Advanced Level Chemistry (Practical) Experiment 7b Laboratory Short Report Wong Wing o !

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Chemistry Laboratory Short Report

Date : &'th (ovember '#

Experiment Number : '7b

Title : Enthalpy o) )ormation o) calci*m carbonate

Objective : +o determine the enthalpy o) )ormation o) calci*m carbonate"

Experimental Proce ure : A" Reaction o) calci*m ,ith dil*te hydrochloric acid -"'.g and -"'7g o) calci*m metal ,ere acc*rately ,eighed o*t" /sing pipette" -'' cm& o) approximately - 0 hydrochloric acid ,as meas*red o*t and it ,as placed in a plastic bea1er" +he temperat*re o) the acid ,as determined" +he ,eighed calci*m ,as added into the acid and stirred thoro*ghly ,ith the thermometer *ntil all the metal has reacted" +he maxim*m temperat*re attained by the sol*tion ,as recorded" +he experiment ,as repeated" 2" Reaction o) calci*m carbonate ,ith dil*te hydrochloric acid $"3'g and $"3$g o) dry po,dered calci*m carbonate ,ere ,eighed o*t directly into a clean dry plastics c*p" -'' cm& o) approximately - 0 hydrochloric acid ,as pipetted in another bea1er" +he acid ,as po*red on the carbonate in the plastic bea1er" +he mixt*re ,as stirred bris1ly ,ith the thermometer and the maxim*m temperat*re reached by the sol*tion ,as recorded" +he experiment ,as repeated" !ssumption: +he sol*tion in the plastic bea1er has the same speci)ic heat capacity as ,ater 4ensity o) the acid is the same as that o) ,ater5i"e"5-"' g cm6&

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Advanced Level Chemistry (Practical) Experiment 7b Laboratory Short Report Wong Wing o !"#S ($%)

!" Reaction o# calcium $ith ilute hy rochloric aci Results : Experiment no" 0ass o) Ca *sed7 g 8nitial temp" o) sol*tion7 oC !inal temp" o) sol*tion7 oC +emperat*re change7 oC -"'7 $&"3' 3'"'' $#"3' $ -"'. $&"3' .9"'' $3"3'

%uestions: :-" What does the term ;heat o) )ormation< o) a s*bstance mean= A-" +he heat evolved o) the reaction ,hen one mole o) a s*bstance is )ormed )rom its constit*ent elements is their standard states *nder standard conditions" >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> :$" What are ;standard conditions< )or thermochemical calc*lations= A$" 8t is de)ined as elements or compo*nds in their normal physical states5 a press*re o) - atm (-'-&$3 (m6$)5 and a temperat*re o) $3 oC ($9% ?)" >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> :&" Write the e@*ation )or the )ormation o) calci*m carbonate *nder standard conditions" (Call this E@*ation -) A&" Ca(s) A C(s) A &7$B$(g) CaCB&(s) >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> :." Write an ionic e@*ation )or the reaction ta1en place" (Call this E@*ation $) A." Ca(s) A $ A(a@") Ca$A(a@") A $(g) :3" Calc*late5 in each experiment5 the heat change in the reaction bet,een the calci*m and the acid per gram o) calci*m" A3" Energy evolved by the reaction C Energy absorbed by the acid 2y E C mc+5 -st experimentD eat change C ('"-)(.$'')($#"3)7-"'7 C -'.'$E C -'".'1E g6$ndexperimentD eat change C ('"-)(.$'')($3"3)7-"'. C -'$9%E C -'"&'1E g6-

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Advanced Level Chemistry (Practical) Experiment 7b Laboratory Short Report Wong Wing o !"#S ($%)

:#" Calc*late the average heat evolved by one mole o) calci*m" A#" (*mber o) mole o) calci*m C -7.'"- C '"'$.9 mol Average heat energy evolved C (-'.'$A-'$9%)7$ C -'&3'E Average heat evolved by one mole o) calci*m C-'&3'7'"'$.9 C .-3"7 1E mol6:7" Why is the exact concentration o) the hydrochloric acid *nimportant= A7" While the mass o) calci*m metal is the limiting )actor5 the concentration o) the hydrochloric acid F*st a))ects the rate o) the reaction and sho*ld be excess" So5 it is not important to the exact concentration" :%" Sho*ld ,e meas*re the vol*me o) acid ,ith a meas*ring cylinder= Why= A%" We sho*ld not *se the meas*ring cylinder" We need to obtain the vol*me o) acid *sed to apply into ECmc+" While the scale o) the meas*ring cylinder is )ar )rom acc*rate5 ,e sho*ld *se the pipette"

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Advanced Level Chemistry (Practical) Experiment 7b Laboratory Short Report Wong Wing o !"#S ($%)

&" Reaction o# calcium carbonate $ith ilute hy rochloric aci Results : Experiment no" 0ass o) CaCB& *sed7 g 8nitial temp" o) sol*tion7 oC !inal temp" o) sol*tion7 oC +emperat*re change7 oC $"3$ $&"3' $3"'' -"3' $ $"3' $&"3' $3"'' -"3'

%uestions: :-" Write an ionic e@*ation )or the reaction ta1en place" (Call this E@*ation &) A-" CB&$6(a@") A $ A(a@") CB$(g) A $B(l) >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> :$" Calc*late the average heat evolved by one mole o) calci*m carbonate" A$" Energy evolved by the reaction C Energy absorbed by the acid 2y E C mc+5 -st experimentD eat change C ('"-)(.$'')(-"3)7$"3$ C $3'E C '"$31E g6$ndexperimentD eat change C ('"-)(.$'')(-"3)7$"3' C $3$E C '"$31E g6(*mber o) mole o) calci*m carbonate C -7(.'"-A-$A-#G&) C '"'- mol Average heat energy evolved C ($3'A$3$)7$ C $3-E Average heat evolved by one mole o) calci*m carbonate C$3-7'"'- C $3"- 1E mol6-

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Advanced Level Chemistry (Practical) Experiment 7b Laboratory Short Report Wong Wing o !"#S ($%)

:&" 4ra, an energy6cycle lin1ing E@*ation -5$ and & together5 yo* m*st incl*de reactions that had not been per)ormed in the experiment" A&" Ca(s) A C(s) A &7$B$(g) A Cl(a@") CaCB&(s) A Cl(a@")

$(g)

A CaCl$(a@") A C(s) A &7$ B$(g)

CaCl(a@") A CB$(g) A

B(l)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> :." 2esides yo*r experimental res*lts5 ,hat other in)ormation do yo* need to enable yo* to calc*late the heat o) )ormation o) calci*m carbonate= Loo1 *p these necessary data )rom any s*itable so*rce" A." +he enthalpy change o) )ormation o) ,aterD 6$%# 1E mol6+he enthalpy change o) )ormation o) carbon dioxideD 6&9& 1E mol6:3" Calc*late the heat o) )ormation o) calci*m carbonate" A3" Enthalpy change o) )ormation o) calci*m carbonate C Henthalpy change o) )ormation o) carbon dioxide A enthalpy change o) e@*ation $I6Henthalpy change o) e@*ation & A enthalpy change o) )ormation o) ,aterI C (6.-3"7)A (6&9&)A(6$%#)6(6$3"-) C 6-'#9"# 1E mol6:#" As )ar as yo* can5 list o*t the maFor so*rces o) inacc*racy in the experiment and s*ggest ,ays to improve them ,henever possible" A#" So*rce o) errorsD eat loss to s*rro*nding by evaporation5 cond*ction and radiation" +he thermometer absorbed some energy" +here are t,o ass*mptions ,hich are the speci)ic heat capacity and the density o) the sol*tion are the same as those o) the ,ater" Some o) the samples stic1 in the ,eighing bottle" +he reading o) the thermometer is not acc*rate eno*gh"

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Advanced Level Chemistry (Practical) Experiment 7b Laboratory Short Report Wong Wing o !"#S ($%)

8mprovementD /se the vac**m )las1 calorimeter instead o) the polystyrene )oam c*p or *se the cotton ,ool to cover the o*ter s*r)ace o) the c*p" /se a more acc*rate reading thermometer" (i"e" smaller scale) !ind o*t the speci)ic heat capacity o) the sol*tion and the thermometer"
/se the method o) ;,eighing by di))erence< to )ind o*t the amo*nt o) the samples *sed"

:7" State the la, ,hich yo* have *sed in order to ans,er :*estion (3)" A7" essJs la," essJs la, o) constant heat s*mmation states that the total enthalpy change accompanying a chemical reaction is independent o) the ro*te by ,hich the chemical reaction ta1es place" :%" State the la, ,hich yo* have *sed in order to ans,er :*estion (7) depend= Why is this principle *se)*l= A%" +he la, o) conservation o) energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed b*t can be changed )rom one )orm to another" +he importance o) essJs la, lies in the )act that enthalpy changes can be calc*lated )or reactions that cannot be carried o*t in the laboratory5 or reactions that are too slo, or involve the )ormation o) side prod*cts" So5 it is *se)*l"

Discussion: +he amo*nt o) the acid sho*ld be s*re that it is excess ,ith a vie, to *sing *p calci*m and calci*m carbonate" 8n the ass*mption5 the density and speci)ic heat capacity o) acid are s*pposed to be same as the ,ater" !or the aim to be more acc*rate5 ,e can )ind o*t the density and speci)ic heat capacity o) the acid" +he enthalpy o) )ormation can also be )o*nd by the s*mmary o) all the average bond enthalpy" o,ever5 it is very inacc*rate beca*se the energy re@*ired to brea1 a partic*lar bond varies )rom one compo*nd to another5 and even ,ithin the same compo*nd" Conclusion: +he enthalpy o) )ormation o) calci*m carbonate is 6-'#9"# 1E mol6Re#erence : 0iss SinJs (ote Comprehensive Chemistry Physical Chemistry 8(3th Edition) Chem6is6try(Physical Chemistry :*estions Revie,) httpD77h1"1no,ledge"yahoo"com7@*estion7=@idC7''#-''$''%79 httpD77,,,-"disc*ss"com"h17archiver7=tid6$7%.%3%"html
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