Al-Balqa Applied

University

Dr Audih 1
 Section 1

Unsymmetrical
fault
analysis
Introduction:
Unsymmetrical fault on a three phase system are
- Single line-to-ground (SLG)
- Duple lines (DL)
- Double line-to-ground (DLG)
- Open lines.
High-voltage transmission lines have strings of insulators
supporting each phase. The insulators must be large enough
to prevent flashover ..

If flashover occurs on a single

phase of the line, an electric
arc will be produced. Such
faults are called single line-to-
ground faults.

Dr Audih 3
- Approximately 70% of all faults in power systems are single
line-to-ground faults.

-System is only unbalanced at point of fault.

- The easiest method to analyze unbalanced system
operation due to faults is through the use of symmetrical
components.

-Typical substation grounding resistance is between 0.1and

1 ohm.

Dr Audih
4
 An unbalanced system of 'n' related phasors can
be resolved into 'n' systems of balanced phasors
called the symmetrical components of the original
phasors.
 The key idea of symmetrical component analysis is to
decompose the system into three sequence networks.
• The unbalanced three phase system can be transformed
into three balanced phasors.
-Zero Sequence
-Positive Sequence
-Negative Sequence
 ‫مﻼحظة ال ت ب م م‬
Dr Audih 5
DEFINITION OF SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS
Assume that a set of unbalanced three-phase voltages designated Va, Vb, and Vc
is given. These phase voltages are resolved into the following three sets of
sequence components named symmetrical sequences component:
1.Zero-sequence components:
consisting of three phasors (voltage or current) with equal magnitudes and with
zero phase displacement, as shown in Figure .
Va Vb Vc

1.0

0.5
Magnitude

0.0
0.000 0.017 0.033 0.050

-0.5

-1.0
Time

Dr Audih 6
2.Positive-sequence components:

Consisting of three phasors (voltage/current) with equal 120 Magnitudes,

o

phase displacement, and positive sequence, as in Figure . With phase (b)

lagging phase (a) by 120°, and phase (c) lagging phase b by 120°.

Dr Audih 7
3.Negative-sequence components:
Consisting of three phasors (voltage or current) with equal magnitudes and
displacement of 120o , and negative sequence, as in Figure . Phase (b)
leading phase (a) by 120°, and phase (c) leading phase b by 120°.

Dr Audih 8
The key idea of symmetrical component analysis is to decompose the
unsymmetrical system into their components as three sequences network.

The networks are then coupled only at the point of the unbalance .

Show simulator

Dr Audih 9
 Unbalanced system Positive Seq.component

c+ a+
c0 a+
c
a- b+

c- a a0 Zero Seq.components

c+ b0
a0
b c0
Negative Seq.components
b0
b-
c-
b-
b+

a-
Dr Audih 10
A set of three phasors, say Ia, Ib, Ic can be represented as a
sum of the three sequence sets
I co
I a  I a0  I a  I a Ic  I a
I c I a
Ib  I b0  I b  I b Ia I ao
Ic  I c0  I c  I c I c
where Ib I  I b
 c
I I o
I a0 , I b0 , I c0 is the zero sequence set b b
I b I a
I a , I b , I c is the positive sequence set negative
I c I 

I a , I b , I c
a
is the negative sequence set
Dr Audih
I b positive
11
 Used to shift the a-phase terms to coincide with the
b and c-phase
 Shorthand to indicate 120° rotation.
 Similar to the j operator of 90°. Va
 120° counter clock-wise rotation.
 A vector multiplied by 1 /120° results in the same
magnitude rotated 120°.
aVa

Va

Dr Audih 12
Dr Audih 13
** Note all value are obtain from figure in slide before
Dr Audih 14
Only three of the sequence values are unique, I0a ,Ia+ ,Ia- ;
the others are determined using operator a as follows:
j 120o
a  1120  e  0.5  j 0.866
 j 120o
a  1120  e
2 o
 0.5  j 0.866 , a3  1360o  1
1  a  a2  0 , 1  a  3 30o , a  a2  j 3
I0a  I0b  I0c (since by definition they are all equal)

I b  a2I a , I b  aI a , I c  aI a , I c  a2I a
Dr Audih 15
  1  1 1 1   I a 
0
 Ia  1 1
 I   I0 1  I+  a 2   I   a   1 a 2 a   I  
 b a   a   a     a 
 I c  1  a   a 2  1 a a 2   I a 
Define the symmetrical components transformation matrix
1 1 1  Ia   I a0  Ic+ Ia+
   
A  1 a 2 a Then  I b   A  I a 
   
2
1 a a   I c   I a 
I b+
I 0
Ib

 
or I  A I   A Is Ia

 
I 
I s : Symmetrical current Ic
Dr Audih 16
By taking the inverse A matrix we can convert from the
phase values to the sequence values
1 1 1 
1 1 1 2
Is  A I , Where A  1 a a 
A
 2
 1 a  a  0  1 a 2 a 
 
 1  1  1   3 1 1 1 
 2    1 1  2
A  1  a  a   0  3 , then A  1 a a 
  3
1  a  a 2  0 1 a 2 a 
   
Sequence sets can be used with voltages as well as currents
Dr Audih 17
Example: (current)
5 cos 0o  j sin 0o   5  cos120o  j sin120o   5  cos120o  j sin120o 
 I a    0  
Let I   I b        Then;
 I c      
1 1 1    0  
1
I s  A  1I  1 a a 2       
3
1 a 2 a      
   0               
    
1
    0          o         o      0  
3 
   0                     0 
o o
 
  I a    0    0 
 
**
Note : If  I   I c         I s   0  
  I b         0   

Dr Audih 18
Example from (Is) to current (I)
I 0
  10 0 
     10   
Let co nsid er I s   I 
  
 I 
     
T h en
1 1 1   10 0        
I  A I s  1 a 2 a    10              
    
1 a a        
2
       
S am e p ro ced u re f o r v o ltag e as V o ,V  an d V 
1 1 1   100 
 1 a 2 a   10  100o 240o +51200 )=
  
1 a a 2    

Dr Audih 19
Example open circuits:
One conductor of a 3-phase line is open. The current flowing to the
∆-connected load through the line(a and b) is 10 A. With the current in
line (a) [See Fig] as reference and assuming that line (c) is open, find
the symmetrical components of the line currents.

Since Ic is open then no current flow through it Ic=0

Dr Audih 20
Solution: The line currents (for phase a and b ) are :
1 1
I ao   I a  I b  I c    1 0  0 o  1 0  1 8 0 o  0   0 A
3 3
1 1
I a+   I a  a I b  a 2 I c    1 0  0 o  1 0   6 0 o  0  
3 3
 5  j 2 .8 9  5 .7 8   3 0 o A
1 1
I a-   I a  a 2 I b  a I c    1 0  0 o  1 0  6 0 o  0  
3 3
 5  j 2 .8 9  5 .7 8   3 0 o A

I bo  I ao  0 A
I b+  a 2 .I a  5.78( 30o  240o )  5.78  150 o A
I b  a.I a  5.78(30o  120o )  5.78150 o A
Note: The components of Ic+ and Ic- have finite values although the line (c) is open and no
can carry net current. As expected, the sum of Ic+ and Ic- is zero. However, the sum of
components in line I a  5.78  30o  5.78  30o  100o A
and the sum of components in line I b  5.78  150o  5.78  150o  10180o A
Dr Audih 21
Summery
The sequences order are:
- Zero
- Positive
- Negative

I a  I a0  1 1 1   I a0  I a  1 1 1
I   A I   or I  AI ; 
A  1 a2 a 
   1   1 1 1  a2 
 b  a s
   I a   A  I b  or I s  A I ; A  3 1 a 
I c  I a 

1 a a2   I a   I c  1 a 2 a 

Dr Audih 22
 Consider the following wye-connected load (grounding through Zn)
a
Zy
Zn
Zy
g Zy
b I n  Ia  Ib  Ic
c

Vag  Ia.Zy  In.Zn  Ia.Zy   Ia  Ib  Ic  .Zn   Zy  Zn  Ia  Zn.Ib  Zn.Ic

Vbg  Ib.Zy  In.Zn  Ib.Zy   Ia  Ib  Ic  .Zn  Zn.Ia   Zy  Zn  .Ib  Zn.Ic
Vcg  Ic.Zy  In.Zn  Ic.Zy   Ia  Ib  Ic  .Zn  Zn.Ia  Zn.Ib   Zy  Zn  .Ic
Dr Audih 23
Vag   Z y  Z n  Zn Zn  I
    a
Vbg    Z n  Z y  Zn  Zn   Ib 
V    
 cg   Z n Zn  y n 
Z  Z  
 I c 

V  Z I , V  A Vs , I  A Is

A Vs  Z A I s  V s  A 1 Z A I s
 Z y  3Z n 0 0 
 
A 1 Z A   0 Zy 0 
 0 0 Z y 

Dr Audih 24
Networks (Y connection and ground )are Now Decoupled

V 0   Z y  3Z n 0 0  I0 
    
V    0 Zy 0  I 
    
V
   0 0 Z y   I  
Systems are decoupled
V 0  ( Z y  3Z n ) I 0 , V   Zy I , V   Zy I

Io I+ I-
+ + +
Zy
Vo V+ Zy V- Zy

-
3Zn
- -

Dr Audih 25
 Note: generators only produce positive sequence
voltages, therefore only the positive sequence has
a voltage source

0 + -

During a fault Z+  Z  Xd”. The zero sequence

impedance is usually smaller and depends upon both
how the transformer is grounded and its type of
connection. The value of Zn depends on grounded types.
Dr Audih 26
For positive sequence currents alone the impedance is
called impedance to positive sequence current. Similarly,
when only negative sequence currents are present, the
impedance is called the impedance to negative sequence
current. When only zero sequence currents are present, the
impedance is called the impedance to zero sequence
current.
let Z a , Z b , Z c are three phase and neutral im pedance

 Z a  Z b  Z c  
1
Z a0 
3  Z a0  1 1 1  Z a 

1    1
Z a   Z a  aZ b  a 2 Z c   or  Z a   3 1 a a 2 .Z b 
3   
  Z a  1 a 2
a   Z c 
1    
Z a   Z a  a 2 Z b  aZ c  
3 
Dr Audih 27
Dr Audih 28
 The first step in the analysis of unbalanced faults is to
assemble the three sequence networks. For example,
for the single generator, single motor example let’s
develop the sequence networks with fault on motor
terminal

Dr Audih 29
Positive Sequence Network

M
1.050 1.050

To do further analysis we first need to calculate the thevenin equivalents as

seen from the fault location. From example above the fault is at the terminal of
the right machine so the thevenin equivalents are:

Z th  j 0 . 2 i n p a r a l l e l w i t h j 0 . 4 5 5
j 0 .2  j 0 . 4 5 5
Z th = = j0 .1 3 8 9 1.050
j 0 .2  j0 .4 5 5
Dr Audih 30
Negative Sequence Network

The Thevenin equivalents as seen from the fault location. From example above
the fault is at the terminal of the right machine so the Thevenin equivalents are:
Zth  j 0.21 in parallel with j0.475
j 0.21 j0.475
Zth   j 0.1456
j 0.21  j0.475
Dr Audih 31
Zero Sequence Network

3  0.05  0.15

Zn=0 Zn=0 Zn=0

Since the Zo must has Zn only in the left side we have Zn

Dr Audih 32
Another example for sequences
Construct the all sequences for unsymmetrical fault analysis for the
following single line diagram of power system.
For positive sequences I f
(1)
I f
()

For negative sequences f f 
I (2)
 I ()
For Zero sequences f 
I (o)
Let us consider a power system shown.
Assuming that we need to find the sub-transient fault current at
some node in the system, we need to create a per-phase, per-unit
equivalent circuit using sub-transient reactance X”. Additionally, we
assume that the system is initially unloaded, making the voltages
behind sub-transient reactance.

E A"1  10 pu
E A" 2  10 pu
Suppose that we need to determine the sub-transient fault current at
bus 2 when a symmetrical 3 phase fault occurs on that bus.
We introduce a voltage source of value Vf between bus 2 and the
neutral, nothing will change in the system.(Since the system
operates normally before the fault, there will be no current If”
through that source).

Assume that we create a

short circuit on bus 2, which
forces the voltage on bus 2
to be 0.
This is equivalent to
inserting an additional
voltage source of value -Vf
in series with the existing
voltage source (see next
figure).
Note the reactance's are
given
We can use superposition to analyze the effects of the new voltage
source on the system.

The resulting
current If ” will
be the current
for the entire
power system,
since the other
sources in the
system produced
a net zero
current.
If all voltage sources except –Vf” are set to zero and the impedances are
converted to admittances, the power system appears as shown.
For this system, we can construct the bus admittance matrix as

Y11 Y12 Y13 Y1i 

Y Y22 Y23 Y2i 
 21
Ybus  Y31 Y32 Y33 Y3i 
 
   
Yj1 Yj2 Yj3 Yji 


where Y11 in this figure Y11  y12  y14  y1n

And Y12   y12 same procedure for all admittances
For our system the Y-bus is:

j16212 j50 0 j6667 

 j50 j125 j50 j25 
Ybus  
 0 j50 j13333 j50 
 
 j6667 j25 j50 j14167
The nodal equation describing this power system is

Ybus V = I

Dr Audih 42
With all other voltage sources set to zero, the voltage at bus 2 is –
Vf, and the current entering the bus 2 is –If”. Therefore, the nodal
equation becomes
Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14   V1   0 
Y Y22 Y23 Y24   V f    I "f 
 21  
Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34   V3   0 
    
Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44   V4   0 

where V1, V3, and V4 are the changes in the voltages at those
busses due to the current –If” injected at bus 2 by the fault.
The solution is found as
-1
V = Ybus I = Zbus I
Which, in the case considered, is
 V1   Z11 Z12 Z13 Z14   0 
 V   Z Z 22 Z 23 Z 24    I "f 
 f    21  
 V3   Z31 Z 32 Z 33 Z 34   0 
    

 4   Z 41
V Z 42 Z 43 Z 44   0 

where Zbus = Ybus-1. Since only bus 2 has current injected at it, the
system reduces to
 V1   Z 12 I "f
V f   Z 22 I "f
 V3   Z 32 I "f
 V 4   Z 42 I "f
Therefore, the fault current at bus 2 is just the prefault voltage Vf
at bus 2 divided by Z22, the driving point impedance at bus 2.

Vf
I 
"
f
Z 22
The voltage differences at each of the nodes due to the fault current
can be calculated by
Z 12
 V 1   Z 1 2 I "f   Vf
Z 22
 V 2  V f  V f
Z 32
 V 3   Z 3 2 I "f   Vf
Z 22
Z 42
 V 4   Z 4 2 I "f   Vf
Z 22
 Assuming that the power system was running at no load conditions
before the fault, it is easy to calculate the voltages at every bus
during the fault. At no load, the voltage will be the same on every
bus in the power system, so the voltage on every bus in the system
is Vf. The change in voltage on every bus caused by the fault
current –If”, so the total voltage during the fault is
 Z12   Z12 
  Z V f  1  Z 
V1  V f   V1  V f     
22 22

V  V   V  V   V f   0 
 2   f    2   f    Z 
Z
V
V3  V f   V3  V f    32 V f  1  32  f
         Z 22   Z 22 
V 
 4   f   4  V f   Z
V V   
  42 V  1  Z 42 
 Z 22 f   Z 22 

Therefore, we can calculate the voltage at every bus in the power

system during the symmetrical fault from a knowledge of the
pre-fault voltage at the faulted bus, and the bus impedance
matrix.
This is the equation as found for symmetrical faults, but for unsymmetrical
faults the only difference is being the added superscripts and subscripts
denoting the negative and positive-sequence components of the phase a as:
The total positive-sequence voltage of phase a at each bus during the fault is:

positive-sequence voltage
For the negative and zero-sequence voltage changes due to the fault at bus k of
the N-bus system are similarly written with the superscripts changed accordingly.
Because the prefault voltages are zero in the negative-and zero- sequence
networks, the voltage changes express the total negative- and zero- sequence
voltages during the fault,

Negative -sequence voltage Zero- sequence voltage

Unsymmetrical System Example using Z-bus

For the generators assume Z+ = Z = j0.2; Z0 = j0.05

For the transformers assume Z+ = Z =Z0 = j0.05
For the lines assume Z+ = Z = j0.1; Z0 = j0.3
Assume unloaded pre-fault, with voltages =1.0 p.u.

Dr Audih 50
 Z impedances are shown in figure as::

10o 10o

1
Y 
z

24 10 10  0.1397 0.1103 0.125

Ybus  j  10 24 10  , Zbus  Ybus   j 0.1103 0.1397 0.125
()()   ()() ()() 1

 10 10 20 0.1250 0.1250 0.175

 1 1 1   1 
 j 0 .2 5  
j 0 . 1 
  j 24      j 2 .2 2
 j 0 .1  j 0 .2 5  j 0 .1  j 0 .1 

Note: Negative sequence is identical to positive sequence

Dr Audih 51
 Zero Sequence Network

1 1 1
Y11 (   ) j16.66
j 0.05 j 0.05 j 0.3 j 0.3

16.66 3.33 3.33  0.0732 0.0148 0.0440

0
Ybus  j  3.33 26.66 3.33  Zbus
0
j 0.0148 0.0435 0.0.292
   
 3.33 3.33 6.66 0.0440 0.0292 0.1866

Dr Audih 52
For a SLG Fault at Bus 3
The sequence networks are created using the pre-fault voltage for
the positive sequence thevenin voltage, and the Zbus diagonals for
the thevenin impedances at bus 3 are (Z33) from matrix:

Positive Seq. Negative Seq. Zero Seq.

-j0.1750 -J0.1750 -J0.1866

1 0 o

The fault type then determines how the networks are interconnected

Dr Audih 53
 at bus 3

 1.0  0 
If   j 1.863
 j ( 0.1750  0.1750  0.1866 )

  0
I f  I f  I f  j 1.863

Dr Audih 54
 V
1 1 1
 
1 a 2 a 
 
1 a a 2 
S in ce n o fa u lt cu rren t fo r p h a se b a n d c th en ;
I f ( b )  I f (c)  0
And th e cu rren t fa u lt fo r p h a se a is :
  Vk (a)
I f ( a )  I of ( a )  I f (a)  I f (a ) 
Zf
Dr Audih 55
N o te s e q u a n c e s c u r r e n t fo r I a
I o 
 f ( a )  1 1 1 1   I f (a) 
2   
 I    1 a a . I f (b )  
 f (a)
 3   
 I f (a) 
 
 1 a 2
a   I f ( c ) 
 
1 1
I of ( a )  ( I f ( a )  I f ( b )  I f ( c ) )  ( I f ( a )  0  0 )
3 3
 1 1
I f (a )  ( I f (a )  a I f (b )  a I f (c ) )  ( I f ( a )  0  0 )
2

3 3
1 1
I f ( a )  ( I f ( a )  a 2 I f ( b )  a I f ( c ) )  ( I f ( a )  0  0 )
3 3

Dr Audih 56
w e o b s erv e th a t

  1 I
I o
f (a ) I f (a ) I f (a )  (I f (a ) )  I o
f (a )  f (a )
or
3 3

****** I f (a )  3I o
f (a ) ******

V ka V ka
a ls o w e w ri t e I f (a )  or I o
f (a )  
Z f 3Z f

V ka I o
f (a ) .3 Z f  I f (a ) .Z f

V
an d Z f  ka
o
or
3I f (a )

******** V ka  3Z f .I o
f (a ) ******
Dr Audih 57
Now if the fault occurred between two bus bar note with (k) and
(n) then;
The impedance between them is Zkn=Znk=Z and this impedance it
has zero, positive and negative sequence as in figure below which
present the equivalent scheme of a fault in phase (a) on bus 3.

Dr Audih 58
Notes :
1- There are no negative- or zero-sequence
currents flowing before the fault occurs ,
and the prefault voltages are zero at all
buses of the negative – and zero- sequence
networks . Therefore, the prefault voltage
between point P and the reference node is
zero in the negative - and zero-sequence
�networks and no electromotive forces
(emfs) appear in their Thevenin equivalents.
2- Since the current flowing from the system
into the fault, its symmetrical components
Io,I+,I- flow out of the perspective sequences
network and the currents changing their
direction to present injected currents into the
faulted

Dr Audih 59
Vkao zkno .Ifo(a) Here negative sign is used as the current flow ,when the
fault occur the current in phase a reversing direction

  o
V Vf z .I
ka kn f (a)
(V since the fault at positive sequances )
f

Vka zkn .If0(a) where I fo (a )  I f(a )  I f(a )

 
Vka V V V 
o
ka ka ka
 o  o
(z .I ) (Vf z .I ) (z .I ) 
o o
kn f (a) kn f (a) kn f (a)

Vf [(z kno z kn z kn ).(Ifo(a) )] 

Vf Z .I o
kn f (a) 3Z I o
f f (a)

Dr Audih 60
 V ka V f  Z kn .I fo (a)  3Z f I fo (a) or

3Z f .I fo (a) V f  (z kn
o
 z kn  z kn )I fo (a) or

[3Z f  (z kn
o
 z kn  z kn )]I fo (a) V f Then;

Vf  
I o
f (a )   I f (a )  I f (a ) and
3Z f  (z kn  z kn  z kn )
o  

I f (a)  3I fo (a)

Dr Audih 61
Example (from the example solved slide 29 for sequences)

With the sequence networks in series we can

solve for the fault currents I f (a) (assume Zf=0).

Dr Audih 62
  
Vf
I f (a) I f (a) I o
f (a)   

3Z f  ( z  z  z )
o
kn kn kn
1 .0 5  0 
 
j (3 Z f  0 .1 3 8 9  0 .1 4 5 6  0 .2 5 )
  j1 .9 6 4
  j1 .9 6 4 
I  A I s  I f ( a )  A   j1 .9 6 4    j 5 .8
 
  j1 .9 6 4 
o r I f(a ) = I of(a ) + I +f(a ) + I -f(a ) = 3  - j1 .9 6 4  - j 5 .8
(o f c o u rse , I f (b )  I f (c )  0 )
Dr Audih 63
Example:-
For two synchronous machines connected through two of three
phase transformers with rating as is figure.

1ooMVA ,2okV
1ooMVA ,2okV 100MVA 100MVA
 
20kV/345kV X  X  X  20%
'
 
X  X  X  20%
'
20kV/345kV
X=8% X0  4%, Xn  5%
X0  4%, Xn  5% X=8%

With the following impedance matrix for zero, negative and positive sequences

Dr Audih 64
  j0.1553 j0.1407 j0.0493 j0.0347
 j0.1407 j0.1999 j0.0701 j0.0493
o
Zbus  
 j0.0493 j0.0701 j0.1999 j0.1407
 
 j 0.0347 j 0.0493 j 0.1407 j 0.1533

 j0.1437 j0.1211 j0.0789 j0.0563

 j0.1211 j0.1696 j0.1104 j0.0789

Zbus 
 Zbus  
 j0.0789 j0.1104 j0.1696 j0.1211
 
 j0.0563 j0.0789 j0.1211 j0.1437

Dr Audih 65
If at bus (3) a fault occurs at phase (a), determine:
a) The subtransient current to ground at the fault location.
b) The line to ground voltage at terminals of machine 2
c) The subtransient current out of phase (c) of machine 2
d) Take Zf=0
Solution:
We chose the base of 100MVA and 345kV, the current base is found by

Sbase 100  10 6
I base    167.35 A
3Vbase 3  345  10 3

Dr Audih 66
a) If we know the value of (I fo(a) ) then we found
the fault of I f (a) since I f (a)  3I fo(a) at buse (3)
  Vf Vf
I o
f (a) I f (a) I f (a)   0  

3Z f  Z 33 Z 33  Z 33  Z 33
10o
  j 1.8549 pu.
j (0.1999  0.1696  0.1696)
 I f (a)  3 j 1.8549   j 5.5648 or

I f (a)   j 5.5648167.35  931270o A 360o-90o=270o

Dr Audih 67
b) since machine (2) is connected at bus (4) and
fault at bus (3)then the voltage at bus (4) is:
V4(o a )  Z43o .I of ( a )   j 0.1407  ( j1.8549) 
 0.2610
V4( a )  V f  Z 43 .I f ( a )  1  ( j 0.1211)  ( j1.8549) 
 0.7754
V4( a )  Z43 .I f ( a )   j0.1211 ( j1.8549) 
 0.2246
To find V at bus (4) we introduce the value above into ;
Dr Audih 68
V4( a )   V4(a)
o
 1 1 1   0.2610
       .  0.7754  
V
 4(b )   A. V
 4( a )   1 a 2
a
 
V4( c )   V4( a )  1 a a   0.2246
 2
   
 (0.26100o )  (0.77540o )  (0.22460o ) 
 
 ( 0.26100o )  (0.7754240o )  (0.2246120o )  
(0.26100o )  (0.7754120o )  (0.2246240o ) 
 
 0.28980o 
 
 1.0187  121.8o  pu.
 1.0187121.8o 
 
Dr Audih 69
If we known the base at bus 4 we can transfer the
per unit value to actual value
VLL(buse4) 20kV
Vbase of sigle phase   11.547kV 
3 3
V4(a)   0.28980o   3.3460o 
   o  o
V 
 4(b)  1.0187 121.8 . 11.547 
 11.763 121.8  kV
V4(c)   1.0187121.8o   11.763121.8o 
     

Dr Audih 70
c) The subtransient current out of phase (c) of machine (2) is :

V 40( a ) V f  V 4( a ) V 4( a )

I c  I ao  aI a  a 2 I a  (  )  a( ''
)  a 2 ( )
jX o jX jX 2
 V 4o(a)    0.2610 
 
since  V4( a )    0.7754  and the reactances are given
 
 V4 ( a )    0.2246 

 
in figure then;
0.2610 1  0.7754 2 0 .2246
Ic  ( )  a( )a ( )
j 0.04 j 0.2 j 0.2
  j 6.524  a (  j1.123)  a 2 (  j1.123) 

Dr Audih 71
  j 6.524  (a  a2 ).( j1.123) 
 ( j 6.524)  ((0.5  j 0.866)  (0.5  j 0.866))  ( j1.123) 
  j5.402 pu.
From table for a+a2
Since we need to find the current of machine 2 then
we need to find the base current of machine 2
S 100,000
I   2886.751 A 
3VLL 3  20,000
I c   j5.402  2886.751  15.594 kA

Dr Audih 72
The second phase most common fault is line-to-line,
which occurs when two of the conductors come in
contact with each other. With out loss of generality we'll
assume phases b and c.
a

b
If(cb)
c

In th is c as e If (a )  0, If (bc )  If (b )  I f (c ) or
If (b )  I f (c ) , I fo  0
A nd V f (b ) V f (c )
Dr Audih 73
Using the current relationships we get
I f0  1 1 1  0  1 1 1   0 
  1  2  1  
I f   3 1 a a I f (b ) or  1 a a2   I f (b ) 
 3 
I f  1 a a   I f (c) 
2
1 a a  I f (b) 
2

I f ( ground )  0 and I f (b )  I f (c )
From matrix above we get ;
(note since no fault zero sequanceat at the line then I fo  0)
a  a    a
2 2
 a
1 1 
I f   0  aI f (b )  a I f (b )   I f (b )  a  a2  
 2

3 3    Vf
 I f =- I f 
1 1
I f   0  a I f (b )  aI f (b )   I f (b )  a  a
 2 2 j  Z 
 Z 

3 3 
Dr Audih 74
Using the voltage relationships w e get
V f 0  1 1 1  V f ( a ) 
  1  2 
V f   3 1 a a  V f (b )  
V f   1 a 2 a  V f (c ) 
Hence V f (b )  V f (c ) and V f (a)  0 w e get :
1 
  0   a  a 2 V f  a  a   (a

2 2
 a)
Vf (b )  
3 
  V f  V f
1
V f   0   a 2  a V f 
(b ) 
3 

Dr Audih 75
To satisfy LL fault conditions f
I 
  I f

&V f

 V f 


the positive and negative sequence networks must

be connected in parallel .From example befor we have:

 Vf 
I    I
j Z  Z 
f   f

Dr Audih 76
Solving the network for the currents we get
1.050
  3.691  90
j 0.1389  j 0.1456
and noting I f  I f  I f  3.691 90
I f (a)  1 1 1   0   0 
    3.691  90  6.39
I
 f (b )    1 a 2
a
   
I f (c )  1 a a   3.69190   6.39 
2

Dr Audih 77
Solving for the voltages we get
V f  V f  jI f . Z  
 1.05  0   j 0.1389  3.691  90   0.537  0 
V f   jI f . Z    j 0.1452  3.691 90   0.537  0 
V f ( a )  1 1 1   0   1.074 
  
V f ( b )   1 a2 a   0.537     0.5 37 
   
V f ( c )  1 a a   0.537  
2
 0.537 

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With a double line-to-ground (DLG) fault two line
conductors come in contact both with each other
and ground. We'll assume these are phases b and c.

I f (a )  0 V f (b )  V f ( c )  Z f ( I f (b )  I f ( c ) )
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From the current relationships we get
I f (a )
 1 1 1   I f0 
    
I f (b )   1 a 2 a  I f 
  1 a 2 
 I f (c )   a   I f 

Sin ce I f (a )  I f0  I f  I f  0
Note, because of the path to ground the zero
sequence current is n o longer zero.

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F r o m t h e v o lt a g e r e la t i o n s h i p s w e g e t
V f 0  1 1 1  V f ( a ) 
  1  2   
V
 f   1 a a V f (b )  
3  
V f    1 a 2 a  V f ( b ) 
V f ( a )  1 1 1  V f 0 
  1 a 2  V  
V
 f (b )   a
  f 
V f ( b )   1 a a  V f  
2

S i n c e V f ( b )  V f ( c ) an d ( a 2  a )  ( a  a 2 ) 
 
V f V f
  
T hen V f (b ) V f
0
 ( a 2V f  aV f ) V f
0
 ( a 2  a )V f

 1  a  a 2  0  a 2  a   1 th e n ;

V f (b ) V f
0
V f  Z f (I f (b )  I f (c ) )
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Also, since
I f (b )  I f0  a 2 I f  aI f f ro m a 2  a  1  0 w e g e t

 
a 2
 a   1 an d
I f (c )  I  aI  a I
f
0
f
2
f ( a  a 2 )  -1

Adding these together ( a  a 2  -1)

V f (b )  Z f ( I f (b )  I f ( c ) ) 
 Z f . (I f0  a 2 I f  aI f )  (I f0  aI f  a 2 I f )  
 Z f .  2I f0  (a 2  a )I f  (a  a 2 )I f  
 Z f  2I f0  I f  I f   Z f  2I f0   I f  I f  
with I f0  I f  I f  0  I f0    I f  I f  
V f (b )  3Z f I f0
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V f (b ) V f (c)  3Z f I f0 to find V f (b ) V f (b ) from the first row of

V f 0  1 1 1  V f (a ) 
  1  2 
V
  3  1 a a V
f  f ( b ) 
V f 

1 a 2
a  V f (b ) 

1 1
V f  V f (a ) V f (b ) V f (b )   V f ( a )  2V f (b )  or
o

3 3
3V f o  V f ( a )  2V f (b )   V f o V f  V f    2  3Z f I f0 
Solving 3V f o( a ) V f o( a )  2V f ( a )  2  3Z f I f0  we get
V f o( a ) V f ( a )   3Z f I f0  or

V f ( a ) V f ( a ) V f o( a )   3Z f I f0 
These characterizing equations of the double line -to-ground fault.
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 That’s All…..
Thank you……

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