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doc Fibre Reinforced Plastics (FRP) Ref NDM Fibre-reinforced polymers/plastics is a recently developed material for strengthening of RC and masonry structure. This is an advanced material and most of the development in its application in structural retrofitting has taken place in the last two decades. It has been found to be a replacement of steel plate bonding and is very effective in strengthening of columns by e terior wrapping. The main advantage of FR! is its high strength to weight ratio and high corrosion resistance. FR! plates can be " to #$ times stronger than steel plates% while their weight is &ust "$' of that of steel. (owever% at present% their cost is high. FR! composites are formed by embedding a continuous fibre matri in a resin matri . The resin matri binds the fibre together and also provides bond between concrete and FR!. The commonly used fibres are Carbon fibres% )lass fibres and *ramid fibres and the commonly used resins are polyester% vinyl ester and epo y. FR! is named after the fibre used% e.g. Carbon Fibre Reinforced !olymer +CFR!,% )lass Fibre Reinforced !olymer +)FR!,% and *ramid Fibre Reinforced !olymer +*FR!,. The fibres are available in two forms +i, -nidirectional tow sheet% and +ii, +ii, .oven fabric. The application of resin can be in-situ or in the form of prefabrication of FR! plates and other shapes by pultrusion. The in-situ application is by wet lay-up of a woven fabric or tow plate immersed in resin. This method is more versatile as it can be used on any shape. /n the other hand% prefabrication results in better 0uality control. The manufacturers supply these materials as a package and each brand has specific method of application% which is to be followed carefully. 1peciali2ed firms have developed in India also% which take up the complete e ecution work and supply of material. It is important to note the difference between the properties of steel and FR! and it should be understood that FRP cannot be treated as reinforcement in conventional RC design methods . Table gives a typical range of properties for three types of fibres. This range may change from one brand to another and with change in fibre content. Table Typical !roperties of )FR!% CFR! and *FR! -nidirectional advanced composite materials Fibre content +' by weight, 3ensity +kg/m4, 5 +6ong., +)!a, Tensile strength +7!a, )lass fibre/ polyester )FR! laminate 8$-9$ #:$$-"$$$ "$-88 ;$$-#9$$ Carbon/epo y CFR! laminate

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/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/215352560.doc :8-<8 #:$$-#=$$ #"$-"8$ #"$$-""8$ *ramid/epo y *FR! laminate :$-<$ #$8$-#"8$ ;$-#"8 #$$$-#9$$ Figure shows the 0ualitative stress-strain curves for mild steel% CFR!% *FR! and )FR!. It can be seen that not only there is drastic difference in tensile strength and modulus of elasticity> unlike to mild steel% FR! is elastic right up to failure. This shows total lack of ductility in case of FR!. This brittleness of FR! must be considered while predicting the behavior of retrofitted members. This brittleness does not allow the redistribution of stress in RC members and therefore% the conventional design theories are not valid for FR! reinforced concrete members.

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Ref This Link http://www.r dind!stries.com/"rod!cts/Re#ar/re#ar.htm$% &c$id'(L)etfm*+*,(-.wwp/odi.0d12

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Fiberglass Reinforcing ?ar

*vailable in bar si2es 4. ;. 8. :% and 9 Benefits of fiberglass reinforcing bar include: C/RR/1I/@ R51I1T*@C5 A will not rust and is impervious to the action of salt ions% chemicals and the alkalinity inherent in concrete 6I)(T.5I)(T A weigh appro imately one-0uarter the weight of an e0uivalent si2e steel bar offering significant savings in both placement and use 565CTR/7*)@5TIC @5-TR*6ITB A contains no metal% and will not interfere with the operation of sensitive electronic devices such as medical 7RI units or electronic testing devices T(5R7*6 I@1-6*T/R A highly efficient to resisting heat transfer *pplicationsC R5I@F/RC53 C/@CR5T5 5D!/153 T/ 35ICI@) 1*6T1 !arking structures. bridge decks Eersey banners> parapets curbs. retaining walls and foundations> roads and slabs on grade 1TR-CT-R51 ?-I6T I@ /R C6/15 T/ 15* .*T5R Fuays% retaining walls> piers &etties% caissons. decks> pilesC bulkheads% floating structures canals% roads and buildings offshore platform msC swimming pools and a0uariums *!!6IC*TI/@1 1-?E5CT53 T/ /T(5R C/RR/1IG5 *)5@T1 .astewater treatment plants% petrochemical plants% pulp paper mills. li0uid gas plants pipelinesH tanks for fossil fuel% cooling towers% chimneys% mining operations of various types% nuclear power and dump plants *!!6IC*TI/@1 R5F-IRI@) 565CTR/7*)@5TIC @5-TR*6ITB *luminum and copper smelting plants> manholes for electrical and telephone communication e0uipment bases for transmission telecommunication towers airport control towers magnetic resonance imaging in hospitals railroad crossing sites and speciali2ed military structures. T-@@56I@) / ?/RI@) *!!6IC*TI/@1 Re0uiring Reinforcement of Temporary Concrete 1tructures> 1tructures including mining walls underground rapid transit structures and underground vertical shafts .5I)(T 15@1ITIG5 1TR-CT-R51 Concrete construction in areas of poor load bearing soil conditions remote geographical locations sensitive environmental areas or active seismic sites posing special issues that the use of lightweight reinforcement will solve

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/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/215352560.doc T(5R7*66B 15@1ITIG5 *!!6IC*TI/@1 *partment patio decks thermally insulated concrete housing and basements. thermally heated floors and conditioning rooms

Just for an explanation about material FRP (Fiber Reinforced Plastic) Pipes
RTR! stands for reinforced thermosetting resin pipe% a composite material consisting of a thermosetting polymer% a type of polyster reinforced with glass or other fibers that provide strength I stiffness to a composite material. 3ifferent types of resins used for manufacturing )R!% )RG I )R5 pipes are Isophthalic resin% Ginylester resin I 5po y resin respectively that are selected according to the re0uired properties like chemical resistance% temperature resistance I mechanical properties. The resins provide thermal I chemical properties such as glass transition temperature% resistance to heat% chemical resistance etc. re0uired for finished product. The properties of )R! pipes can be varied by changing the ratio of raw materials as well as winding angle. These pipes consist of three layers adherent to each having different characteristics in relation to functional re0uirement. Inner Liner Veil (Glass), Resin: CSM (Glass), Resin Structural wall - Roving (Glass), Resin External liner- Veil (Glass), Resin Inner Liner Veil (Glass), Resin: CSM (Glass), Resin Inner 6iner one is chemical resistant being in direct contact with fluid I therefore% responsible to resist chemical corrosion as well as permeability. The internal surface is particularly smooth to reduce the fluid head losses I also opposes the growth of minerals I algae. 6ines has two monolithic sub layers. Inner in contact with fluid is reinforced with glass veil with a resin content =$ '% outer reinforced with C17 glass with resin content <$ ' by weight. The standard liner thickness is about $.8 to #.8 mm. Structural wall - Roving (Glass), Resin )lass Reinforced layers guarantee the mechanical resistance of the whole pipe against stresses due to internal I e ternal pressure% e ternal loads as well as thermal loads. For )R! / )RG pipes% the layer is obtained by applying on the previous partly cured liner continuous riving of glass wetted with resin under controlled tension. For )R5 pipes% the structural wall is wound directly on a wet liner. The layer can contain aggregates like silica sand if allowed by

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/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/215352560.doc specifications while thickness depends on design conditions. External liner- Veil (Glass), Resin Topcoat or e ternal liner is the outer layer of pipe consisting of pure resin. -G protectors may be added if so re0uired to protect the pipe from solar e posure. In case of severe e posure condition like aggressive soils or very corrosive environment% the e ternal liner can be reinforced with a surfing veil or added with filters or pigments. Fiberglass composites consist of glass fiber reinforcements% thermosetting resins I additives designed I processed to meet specific functional performance criteria. *mount% type I orientation of glass fibers in pipe provides mechanical strength. C )lass% 5 glass I 5CR / *dvante glass are used commonly depending on pipe application. Garious forms of glass reinforcements are surface veil% chopped strand mat +C17,% chopped roving% filament roving I woven roving +.R,. Raw materials like catalyst% accelerators% inhibitors% aggregates I pigments are used together with resin I glass reinforcements to achieve desired properties of fiber glass product. Catalyst is an organic compound which when added to resin in presence of an accelerator determines the polymeri2ation reaction at ambient temperature. *cceletor is a chemical compound used together with a catalyst to shorten the polymeri2ation time. Inhibitor is added to the resin to reduce reactivity at ambient temperature. There are two manufacturing processes 3ual helical filament winding process I the other being Continuous winding process +3rostholm,

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