Power Systems Analysis

Lecture 8
Symmetrical Components

Prepared By
Kazi Firoz Ahmed​
Sr. Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE​
American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)
Email: k.firoz@aiub.edu​
Sequence Impedance and Sequence Network

The impedance of circuit when positive- sequence

current alone are flowing is called positive-
sequence impedance.
The impedance of circuit when negative-sequence
currents alone are flowing is called
negative sequence impedance.
When only zero-sequence currents are
present, the
impedance is called zero sequence
impedance.
Sequence Impedance and Sequence Network

The single-phase equivalent circuit composed of the impedance to

current of any one sequence only is called the sequence network.
Positive-sequence network contains positive sequence current and
positive sequence impedance only.
Negative-sequence network contains negative sequence current
and negative sequence impedance only.
Sequence Impedance and Sequence Network

Zero-sequence network contains zero sequence current and

zero sequence impedance only.

Sequence network carrying the individual currents I , I a1 a 2

and I a 0 are interconnected to represent various

unbalanced fault condition.
Sequence Impedance and Sequence Network 4

Sequence Impedance of Various Devices

Positive Negative Zero

Line same same different

Transformer same same same

Machine different * different * different

* Usually they are assumed to be the same

Sequence Networks of Unloaded Generators

a
Ia
Zn The generator voltage (E a , Eb ,
+
Ea
- Ec ) are of positive sequence only,
I - - since the generator is designed
Eb
n
c b to supply balanced three-phase
+ Ec +
Ib voltage.

Ic
Sequence Networks of Unloaded Generators

a Reference -
Z1 -
+ Ia1 Ea
- E +
V a1  Ea  Ia 1 Z1
a
Eb
V a1
- Z1
c + b
Z+ -
E
Z1
c
+
1
Ib a
1 I a1
Ia Positive-sequence
network
a Reference
-
Z2 Ia 2
Z
Va 2   Ia 2Z 2
Z2 Ib
2
Va 2
c Z2 2
+
b I
c a
2 Ia2
Negative-sequence
network
Sequence Networks of Unloaded Generators

Reference
a Ic1
-
Zn 3Zn  I a 0 Z 0
Ia 0 V a 0
Z g0
Z0 V a0
  I a 0 (Z g 0  3Z n )
a0
Z Ia 0 Zg0
3I
c
g0 3I a  I n
Z g0 b +
Ia 0 a 0

Ia 0
Zero-sequence
network

Z n only appears in the zero-

sequence network
Sequence Networks of Unloaded Generators

Example 11.6. A salient-pole generator without dampers is rated 20 MVA, 13.8kV and has a
direct=axis subtransient reactance of 0.25 per unit. The negative-and-zero-sequence reactance are,
respectively, 0.35 and 0.10 per unit. The neutral of the generator is solidly grounded. With the
generator operating unloaded at rated voltage with E a n  1.00 per unit , a single line-to-
0
ground fault occurs at the machine terminals, which then have per-
unit
V avoltages V
 0 to ground,  1.013   1 0 2 .25 0 V  1.013
102 .25 0
b
Determine the subtransient current in the generator and the line-t0-linec voltages for subtransient
conditions due to the fault. a
Ia

Zn Ia  In
+
E an Figure 11.15
- n
- E bn
c + E cn + b
-
Ib  0

Ic  0
Sequence Networks of Unloaded Generators

Figure 11.15 shows the line-to-ground fault of phase a of the machine.

Vb  0.215  j0.990 per unit

Vc  0.215  j0.990 per unit

V a ( 0 )     0.1 43  j0 
  1 1 1 1  0
V b   1
(0)
a a 2   0.215  j0.990   0 .64 3  j0  per
V ( 0 )  3 
 c  1 aunit
2
a    0.215  j0.990   0.500  j0

(0) V (0) (0 .143  j0)

a    j1.43per unit
I a   j 0 .1 0
Z go
Sequence Networks of Unloaded Generators

E
 an  (1.0  j0)  ( 0 . 6 4 3  j0)   j1.43per unit
I (1 ) a  
(1)
V a
Z1 j 0.2 5

V (2) ( 0.500  j0)

I (2) a    j1.43per unit
a   Z2 j0 .3 5

There, the fault current into the ground is

(0)
(1)
 I a  I ( 2)
a  3I (0)
a   j4.29

The base current is 20,000 ( 3  1 3 . 8 )  837 A and so the subtransient current in line a is

I a   j4.29  837   j3,590 A

Sequence Networks of Unloaded Generators

Line-to-line voltage during the fault are

Vab  Va V b 0.215  j0.990  1.0177.70 per unit

Vbc  Vb  Vc  0  j1.980  1.980 270 0 per

unit

Vca  Vc  Va  0.215  j0.990  1.0177.70 per unit

13.8
Vab  1.01  3 77.7 0  8.0577.7 0
kV

13.8
Vbc  1.980  3 270 0  15.78270 0
kV
13.8
Vc a  1.01  3 102 .30  8.05102 .30
kV
 Sequence Networks of Unloaded Generators

Before the fault the line voltages were balanced and equal to 13.8kV. For comparison with the line

voltages after the fault occurs, the prefault voltages, with Van  Ean as reference, are given as

Vab  13.8300 Vbc  13.8270 0 Vca  13.8150 0

kV kV kV
Sequence Networks of Unloaded Generators

The positive-sequence diagram of a generator is

composed of an emf in series with the positive-sequence
impedance of the generator.
The negative and zero-sequence diagrams contain no
emfs but include the negative and zero-sequence
impedances of the generator respectively.
 Sequence Networks

The matching reactance in positive-sequence network is the subtransient ,transient,

or synchronous reactance, depending of whether subtransient , transient, or
steady- state condition are being studied.
The reference bus for the positive and negative sequence networks is the neutral
of the generator. So for as positive and negative sequence components are

concerned , the neutral of the generator is at ground potential even if these is Z n

connection between neutral and ground.
The reference bus for the zero sequence network is the ground (not necessary
the neutral of the generator).
 Sequence Networks

Convert a positive sequence network to a negative

sequence network by changing, if necessary, only the
impedance
that represent rotating machine , and by omitting the emf.

The normal one-line impedance diagram plus the induced emf is

the positive sequence network.
Three-phase generators and motors have internal voltage of
positive sequence only.
Example of Positive and Negative-Sequence Network

Example: Draw the positive and negative-sequence

networks for the system described as below .
Assume that the negative-sequence reactance of
each machine is equal to its subtransient
reactance .Omit resistance.

M1
T1 T p
k l m n

r
M 2
Example of Positive and Negative-Sequence Network

j 0 .0 8 5 7 j 0 .0 8 1 5 j 0 .0 9 1 5
k l m n
j 0 .0 2 p r
j 0 .2 7 4 5 j0.5490 (Positive)
+
+ +
Eg
E
- E - m 2

- m1

Reference bus

j 0 .5 4 9 0
(Negative)
j 0 .0 2 j 0 .2 7 4 5
p q
m n
k l
j 0 .0 8 5 7 j 0 .0 8 1 5 j 0 .0 9 1 5
 Zero sequence Network
1 . Zero-sequence network currents will flow only if a return path exists.
2 . The reference bus of the zero-sequence network is the ground.

Z Z Z Z
N N
Z Z

Reference R

N N
Z
 Zero sequence Network

R
Z Z
I n  3I a 0
N 3Z n
Nn Z
Z
N
Ia 0

R
Z Z

Z Z
 Zero sequence Network

Zero-sequence equivalent circuit of three phase transform

banks.
Zero sequence Network
 Zero sequence Network
Example:
Q S
P M N

Zn R T

3Zn
Q S
Z g0
M N
P R
T

(Zero-Sequence)
Zero sequence Network
Q S M
P N

Z g1 R T
+ Z g2
+
E g1 -
- E g1
(Positive-Sequence)

M
R T
N
P
Q S
(Negative-Sequence)
 Zero sequence Network
Example 11.9. Draw the zero-sequence network for the system described in Example 6.1. Assume
zero-sequence network for the generator and motors of 0.05 per unit. A current-limiting reactor of
0.4 is in each of the each of the neutrals of the generator and the large motor. The zero-sequence

reactance of the transmission line is 1.5 km

Generator: X 0  0.05 p er un i t
1 3.2 2
Motor 1:  0.05( 2 0 0 ) (1 3.8 )  0 . 0 6 8 6 p e r u n i t
300
X 0

Motor 2: 1 3.2 2
 0.05(1 0 0 ) (1 3.8 )  0 . 1 3 7 2 p e r u ni t
300
X0

(20) 2
Base Z   1.333
300
(13.8) 2
Base Z   0.635
300
 Zero sequence Network

0.4
3 Z n  3(1.3 3 3 )  0 .9 0 0 p e r unit

0 .4
3 Z n  3( )  1 .8 9 0 p e r unit
0 .6 3 5

1.5  6 4
Z 0  1 7 6.3  0 .5 4 45 p e r unit

The zero-sequence network is shown in Fig. 11.28

References:
1. Modern Power System Analysis by DP Kothari and IJ Nagrath
Chapter 10
2. Power System Analysis and Design by J. Duncan Glover
Chapter 08

End