How To Solve

Gauss-Seidel,
Newton Raphson
& Fast
Decoupled Load
Flow Method
Using
By Dr. J. A. Laghari MATLAB
Power System Modelling in MATLAB
 Load Flow Analysis Methods
Load flow analysis is very important in the determination
of losses, and voltages at different buses in the power system.

In power system, following three load

flow analysis methods are very famous.

1. Gauss Seidel Load Flow Method.

2. Newton Raphson Load Flow Method

3. Fast Decoupled Load flow Method.

This example is taken
from the book Power System
Analysis by Hadi Sadat.

Chapter 6,
Example 6.7.
 Example
Figure shows the one line diagram of a simple power three bus power
system with generation at bus 1. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is
adjusted to 1.05 p.u. the scheduled loads at buses 2 and 3 are as marked on
the diagram. Line impedances are marked in per unit on a 100 MVA base
and the line charging susceptance are neglected.

(a) Using the Gauss-seidel

method, determine the phasor
values of the voltage at the load
buses (P-Q buses) 2 and 3
accurate to four decimal places.
(b) Find the slack bus real
and reactive power.
 Example
(c) Determine the line flows and line losses. Construct a
power flow diagram showing the direction of the line flows.
 Solution:
 Load Flow Analysis Using MATLAB Programming:

This material is taken from Power System

Analysis Book, Hadi Sadat Chapter 6.
 How To Save MATLAB Folder Of Power System
Analysis Book By Hadi Sadat in MATLAB Using
By Set Path Feature
Dr. J. A. Laghari

Power System Modelling in MATLAB

 Solution:
 Actual Impedance of the Transmission Line 1-2
Resistance in per unit is given as below:

R  0.02 p.u.
X L  0.04 p.u.
Actual Impedance is given by

Z Actual  Z p.u .  Z Base

 Solution:
 Actual Impedance of the Transmission Line 1-2
To calculate Actual Impedance, we need the
based impedance. The Base Impedance is given by:

V 2 base
Z base 
Sbase
Base MVA is given as 100 MVA and Base kV is not given in the example. However,
to put the values in Matlab/Simulink, we need the base kV. The default base kV in
Matlab/Simulink is 25 kV. Therefore, we assume base kV as 25 kV. However, you may
choose any base kV value, it will have no effect in the Matlab/Simulink Results.
 Solution:
 Actual Impedance of the Transmission Line 1-2
V 2 base (25 103 ) 2 625 106
Z base     6.25
Sbase 100 10 6
100 10 6

Actual Resistance is given as below:

R  0.02  6.25
The Matlab/Simulink ask the value of Inductance in
Henry instead of Inductive Reactance. We know that

X L  2  f  L
 Solution:
 Actual Impedance of the Transmission Line 1-2
XL
L
2  f
Therefore, actual inductance will be

X L  6.25 0.04  6.25

L 
2  f 2    60
 Solution:
 Actual Impedance of the Transmission Line 1-3
Actual Resistance is given as below:

R  0.01 6.25
Therefore, actual inductance will be

X L  6.25 0.03  6.25

L 
2  f 2    60
 Solution:
 Actual Impedance of the Transmission Line 2-3
Actual Resistance is given as below:

R  0.0125  6.25
Therefore, actual inductance will be

X L  6.25 0.025  6.25

L 
2  f 2    60
 Solution:
 1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
First admittance matrix is formed. To form admittance bus
matrix, first impedances are converted into their admittances.

1 1 1 0.02  j 0.04
y12      10  j 20
Z12 0.02  j 0.04 0.02  j 0.04 0.02  j 0.04
1 1 1 0.01  j 0.03
y13      10  j 30
Z13 0.01  j 0.03 0.01  j 0.03 0.01  j 0.03
1 1 1 0.0125  j 0.025
y23      16  j 32
Z 23 0.0125  j 0.025 0.0125  j 0.025 0.0125  j 0.025
 Solution:
 1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
Y11  y12  y13  10  j 20  10  j 30  20  j 50
Y22  y12  y23  10  j 20  16  j 32  26  j 52
Y33  y13  y23  10  j 30  16  j 32  26  j 62
Y12  Y21   y12  10  j 20
Y13  Y31   y13  10  j 30

Y23  Y32   y23  16  j32

 Solution:
 1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
Now, the bus admittance matrix can be formed as below:

20  j50  10  j 20  10  j30

YBus   10  j 20 26  j52  16  j32
 10  j30  16  j32 26  j 62 
At the P-Q buses, the complex loads expressed in per unit are:
Here negative
S 2( Actual )  256.6  j110.2 
S 2( p.u )      2.566  j1.102 p.u sign is given in
S Base  100  order to show that
this is not the
S3( Actual ) 138.6  j 45.2  supplied power. In
S3( p.u )      1.386  j 0.452 p.u fact, it is load.
S Base  100 
 Solution:
 1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
To calculate the voltages at bus 2 and bus 3, Bus 1 is
selected as slack bus. Starting from an initial estimate of

V20  1.0  j 0; V30  1.0  j 0

V2 and V3 are computed by using equation:
 
1  Pk  jQk n
r
Vk( r 1)   ( r )*
  Yki  Vi 
Ykk  Vk i 1 
 i  k 
1  P2  jQ2 (0) 
V 2
(1)
   ( 0 )*
 Y21  V1  Y23  V3 
(0)

Y22  V2 
 Solution:
 1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
  2.566  j1.102 
1   (  10  j 20 )  (1.05  j 0.0)  
V2(1)    1.0  j 0.0 
26  j52  
 ( 16  j 32 )  (1.0  j 0.0) 

V2(1)  0.9825  j 0.0310

1  P3  jQ3 (1) 
V3
(1)
   ( 0 )*
 Y31  V1  Y32  V2 
(0)

Y33  V3 
  1.386  j 0.452 
1   ( 10  j 30 )  (1.05  j 0.0)  
V3(1)    1.0  j 0.0 
26  j 62  
 ( 16  j 32 )  ( 0.9825  j 0.0310 ) 
 Solution:
 1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
V 3
(1)
 1.0011  j 0.0353
For second iteration,

1  P2  jQ2 (1) 
V 2
( 2)
   (1)*
 Y21  V1  Y23  V3 
(0)

Y22  V2 

  2.566  j1.102 
1   ( 10  j 20 )  (1.05  j 0.0)  
V2( 2)    0.9825  j 0.031 
26  j52  
 ( 16  j 32 )  (1.0011  j 0.0353 ) 
 Solution:
 1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
V 3
(1)
 1.0011  j 0.0353
For second iteration,

1  P2  jQ2 (1) 
V 2
( 2)
 
 (1)*
 Y21  V1  Y23  V3 
(0)

Y22  V2 
  2.566  j1.102 
1   ( 10  j 20 )  (1.05  j 0.0)  
V2( 2)    0.9825  j 0.031 
26  j52  
 ( 16  j 32 )  (1.0011  j 0.0353 ) 

V 2
( 2)
 0.9816  j 0.052
 Solution:
 1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
1  P3  jQ3 ( 2) 
V 3
( 2)
   (1)*
 Y31  V1  Y32  V2 
(0)

Y33  V3 

  1.386  j 0.452 
1   (10  j30)  (1.05  j 0.0)  
V3( 2)    1.0011  j 0.0353 
26  j 62  
 ( 16  j 32 )  ( 0.9816  j 0.052 ) 

V3( 2)  1.0008  j 0.0459

 Solution:
 1. Calculation of Phase Voltages:
The process is continued and a solution is converged with an
accuracy of 5x10-5 per unit in seven iteration as given below:

V 2
(7)
 0.98  j 0.06  0.98183   3.5035  p.u

V 3
(7)
 1.0  j 0.05  1.00125   2.8624  p.u
 Solution:
 2. Slack Bus Real and Reactive Power:
With the knowledge of all bus voltages, the slack bus power is obtained from:

P1  jQ1  V1  I1  V1  V1  ( y12  y13 )  y12  V2  y13  V3 

1.05  (10  j 20  10  j30) 
 
P1  jQ1  1.05   (10  j 20)  (0.98  j 0.06)
 (10  j30)  (1.0  j 0.05) 

P1  jQ1  4.095  j1.890

 Solution:
 2. Slack Bus Real and Reactive Power:
P1( Actual)  4.095 100  409.5 MW

Q1( Actual )  1.89 100  189.0 M var

 Solution:
 (c) Line Flows:
To find the line flows, first the line currents are computed
with line charging capacitors neglected, the line currents are:

I12  y12  (V1  V2 )  (10  j 20)  (1.05  j0)  (0.98  j 0.06)

I12  1.9  j0.8 I 21  I12  1.9  j 0.8

I13  y13  (V1  V3 )  (10  j30)  (1.05  j 0)  (1.0  j 0.05)

I13  2.0  j1.0 I 31   I13  2.0  j1.0

 Solution:
 (c) Line Flows:
I 23  y23  (V2  V3 )  (16  j32)  (0.98  j 0.06)  (1.0  j 0.05)
I 23  0.64  j 0.48 I 32   I 23  0.64  j 0.48
The line flows are:

S12  V1  I12*  (1.05  j 0.0)  (1.9  j 0.8)  (1.995  j 0.84) p.u

S12( Actual)  (1.995  j 0.84) 100  199.5 MW  j84.0 M var
S 21  V2  I 21
*
 (0.98  j 0.06)  (1.9  j 0.8)  1.91  j 0.67 p.u
S21( Actual)  (1.91  j 0.67) 100  191.0 MW  j 67.0 M var
 Solution:
 (c) Line Flows:
S13  V1  I13
*
 (1.05  j 0.0)  (2.0  j1.0)  (2.1  j1.05) p.u
S13( Actual)  (2.1  j1.05) 100  210 MW  j105 M var
S31  V3  I 31
*
 (1.0  j 0.05)  (2.0  j1.0)  (2.05  j 0.9) p.u
S31( Actual)  (2.05  j 0.9) 100  205 MW  j90 M var
S23  V2  I 23
*
 (0.98  j 0.06)  (0.64  j 0.48)  0.656  j 0.432 p.u
S23( Actual)  (0.656  j 0.432) 100  65.6 MW  j 43.2 M var
S32  V3  I 32
*
 (1.0  j 0.05)  (0.64  j 0.48)  0.664  j 0.448 p.u
S32  (0.664  j 0.448) 100  66.4 MW  j 44.8 M var
 Solution:
 (c) Line Losses:
Now, the line losses are:
SL12  S12  S21  199.5  j84.0 191.0  j67.0
SL12  8.5 MW  j17.0 M var
S L13  S13  S31  210  j105  205  j90
S L13  5.0 MW  j15.0 M var
S L 23  S 23  S32  65.6  j 43.2  66.4  j 44.8
S L 23  0.8 MW  j1.6 M var
 Solution:
 (c) Power Flow Diagram:
The power flow diagram is shown in Figure below. The values
within parenthesis are the real and reactive losses in the lines.
 Solution:
 Power Flow Programs:
Several computer programs have been developed
for the power flow solution of practical systems.

Each method of solution consists of four programs.

The program for the Gauss-Seidel method is lfgauss, which

is preceded by lfybus, and is followed by busout, and lineflow.
 Solution:
 Gauss Seidel Power Flow Programs:
The following is a brief description of the
programs used in the Gauss-Seidel Method.

 lfybus MTLAB Function:

This program requires the line data and transformer parameters and
transformer tap settings specified in the input file named linedata.

It converts impedances to admittances and obtains the bus admittance matrix.
 Solution:
 Gauss Seidel Power Flow Programs:
 lfgauss MTLAB Function:
This program obtains the power flow solution by the Gauss-
Seidel method and requires the files named busdata and linedata.

It is designed for the direct use of load and generation in

MW and Mvar, bus voltages in per unit, and angle in degrees.

Loads and generation are converted to per unit quantities on the base MVA selected.
 Solution:
 Gauss Seidel Power Flow Programs:
 busout MTLAB Function:
This program produces the bus output result in a tabulated form.

The bus output result includes the voltage magnitude and angle, real and
reactive power of generators and loads and the shunt capacitor/reactor Mvar.

Total generation and total load are also included as outlined in the example case.
 Solution:
 Gauss Seidel Power Flow Programs:
 lineflow MTLAB Function:
This program prepares the line output data.

It is designed to display the active and reactive power flow entering
the line terminals and line losses as well as the net power at each bus.

The total real and reactive losses in the system are also included.
The output of this portion is also shown in the sample case.
 Solution:
 Gauss Seidel Power Flow Programs:
 Data Preparation:
In order to perform a power flow analysis by the Gauss-seidel method
in the MATLAB environment, the following variables must be defined:
Power system base MVA, Power mismatch accuracy,
Acceleration factor, and Maximum number of iterations.

The name (in lowercase letters) reserved for these variables are basemava,
accuracy, accel, and maxiter iteratively. Typical values are as follows:
basemava=100; accuracy = 0.001;
accel = 1.8; maxiter = 80

The initial step in the preparation of input file is the numbering of each bus.
 Solution:
 Gauss Seidel Power Flow Programs:
In addition, the following data files are required.
 Bus Data File – busdata:
The format for the bus is shown to facilitate the required data for each case in a
single row. The information required must be included in a matrix called busdata.
Column 1 is the bus number.
Column 2 contains the bus code.
Column 3 and 4 are voltage magnitude in per unit and phase angles in degrees.
Column 5 and 6 are load MW and Mvar.
Column 7 through 10 are MW and Mvar, minimum Mvar and maximum Mvar of
generation in that order. The last column is the injected Mvar of shunt capactiors.
 Solution:
 Gauss Seidel Power Flow Programs:
 Bus Data File – busdata:
The bus code entered in column 2 is used for identifying load, voltage controlled
and slack buses as outlined below:

 1 = This code is used for slack bus. The only necessary information for this bus
is the voltage magnitude and its phase angle.

 0 = This code is used for load buses. The loads are entered positive in MW & Mvars.

 2 = This code is used for the voltage controlled buses. For this bus, voltage
magnitude, real power generation in megawatts, and the minimum and maximum
limits of the megavar demand must be specified.
 Solution:
 Gauss Seidel Power Flow Programs:
 Line Data File – linedata:
Lines are identified by the node-pair method. The information required must be
incuded in a matrix called linedata.

Columns 1 and 2 are the line bus numbers.

Column 3 through 5 contains the line resistance, reactance and one half of the
total line charging susceptance in per unit on the specified MVA base.

The last column is for the transformer tap setting for lines, 1 must be entered in
this column.
  Method # 2
What Changes are required for Newton Raphson
Load Flow Method
 Solution:
 Power Flow Programs:
To write the MATLAB Program for Newton Raphson Load
Flow Method, Only change the lfgauss with lfnewton Matlab
function already developed by Hadi Sadat in his book.
  Method # 3
What Changes are required for Fast Decoupled
Load Flow Method
 Solution:
 Power Flow Programs:
To write the MATLAB Program for Fast Decoupled Load
Flow Method, Only change the lfnewton with decouple Matlab
function already developed by Hadi Sadat in his book.
 Solution:
 IEEE 9 Bus Test System Data:
Bus2 T2 Bus7 Bus8 Bus9 T3 Bus3
250 MVA 150 MVA
Gen 2 19 kV / 230 kV 13.8 kV / 230 kV

Gen 3

Bus5 Bus6

Bus4

T1
100 MVA
16.5 kV / 230 kV

Bus1

Gen1
 Solution:
 IEEE 14 Bus Test System Data:
 Solution:
 IEEE 30 Bus Test System Data:
 Solution:
 IEEE 69 Bus Test System Data:
THANK YOU VERY MUCH