Universiti Malaysia Perlis: Eet301 Power System Engineering Laboratory Module 4

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM ENGINEERING
EET301 POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING
LABORATORY MODULE 4
SYMMETRICAL FAULT ANALYSIS
Name: __________________________________________
Matrix No: _______________________________________
Programme: _______________________________________
Group: _________________________________________________
EET 301 Power System Engineering Lab Module 4
SYMMETRICAL FAULT ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVE
 To study the symmetrical fault analysis in the electrical system.
 To determine the magnitude of the currents flowing throughout the electrical
system after a fault occurs.
INTRODUCTION
A short circuit fault takes places when two ore more conductors come in contact
with each other when normally they operate with a potential difference between them.
The contact may be a physical metallic one, or it may occur through an arc. In the metal-
metal contact case, the voltage between the two parts is reduced to zero. On the other
hand, the voltage through an arc will be of very small value. Short circuit faults in three
phase systems are classified as:
1. Balanced or symmetrical three phase faults.
2. Single line to ground faults.
3. Line to line faults
4. Double line to ground faults.
For every fault we can see in the Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4.
VA
VB
VC
Positive.
IA IB IC
IA
Zf Zf Zf (b) Zf
(a)
Figure1 A balanced three phase fault
(a) Hypothesis diagram connection phase A, B, and C.

(b) Sequence circuit connection.
F
A
B Va+ Positive.
C
Ia+
IA
Va- Negative
Ia -
Va0 Zero
I+
(a) (b) Ia0 3Zf
Figure 2 Single lines to ground fault schematic

2
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)

A
F
B
C
Va+ Positive. Va - Negative
Zf
(b)
(a)
Ia+ = -Ia -
Figure 3 Example of a line to line fault

A
F
B
(a)
Va+ Positive. Va- Negative Zero

Va0
Ia+ Ia - Ia0 Zf
(b)
Figure 4 Example doubles line to ground fault

CASE STUDY
Figure 5 shows a single line diagram of 6 bus system with two identical generating units,
five lines and two transformers. Per unit transmission line series impedances and shunt
susceptances are given on 100 MVA base, generator’s transient impedance and
transformer leakage reactance are given in the accompanying table. Using Mipower
system, do a short circuit analysis of the bus and the transmission line. The data is given
in the Table 1.
3
Table 1
Bus-code Impedance Zpq Line Charging
p-q Zpq Y’pq/2
3-4 0.00 + j0.15 0
3-5 0.00 + j0.10 0
3-6 0.00 + j0.20 0
5-6 0.00 + j0.15 0
4-6 0.00 + j0.10 0
G1
3 4
5 6
G2
Figure 5 Single line diagrams
Generator details
G1 = G2 = 100 MVA, 11 kV with X’d = 10%
Transformer details
T1 = T2 = 11/110 kV, leakage reactance = x = 5%
All impedances are on 100 MVA base

EQUIPMENTS
MiPower Package
PROCEDURE
1. Open Power System Network Editor.
2. Create your own new file by click on Database – Configure – Browse button.
3. When the Configuration Information box appears, uncheck the Power System
Library and Standard Relay Libraries.
4. On Electrical Information section make sure the data is as shown below.
Base MVA = 100
Base frequency = 50
pu status
4
To draw the Bus
5. Draw the entire element as shown in Figure 5. Start your drawing with Bus 1 and
make sure the data in the bus form is same with the bus data in Table 2.
6. Follow the procedure no. 5 for Bus 2 until Bus 6.
Table 2
Bus Number 1 2 3 4 5 6
Bus Name Bus1 Bus2 Bus3 Bus4 Bus5 Bus6
Nominal voltage 11 11 110 110 110 110
Area number 1 1 1 1 1 1
Zone number 1 1 1 1 1 1
Contingency Weightage 1 1 1 1 1 1
To draw the transmission line
7. Draw the transmission line starting from Bus 3 to Bus 4 as line 1 and enter all the
data as shown in Table 3.
8. Click on Transmission Line Library >> to enter the data as shown in Table 4.
9. Save and close the Transmission Line Library >> form and then save the
transmission line form.
10. Repeat the procedure no. 7 and no. 9 for Line 2 until Line 5.
Table 3
Line Number 1 2 3 4 5
Line Name Line 3-4 Line 3-5 Line 3-6 Line 4-6 Line 5-6
De-Rated MVA 100 100 100 100 100
No. of Circuits 1 1 1 1 1
From Bus No. 3 3 3 4 5
To Bus No. 4 5 6 6 6
Line Length 1 1 1 1 1
From Breaker Rating 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000
To Breaker Rating 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000
Structure Ref No 1 2 3 2 1
Table 4
Structure Ref. No. 1 2 3
Structure Ref. Name Line 3-4 & 5-6 Line 3-5 & 4-6 Line 3-6
Positive Sequence Resistance 0 0 0
Positive Sequence Reactance 0.15 0.1 0.2
Positive Sequence Susceptance 0 0 0
Thermal Rating 100 100 100
5
To draw the transformer
11. Click on Two Winding Transformer icon provided on power system toolbar to
draw the transformer 1.
12. Draw the transformer 1 from Bus 3 as the primary to the Bus 1 as the secondary.
13. Check the data in the transformer element data form with the data show in table
5. Put the Manufacturer Ref. Number as 30.
14. After complete the transformer element data form, click on Transformer Library
>> and enter the data as shown in Table 6.
15. Save and close Transformer Library >> and then save the transformer element
data form.
16. Draw the transformer 2 from Bus 6as the primary to Bus 2 as the secondary.
17. Repeat the procedure no. 13 until procedure no. 15 for transformer 2.
Table 5
st
1 Transformer details 2nd Transformer details
Transformer Number 1 2
Transformer Name 2T1 2T2
From Bus Number 3 6
To Bus Number 1 2
Control Bus Number 0 2
Number of Units in Parallel 1 1
Manufacturer Ref. Number 30 30
De Rated MVA 100 100
From Breaker rating 5000 5000
To Breaker Rating 350 350
Nominal Tap Position 0 5
Table 6
Manufacturer name 2T30
MVA rating 100
Primary Voltage 110 kV
Secondary Voltage 11 kV
Positive seq. impedance 0.05
Positive seq. X to R ration 20
Zero seq. impedance 0.05
Zero seq. X to R ratio 20
Knee point V1 1.05
Knee point V2 1.4
To draw the generator
18. Click on generator icon provided on power system toolbar to draw generator 1 at
Bus 1.
19. Enter the data as shown in Table 7 in Generator Data form. Enter the
Manufacturer Ref. Number as 20.
20. Click on Generator Library >> and enter the data as shown in Table 8.Save and
close. Then save the Generator Data from too.
21. Repeat procedure no.18 until procedure no. 20 for generator 2.
6
Table 7
Name GEN-1 GEN-2

Bus Number 1 2
Manufacturer Ref. Number 20 20
Number of Generators in Parallel 1 1
Capability Curve Number 0 0
De-Rated MVA 100 100
Specified Voltage 11 11
Scheduled Power 80 80
Reactive Power Minimum 0 0
Reactive Power Maximum 60 60
Breaker Rating 350 350
Type of Modeling Infinite Infinite
Table 8
MVA Rating 100
MW Rating 80
KV Rating 11
Direct Axis Transient Reactance (X’d) 0.1
22. After complete your drawing, click Solve – Short Circuit Analysis to do the fault
analysis. A short circuit analysis screen appears as shown in Figure 6.
Click here to select case no.

Click here to open
short circuit studies
screen
Figure 6
23. Click Study Info to open the short studies screen as shown in Figure 7
7
Fault in bus
Fault on line
Figure 7
24. On Short Circuit Data section, select the Fault Type as “Three phases to ground
fault”, select the Bus number as 1 and the Bus name is Bus 1 as needed in result
sheet.
25. Then, click on the Short Circuit Output option section and select the data as
shown in Figure 8. Click OK.
26. Click Execute – Report (Figure 6) to view the report of the short circuit analysis.
Put all the data needed in the result sheet.
27. Repeat procedure no. 23 until procedure no. 26 for fault on different buses.
Figure 8
8
To plot a graph
1. To plot a graph, click Execute – Graph (Figure 6) and a screen as shown in

Figure 9 will invoke. Click on Import and browse the file with .bin as the file
name.
2. Once you get the file, in the column description, double click on the time in
second and AC current, DC current and the total AC – DC current on 0 sec.
Click the icon Plot at the bottom beside the icon import to see the graph.
3. Draw a graph for three phases to ground fault for Bus 5 and Bus 6 in the
graph sheet.
Column description
section
Browse .bin file

from SCS folder of
database folder.
Import file
Plot
Figure 9
LONG REPORT
1. Students are required to write a LONG REPORT that includes

introduction, brief theory, methodology, result and analysis, discussion
and conclusion.
2. Answer all the questions at QUESTIONS section.
9
QUESTION
1. Explain briefly what is fault in a circuit.

(1 mark)
2. Explain what is the positive – sequence components, negative – sequence

components and zero – sequence components.
(6 marks)
3. Why the knowledge of the positive – sequence network is important?

(1 mark)
4. What happen to the current flow in the balanced three – phase system under
normal operating condition? Explain?
(4 marks)
10
RESULT SHEET
FAULTS IN ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
FAULT TYPE : Three phase to ground fault

FAULT AT BUS NUMBER :3 NAME : Bus 3
CURRENT Magnitude Angle FAULT Magnitude

I1 (AMPS/DEGREE) P1 (MVA)
IA (AMPS/DEGREE) PA (MVA)
IB (AMPS/DEGREE) PB (MVA)
IC (AMPS/DEGREE) PC (MVA)
R/X RATIO OF THE SHORT CIRCUIT PATH : __________
PEAK ASYMMETRICAL SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT : __________ Amps


11




12
GRAPH SHEET
Graph 1: ____________
GRAPH SHEET
Graph 2: ____________
14

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UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM ENGINEERING

EET301 POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING

Matrix No: _______________________________________

SYMMETRICAL FAULT ANALYSIS

Figure1 A balanced three phase fault

(a) Hypothesis diagram connection phase A, B, and C.

(a) (b) Ia0 3Zf

Figure 2 Single lines to ground fault schematic

(a) Hypothesis diagram connection phase A, B, and C.

Figure 3 Example of a line to line fault

(a) Hypothesis diagram connection phase A, B, and C.

Va+ Positive. Va- Negative Zero

Figure 4 Example doubles line to ground fault

(a) Hypothesis diagram connection phase A, B, and C.

Figure 5 Single line diagrams

All impedances are on 100 MVA base

To draw the Bus

To draw the transmission line

To draw the transformer

To draw the generator

Name GEN-1 GEN-2

Click here to select case no.

1. To plot a graph, click Execute – Graph (Figure 6) and a screen as shown in

Browse .bin file

1. Students are required to write a LONG REPORT that includes

1. Explain briefly what is fault in a circuit.

2. Explain what is the positive – sequence components, negative – sequence

3. Why the knowledge of the positive – sequence network is important?

FAULTS IN ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

FAULT TYPE : Three phase to ground fault

CURRENT Magnitude Angle FAULT Magnitude

R/X RATIO OF THE SHORT CIRCUIT PATH : __________

PEAK ASYMMETRICAL SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT : __________ Amps

FAULT TYPE : Three phase to ground fault

CURRENT Magnitude Angle FAULT Magnitude

R/X RATIO OF THE SHORT CIRCUIT PATH : __________

PEAK ASYMMETRICAL SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT : __________ Amps

FAULT TYPE : Three phase to ground fault

CURRENT Magnitude Angle FAULT Magnitude

R/X RATIO OF THE SHORT CIRCUIT PATH : __________

PEAK ASYMMETRICAL SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT : __________ Amps

FAULT TYPE : Three phase to ground fault

CURRENT Magnitude Angle FAULT Magnitude

R/X RATIO OF THE SHORT CIRCUIT PATH : __________

PEAK ASYMMETRICAL SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT : __________ Amps

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