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Botany and Medicinal Plants: Cell Content Natural Metabolites
Botany and Medicinal Plants: Cell Content Natural Metabolites
B)Secondary metabolites: Represent the majority of natural products e.g., alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, volatile oils, steroids ... etc. Have a restricted distribution (perhaps only found in certain species, genus & family ... etc.). Function: Are not clear, may or may not be essential.
I-Primary Plant Metabolites A-Carbohydrates (Starch) B- Proteins C- Fixed oil & fats
Mucilages & pectins III- Resins & Resin Combination V- Volatile oils
VIII- Antibiotics X- Vitamins XI-Hormones
A- Starch
As granules in all storage organs e.g. roots rhizomes and seeds. The major sources of starch intake worldwide are the cereals (rice, wheat, and maize) and the root vegetables (potatoes) Starch is a polysaccharides of high molecular weight ( polymer of Alpha-glucose and formed during photosynthesis) . Detection It gives blue color with iodine.
Uses of starch
Adjuncts in tablet formulation: diluents, binder, desintegrants, anti-caking agents Food technology, paper production, textile industry, glues, adhesives . Dusting powder for cosmetic preparation. As lubricant and in treatment of iodine poisoning. As indicator for the iodine titration. Drugs derived from starch.
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B- Proteins
As aleurone grains (storage and source of proteins ) in seeds. It is composed of a large number of amino acids united by peptide linkage. They are complex nitrogenous organic substances of high molecular weight. It composed from Matrix, globoids and crystalloid Detection It gives red color with Millons reagent.
Oil drops
The aleurone layer of the seed lies between the outer pericarp and the inner starchy endosperm.
Aleurone grains
They are used pharmaceutically in Soaps, liniment and plaster. Stimulant cathartic (castor seed oil). Solvent for IM. Injection (in steroidal drugs). e.g. peanut, cotton seed, sesame and corn oils. In treatment of hypercholesteremia e.g. olive oil.
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1- Prisms
3- Needles (acicular)
commonly occur in bundles (raphides) e.g. Squill
1- Prisms
2-Cluster
4-Needles (acicular)
Rosette
3-Rosette
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Special arrangement of Ca Ox
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Raphides
e.g. Hyoscyamus
e.g. Squill
Rosette
e.g. Rhubarb
e.g. Quillaia
e.g. Senna
e.g. Belladonna
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B- Calcium carbonate:
Cystolith hair of Cannabis sativa Identified by effervescence with dil. HCl. Skeleton of diatoms (kieselguhr). Sclerenchymatous layer of cardamom seed.
C- Silica:
Aflatoxins Mycotoxins developed by mouldy grains Cause serious reaction They are potent carcinogen, and mutagen. e.g. Aflatoxin B1, G1 developed by Asper gillus.
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Vitamins - Organic compound necessary to the normal growth and maintenance of life in animals including human. - Isolated from plant or animal purified and concentrated for use as drugs e.g. (Ascorbic acid)
Hormones
Enzymes
Active hormones secreted by the endocrine glands. They control the growth, development and metabolism in various ways. e.g . Auxins, Cytokinins.
Organic bio-catalysts produced by living cells. They make most of the chemical reactions which make up life processes e.g. Amylase, Protease, Lipase
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