02 Hardware Architecture

User Manual M900/M1800 Base Transceiver Station (BTS30)
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Chapter 2 Hardware Architecture ................................................................................................ 2-1 2.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................ 2-1 2.2 CDU Frame........................................................................................................................ 2-2 2.2.1 CDU......................................................................................................................... 2-2 2.2.2 ECDU ...................................................................................................................... 2-3 2.2.3 EDU......................................................................................................................... 2-3 2.2.4 RCDU ...................................................................................................................... 2-5 2.2.5 REDU ...................................................................................................................... 2-5 2.2.6 SCU......................................................................................................................... 2-5 2.2.7 ESCU ...................................................................................................................... 2-6 2.3 TRX Frame ........................................................................................................................ 2-6 2.3.1 TRX ......................................................................................................................... 2-6 2.3.2 PBU ....................................................................................................................... 2-11 2.4 Common Resource Frame .............................................................................................. 2-12 2.4.1 PSU ....................................................................................................................... 2-12 2.4.2 PMU ...................................................................................................................... 2-13 2.4.3 TMU....................................................................................................................... 2-14 2.4.4 TES ....................................................................................................................... 2-17 2.4.5 ASU board............................................................................................................. 2-19 2.4.6 ABB ....................................................................................................................... 2-20 2.4.7 ABA ....................................................................................................................... 2-21 2.5 Other Parts of the Cabinet ............................................................................................... 2-21 2.5.1 TDU ....................................................................................................................... 2-21 2.5.2 FMU....................................................................................................................... 2-27 2.5.3 Switch Box............................................................................................................. 2-27 2.5.4 Fan Box ................................................................................................................. 2-28 2.5.5 Air Box................................................................................................................... 2-28 2.6 Antenna and Feeder System ........................................................................................... 2-28 2.6.1 Antenna ................................................................................................................. 2-29 2.6.2 Feeder ................................................................................................................... 2-30 2.6.3 Lightning Arrester.................................................................................................. 2-30 2.6.4 Tower-top Amplifier (Optional) .............................................................................. 2-31 2.7 Power Supply System...................................................................................................... 2-32 2.7.1 Overview ............................................................................................................... 2-32 2.7.2 Overall Structure ................................................................................................... 2-33 2.8 Environment Monitoring System...................................................................................... 2-35 2.8.1 Outlook of Environment Monitoring Instrument..................................................... 2-35
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Table of Contents
2.8.2 Function Provided by Environment Monitoring Instrument ................................... 2-36 2.8.3 Environment Monitoring Instrument Inputs ........................................................... 2-36 2.8.4 Alarm Indicators .................................................................................................... 2-37 2.8.5 Executing Devices................................................................................................. 2-37 2.8.6 Communication ..................................................................................................... 2-38 2.9 Lightning Protection System ............................................................................................ 2-38 2.9.1 Lightning Protection for DC Power Supply............................................................ 2-39 2.9.2 Lightning Protection for AC Power Supply............................................................ 2-40 2.9.3 Lightning Protection for Trunk Cables................................................................... 2-41
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Chapter 2 Hardware Architecture

2.1 Overview
A BTS30 cabinet mainly comprises a common resource frame, a TRX frame and a CDU frame, which can be flexibly configured according to the user demands. There are also some other elements like TDU, switch box, fan box, air box, etc. The hardware architecture of the BTS30 cabinet is shown in Figure 2-1.
TDU
SWITCH BOX
CDU
CDU
CDU
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
RX
RX
RX
RX
RX
RX
TRX TRX TRX TRX TRX TRX FAN BOX
P S U
P S U
P S U
P P S M U U
TT TT MM E E UUSU
AIR BOX
CDU: Combiner and Divider Unit PMU: Power Monitoring Unit PSU: Power Supply Unit TEU: Transmission Extension Unit
TRX: Transceiver Unit TMU: Timing/Transmission and Management Unit TES: Transmission Extension Power Supply Unit TDU: Timing Distribution Unit
Figure 2-1 Hardware architecture of the BTS30 cabinet

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2.2 CDU Frame

The CDU frame implements the combining of transmitted signals, dividing of received signals and duplex functions. The frame can be configured with CDU, ECDU, EDU, RCDU, REDU, SCU or ESCU.
2.2.1 CDU
I. General
CDU combines and filters the transmitted signals, filters, amplifies and distributes received signals. It also provides feed circuit for the tower-top amplifier through a bias-T circuit. Through bridge combing (broadband combing) used in BTS30, multiple TX and RX signals can be multiplexed on a single antenna unit. The 2 channels of transmitting signals are combined into 1 (2-into-1), while at the receiving end signals from 1 of the 2 channels are divided into 4 (or 8 incase of only one channel) channels. CDU supports the P-GSM band (GSM900 and GSM1800), and the maximum input power of its single port is 60 W.
II. Structure and function

The functional blocks of the CDU are shown in Figure 2-2.
CDU
Tx signal input
Combiner
Rx signal output
Duplexer
Test coupler
Amp. feeder
Divider
Rx signal output
LNA
Alarm and control unit
Divider
LNA
Rx filter
Amp. feeder
Figure 2-2 Functional blocks of the CDU
Besides the combining and dividing functions, CDU also has the following alarm detection functions: VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) monitoring: Monitoring the status of antenna system. When the detected VSWR exceeds the threshold 1.5:1, the
CDU reports minor alarm and the corresponding indicator on the panel is on. When the VSWR exceeds the threshold 2.5:1, the CDU reports critical alarm, the corresponding indicator on the panel is on, and signal transmission will stop 1 minute later. Low noise amplifier fault alarm: The fault signal is extracted from the power supply current of the low noise amplifier. When the current exceeds a certain level, alarm signals and indications are generated. Tower-top amplifier alarm: When there is tower-top amplifier in service, the CDU determines the operation status of the amplifier according to its working current. If the current exceeds preset value or there is no current, alarm signal will be generated. Control functions: Remotely control the low noise amplifier attenuation (dynamic control 15 levels, in steps of 1dB) both in the main receiving path and diversity receiving path, supply/cut the feeder depends on whether tower-top amplifier is equipped, cut the feeder to the amplifier in case of alarm.
Note: The input power of the CDU configured in BTS30 is 60W. When PBU is used, ECDU with large power should be configured.
2.2.2 ECDU
The functions and external interfaces (including dimensions) of ECDU are the same as that of CDU. It implements combination of transmitted signals, dividing of received signals, and duplex functions. The difference is that the maximum power input of the single port of ECDU reaches 100W.
2.2.3 EDU
I. General
EDU is a low-loss duplex and dividing unit aimed to solve the issue of wide coverage. It can perform the duplex function for two TRXs, the filtering of transmitted/received signals, low noise amplification, and dividing function. It also provides feeder to the tower-top amplifier. Each TRX uses its own antenna, so no combination of signals is needed. For received signals, 1-to-2 dividing is employed.
EDU supports the P-GSM band (GSM900 and GSM1800), and the maximum input power of its single port is 60 W.

The functional blocks of the EDU are shown in Figure 2-3.
EDU
Tx signal input
Duplexer
Test coupler
Amp. feeder
Rx signal output
Divider Divider
Rx signal output
LNA Alarm and control unit LNA
Tx signal input
Duplexer
Test coupler
Amp. feeder
Figure 2-3 Functional blocks of the EDU
Besides the combining and dividing functions, the EDU also provides the following alarm detection functions: 1) VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) monitoring: Monitoring the status of the antenna system. When the VSWR exceeds the threshold 2.5:1, the EDU reports alarm. 2) Low noise amplifier fault alarm: The status of the LNA can be determined based on the power supply current. When the current exceeds a certain level, alarm signals and indications are generated. 3) Tower-top amplifier alarm: When there is tower-top amplifier in service, EDU determines the operation status of the amplifier according to the working current of amplifier. If the current exceeds preset value or there is no current, alarm signal will be generated. 4) Control functions: Remotely control the low noise amplifier attenuation (dynamic control 15 levels, in steps of 1dB) both in the main receiving path and diversity receiving path, supply/cut feeder depends on whether tower-top amplifier is equipped, cut the feeder to the amplifier in case of alarm.
2.2.4 RCDU
RCDU is the same as ECDU in structure, functions, peripheral interfaces, peripheral interface dimension and maximum input power. It can also combine transmitted RF signals, divide received RF signals and implement reception and transmission duplex. The difference between RCDU and ECDU lies in the bands supported by them. The band supported by RCDU ranges from 876 to 901 MHz (uplink) and 921 to 946 MHz (downlink). For the BTS working in the EGSM band with the frequency range of 880-890 MHz (uplink) and 925-935 MHz (downlink), RCDU is optional.
2.2.5 REDU
REDU is the same as EDU in structure, functions, peripheral interfaces, peripheral interface dimension and maximum input power. It can also implement 1-to-2 division of received signals and implement reception and transmission duplex. The difference between REDU and EDU lies in the bands supported by them. The band supported by REDU ranges from 876 to 901 MHz (uplink) and 921 to 946 MHz (downlink). If the BTS works in the EGSM band with the frequency range as 880-890 MHz (uplink) and 925-935 MHz (downlink) and it is required to achieve low loss, REDU is optional.
2.2.6 SCU
I. General
SCU combines the signals from 4 TRXs into 1 channel for transmission. It employs the electric bridge with 3dB power loss to achieve the broadband combing. Used together with CDU, it can achieve the combination of signals from multiple TRXs. The introduction of SCU is to reduce the number of CDUs, hence saving costs. SCU supports the PGSM band (GSM900 and GSM1800), and the maximum input power of its single port 60 W.

The functional blocks of the SCU are shown in Figure 2-4.
Tx signal input SCU 1 2
Combiner Combiner Tx signal output
3 4
Combiner
Figure 2-4 Functional blocks of the SCU
2.2.7 ESCU
ESCU is the same as SCU in structure, functions, peripheral interfaces and peripheral interface dimension. It can also implement 4-in-1 combination of transmitted signals. The differences between ESCU and SCU lie in: Bands supported by them. The band supported by ESCU ranges from 921 to 960 MHz (900M ESCU) and 1805 to 1880 MHz (1800M ESCU). Maximum input power supported by their single port. The single port of ESCU supports the maximum input power of 100 W. The 900M ESCU can be used with 900M CDU, ECDU, EDU, RCDU and REDU while the 1800M ESCU can be used with 1800M CDU, ECDU and EDU. When ESCU works with the cooperation of ECDU, it can implement more than four carriers, which thus improves the BTS transmit power and effective radiated power of antenna ports and enlarges the coverage of BTS.
2.3 TRX Frame

The TRX frame implements all the processing functions of the carrier, including baseband processing, RF processing, power amplifier and power supply. The TRX frame can be configured with the TRX and the PBU.
2.3.1 TRX
I. General
TRX is the key part of the BTS which receives various types of management and configuration information issued by the TMU and reports its status and alarm information to the TMU.
The TRX separates the received information from the mobile stations through demodulation and balancing into signaling and speech information, and transmits them upward (i.e. to BSC and MSC). The downlink signaling and speech information is sent to the CDU and the antenna after being processed by the TRX. TRX has two types: 40W TRX and 60W TRX.
II. Structure and functions

The structures of the two types of TRXs are mainly the same. Figure 2-5 shows the structure of the 40W TRX. It includes the baseband signal processing unit and the radio frequency signal processing unit.
DBUS FH _BUS
CBUS
TDP SCP DSP CUI
PAU RCU
Send Main receiver Diversity receiver
TIMING_BUS Clock processing part

TBU RPU
SCP: Signaling Processing Unit CUI: Carrier Unit Interface RCU: Receiving Unit TBPU: TRX Baseband signal Processing Unit CBUS: Control Bus DBUS: Data Bus
DSP: Digital Signal Processing Unit PAU: Power Amplifier Unit TDP: Transmitter Driver and PLL unit RPU: RF signal Processing Unit FH_BUS: Frequency Hopping Bus
Figure 2-5 Structure of the 40W TRX unit
1)
Baseband signal processing unit
The baseband signal processing unit of 40W TRX is called TBPU (Transceiver Baseband Process Unit), while that of 60W TRX is called HTBU (High Power TRX Baseband Processing Unit). The unit consists mainly of the Signaling Processing Unit (SCP), the Digital Signal Processing unit (DSP), and the Carrier Unit Interface (CUI). As the GSM system is a time division multiplexing system, the operation of the TRX relies on various clocks. So the TRX contains some clock processing logical units.
Signaling processing unit (SCP)
The SCP processes signaling protocols on different BTS interfaces, including the layer 2 protocol LAPDm with the mobile station (MS), the layer 2 protocol LAPD with the BSC interface, and the layer 2 protocol (DCL) with the operation & maintenance module (OMU), as well as layer 3 non-transparent messages. The SCP also handles DSP program loading and alarm processing of the whole TRX module.
Digital signal processing unit (DSP)
The DSP performs such functions as signal encoding/decoding, signal demodulation, interleaving and de-interleaving, and speech/data communication with the TRAU. It sends the signaling received from the MS to the SCP, receives signaling sent from the SCP, and performs corresponding encoding/decoding according to related protocols. It sends the downlink data via the CUI to the carrier unit RPU.
Carrier unit interface (CUI)
The CUI is the interface between the DSP and the RPU. It supports baseband hopping, and according to system configuration can work in either hopping or non-hopping mode (when the system works in the RF hopping mode, the hopping interface works in non-hopping mode and the hopping functions are completed by the carrier unit). The CUI samples and filters the uplink intermediate frequency signals sent from the RPU, and sends them to the DSP for demodulation and combination.
Clock processing part
The TRX extracts clocks sent from the TMU over the clock buses. To ensure the reliability, the clock buses work in active/standby mode. These clocks include the frame clock, the octet bit clock, and the frame number.
The clock processing part in the TRX first chooses either the active clock or the standby clock, then makes frequency division calculation and generates the timeslot number and bit clocks required by the local TRX. 2) Radio frequency signal processing unit (RPU)
The RPU consists of 3 parts: Receiving Unit (RCU), Transmitter Driver and PLL unit (TDP), and Power Amplification Unit (PAU).
Receiving unit (RCU)
The RCU provides diversity reception functions, that is, the receiver consists of two completely independent channels, and the input signals come from the main antenna and diversity antenna. In complicated radio transmission areas where one antenna receives very poor signal, the signal received from the other (diversity) antenna may be of a better quality.
The BTS receives signals from both the main channel and the diversity channel, then handles demodulation after combination algorithms. It can provide 3~5dB diversity gain, thus improving the communication quality. Each receiving channel consists of down conversion circuits. The received signals are sent to the frequency mixer after filtering and amplification, so as to generate intermediate frequency signals, which after further filtering and amplification are directly sent to the baseband unit for digital demodulation processing.
Transmitter Driver and PLL unit (TDP)
This unit consists of 3 parts, transmitter excitation, frequency synthesizer, and PLL testing. Transmitter excitation unit directly modulates the I and Q signals sent from the baseband unit through the orthogonal modulator into the radio signals for transmission. This works rather simple and reliable. After modulation, the signal controlled by the APC provides the power amplifier unit (PAU) with a certain power level. The transmitter excitation unit also provides the dynamic and static power control at the base station. Static power control (the maximum transmission power of the base station) is specified during network planning. In contrast, dynamic power control is performed during communication. Static power control has 0~10 levels (level 0 is 46dBm), decrementing by 2dBm each level. Dynamic power control has 0~15 levels, decrementing by 2dBm each level. To reduce noise in the radio environment and improves the network capacity and service quality, the base station transmission power should be kept as low as possible as long as the communication quality can be ensured. So each traffic channel is kept at the lowest possible dynamic power level, with all idle channels transmission shut down. Moreover, transmitter excitation also provides the over-power alarm signal and under-power alarm signal of the TRX. When the TRX output power is 3dB higher than the specified level, over-power alarm will be generated. When the TRX output power is 3dB lower than the specified level, under-power alarm will be generated. Frequency synthesizer is the essential part of the whole transceiver. It generates various local oscillation for the up/down frequency conversions, such as transmitter local oscillation, receiver local oscillation, and PLL test local oscillation. Each of the transmitter local oscillation and receiver local oscillation has two loops to achieve hopping loop switchover. PLL testing is designed for TRX loopback testing. It attenuates part of the signals coupled by the power amplifier output into the receiving frequency band through
frequency conversion, then sends them to the receiver after coupling. It is used to check the TRX transmit channel and the receive channel.
Power amplifier unit (PAU)
The PAU mainly performs radio signal amplification. The standard output power of 40W 900M TRX, 40W 1800M TRX and 60W TRX is respectively 46.0dBm, 45.5dBm and 47.3dBm. It also provides feed sampling signals controlled by the transmitter APC, and the following alarm information: Over-temperature alarm, when the temperature of the power amplifier exceeds 85C, the power amplifier unit reports the high-temperature alarm via the baseband unit, and automatically turns off the power amplifier. Over standing wave alarm, when the standing wave at the power amplifier output end exceeds 3.5, it reports standing wave alarm to the baseband unit.
III. Interface
External interfaces of the TRX module includes:
CBUS2: the interface between the TRX and the TMU. The TMU performs
management and maintenance on the TRX module through the CBUS.

DBUS1, DBUS2: the switching functions of TMU switch the DBUS of the TRX to the
Abis interface. The uplink and downlink signaling processed by the SCP and the uplink and downlink speech data processed by the DSP are all transmitted through the DBUS.
TIMING_BUS: it receives the frame clock and 1/8-bit clock as well as frame number
of the TDU, and obtains the various clock signals required by the TBU board through the clock unit interface.
FH_BUS: used to transmit hopping data between TRX modules when the BTS is in
the baseband hopping mode.

Radio interface: the TRX radio interface has 1 transmit terminal and 2 receive
terminals. The function of the 2 receive terminals is the main reception and diversity reception. The TRX radio interfaces are connected to the CDU.
Panel display: on the panel, there are 4 LED indicators, from top to bottom they are
power supply indicator, SCP running indicator, DSP running indicator, and fault indicator.
2.3.2 PBU
I. General
The Power Booster Unit (PBU) is a kind of TRX output power amplifier aimed to solve the problem of wide coverage. It can enhance the Effective Radiation Power (ERP) of the antenna and enlarge the coverage area of a BTS. The maximum output power of the PBU reaches 491dBm. The PBU comprises the power synthesizer module, the alarm management module and the power supply module. It can amplify the output power of 1 TRX.
II. Structure and functions

The functional blocks of the PBU are shown in Figure 2-6.
Input coupling & delay filtering
Power synthesize and detect
TRX power output
Amp. & phase control 26V Power module 26V 8V 26V 8V Alarm output Couple Output
60W power amplify
PBU power output
Power Synthesizer Module Power amplify control Control signal generation Alarm collection Alarm collect & output Alarm Management Module
PBU
Figure 2-6 Functional blocks of PBU
The PBU couples the 40W power signals output from the TRX into main channel signals and coupled channel signals. The main channel signals, after delay filtering, enter the power synthesizer unit. The coupled channel signals are amplified into 60W signals before being sent to the power synthesizer unit. To obtain final combined signals, amplitude and phase control will be conducted on the 2 channels of input signals. The generation of control signals and the collecting/reporting of alarms are completed by the alarm management module. While the coupling, controlling and synthesizing of power signals are performed by the power synthesizer module. 1) Power synthesizer module
Under the control of alarm management module, the power synthesizer module amplifies TRX output signals, and at the same time provides power control and alarm information, and alarm signals to the alarm management module, which detects power amplification functionality and reports alarms. 2) Alarm management module
The alarm management module receives from the power synthesizer module the power control and alarm information, and alarm signals. It is responsible for the detection of power amplification functionality and the control over amplitude and phase. It also reports relevant alarms. 3) Power supply module
The power supply module supplies power to the power synthesizer module and the alarm management module.
2.4 Common Resource Frame

The common resource frame is the most import part of the cabinet. It includes 14 slots. Except for slots No.8 and No.9 which are reserved, other slots are respectively configured (from left to right) with PSUs (6 slots), PMU, TMU, TES and TEU. Configurations of the TES and the TEU are optional.
2.4.1 PSU
PSU is a built in power supply module. Depending on the power supply mode, BTS30 uses the power supply module of different models. When 220VAC is adopted, the BTS uses the power supply module with 220VAC input and +26VDC output. When +48VDC is adopted, it uses the module with +48VDC input and +26VDC output. When +24VDC is used, no power supply module is needed. One PCU can supply power to two TRXs (or PBUs) in N+1 flow-equalization hot-standby mode. The working current of the module is 25A.
Note:
For detailed descriptions, please refer to section 2.7 Power Supply System.
2.4.2 PMU
I. General
PMU (Power Monitoring Unit) is close to the power supply module, managing the power supply of the module. There are two types of PMUs: PMU for the DC/DC module and PMU for the AC/DC module. The main difference between these two is the battery management function. To reduce work load, both the AC/DC module and the DC/DC module share one monitoring board.
II. Functions
Following describes the AC/DC module monitoring board. 1) Control Switch on/off of the power module (remote control available), with an output signal of 12V/10mA Floating/equalizing charge of battery and current limit control Connect/disconnect control of battery protection load, with a 230.5V output low-voltage alarm, loading power-on/off condition 2) Switch signals AC mains on/off signal and high-/low-voltage signal (12V/10mA) Four fault status parameters (12V/10mA) provided to the monitoring board by 4 AC/DC modules Fan monitoring status parameters (normally, 12V/10mA) Fuse on/off status parameters of external battery (-0.3V<normal voltage difference <0.3V) 3) Current and voltage analog signals Battery group current (A) Total load current (A) Busbar voltage (V) 4) Panel design
PMU normal running indicator RUN: A green indicator flashes once per 500ms when the monitoring module runs normally, it remains off or on when the system monitoring module does not work). System fault alarm indicator ALM: 1 red indicator. 5) Description of interface setting
The monitoring board provides one RS485 port to report monitoring information to TMU. The illustration of the monitoring by the PMU is shown in Figure 2-7.
AC power supply
AC/DC
AC/DC
...
AC/DC
Load
Fan
PMU
Fuse
Battery
Figure 2-7 Illustration of the PMU monitoring
2.4.3 TMU
I. General
TMU is located in the common frame of the BTS30. It is the timing, transmission and management function entity of BTS30. It has the following main functions: Provides channel multiplexing and flexible networking modes (including star-, tree-, and chain- connections). Provides Man-Machine Interfaces (MMI) and operation & maintenance links for software loading, fault management, configuration management, performance management and security management, etc. Provides centralized BTS clock and its management, and clock hot standby function. Provides alarm signal input ports, and handles external alarm collection and control. Two TMUs can be configured in the basic cabinet, providing clock source in hot standby mode and serving to increase the number of E1 interfaces (each TMU provides 4 E1 interfaces). In combined cabinet configurations, TMU boards are configured in the basic cabinet only.
II. Structure and working principle

The functional blocks of the TMU are shown in Figure 2-8.
Active TMU External clock Abis BSC
DBUS BIU
Standby TMU BIU
Maintenance Terminal
MMI
OMU
CBUS
RS485 EAC Environment Monitors
MCK
MCK
TDU
BSC: Base Station Control BIU: Base Station Interface Unit EAC: External Alarm Collector TBUS: Timing Bus CBUS: Control Bus
TBUS
TMU: Timing/Transmission and Management Unit OMU: Operation and Maintenance Unit MCK: Main Clock module DBUS Data Bus TDU: Timing Distribution Unit
Figure 2-8 Functional blocks of the TMU
1)
Base station interface unit (BIU)
The BIU handles conversion and reconversion between digital signals of the BTS internal HWs and the HDB3 codes (on E1 lines). It switches timeslots on HW to achieve flexible timeslot configuration, extracts superior clock signals, supports external clock input, and outputs accurate clock signals through phase locking and frequency division. It synchronizes internal bus data transmission, or generates free-run clock signals when superior clocks are not available (due to E1 line or BSC fault) to synchronize internal bus data transmission, and generates alarm and reports them to OMU. One BIU module can support a maximum of 4 E1 lines. The BIU modules on the two TMU boards in one cabinet can be mutually extended, and the data on the 8 mutually extended E1 lines can be freely switched. The E1 interfaces on the BIU module can be respectively connected to the BSC or to the higher/lower level BTS to complete star, tree, and chain connections. 2) Operation and maintenance unit (OMU)
The OMU module is the core control and processing center of the TMU. Through the OMU, performance parameters of various BIU and MCK units can be directly configured. The OMU receives fault alarms, handles fault management, and communicates via internal control buses with the CPU of various units (TRX, CDU, PMU, TES, etc.) in the BTS, so as to complete the operation and maintenance of the whole system.
It collectively loads and saves the software of various BTS units before loading software for each unit according to demands. Moreover, it supports the Man-Machine Interface (MMI) connecting to the PC. The Flash memory of the OMU module can store two different versions of BTS software. One is the software currently used by the BTS and the other one is the previous BTS software. It can load either version according to the requirements to each board. When the software on the BTS needs to be upgraded, the new version can be loaded from the BSC through OML and saved on the OMU to replace the old version. Meanwhile, the OMU keeps the original software version of the BTS as a backup, in case the loading should fail. 3) Main clock module (MCK)
The MCK is configured with an OCXO (oven controlled crystal oscillator) compliant with the stratum 3 A standard, and phase-locking and frequency-division circuits. According to system configuration, the MCK can work in the free-run mode or software phase-locked mode to output a reference clock SREF with a stability better than 5x10-8. Moreover, it can provide the frame clock FCLK used by radio interfaces, the octet bit clock OBCLK, and the frame number (FN). The clock source of a synchronous cell is provided by the MCKs on the two TMU boards in the basic cabinet of the basic cabinet group. The MCK modules on the two boards work in hot standby mode. Switchover is made automatically in case of active board failure, which will be reported to the OMU. 4) External alarm collector (EAC)
The EAC collects the alarm signals from environment monitors, including 8 inputs of digital signals for fire, smog, (high/low) temperature, humidity, water, BTS room door control (open/closed), cabinet door control (open/closed), and air-conditioning alarms. For expansion, the EAC also reserves 16 input channels for digital signals, 8 input channels for analog signals and 8 output channels for digital signals. The collected alarm signals are reported to the OMU.
III. Interfaces
Abis interface: One TMU provides 4 E1 interfaces. two TMU boards can provide up
to 8 E1 interfaces for connection with the BSC or other BTS (corresponding to different configuration modes of the BTS).
Internal data bus DBUS: provides two 32-timeslot TDMA buses (i.e. DBUS1 and
DBUS2) and corresponding clock signals, connecting the TRXs of one cabinet group, and transmitting traffic and signaling data of TRXs. When there are less than 10 TRXs in one cabinet group, 2 buses can work in the active/standby mode.
Internal control bus CBUS: The communication between TMUs is implemented
through CBUS1, and that between TMU and TRX is implemented through CBUS2. CBUS3 is responsible for the communication between TMU and low-rate control parts like CDU, PMU and TES, and between TMU and external monitors. For details, refer to Figure 2-8.
Internal clock bus TIMING_BUS: provides clocks (frame synchronization clock
FCLK, octet bit clock OBCLK) and frame No. (FN) required by radio interfaces for all TRXs in the synchronous cell, and the highly accurate reference clock SREF for the radio frequency processing unit.
Alarm input interface EAC: provides 24 digital signal inputs, 8 analog signal inputs
and 8 digital signal outputs. Among them, the 8 digital signal inputs are external environment alarm inputs, while the remaining 16 digital signal inputs, 8 analog signal inputs and 8 digital signal outputs are reserved for user extension.
Man machine interface: a standard asynchronous serial port or network port, it
completes the communication with PC, enabling the operation personnel to perform various operations locally.
External synchronization clock interface: inputs highly accurate 2MHz clock
compliant with G.703 wave forms, which is used as the frequency reference of E1 and system data buses.
2.4.4 TES
TES provides TEU with various types of working power supplies and handles communication transfer. It provides +5V and -5V power and ringing current, so that TEU board can work normally to perform transmission network functions, thus realizing base station built-in transmission. TES can communicate with TEU and TMU to achieve information reporting from TEU to TMU.
I. Functions
The TES board has the main functions as follows: Provides the transmission board with DC power supply, including +5V and -5V. Achieves the communication between TMU and TEU. Provides transmission board with ring current, the ringing current signal is the 75V/25Hz sine wave AC signals.
II. Structure
The structure of the TES unit is shown in Figure 2-9.

+26 V input To the 1st TEU To the 2nd TEU
Power supply module
1st +5V output 2nd +5V output -5 V output Ringing current output
To two TEUs simultaneously To two TEUs simultaneously
Communication module
To TMU communication serial port To TEU communication serial port
Figure 2-9 TES structure
Power supply module
The power supply module of the TES board includes two parts, the DC/DC conversion circuit and the DC/AC conversion circuit. The DC/DC conversion circuit converts two +24V DC supplies into +5V DC and one +24V DC supply into 5V DC. The DC/AC conversion circuit converts +24V DC into 75V AC ringing current. The ringing current module is featured by high performance ringing current signal sources, sine wave output, low distortion, light weight, and high power density. Its output voltage is 75V AC, and its output current is 40mA, with a standard tone of 25Hz.
Note:
Figure 2-9 shows that TES can provide power for 2 TEU boards.
Communication module
The main function of the communication module is to handle the communication between TES and TMU, between TES and TEU, and to acquire the PCB version No. and cabinet No. of the TES board. The serial port communication between TES and TMU is implemented through RS485 standard. TES is connected with CBUS3 via the level conversion circuit. The serial port communication between TES and TEU adopts the point-to-point mode, with the serial port level as the TTL level. Communication with TMU mainly includes reporting transmission network information and transmission board information from TEU to TMU, as well as reporting TES board status information to TMU.
Communication with TEU is mainly to acquire transmission network and base station transmission board information.
2.4.5 ASU board

Due to the complexity of network, the base station is required to support multiple external interfaces and flexible networking modes. Besides the E1 interfaces, the BTS30 also has the built-in transmission system. It supports the 155M SDH optical interfaces. All these interfaces are provided by ASU. The built-in transmission system makes product networking more flexible and saves user's investment on transmission equipment. ASU board is used in SDH transmission networks. 1) Basic features
ASU uses Huawei-developed ASIC transmission chips, so the system has an high performance/price ratio and stability. One board integrates all the functions of standard SDH transmission equipment including double STM-1 optical interfaces, 8 E1 electrical interfaces, full cross capabilities, 3 necessary clock phase-lock working modes, order wire, RS232 transparent transmission serial ports, and Ethernet interfaces. The ASU board provides 4 E1 interfaces with re-timing functions. When users want to use this function (e.g., in the case when GSM and DDN have very high requirements on clock precision), this can be set through network management. Meanwhile, in application cases such as the GSM base station and private networks, the user can be provided with 64kbit/s sub-rate cross functions between the first 4 E1 so that maximum utilization of transmission resources are achieved. 2) Functions
The ASU SDH optical synchronous transmission system is standard STM-1 transmission equipment. Based on the existing sound technologies of Huawei SBS155/622 products, it is fully compatible with the existing SBS155/622 products. According to networking requirements, it can be configured as a Terminal Multiplexer (TM), Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM) or regenerator (REG). It can be used to form ring-, chain-, and point-to-point network topological structures. It can also be combined with Huawei SBS155/622H and SBS155/622B products to form complex networking structures so as to enhance network performance and provide powerful services protection functions (channel protection or multiplexing segment protection solutions are optional). It is a cost-effective optical transmission device built in BTS. The ASU has inherited merits of powerful network management capacity and convenient operations from Huawei's standard transmission equipment. It uses the same set of network management system as all the Huawei SBS series of SDH
optical transmission equipment. It can completely meet the OAM & P function specified in ITU recommendations. 3) Interfaces
ASU provides the following interfaces: Line optical interfaces: 2 (interface type: SC/PC interface) Electrical interface: 4~8 (E1/T1) Order wire: 1 Ethernet interface: 1 User RS232 port (point to point): 1 Network management interface: Ethernet/RS232
2.4.6 ABB
I. General
In practice, chain networking is usually adopted in BSS networking. This networking mode has the advantage of simple structure and low cost, but also it has the disadvantage that when power failure occurs at a site, all services of the downstream sites will be interrupted. ABB provides of Abis interface bypass function as a solution to the problem above.
II. Functions
ABB is applied in the environment of BTS chain networking. It is in charge of the BTS transmission trunk. When power failure occurs at a certain level (in the middle) of BTS in the chain networking, ABB will bypass the Abis transmission line off this site, and directly connect it to the downstream BTS. In this way, even if power failure occurs at the middle level site in chain networking environment, the services of the downstream site will not be affected. See Figure 2-10.
BSC
ABB TMU
ABB TMU
ABB TMU
Site1
Site2
Site3
Figure 2-10 ABB working principle
ABB can also perform loop back at the transmission line, so that in the case of power failure at the last level BTS, ABB will loop back the E1 signal for BSC to detect the quality of the entire transmission link.
III. Location of Board

ABB shares the same slot with TEU, therefore the size of the board and the interface definition is consistent with TEU. Since BTS30 has only one TEU slot, ABB is to take the slot of TEU.
2.4.7 ABA
ABA realizes the communication between ABB and TMU. ABB communicates with TMU via CBUS3. But the slot of ABB does not provide the connection with CBUS3. Therefore, ABA is used to provide the connection between them. Via ABA, part of the signals from ABB (e.g. the signals of ABA on position) can be transmitted to CBUS3 on the backplane of common resource frame.
2.5 Other Parts of the Cabinet

2.5.1 TDU
The TDU is at the top of BTS cabinet, serving as the control center of BTS clock transfer. It receives the clock source (SREF, OBCLK, FCLK, FN) from TMU, and forwards the clock source to the TRXs in this cabinet and the parts in other cabinets. TDU can also transfer other signals (e.g. alarm signals). The main functions of the TDU are:
Provides bus-control interface
1)
Clock Bus
In the simplex RS485 bus structure, it distributes the clocks generated by the active TMU in the basic cabinet to various extension cabinets, The clock signal process is shown in Figure 2-11.
A-bis
TMU TDU
Boards in the main cabinet
Boards in the extension cabinet
Figure 2-11 BTS clock signal process
The TDU of each cabinet is connected to the bus. After receiving clock signals, it transfers them to the TRX in the local cabinet. The TDU of the last cabinet is connected to an adapter. All the TDUs form a chrysanthemum ring of a clock bus. as shown in Figure 2-12.
C D U T T R R X X
C C D D U U T T T T R R R R X X X X
C D U T T R R X X
C D U T T R R X X
P P S M U U Extension Cabinet
P P T T S M M M U U U U Basic Cabinet
P P S M U U Extension Cabinet
Figure 2-12 Clock bus connection in a synchronous cell
Connection path:
Inner cable distribution (Connect with 6 TRXs)
Upper cabinet
TDU JP3 Cable transfer
Cable transfer
TDU JP1
Inner cable distribution
TRB JC2
Matching
Lower cabinet
Cable Inner cable TDU transfer TDU distribution JP4 JP2
CMB J24
Figure 2-13 Clock bus connection path
For the upper cabinet, JP3 should be configured with connector. For the lower cabinet, JP4 should be configured with connector. 2) Data Bus (DBUS)
DBUS is for the data connection between TMU and TRX. Each TMU provides 2 full duplex DBUS link and TRX connection, called DBUS1 and DBUS2. The physical feature of DBUS is differential RS485, TDMA synchronous bus and distribution of 32 timeslots is similar to that of PCM. The active TMU has DBUS connections to each TRX in the same cabinet. The active and standby links are led from the main cabinet to the 18 TRXs in the local cabinet group. There is no DBUS connection between cabinet groups.
For example, the signal connection between BTS30 cabinets is shown in Figure 2-14.
Figure 2-14 DBUS connection between BTS30 cabinets
The intra-cabinet signal connection is shown in Figure 2-15.

Cable TDU transfer JP6 Inner cable distribution Inner cable distribution
Upper cabinet
TDU JP5
CMB J25 (connect with TMU)
Lower cabinet
Cable TDU transfer TDU JP8 JP7
TRB Inner cable JC3 distribution (connect with 6 TRXs) TRB JC1
Figure 2-15 DBUS connection path
For the upper cabinet, JP6 should be configured with connector. For the lower cabinet, JP8 should be configured with connector. 3) Control Bus (CBUS)
CBUS1 is for the communication between the TMUs of this same site. It adopts RS485 semi-duplex bus, asynchronous transmission. The link layer conforms to HDLC protocol. The bus rate is 256 kbit/s. Since only the PCM link in main cabinet group has the operation and maintenance signaling of BTS. The master TMU in main cabinet group is to send the operation and maintenance signaling to the slave TMUs in the two extension cabinet groups, as shown in Figure 2-16.
Figure 2-16 CBUS1 connection between BTS30 cabinets
The connection of the intra-cabinet signal is shown in Figure 2-17.

Cable TDU transfer JP3 Cable TDU transfer JP4 Inner cable TDU distribution CMB J24 JP2 (connect with TMU) Inner cable TDU distribution JP2 CMB J24
Upper cabinet
Lower cabinet
Figure 2-17 CBUS1 connection path
CBUS2 is for the control link between TMU and TRX. The physical feature is differential RS485 interface, semi-duplex bus. The link layer conforms to HDLC protocol. The bus rate is 2 M. The 2 M clock of DBUS is used as the clock of CBUS2. There is no CBUS2 connection between cabinet groups. The connection relationship between CBUS2 cabinet groups and the connection path are similar to that of DBUS. CBUS3 is for the connection between TMU and some low rate control parts, such as CDU, PMU and environmental monitoring instruments. The physical feature is differential RS485 interface. The link layer conforms to DLC protocol, differential transmission and master/slave communication. The bus rate is 9.6 kbit/s. There is no CBUS3 connection between cabinet groups.
Figure 2-18 Connection of CBUS3 between BTS30 cabinets
The connection of the intra-cabinet signal is shown in Figure 2-19.

Cable transfer Upper cabinet TDU JP6 Cable transfer TDU JP18 Alarm box Cable transfer Inner cable TRB distribution CDU JP1 Inner cable TRB distribution CDU JP2 Inner cable TRB distribution CDU JP3
Inner cable Inner cable TDU distribution CMB J25 distribution TRB JC3 JP5 (connect with TMU and PMU)
Lower cabinet
TDU JP8
Cable transfer TDU JP7
TRB JC1
Cable transfer
Figure 2-19 CBUS3 connection path
For the upper cabinet, JP6 should be configured with connector. For the lower cabinet, JP8 should be configured with connector. 4) Frequency Hopping Bus (FHBUS)
FHBUS is used in baseband FH. FHBUS physically shares the same cable with CBUS2, CBUS3 and DBUS. The difference is that FHBUS connects only to TRX. FHBUS is an 8 bit parallel bus, semi-duplex, and conforms to RS-485 criteria. FHBUS is for the connection between all TRXs in the same cabinet group (for BTS30, at most 18). There is no FHBUS connection between cabinet groups.
C D U T T R R X X P S U
C C D D U U T T T T R R R R X X X X P M U
C D U T T R R X X P T MM UU
C D U T T R R X X T M U
C C D D U U T T T T R R R R X X X X P M U
Extension cabinet
Main cabinet
Extension cabinet
Figure 2-20 FH bus connection between BTS30 cabinets
Connection path is shown in Figure 2-21.

Cable TDU transfer JP6 Cable TDU transfer JP8 Inner cable Inner cable distribution TDU CMB distribution JP5 J25 Inner cable TDU distribution TRB JP7 JC1 Inner cable TRB distribution JC3 (connect with 6 TRXs)
Upper cabinet
Lowercabinet
Figure 2-21 FH bus connection path
For the top level of cabinet, JP6 should be configured with connector. For the last level of cabinet, JP8 should be configured with connector.
Transfers E1 signals in the local cabinet
TMU provides 4 sets of identical circuits E1 for lines. Plus the 4 E1 lines on the standby TMU board, there are altogether 8 E1 signals that are transmitted on the coaxial cable to each cabinet top where the TDU sends them via coaxial cable to BSC.
Provides alarm channels
Inputs of 8 external and 16 extended digital alarm signals and 8 analog alarm signals, as well as outputs of 8 digital control signals, are sent via the TDU to the TMU board and the environment alarm box (for detailed description, refer to section 2.7.1 of this chapter). The input of the DC alarm signals of fuses and output of DC contactor control signals are also sent via the TDU to the PMU of this cabinet.
2.5.2 FMU
FMU is in the fan box, used to control the fans. The small size of the base station cabinet sets higher requirements for heat dissipation. A perfect heat dissipation design should include air tunnels (mainly related to structure), expected dissipation amount (mainly related to circuit working temperature, environment temperature, system total power and efficiency), original calculation of system heat (simulation makes better result if tools are available), fan type, fan monitoring unit, and system heat design testing and verification, etc. The functions and circuits of FMU are based on the fan type, specific fan control requirements and control modes, as well as the specific system heat design. It performs the following main functions:
Fan feeding
This part of circuit consists of power supply filtering and power supply voltage dropping. It completes the processing works from system power supply to the working power supply needed by fans, and provides feed to the fans.
Fan speed control
It controls the fan speed so that the fan can maintain a constant rotation speed, meeting the system heat design requirements.
Alarm detection
Fan faults have 2 types, blocking and short-circuiting, both may stop fan running. The FMU monitors the fan rotation speed, and determines the fan status (normal or faulty). If fault is detected, alarm will be reported to the PMU.
Interfaces
The FMU provides the following ports: fan 24V power supply input port, fan box power supply input port, and fan fault alarm terminal, which outputs low levels in case of fan failure.
2.5.3 Switch Box

The +26V DC from the output busbar of the power supply backplane is inputted to the switch box, and after passing the air switches for different power consumption units and over-current protectors, it is outputted to the terminals on the backplane. These terminals are connected to the power input terminals of different power consumption units, thus achieving distributed power supply.
The distributed power supply ensures the normal power supply to other units when the supply to one unit fails. The power supply to CDU, EDU, TRX, TMU, PBU, etc., can be controlled through the switches on the front panel of the switch box.
2.5.4 Fan Box

There are two kinds of fan boxes, one small fan box below the switch box, and two large boxes below the second TRX/CDU frame. Both kinds of fan boxes are equipped with FMU. The fan box uses mixed-flow fans, which feature strong wind rate and pressure. The FMU ensures the normal operation of fans, and reports alarms in case of failure.
2.5.5 Air Box

The air box is at the bottom of the cabinet, under the first TRX/CDU frame. It is the channel for introducing the external cool air into the cabinet to ensure the normal operation of the whole BTS system.
2.6 Antenna and Feeder System

The antenna and feeder system of the base station mainly consists of the antenna, feeder, jumper, lightning arrester, tower-top amplifier (optional), etc. as shown in Figure 2-22. Its main function is to transmit modulated signals and receive signals from mobile stations.
Antenna and Feeder System
Tx/Rx antenna Lightning arrester Feeder Tower-top amplifier
Cabinet
Diversity Rx antenna Feeder Tower-top amplifier

2-28
Figure 2-22 Composition of antenna system
Lightning arrester
Huawei Technologies Proprietary
2.6.1 Antenna
The antenna is the terminal of transmitting and the start of receiving. Antenna type, gain, coverage pattern (including azimuth angle, pitch angle and declination angle), and front/back ratio will affect system performance. A network planner sets these parameters according to network requirements.
I. Antenna gain
Antenna gain indicates the antenna feature of electromagnetic radiation in specific directions. Normally, the higher the gain, the stronger the field strength in the main beam radiation direction (which means a larger coverage area), but nearby blind area might occur.
II. Antenna pattern

The antenna pattern describes the radiating abilities of antennas in all directions. (usually in terms of horizontal azimuth angle and declination angle). Usually, there are two kinds of base station antennas: omni and directional antennas according to the azimuth angle: Omni antenna radiates the waves in all directions i.e. along 360 degrees, whereas directional antennas radiates along 120, 90, or 65 degree. The declination angle of the antenna can be achieved through mechanical adjustment or electric tuning. BTS directional antennas with declination angle of 0 or 2 are available. Through adjustment by pitch adjuster, a wider angle can be achieved (e.g. 0~ 10).
III. Polarization
Polarization is used to describe the direction of electric field. Mobile communication antennas include single polarization antennas and dual polarization antennas. For the later antennas, two antenna's polarization directions are vertical to each other. So using of dual polarization antennas can reduce the number of antennas needed.
IV. Diversity
Radio communication is much more complex than fixed line communication because of electromagnetic waves propagation. In urban areas, the propagation of electromagnetic wave has the following features: The average value of field strength varies slowly with distance and time. Such variation abides by the logarithmic normal distribution. This is called slow fading.
The instantaneous value of field strength presents a selective fading along transmission paths due to multi-path transmission. Its fading pattern abides by the Rayleigh distribution. This is called fast fading. Either fast fading or slow fading will affect the quality of mobile communications, or even lead to communication interruption. The diversity receiving technology is one of the most effective ways to deal with fast fading. Two receiving signals from two different antennas effectively decrease the fading effect. Diversity includes polarization diversity and space diversity. In existing mobile communication systems, either the space diversity or polarization diversity can be used. Theoretical inferences show that in case of space diversity, when the distance between two antennas is greater than 10 wavelengths, desirable diversity gain can be obtained. Polarization diversity enjoys the advantage of convenient antenna installation and space saving and is more widely used nowadays.
V. Antenna spacing
To reduce interference on the receivers, enough spacing should be reserved between receiving and transmitting antennas. Spacing is determined by the out-band noise of the transmitter and receiver sensitivity. In the GSM system, the antenna spacing should be greater than 30dB.
2.6.2 Feeder
To reduce transmission loss, the base station uses low loss RF cables. There are several types of main feeders available, including 7/8-inch and 5/4-inch. 1/2-inch super-flexible jumpers are used between the antenna and the main feeder, between the antenna and the tower-top amplifier, and between the cabinet and the lightning arrester.
2.6.3 Lightning Arrester

The lightning arrester is used to prevent damage of lightning current to the antenna and feeder system. Usually, there are two kinds of lightning arresters. The first type applies the microwave principle to conduct the low frequency lightning current to the ground so as to discharge the current. The second one is a discharging tube, when the voltages at both ends of the discharging tube reach a certain value, the tube conducts and discharges the large current. The second technique is used in the BTS30.
2.6.4 Tower-top Amplifier (Optional)

To further improve the signal quality, Huawei BTS30 offers a complete solution by providing the tower-top amplifier. The tower top amplifier is optional. Normally it is installed close to the antennas, consisting of triplex filter and low noise amplifier. The triplex filter is actually a device composed of two duplex filters. Signals from the antennas first pass through the triplex filter to filter out the out-band interference, then the low noise amplifier amplifies the weak signals. Finally the amplified signals are sent over the low loss cable to the BTS, as shown in Figure 2-23. The purpose of the tower top amplifier is to enhance the receiving sensitivity of the base station. So the tower-top amplifier is required to have a low noise coefficient. The power of the signals received on the antenna varies greatly with the distance between the MS and the base station. This requires that the tower- top amplifier have a greater dynamic range. Besides, the tower-top amplifier also has the by-pass function in case of DC power failure. The DC power supply of tower-top amplifier is fed through the center conductor of the receiving feeder by the CDU. Since it is an outdoor device, a reliable waterproof sealing is required. The tower-top amplifier can operate under -40C~60C.
Triplex tower-top amplifier Transmitting filter By-path Bias-T
BTS
Receiving filter
Low noise amplifier DC
Receiving filter
Figure 2-23 Structure of the triplex tower-top amplifier
2.7 Power Supply System

2.7.1 Overview
The BTS30 built-in power supply system provides +26V DC to the base station. Together with power distribution, lightning arrester, and monitoring systems, they form a complete power supply system. To meet the power supply requirements of different users, two special AC/DC and DC/DC power supply systems are provided, which are used respectively for the AC power supply cabinet and the DC power supply cabinet. The AC/DC power supply system has battery charging functions. The PSU power supply unit described above consists of the AC/DC power supply module and the DC/DC power supply module. According to the general design requirements of the BTS30, multiple cabinets can be configured at a site, which are interconnected via multiple sets of buses to achieve flexible, convenient and reliable network configurations. So a proper power distribution monitoring solution is required for the power supply system, e.g., centralized anti-lightning protection, and AC and DC power distribution. That is, each cabinet should have its own power supply system. The power supply monitoring board installed on each cabinet monitors its own power supply module and part of environment parameters inside the cabinet, and reports them to TMU via general monitoring bus. The AC and DC inputs of the system has the following 3 modes, among them only one can be selected:
220VAC: used for the AC power supply cabinet, with the AC/DC module and
batteries attached.
-48VDC: used for the DC power supply cabinet with the DC/DC module, no battery
attached.
+24VDC: used for the DC power supply cabinet, without AC/DC module or DC/DC
module, nor any battery. The power supply input goes through the AC EMI filter or DC EMI filter to the wiring terminals on the top of the cabinet, then to the backplane busbars in the common frame. 220V AC and -48V DC are input to different sockets from the backplane busbar, so as to avoid mistaken insertion. No matter whether it is the 220V AC power distribution, -48V DC power distribution solution, or the +24V power distribution, their outputs are all collected to the output
busbars of the power supply backplane. Then, the 26V DC is led out from the busbar, along the cabinet wiring trough to the copper bar of the distribution box. The 26V DC input from the battery is connected to the current diverter on the power supply backplane, and then distributed through the distribution copper bar in the distribution box to various power-consuming modules. They are respectively led out from the distribution copper bar, passing the over-current protection devices set separately for each power-consuming unit in the distribution box, and then connected to the outlet terminals on the backplane of the distribution box. When the power to a unit is cut due to over-current, other units will not be affected. The illustration of the entire power supply system is as shown in Figure 2-24.
EMI filter EMI filter
220V AC IN -48V DC IN
Load
Anti-lightning power distribution +24 VDC IN PMU
AC/DC (DC/DC) module

EMI filter
26V DC OUT
DC contactor
Battery group
Fuse
Figure 2-24 The BTS30 power supply system
2.7.2 Overall Structure

I. AC/DC power supply system
220V AC is led in after passing through the AC input anti-lightning power distribution unit and the AC EMI filter on top of the cabinet. It then passes downward along the cabinet wiring trough to the input busbar on the backplane of the power supply frame.
On this backplane, there are the 220V AC power supply busbar, -48V DC busbar, and 26V DC busbar. When the AC/DC power supply module is used, the -48V DC busbar should not be connected to. A fully configured cabinet uses the 4 AC/DC (26V/25A) modules (3 active + 1 standby), which can ensure a maximum output of 2600W. The module size is 285mm233mm (6U)60.5mm(12E). The structure of the AC/DC power supply system is shown in Figure 2-25 (For the battery part, refer to Figure 2-24).
AC input anti-lightning power distribution unit A1441Z Input busbar 220 V AC INPUT
PSU
Output busbar
PSU
PSU
PSU
PMU
26V DC OUTPUT DC distribution copper bar
Figure 2-25 Structure of the AC/DC power supply system
II. DC/DC power supply system

The DC/DC power supply system uses a backplane the same as that for the AC/DC system. -48V DC first passes through the DC EMI filter on top of the cabinet, then downward along the cabinet wiring trough to the input busbar of the power supply backplane. On the backplane of the power supply frame, there are 220V AC, -48V DC and 26V DC power supply busbars. When the DC/DC power supply module is used, the 220V AC busbar should not be connected to. In full configuration, 4 DC/DC 26V/25A modules (3+1 standby) are used to provide a maximum output of 2680W. The module size is the same as that of the AC/DC module, i.e., 285mm233mm (6U) 60.5mm (12E). The structure of the DC/DC power supply system is shown in Figure 2-26.
Input busbar
-48 V DC INPUT
PSU
PSU
PSU
PSU
PMU
Output busbar
26 V DC OUTPUT DC distribution copper bar
Figure 2-26 Structure of the DC/DC power supply system
2.8 Environment Monitoring System

It is not practical to monitor the BTS locally. Compared with the switch room, the facilities in the BTS room are quite simple, and their operation environment can be rather hostile. To ensure the normal operation of the base station equipment, and to cope with various possible emergencies (e.g. fire, floods), a perfect environment monitoring system is required. The environment monitoring system consists of BTS alarm port and environment monitoring instrument. BTS30 supports 14 switching/digital inputs, 8 digital outputs and 8 analog inputs, collects external alarms and controls external equipment. EAC1 and EAC2 on the cabinet top are the physical ports for external extended alarm and EAC alarm report. The environment monitoring instrument is used to get the information on external environment. It reports the alarm to BSC via TMU if the external environment parameters meet the corresponding alarm terms. The external extended alarm is switching (digital) signals, which is different from the EAC alarm. The following gives the alarm functions provided by the environment monitoring instrument.
2.8.1 Outlook of Environment Monitoring Instrument

The environment monitoring instrument consists of such sensors as host, humiture probe, smoke probe, infrared probe, infrared tube, door status (position) switch etc. Each probe connects to the host with cables.
Dimensions of the host: Length (L) x Width (W) x High (H) = 390mmx270mmx55mm. The outlook of the environment monitoring instrument is shown in Figure 2-27.
Figure 2-27 Outlook of Environment Monitoring instrument
2.8.2 Function Provided by Environment Monitoring Instrument

The environment monitoring instrument automatically monitors and generates temperature, humidity, smog, and intruder alarms according to the set values. Besides, it can start corresponding protection devices for fire-fighting moistening and anti-burglary protection, etc. Moreover, it can receive commands from the control center to modify parameters and start/stop protection devices. The features of the environment monitoring instrument include: Realtime display of temperature and humidity Time display Generating alarms including fire, smog, temperature, humidity, water and 3 kinds of burglar alarms A panel control keyboard 10 switch parameter inputs (opto-electrical isolation) 6 relays (maximum 5A/220V) to drive external executors 2 PWM (pulse width modulation) outputs (8-bit resolution, with a basic clock 500kHz) Driving of 7 independent open-collector gates (absorbing current: 300mA) Capable of communicating with TMU via the RS422 port
2.8.3 Environment Monitoring Instrument Inputs

Temperature: frequency-type temperature and humidity transducer Humidity: frequency-type temperature and humidity transducer Smog: Ion type smoke sensitive probe or opto-electrical type smoke sensitive probe
Flame (optional): fire probe or high temperature difference sensitive probe Anti-burglary detection: infrared detector, opto-electrical detector, and magnetic sensor Other sensor inputs: besides the quantitative temperature and humidity signal parameters, the above sensor input signals can be extended into 10 switch parameters
2.8.4 Alarm Indicators

Ten red indicators on the panel are provided, which correspond sequentially to the following alarm parameters: Fire alarm: fire alarm is determined by the high temperature and smog probe Smog alarm: smog sensor timeout alarm Temperature upper limit: an alarm is generated when the environment temperature exceeds the set temperature limit Temperature lower limit: an alarm is generated when the environment temperature is lower than the set temperature limit Abnormal humidity: an alarm is generated when the environment humidity goes beyond the normal range between the upper and lower limits Water: the alarm is generated when water is detected Air-conditioning: an alarm is generated in case of failure of air-conditioning equipment. Opto-electrical: used for anti-burglary purpose, the alarm is generated when the opto-electrical switch is triggered. Infrared: used for anti-burglary purpose, the alarm is generated when the infrared sensor detects outputs. Access control: used for anti-burglary purpose, the alarm is generated when the magnetic access control switch is triggered. If there are multiple input signal channels for the same kind of sensor, alarm in any channel will be regarded as the same kind of alarm, regardless of the specific channel sending the alarm. Except temperature and humidity sensors, all other sensors can be extended up to 10 channels at the most.
2.8.5 Executing Devices

The BTS30 environment monitoring function involves the following executing devices:
Six constant on/off relays (A~F) which function as the control and protection
devices, operating under 1A/220V. Their specific application can be determined by the user. Their default settings are as follows:
Relay A starts the cooling devices, activated when the temperature exceeds the set upper limit. Relay B starts the heater, activated when the temperature drops lower than the set lower limit. Relay C starts the desiccator, activated when the humidity exceeds the set upper limit. Relay D starts the moistener, and is activated when the humidity is lower than the set lower limit. Relay E starts the fire-extinguisher, activated when the fire alarm is given. Relay F starts the anti-burglary alarm, activated in case of burglary alarm.
Two pulse width modulation outputs (PWM) are driven by the open-collector gate,
with a driving current of 300mA, a period determined by the user, default value as 1 second, and a resolution of 8 bits (0~255).
Seven open-collector gate outputs, with a driving current of 300mA to control the
executors specified by the user.
2.8.6 Communication
There are two-way communication links between the environment monitoring instrument and TMU. The environment monitoring instrument can report alarm and data through this link to TMU. TMU can control the alarm box to start protection devices and set alarm parameters by issuing commands.
2.9 Lightning Protection System

The BTS30 cabinets are connected with the power supply equipment through the power cables and with the base station controller (BSC) via the trunk cables. Lightning protection for the base station mainly includes lightning protection for the power supply system and that for the trunk cables. The BTS30 cabinet supports three types of power supply: 220V AC, -48V DC and 24V DC. As lightning protection for -48V supply system is the same as that for 24V supply system, except for parameters setting. Only the lightning protection for AC power supply and that for -48V power distribution are described here. 75 coaxial cable (E1), 120 twisted-pair cable (E1) and optical fiber (SDH) can be used as the trunk cable for BTS30. For optical fiber the fiber pigtail is used for the connection with the base station, therefore, its lightning protection is not covered here.
2.9.1 Lightning Protection for DC Power Supply

I. Lightning current lead-in paths
DC power supply to telecom equipment is generally provided by the AC power supply. The possibility for the DC power supply port being struck by lightning is very low. But lightning current could be led into the DC power supply port in some ways, including: In times of 48V power supply, the positive pole of DC power cable is grounded at the power supply equipment and the communication equipment. If the grounding point of the communication equipment is different from that of the power supply equipment, a surge current could be caused from the positive pole of DC power supply to the grounding point of the communication equipment due to the transient potential difference between the two grounding points. The effect of alternating magnetic field during lightning includes the following two cases. First, the positive pole of DC power supply is grounded at both ends of the power supply equipment and the communication equipment. If the grounding of the power supply is connected with that of the communication equipment at some point, induced current will be generated in the alternating magnetic field of lightning through the close loop formed by the positive wire of DC power supply and the grounding cable of the two equipment. Second, the alternating magnetic field of lightning will generate an induced electric potential at both ends of the negative wire of DC power supply. If the DC power cables of several devices (including the devices with subscriber lines, such as the switch) in the telecom equipment room are connected to the same set of power terminals, the lightning current induced by the subscriber lines can be transferred to the DC power supply of other equipment through the power supply system, because the subscriber lines are powered by DC power supply. Surge current is led in through AC power cables and output to DC power cables through the primary power supply. Huawei provides a DC lightning arrester which is connected in serial to -48V power supply to protect the equipment efficiently from lightning strike.
II. Principle of DC lightning arrester

The circuit of this module is designed based on massive experiments. It is a 3-level protection circuit. The function of the inductor is to suppress current mutation so that the voltage-sensitive resistor group can function normally. At the first level, two voltage-sensitive resistors are connected in parallel to increase the lightning current discharge capability. The protection circuit of the second level is
the same as that of the first level. The protection circuit of the third level clamps the residual voltage at about 100V. Its functional blocks are shown in Figure 2-28.
-48V
Over-current protection
Inductor
Inductor
-48V
Input
V-sensitive resistor V-sensitive resistor V-sensitive resistor TVS component
Output
GND
GND
Figure 2-28 Functional blocks
2.9.2 Lightning Protection for AC Power Supply

I. Lightning current lead-in paths
AC power supply suffers directly from lightning strike or induced lightning.
II. Principle of the AC lightning arrester

The principle of the AC lightning arrester is similar to that of the DC lightning arrester. The functional blocks are shown in Figure 2-29.
Inductor IN Air switch OUT Slow-blow fuse V-sensitive component V-sensitive resistor Discharge tube
Figure 2-29 Functional blocks of the AC lightning arrester
The lightning protection system features:
Symmetric design, N and L wires can be connected freely without affecting the performance. 2-level lightning protection guarantees high reliability and less possibility of damage by lightning strikes. 2-level protection and 2-level alarm are provided (visible alarm. If either level fails, corresponding indicator will be off. On/off signals of the dry contactor are also provided). The circuits are designed in parallel so that the maintenance personnel can repair them without power-off. The total through-flow current is 40A. There are two output terminals so that two cabinets can share one anti-lightning box.
2.9.3 Lightning Protection for Trunk Cables

There are three kinds of trunk cables in BTS30: 75 coaxial cable (E1), 120 twisted-pair cable (E1) and optical fiber (SDH). In case of optical fiber connections, fiber pigtail is used so that its lightning protection is not considered. BTS30 E1 interface protection is realized by adding a E1 lightning protection board to the top of the cabinet. Each board has eight pairs of E1 protection units and two DB37 connectors. The E1 lightning protection board is illustrated in Figure 2-30.
RX0
TX0
RX1
TX1
RX2 To Line
TX2 To Equipment
RX3
TX3
TX4
RX4
TX5
RX5
TX6
RX6
TX7
RX7
LightningProof Box
Figure 2-30 E1 lightning protection board
All E1 cables are protected by the lightning protection board, which is able to avoid the thunder current from entering the cabinet via E1 cable. Even the strong current impact can be discharged by the discharging tube. The lightning protection board is illustrated in Figure 2-31.
E1-Tip
4.7
E1-Tip
Discharging tube E1-Ring 4.7 E1-Ring
Discharging tube PE PE
Figure 2-31 Circuit of lightning protection board

02 Hardware Architecture

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02 Hardware Architecture

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User Manual M900/M1800 Base Transceiver Station (BTS30)

Huawei Technologies Proprietary i

User Manual M900/M1800 Base Transceiver Station (BTS30)

Huawei Technologies Proprietary ii

User Manual M900/M1800 Base Transceiver Station (BTS30)

Chapter 2 Hardware Architecture

Chapter 2 Hardware Architecture

TRX TRX TRX TRX TRX TRX FAN BOX

Figure 2-1 Hardware architecture of the BTS30 cabinet

User Manual M900/M1800 Base Transceiver Station (BTS30)

Chapter 2 Hardware Architecture

2.2 CDU Frame

II. Structure and function

Alarm and control unit

Figure 2-2 Functional blocks of the CDU

User Manual M900/M1800 Base Transceiver Station (BTS30)

Chapter 2 Hardware Architecture

Huawei Technologies Proprietary 2-3

User Manual M900/M1800 Base Transceiver Station (BTS30)

Chapter 2 Hardware Architecture

II. Structure and function

LNA Alarm and control unit LNA

Figure 2-3 Functional blocks of the EDU

Huawei Technologies Proprietary 2-4

User Manual M900/M1800 Base Transceiver Station (BTS30)

Chapter 2 Hardware Architecture

II. Structure and function

Huawei Technologies Proprietary 2-5

User Manual M900/M1800 Base Transceiver Station (BTS30)

Chapter 2 Hardware Architecture

Tx signal input SCU 1 2

Combiner Combiner Tx signal output

Figure 2-4 Functional blocks of the SCU

2.3 TRX Frame

Huawei Technologies Proprietary 2-6

User Manual M900/M1800 Base Transceiver Station (BTS30)

Chapter 2 Hardware Architecture

II. Structure and functions

TDP SCP DSP CUI

Send Main receiver Diversity receiver

TIMING_BUS Clock processing part

Figure 2-5 Structure of the 40W TRX unit

Baseband signal processing unit

Huawei Technologies Proprietary 2-7

User Manual M900/M1800 Base Transceiver Station (BTS30)

Chapter 2 Hardware Architecture

User Manual M900/M1800 Base Transceiver Station (BTS30)

Chapter 2 Hardware Architecture

Huawei Technologies Proprietary 2-9

User Manual M900/M1800 Base Transceiver Station (BTS30)

Chapter 2 Hardware Architecture

management and maintenance on the TRX module through the CBUS.

the baseband hopping mode.

Huawei Technologies Proprietary 2-10

User Manual M900/M1800 Base Transceiver Station (BTS30)

Chapter 2 Hardware Architecture

II. Structure and functions

Input coupling & delay filtering

Power synthesize and detect

TRX power output

60W power amplify

PBU power output

Huawei Technologies Proprietary 2-11

User Manual M900/M1800 Base Transceiver Station (BTS30)