Tutorial 10: Fault Analysis

10.1 The one-line diagram for a power system is given in the following figure.
The parameters of the generators and transformers are given as:
G1 and G2: 100MVA, 20kV, X 1  X 2  20%, X 0  6% and X N =5%.
Transformers T1 and T2: 100MVA, 20  / 345Y kV and X=10%
Line (on bases 100MVA, 345kV): X 1  X 2  10%, X 0  25% .
A bolted single line-to-ground fault occurs on phase a at bus 2. Vf=100 .

Transmission Line
jX N

a) Draw the sequence networks and the corresponding Thevenin equivalent

circuits as viewed from bus 2.
b) Calculate sequence and phase currents at the fault point;
c) Draw the original sequence networks with the corresponding sequence current
sources connected at the fault point.
d) Determine the per-unit current on phases a, b and c flowing from Y-connected
side of T1 to fault point;
e) Determine the per-unit current flowing out of phase b of G1.

Solution:
a) Sequence networks: Z(1) , (0)
th  Z th  j 0.3 / / j 0.4  j 0.1714 Z th  j 0.35 / / j 0.1  j 0.0778
(2)

j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1

j 0.2 j 0.20 j 0.2 j 0.20

100 100

j 0.1 j 0.25 j 0.1

j 0.06 j 0.06

j 0.15

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 The Thevenin equivalent circuits as viewed from bus 2:
j 0.1714 I(1)
fa
j 0.1714 I(2)
fa
j 0.0778 I(0)
fa

100 V2f(1) V2f(2) V2f(0)

b) Sequence networks connection: j 0.0778 I(0)

fa

Sequence currents at the fault point: V2f(0)

Vf
I (fa2 )  I fa  I fa  
1 0

Z th( 0 )  Z th(1)  Z th( 2 )

j 0.1714 I(1)
 2.3776  90 o fa

The fault current at phase a: 100 V2f(1)

Ifa  I(1)
fa  I fa  I fa
(2) (0)

 3  2.3776  900 =7.1328  900 pu j 0.1714 I(2)

fa

V2f(2)

c) and d) The sequence networks:

j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1

j 0.2 j 0.20
I(1)
fa

100 100

Superposition

j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1

j 0.2 j 0.20 j 0.2 j 0.20
+ I(1)
fa

100 100

2
The positive sequence current flowing from T1 to fault bus 2:
j 0.1  j 0.1  j 0.2
a 
I(1)  2.3776  900 =1.3586  900 pu
( j 0.1  j 0.1  j 0.2)  ( j 0.1  j 0.2)

j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.25 j 0.1

j 0.2 j 0.20 j 0.06 j 0.06
I(2)
fa I(0)
fa

j 0.15

The negative sequence current flowing from T1 to fault bus 2:

j 0.1  j 0.1  j 0.2
a 
I(2)  2.3776  900 =1.3586  900 pu
( j 0.1  j 0.1  j 0.2)  ( j 0.1  j 0.2)

The zero sequence current flowing from T1 to fault bus 2:

j 0.25  j 0.1
a 
I(0)  2.3776  900 =1.8492  900 pu
( j 0.25  j 0.1)  j 0.1

The fault currents flowing from T1 to fault Bus 2:

 Ia  1 1 1   I(0)a  1.8492  900   4.5664  900 
      0  0
I
    1 a 2
a   I(1)a    A  1.3586  90    0.4906  90  pu
b
 (2)
 Ic  1 a a   I a 
2
1.3586  900  0.4906  900 

e) The sequence currents of phase a out of G1:

a,G1  0
I(0)
I(1)
a,G1  I (1)
a  1  30 0
 1.3586 ( 90 0
 30 0
)  1.3586  120 0

I(2)
a,G1  I (2)
a  130 0
 1.3586( 90 0
 30 0
)  1.3586   60 0

The fault current out of Phase b of G1:

a,G1 +a I a,G1  aI a,G1  1.3586120  1.358660
I b,G1 =I(0) 2 (1) (2) 0 0

 2.3532900 pu
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10.2 A bolted double line-to-ground fault between phase b and c occurs at
bus 2 in the power system shown in question 10.1.
a) Calculate sequence currents at the fault points;
b) Calculate the phase-to-ground voltages at bus 3.

Solution:
a) For the bolted double line-to-ground fault at bus 2:

j 0.1714 I(1)
fa
j 0.1714 I(2)
fa
j 0.0778 I(0)
fa

1.000 V2f(1) V2f(2) V2f(0)

Vf
fa 
I(1)   j4.4462
Z(1)
th  Z (2)
th / /Z (0)
th

Z(0)
1
I (2)
fa  Ifa (0) th (2)  j1.3881
Zth  Zth
Z(2)
1
I (0)
fa  Ifa (0) th (2)  j3.0581
Zth  Zth
b) The voltage at bus 3:
The positive sequence current flowing from bus 2 to bus 3:
1 2 3 4
j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1
j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1
j 0.20 j 0.2 j 0.20
j 0.2 (1) I(1)
I fa
fa
+ +
10 0
100
- -

(a) Positive-sequence

j 0.1  j 0.2
a23  
I(1)    j 4.4462  =j1.9055pu
( j 0.1  j 0.1  j 0.2)  ( j 0.1  j 0.2)

4
The negative sequence current flowing from bus 2 to bus 3:
j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1
j 0.2 j 0.20
I(2)
fa

j 0.1  j 0.2
a23  
I(2)  j1.3881=  j 0.5949pu
( j 0.1  j 0.1  j 0.2)  ( j 0.1  j 0.2)

The zero sequence current flowing from bus 2 to bus 3:

j 0.1 j 0.25 j 0.1

j 0.06 j 0.06
I(0)
fa

j 0.15

j 0.1
a23  
I(0)  j 3.0581=  j 0.6796pu
( j 0.25  j 0.1)  j 0.1

The sequence voltages at bus 3:

V3(1) =1.000  ( j 0.1  j 0.2)  Ia23
(1)
 1.000  j 0.3  j1.9055  0.4284 pu
V3(2) = (j 0.1  j 0.2)  Ia23
(2)
 j 0.3    j 0.5949   0.1785 pu
V3(0) =j 0.1   j 0.6796   0.0680 pu

The phase voltages at bus 3:

 V3a  1 1 1   V3(0)   0.6749 
    
 V (1)  0.3198  137.40  p.u.
V
    1 a 2
a  3  
3b
 
 V3c  1 a a   V3   0.3198137.4 
2 (2) 0

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10.3 A double line fault between phase b and c with the fault impedance
Xf=0.1pu occurs at bus 1 in the power system shown in question 10.1.
a) Calculate the phase currents through transmission line. (Students:
calculate phase currents from the sequence currents)
b) Calculate the phase-to-ground voltages at bus 3. (Students: calculate
phase voltages from the sequence voltages)
c) Calculate the phase-to-ground voltages at bus 4 considering phase
shift caused by Y-∆ transformer. (Students: partial calculation)

Solution:
Sequence networks:
1 j 0.1 2 3 4
j 0.1
j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1
j 0.20 j 0.2 j 0.20
j 0.2
+ +
100 100
- -

(a) Positive-sequence network

j 0.1 j 0.25 j 0.1

j 0.06 j 0.06

j 0.15

Thevenin positive and negative, equivalent impedances viewed from

bus 1: Z(2)
th  Z th  j 0.2 / / j 0.5  j 014286
(1)

Sequence networks connection: j 0.1429 I(1) j 0.1 I(2)

fa fa j 0.1429
+ +
2 Vf
fa   I fa 
I (1)   j 2.592 (1)
Z th(1)  Z th(2)  Z f 1.00 V1a 0 V1a(2)
- -

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 a) The phase current through transmission line:
1 2 3 4
j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1
j 0.2 j 0.20 j 0.2 j 0.20
I(1)
fa I(2)
fa

100 100

(b) Negative-sequence

Sequence current from bus 1 to ∆ side of T1:

(1) j 0.2
Ia12      j 2.592  =j 0.741pu
( j 0.1  j 0.1  j 0.2)  ( j 0.1  j 0.2)
(2) j 0.2
Ia12     j 2.592  =-j 0.741pu
( j 0.1  j 0.1  j 0.2)  ( j 0.1  j 0.2)
a12  0
I(0)
Sequence current from bus 2 to 3:
(1) (1)
Ia23  Ia1230 =0.741120 pu=-0.3705+j0.6417pu
o o

(2) (2)
Ia23  Ia12  30 =0.741  120 pu=-0.3705-j0.6417pu
o o

a23  0
I(0)

Sequence currents from bus 1 to generator 1:

a1g   I fa  I a 23  j 2.592-j 0.741pu=j1.851

I(1) (1) (1)

a1g   I fa  I a 23   j 2.592  j 0.741pu=-j1.851

I(2) (2) (3)

a1g  0
I(0)

Phase currents through line:

 Ia23  1 1 1   I(0) a23  ? 
     I(1)   ? p.u.
I
 b23    1 a 2
a
  a23   
 Ic23  1 a a   I(2)
2
 ?
a23 

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b) The phase voltages at bus 3
The sequence voltages at bus 3:
V3(1) =1.000  ( j 0.1  j 0.1)  I(1)
a23  I a1g  j 0.2  ? pu
(1)

V3(2) =  ( j 0.1  j 0.1)  Ia23

(2)
 Ia1g
(2)
 j 0.2  ? pu
V3(0) =0 pu

The phase voltages at bus 3:

 V3a  1 1 1   V3(0)  ? 
     V (1)   ?  p.u.
V
    1 a 2
a
3b  3   
 V3c  1 a a 2   V3(2)  ? 

c) The phase voltages at bus 4:

Sequence current from bus 4 to ground:

(1) (1)
Ia4g  Ia23  30
o

(2) (2)
Ia4g  Ia2330
o

a4g  0
I(0)

The sequence voltages at bus 4:

V4(1) =1.000 +Ia4g
(1)
 j 0.2  ? pu
V4(2) =Ia4g
(2)
 j 0.2  ? pu
V4(0) =0 pu

The phase voltages at bus 4:

 V4a  1 1 1   V4(0)  ? 
    
V
 4b    1 a 2
a   V4(1)   ?  p.u.
  
 V4c  1 a a   V4  ? 
2 (2)