lam V
b1
tng Vc
1
tng cho n khi Vc
1
=Vb
1
> V
J
E
/Q
1
phn cc thun Q
1
dn i
c1
tng v
01
giam thng qua C
2
lam V
b2
t
t
t
t
v
02
v
b1
v
b2
v
01
t
1
t
2
T
2
T
1
giam J
E
/Q
2
phn cc yu hn Q
2
dn khuch ai i
c2
giam v
02
tng
thng qua C
1
Vb
1
cang tng Q
1
nhanh chong dn bao hoa V
01
~ 0 , do tnh
cht in ap trn tuC
2
khng t bin nn not toan bin ap m ln cc
B/Q
2
lam Q
2
nhanh chong tt mach chuyn sang trang thai khng bn thhai.
- Trang thai khng bn th2 :
Q
1
dn bao hoa , Q
2
tt V
01
=0 ,Vb
1
=V
bes
=0.8~ 0
V
02
=Vcc
TuC
1
xavanap in theo chiu ngc lai tVcc Rc
2
J
E
/Q
1
at
n giatrVcc - i
c02
.Rc
2
vi chiu cc tnh nhhnh ve. Trong khi otuC
2
cung
nap tVcc R
b2
Q
1
dn bao hoa vi chiu cc tnh nhhnh ve tin n
Vcc TuC
2
cang nap Vc
2
tng cho n khi Vc
2
=Vb
2
> V Q
2
n i
b2
tng i
c2
tng V
02
giam thng qua C
1
lam Vb
1
giam Q
1
dn khuch ai
i
c1
giam V
01
tng thng qua C
2
Vb
2
tng Q
2
dn bao hoa V
02
~ 0. do
tnh cht in ap trn tuC
1
khng t bin t toan bin ap m vao cc
B/Q
1
Q
1
nhanh chong tt mach chuyn vtrang thai khng bn ban u
ng vi Q
1
tt , Q
2
dn bao hoa. Quatrnh ctip tuc nhvy , trong mach lun
lun tng chuyn trang thai makhng cn xung kch khi t bn ngoai vao.
Do omach selun lun tao dai xung ra.
-
Chu kydao ng : T = T
1
+T
2
. Xac nh T
1
: Q
1
tt , Q
2
dn bao hoa
Vc
1
(t) =[ Vc
1
() - Vc
1
(0) ](1- exp (- t/t
1
)) +Vc
1
(0)
Vc
1
() =Vcc ; Vc
1
(0) = - Vcc
Khi t =T
1
Vc
1
(T
1
) =V ~ 0
T
1
= t
1
ln
V
2V
cc
cc
; t
1
= R
b1
. C
1
. Xac nh T
2
: Q
1
dn bao hoa , Q
2
tt
Tng tta co:
T
2
= t
2
ln2
T =T
1
+T
1
= (t
1
+t
2
). Ln 2
= 0,7 ( C
1
.R
b1
+C
2.
R
b2
)
Chon C
1
= C
2
=C T =0,7 C ( R
b1
+R
b2
)
T khng i nhng T
1
,T
2
thay i c dung bin trthay i.
Nu R
b1
=R
b2
= R
b
T =1,4 C R
b
.
8.3.2 Mach monostable dung BJ T :
8.3.2.1 S mach vadang song :
Hnh 8.9. S mach vadang song cua mach mt trang thai bn
8.3.2.2 Nguyn lylam vic :
* 0s t <t
0
: Trang thai bn : Q
1
tt ,Q
2
dn bao hoa
V
0
=V
ces
=0.2
v
~ 0 ; V
b
/Q
2
=V
bes
= 0.8
v
~ 0.
TuC
1
nap tVcc qua Rc
1
vatip xuc J
E
cua BJ T Q
2
ang dn bao hoa vi
chiu cc tnh nhhnh veat n giatr Vc
2
~Vcc
* trang thai khng bn :
t =t
0
: Mach c kch khi bi xung Vi cocc tnh dng cogiatruln
a vao cc nn cua BJ T Q
1
V
b
/Q
1
>V. J
E
phn cc thun Q
1
dn i
b1
tngi
C1
tng V
c
/Q
1
giamV
b
/Q
2
giam Q
2
tdn bao hoa chuyn sang
dn khuch ai dong i
c2
giam
V
c
/Q
2
=V
0
tng thng qua R
1
lam cho V
b
/Q
1
tng Q
1
dn bao hoa
V
c
/Q
1
~ 0
v
, do tnh cht in ap trn tuC
2
khng t bin, luc nay toan bin
ap m t vao cc B/ Q
2
lam cho Q
2
nhanh chong tt. Mach chuyn sang trang
thai khng bn Q
1
dn bao hoa Q
2
tt. trang thai khng bn nay tuC
2
xavanap
in theo chiu ngc lai tVcc R
b2
Q
1
dn bao hoa tin n giatrV
c
=
Vcc Qua trnh nap in cho C
2
lam cho V
b
/Q
2
thay i, tuC
2
cang nap V
b
/Q
2
cang tng ln (bt m hn) vatng cho n khi V
c2
=V
b
/Q
2
> V. Tip xuc J
E
cuaQ
2
phn cc thn trlai Q
2
dn dong i
b2
tng i
c2
tng V
c
/Q
2
giam
t
T
0
t
Vcc
VO
VCC
-Vbb
Q2
R1
Q1
C1
Rb2
Rb1
RC1 RC2
V i
v
i
t
0
v
o
thng qua R
1
lam cho V
b
/Q
1
giam Q
1
tdn bao hoa sang dn khuch ai
i
b1
gam i
c1
giam V
c
/Q
1
tng thng qua C
2
V
b
/Q
2
tng thuc y
BJ T Q
2
nhanh chong dn bao hoa V
c
/Q
2
~ 0 Q
1
tt. Mach chuyn sang giai
oan phuc hi, kt thuc trang thai khng bn.
8.3.2.3.Tnh dai xung ra T
0
:
Thi gian mach tn tai trang thai khng bn mach tao dai xung ra ,
sau omach tng trvtrang thai bn ban u.
T
0
phuthuc vao trslinh kin trong mach :
Vc
1
(t) = [ Vc
1
() - Vc
1
(0) ].(1- exp (-(t - t
0
)/t)) +Vc
1
(0).
Vc
1
(0) =- Vcc ; Vc
1
() =Vcc
Vc
1
(t) =(2.Vcc ).(1 - exp (-(t - t
0
)/ t)) -Vcc
Khi t =t
0
+T
0
Vc
1
(t
0
+T
0
) =V ~ 0.
Thay vao ta co:
T
0
=t. ln
Vcc
2.Vcc
=0.7t vi t =C
2.
R
b2
8.3.3. Mach hai trang thi ben dung BJ T(bistable) :
8.3.3.1 S mach vadang song :
Hnh 8.10. S mach vadang song cua mach hai trang thai bn
v
i1
v
i2
t
t
v
i1
v
i2
t
t
t
1
t
2
v
01
v
02
Q1
R2 R1
Rc1
Q2
Rb2 Rb1
1
Rc2
v
cc
v
02
v
01
8.3.3.2. Nguyen l hoat dong
Ngi ta chon 2 thanh phn i xng nhau, nhng trong thc t, 2 BJ T co
cac thng skhac nhau. Khi ong in ap ngun, BJ T nay dn manh thBJ T kia
n yu hn. Nhng mach lahi tip dng khep kn nn lam cho BJ T dn manh
trthanh dn bao hoa, con BJ T kia sedn dn tt hn. ( Khi BJ T lam vic ch
ngng dn hay dn bao hoa tht chu anh hng cua nhiu so vi khi BJ T lam
vic chkhuch ai).
- 0<t <t
1
: Trang thai bn ban u : Q
1
tt, Q
2
dn bao hoa.
- t
1
s t <t
2
:
Tai t =t
1
: v
b
/Q
1
>in ap ngng, dn n tip xuc J
E
cua BJ T Q
1
c phn
cc thun, BJ T Q
1
dn i
b1
tng i
c1
tng v
c
/Q
1
giam, thng qua R
2
dn n
v
b
/Q
2
giam tip xuc J
E
/Q
2
phn cc yu hn Q
2
ra khoi chbao hoa vai
vao dn khuch ai : luc nay dong i
c2
giam v
c
/Q
2
tng ln thng qua R
1
lam
cho v
b
/Q
1
tng theo Q
1
nhanh chong dn bao hoa v
c
/Q
1
~ 0
v
Q
2
tt.
Nhvy mach chuyn sang trang thai bn thhai ng vi Q
1
dn bao hoa, Q
2
tt.
Mach selun lun trang thai bn nay nu khng coxung kch khi.
- t
2
s t <t
3
:
t =t
2
: Mach c kch khi bi xung cc tnh dng vi bin u
ln a vao cc nn Q
2
. Tai thi im nay, V
b
/Q
2
>V

Q
2
dn i
b2
tng i
c2
tng V
c
/Q
2
giam thng qua R
1
lam cho V
b
/Q
1
giam Q
1
phn cc yu, tdn
bao hoa chuyn sang dn khch ai i
c1
giam V
c
/Q
1
tng thng qua R
2
lam
cho V
b
/Q
2
tng Q
2
dn bao hoa V
c
/Q
2
~ 0 Q
1
tt. Mach chuyn vtrang
thai bn ban u.