STATISTICAL ERRORS

IN SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCHE
:
Email:
falnakhlawi@kau.edu.sa
dr_nakhlawy@hotmail.com


OBSERVATION

TESTED HYPOTHESIS

STATISTICAL INFERANCE

PREDICTION WITH NEW PROBLEMS

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:
-1 .Replication
-2 .Randomization
-3 .Local Control


-1 :
.

-2 :

(.) c.v.
-3 :

.
-4 :
.
-5 :
0.05 0.01


EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS

-1 .CRD
-2 .GROUP EXPS.
-1-2 .COMPLETE B.D.
-1-1-2 .R.C.B.D.
-2-1-2 .LATIN SQUARE
-3-1-2 .GREECO L.S.
-2-2 .INCOMPLETE
-1-2-2 .FACTORIAL EXPS.
-1-1-2-2 .SPLIT PLOT DESIGN
-2-1-2-2 .SPLIT BLOCK DESIGN
-3-1-2-2 .BOXS DESIGN
-4-1-2-2 .CONFOUNDING EXPS.
-2- 2-2 .PSEUDO FACTORIAL
.LATTICE DESIGNS -1-2-2-2
.YOUDEN SQUARE DESIGNS -2-2-2-2
. POLY EXPERIMENTS -3-2-2-2

 -1

:
= .
=
.

-2

:
= .
=
.
= .
= C.V..
( C.V. % 10
.

C.V. .) % 20

-3
-1
.
-2
SPLIT PLOT DESIGN
:
.
M.S.ERROR a < M.S.ERRORb .

-4
-1 :

.


.

-2 :
:
=

=

=

:
r 2 [(c.v.)2 / D2 ] (t1+t2(2

c.v. : is the coefficient of variation

t1 : is the tabular t value for a specified
level of significance and df of EXP. Error .
t2 : is the tabular t value for df of Error
and probability of (1-p)2 , where p is the
probability of detecting a significant result in a
given run of the Experiment .
D : is the difference you desire to detect
expressed as a percent of the mean of the
Experiment .

 :
-3 :

.

.

-5

.

.

 -
N [(z )/ d]2

:
.) (

WHERE :
N = NUMBER OF SAMPLES
Z = TABULATED Z (two-tail z Table
at df = )

= STANDARD DEVIATION FROM THE

PREVIOUS RESEARCHES

d =SIZE TO BE DETECTED FROM THE

MEAN

 -6
-1
:
= NORMALITY.
= ADDITIVITY OF THE MAIN
EFFECTS.
=HOMOGENITY OF VARIANCES.
=INDEPENDENCE
OF MEANS AND
VARIANCES.

TRANSFORMATION OF DATA

TRANSFORMATION OF DATA
1- LOG TRANSFORMATION.
(SDs of samples are roughly proportional to the
means and the evidence of multiplicative rather
than additive main effects).
2- SQUARE ROOT TRANSFORMATION .
(Rare events, the data follow a Poisson
distribution).
3- ARCSINE TRANSFORMATION.
(Data based on counts expressed as percentages
or proportions of the total sample and followed
the Binomial Distribution :variances are related
to the means).

-2

.
.

 -3
EXPERIMENTAL ERROR
Factorial Experiments

Random

Example :
Factors : A and B are Fixed in RCBD Experiment
------------------------------------------------------------------

S.O.V. df
E.M.S.
F

-----------------------------------------------------------------
Rep.
r-1

A
a-1
2e +rbk2A
M.S.A / M.S. Error

B
b-1
2e + rak2B
M.S.B / M.S. Error

AB
( a-1)(b-1)
2e + rk2AB
M.S.AB / M.S. Error

Error (r-1)(ab-1)
2e

 :
Factorial Exp. With A factor is Fixed and
B factor is Random in RCBD
--------- ----- ---------------------------------------------S.O.V. df
E.M.S.
F
--------- ----- ---------------------------------------------Rep. r-1
A
a-1
2e+r2A B+rbk2A MS.A /MS.AB
B
b-1
2e+ra 2 B
MS.B /MS. Error
AB (a-1)(b-1) 2e + r2A B
MS.AB/MS. Error
Error (r-1)(ab-1) 2e

-4
-1 L.S.D.
.

.
:
= DUNCAN MULTIPLE RANGE TEST
= BASIAN L.S.D.

 :
-2
.
:

 :
-3
.SPLIT-PLOT DESIGN :
:
1- Main plot treatments : A1 A 2
2- subplot treatments : B1 B2
3- Subplot treatments for the same mainplot treatments
: B1A1 B2A1
4- subplot treatments for different mainplot treatments :
B1A1 B1A2

or

B1A1 B2A2

 -5
COMBINED ANALYSIS

.
:
1- Bartellet Test
2- Hartely Test

.

 -7
CORRELATION & REGRESSION
-1 :
=
.
=


.

-2

(Correlation coefficients (r

etc.

r = 0.76 or r = -0.514

.n

( b) regression coefficient
.