POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 8

SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS AND

SEQUENCE NETWORKS

Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Outline:
8a. Symmetrical Components: Overview.
8b. Mathematical Formulation of Symmetrical
…..Components.
8c. Numerical Examples on Symmetrical
…..Components.
8d. Sequence Networks.

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 8a

SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS:
OVERVIEW

Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

What is the “Symmetrical Components” ?

• Transforming unbalanced set of phasors into a balanced set

of symmetrical components which are called:

- Positive sequence component.

- Negative sequence component.
- Zero sequence component.

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Importance of “Symmetrical Components”:

• For a three phase balanced fault, the fault current can be

easily calculated using Thevenin theorem or Zbus matrix.
• However, for unbalanced (unsymmetrical faults), the
situation is different.
• “Symmetrical components” method is used in this case.
• Without symmetrical components method, we can only
calculate balanced three phase fault.

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 8

SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS AND

SEQUENCE NETWORKS

Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Outline:
8a. Symmetrical Components: Overview.
8b. Mathematical Formulation of Symmetrical
…..Components.
8c. Numerical Examples on Symmetrical
…..Components.
8d. Sequence Networks.

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 8b

MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION OF
SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS

Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Phase rotation or phase sequence:

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• This is a balanced set of three phase currents.
• How to know that the set of phasors is balanced?
- Equal magnitudes of IA, IB and IC.
- 120 phase shift between the phases.
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How to make the system unbalanced?

Balanced Unbalanced Unbalanced

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• Decomposition of unbalanced set of phasors to balanced
phasors:

sequence is same as the sequence is opposite to the No phase sequence

original system (ABC). original system (ACB).
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• For balanced system, the positive sequence is exactly same
as the original system.
• No negative and zero sequence exist.

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For all sequences, we can define IB and IC in terms of IA:

I A(1)  I A(1) I A(2)  I A(2) I A(0)  I A(0)

I B(1)  I A(1) a 2 I B(2)  I A(2) a I B(0)  I A(0)
I C(1)  I A(1) a I C(2)  I A(2) a 2 I C(0)  I A(0)

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Therefore,

I A(1)  I A(1) I A(2)  I A(2) I A(0)  I A(0)

I B(1)  I A(1) a 2 I B(2)  I A(2) a I B(0)  I A(0)
I C(1)  I A(1) a I C(2)  I A(2) a 2 I C(0)  I A(0)

And finally,

IA  I (1)
A I (2)
A I (0)
A I (1)
A I (2)
A I (0)
A

I B  I B(1)  I B(2)  I B(0)  I A(1) a 2  I A(2) a  I A(0)

IC  I (1)
C I (2)
C I (0)
C I aI a I
(1)
A
(2)
A
2 (0)
A

Variables are reduced from 9 to only 3.

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In matrix form:

 I A  1 1 
1  IA 
(0)

 I   1 2   (1) 
 B  a a  I A 
 I C  1 2   (2) 
a a  I A 

Set of unbalanced currents Symmetrical components of

phase A

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Given a set of unbalanced currents, we can calculate the
symmetrical components as follow:

 I A(0)  1 1 1  I A 
 (1)  1  2 
 I A    1 a a  IB 
 I (2)  3
1 2
a   I C 
 A   a

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 8

SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS AND

SEQUENCE NETWORKS

Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Outline:
8a. Symmetrical Components: Overview.
8b. Mathematical Formulation of Symmetrical
…..Components.
8c. Numerical Examples on Symmetrical
…..Components.
8d. Sequence Networks.

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 8c

NUMERICAL EXAMPLES ON
SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS

Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

- It is important to know the definition of all parameters,
which are identified as follows:

I A , I B , IC (original unbalanced phasors)

(0) (1) (2)
I ,I ,I
A A A (symmetrical components of phase A)
I B(0) , I B(1) , I B(2) (symmetrical components of phase B)
I C(0) , I C(1) , I C(2) (symmetrical components of phase C)

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Example 1: The symmetrical components of a set of
unbalanced three-phase currents are:

I A(0)  0.53  57.9

I (1)
A  1.2772.1
I A(2)  0.6444.1

Obtain the original unbalanced phasors.

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 Solution:
- We may use the matrix to directly evaluate the values of
the original unbalanced phasors I A , I B , I C as follows:

 I A  1 1 1   I A(0) 
 I   1   (1) 
 B  a2 a  I A 
 I C  1 a a 2   I A(2) 
 I A  I A(0)  I A(1)  I A(2)
 0.53  57.9  1.2772.1  0.6444.1
 1.65346.80

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 I A  1 1 1   I A(0) 
 I   1   (1) 
 B  a2 a  I A 
 I C  1 a a 2   I A(2) 
 I B  I A(0)  a 2 I A(1)  aI A(2)
 0.53  57.9  1.27(72.1  240)  0.64(44.1  120)
 1.322  66.94
 I C  I A(0)  aI A(1)  a 2 I A(2)
 0.53  57.9  1.27(72.1  120)  0.64(44.1  240)
 1.556  121.05

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- Alternatively,

I A  I A(1)  I A(2)  I A(0)

I B  I B(1)  I B(2)  I B(0)

I C  I C(1)  I C(2)  I C(0)

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- We may draw the phasor diagrams of all parameters as
follows:

I A(1)  1.2772.1 I A(2)  0.6444.1 I A(0)  0.53  57.9

 0.3903  j1.2085  0.4596  j 0.4454  0.2816  j 0.4490

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- And:

I A  1.65346.80  1.1316  j1.2050

I B  1.322  66.94  0.5178  j1.2164
I C  1.556  121.05  0.8026  j1.3331

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Example 2: Obtain the symmetrical components for the
following set of unbalanced currents:

I A  1.5646.8
I B  1.32  67
I C  1.56  121

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Solution:
- The matrix is directly used here to evaluate the
symmetrical components of phase A:

 I A(0)  1 1 1  I A 
 (1)  1  2
 I A    1 a a   I B 
 I (2)  3 1 a2 a   I C 
 A  
1
I (0)
A  ( I A  I B  IC )
3
1
 (1.6546.8  1.32  67  1.56  121)
3
 0.53  58.04

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 1
 I A(1)  ( I A  aI B  a 2 I C )
3
1
 (1.6546.8  1.32(67  120)  1.56(121  240))
3
 1.26872.13
1
 I A(2)  ( I A  a 2 I B  aI C )
3
1
 (1.6546.8  1.32(67  240)  1.56(121  120))
3
 0.6444.10

These are the symmetrical components of phase A. How about

the symmetrical components of phases B and C?

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Therefore,

 I B(0)  I A(0)  0.53  58.04

 I B(1)  a 2 I A(1)  1.268(72.13  240)  1.268312.13
 I B(2)  aI A(2)  0.64(44.10  120)  0.64164.10

 I C(0)  I A(0)  0.53  58.04

 I C(1)  aI A(1)  1.268(72.13  120)  1.268192.13
 I C(2)  a 2 I A(2)  0.64(44.10  240)  0.64284.10

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 8

SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS AND

SEQUENCE NETWORKS

Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Outline:
8a. Symmetrical Components: Overview.
8b. Mathematical Formulation of Symmetrical
…..Components.
8c. Numerical Examples on Symmetrical
…..Components.
8d. Sequence Networks.

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 8d

SEQUENCE NETWORKS

Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

 What do we mean by “sequence networks” ?

• It is the representation of the reactance diagram using

positive, negative and zero sequences.
• For the balanced faults studied previously, we have only one
reactance diagram (positive sequence reactance diagram).
• However, for unbalanced faults, three reactance diagrams are
needed.
• So, we will have now one reactance diagram for positive
sequence, one reactance diagram for negative sequence and
one reactance diagram for zero sequence.

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- In positive sequence reactance diagram: system is drawn as
usual.
- In negative sequence reactance diagram: same as positive
sequence, but synchronous machines are shorted.
- For zero sequence reactance diagram, we can define two
basic concepts:
- Sequence network for transformer.
- Sequence network for generator.
• There are different configurations for the transformer and
generator reactances based on the connection type.

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- This table summarizes the
connection types and the
corresponding reactance
representation for the zero
sequence network of the
transformer.
-The representation is based
on the winding connection
and whether the neutrals are
grounded or not.

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• For the synchronous machine, in case of the positive
sequence, it is always represented by an emf behind its
subtransient/transient reactance as usual.
• In negative sequence, the machine is shorted.

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This table
summarizes the
connection types
and the corresponding
reactance for the zero
sequence network
for the synchronous
machines:

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Example 1: consider the single line diagram of the power
system shown below.
Draw the per-unit zero-sequence, positive-sequence, and
negative- sequence networks of the system.

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Solution:
Positive sequence:

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Negative sequence:

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Zero sequence:

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Zero sequence:

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Example 2: consider the single line diagram of the power
system shown below.
Draw the per-unit zero-sequence, positive-sequence, and
negative- sequence networks of the system.

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Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC
- For transmission lines, positive and negative impedances are
equal.
- The zero sequence impedance of the transmission line is
more than (two to six times) the positive or negative
sequence impedance.
- For synchronous machines, the negative sequence
impedance is close to the positive sequence subtransient
impedance.
- For transformers, positive, negative and zero sequence
impedances are equal which correspond to the transformer
leakage impedance.
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Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC
Solution:
Positive sequence:

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Negative sequence:

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Zero sequence:

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Zero sequence:

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