Carter, an anti-socialist, tightened the embargo placed on Pakistan and placed a pressure through the United States Ambassador

to Pakistan, Brigadier-General Henry Byroade. !!" #he socialist orientation, and Bhutto$s proposed le%t-&ing theories, had badly upset the United States 'ith Carter$s election, Bhutto lost all links to United States administration he had through President (i)on. Bhutto had to %aced the embargo and pressure %rom the American President &ho &as totally against the political ob*ecti+es &hich Bhutto had set %orth %or his upcoming %uture plans. ,n -./0, &ith ,ndia carried out the test o% nuclear &eapons near the Pakistan$s eastern border, codename Smiling Buddha, Bhutto sought United States to impose economic sanctions in ,ndia. !-" #hough it &as unsuccess%ul approach, in a meeting o% Pakistan$s Ambassador to United States &ith Secretary o% State Henry 1issinger, 2a %ait accompli and that Pakistan &ould ha+e to learn to li+e &ith it,3 the Pakistan$s ties &ith United States &ere better and impro+ed. ,n 4ecember !0, -./., the So+iet 05th Army crossed borders, rolling into A%ghanistan, President Carter issued his doctrine 6see Carter 4octrine7. #he silent %eatures o%%ers the creation o% the 8apid 4eployment 9orce 68497, increasing the deployment o% United States (a+al 9orces Central Command 6(A:C;(#7, a collecti+e security %rame&ork in the region and a commitment to the de%ence o% Pakistan by trans%er o% signi%icant amount o% &eapons and <onetarism. ,n -.=-, Pakistan and the United States agreed on a >?.! billion military and economic assistance program aimed at helping Pakistan deal &ith the heightened threat to security in the region and its economic de+elopment needs. 'ith US assistance, in the largest co+ert operation in history, Pakistan armed and supplied anti-So+iet %ighters in A%ghanistan &ho success%ully kept the So+iets at bay. ,n the -.=5s, Pakistan agreed to pay >@A= million %or != 9--@ %ighter *ets %rom the United StatesB ho&e+er the American congress %roCe the deal citing ob*ections to Pakistani nuclear ambitions. Under the terms o% the American cancellation, they kept both the money and the planes, leading to angry claims o% the%t by Pakistanis. A%ter 8onald 8eagan came to o%%ice, de%eating Carter %or the US Presidency in -.=5, all this changed, #he 8eagan administration and 8eagan himsel% &as a great supporter o% Pakistan$s military regime, American o%%icials +isiting country on a routine basis he U.S. political intelligentsia in Pakistan had e%%ecti+ely curbed do&n the liberals, socialists, communists, and democracy tendency in the country in -.=?, instead ad+ising Dia to hold the non-partisans elections in -.=A. =" General Akhtar Abdur 8ahman o% ,S, and 'illiam Casey o% C,A &orked together in harmony, and in an atmosphere o% mutual trust.

he U.S. intelligence community also helped Dia to e)pand the idea o% ;stablishment, in the national politics o% Pakistan, appro+ing the sell o% 9--@ 9ighting 9alcon, nuclear technology, na+al &arships and %urthermore intelligence training and e%%orts A%ter the restoration o% democracy a%ter the disastrous and mysterious death o% Dia and U.S. Ambassador in an a+iation crash. #he relations Euickly deteriorated &ith upcoming prime ministers BenaCir Bhutto and (a&aC Shari%. #he United States took tough stand on Pakistan$s nuclear de+elopment, passing the Pressler amendment, &hile signi%icantly impro+ing the relations &ith ,ndia Both BenaCir and (a&aC Shari% also asked the United States to take steps to stop the ,ndian nuclear programme, %eeling that United States &as not doing enough to address &hat Pakistan sa& as an e)istential threat ,n -..! US Ambassador (icholas Platt ad+ised Pakistan$s leaders that i% Pakistan continued to support terrorists in ,ndia or ,ndian-administered territory, Fthe Secretary o% State may %ind himsel% reEuired by la& to place Pakistan on the state sponsors o% terrorism list.F !/" 'hen the US decided to respond to the -..= United States embassy bombings in A%rica by %iring missiles at an al-Gaeda camp in #aliban-controlled A%ghanistan, %i+e Pakistani intelligence agents present at the camp &ere killed n -.=., BenaCir Bhutto made a Euick +isit in the U.S. asking U.S. to stop %inancing the A%ghan mu*ahideen to President George H. '. Bush, &hich she marked FAmerica$s 9rankensteinF. !=" #his &as %ollo&ed by (a&aC Shari% &ho +isited the U.S. in -..5, but U.S. ga+e cold shoulder to Pakistan, asking Pakistan to stop de+eloping the nuclear deterrence. ,n -..5, Prime minister (a&aC Shari% tra+els to U.S. to sol+e the nuclear crises a%ter the U.S. had tightened its economic embargo on Pakistan, prompting Shari% and then-#reasure <inister Sarta* ACiC to held talks on 'ashington. !." ,t &as &idely reported in Pakistan that the U.S. Assistant Secretary o% State #eresita Scha%%er had told the 9oreign <inister ShahabCada HaEub 1han to halt the uranium enrichment programme ,n -..A, Prime minister BenaCir Bhutto made %inal +isit to U.S. urging President Bill Clinton to amend the Pressler Amendment and emphasiCed United States to launch a campaign against the e)tremism, &ith Pakistan allying &ith the United States ,n -..=, Prime minister (a&aC Shari% ordered to conduct %irst nuclear tests a%ter BenaCir Bhutto called %or the tests 6see Chagai-, and Chagai-,,7, in response to

,ndian nuclear tests 6see Pokhran-,,7. (a&aC Shari%$s ordering the nuclear tests &as met &ith great hostility and ire in the United States a%ter President Clinton placing the economic embargo on Pakistan. #he relations &ere also re%rained and strained a%ter (a&aC Shari% became in+ol+ed &ith 1argil &ar &ith ,ndia, &hile ,ndia$s relations &ith ,srael and U.S greatly enhanced. Soon a%ter the tests, BenaCir Bhutto publicly announced her belie+e that her %ather &as Fsent to the gallo&s at the instance o% the superpo&er %or pursuing the nuclear capability A%ter the September -- attacks in !55- in the United States, Pakistan became a key ally in the &ar on terror &ith the United States. ,n !55-, US President George '. Bush pressured the go+ernment into *oining the US &ar on terror. Per+eC <usharra% ackno&ledges the payments recei+ed %or captured terrorists in his bookI 'e$+e captured @=. and handed o+er ?@. to the United States. 'e$+e earned bounties totaling millions o% dollars. 9ormer President o% Pakistan Per+eC <usharra% ,n !55?, the US o%%icially %orga+e US>- billion in Pakistani debt in a ceremony in Pakistan as one o% the re&ards %or Pakistan *oining the US &ar on terror. ,n Jctober !55A, CondoleeCCa 8ice made a statement &here she promised that the United States &ill support the country$s earthEuake relie% e%%orts and help it rebuildF a%ter the 1ashmir ;arthEuake n !55=, (SA 4irector <ike <cConnell con%ronted ,S, 4irector Ahmad Shu*a Pasha, claiming that the ,S, &as tipping o%% *ihadists so that they could escape in ad+ance o% American attacks against them Jn -- Kune !55=, the Gora Prai airstrike, on the A%ghan-Pakistani border, killed -5 members o% the paramilitary 9rontier Corps. #he Pakistani military condemned the airstrike as an act o% aggression, souring the relations bet&een the t&o countries. #he United States and Pakistan ha+e e)perienced se+eral military con%rontations on the 4urand Line. #hese skirmishes took place bet&een American %orces deployed in A%ghanistan, and Pakistani troops guarding the border. Jn (o+ember !@, !5--, !0 Pakistani soldiers &ere killed in an aerial attack on Pakistani positions near the border. #he attack %urther damaged US-Pakistani relations &ith many in Pakistan calling %or a more hardline stance against the United States Jn -0 September !55., %ormer President o% Pakistan, Per+eC <usharra%, admitted that American %oreign aid to Pakistan had been di+erted %rom its original purpose o% %ighting the #aliban to preparing %or &ar against neighboring ,ndia. A=" #he United States go+ernment has responded by stating that it &ill take these allegations seriously. A." Ho&e+er Per+eC <usharra% also said, $F'here+er there

is a threat to Pakistan, &e &ill use it the eEuipment" there. ,% the threat comes %rom al-Gaeda or #aliban, it &ill be used there. ,% the threat comes %rom ,ndia, &e &ill most surely use it there. n Jctober !55., the US Congress appro+ed >/.A billion o% non-military aid to Pakistan o+er the ne)t %i+e years +ia the 1erry-Lugar Bill. ,n 9ebruary !5-5, US President Barack Jbama sought to increase %unds to Pakistan to Fpromote economic and political stability in strategically important regions &here the United States has special security interestsF. 0@" Jbama also sought >?.- billion aid %or Pakistan to de%eat Al Gaeda %or !5-5 Jsama bin Laden, then head o% the militant group al-Gaeda, &as killed in Pakistan on <ay !, !5--, shortly a%ter - a.m. local time =/" ==" by a United States special %orces military unit. #he operation, codenamed Jperation (eptune Spear, &as ordered by United States President Barack Jbama and carried out in a US Central ,ntelligence Agency 6C,A7 operation by a team o% United States (a+y S;ALs %rom the United States (a+al Special 'ar%are 4e+elopment Group 6also kno&n as 4;:G8U or in%ormally by its %ormer name, S;AL #eam Si)7 o% the Koint Special Jperations Command, &ith support %rom C,A operati+es on the ground. =." .5" #he raid on bin Laden$s compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan &as launched %rom A%ghanistan. .-" A%ter the raid, U.S. %orces took bin Laden$s body to A%ghanistan %or identi%ication, then buried it at sea &ithin !0 hours o% his death. .!" Al-Gaeda con%irmed the death on <ay @ &ith posts made on militant &ebsites, +o&ing to a+enge the killing. .?" Bin Laden$s killing &as generally %a+orably recei+ed by U.S. public opinionB .0" .A" &as &elcomed by the United (ations, (A#J, the ;uropean Union, and a large number o% go+ernmentsB .@" but &as condemned by some, including 9idel Castro o% Cuba ./" and ,smail Haniyeh, the head o% the Hamas administration o% the GaCa Strip. .=" Legal and ethical aspects o% the killing, such as his not being taken ali+e despite being unarmed, &ere Euestioned by others, including Amnesty ,nternational. .." According to Jbama administration o%%icials, US o%%icials did not share in%ormation about the raid &ith the go+ernment o% Pakistan until it &as o+er. .!" -55" Chairman o% the Koint Chie%s o% Sta%% <ichael <ullen called Pakistan$s army chie% Ash%aE Par+eC 1ayani at about ? a.m. local time to in%orm him o% the Abbottabad Jperation. -5-" According to the Pakistani %oreign ministry, the operation &as conducted entirely by the US %orces. -5!" Pakistan ,nter-Ser+ices ,ntelligence 6,S,7 o%%icials said they &ere also present at &hat they called a *oint operationB -5?" President Asi% Ali Dardari %latly denied this. -50" Pakistan$s %oreign secretary Salman Bashir later con%irmed that Pakistani military had scrambled 9--@s a%ter they became

a&are o% the attack but that they reached the compound a%ter American helicopters had le%t