DEE-23106

Fundamentals of Electrical
and Power Engineering
Exercise #1

Ari Nikander
SN301.1
ari.nikander@tut.fi
Basic circuit elements
Exercise 1.1.
The current in and the voltage across a 100 mH inductor is known to be
zero for t ≤ 0. The voltage across the inductor is given in Fig. 1. Derive
the expression for the current as a function of time in the intervals
0s ≤ t ≤ 2s, 2s ≤ t ≤ 3s, 3s ≤ t ≤ 4s, 4s ≤ t ≤ 7s, 7s ≤ t < ¥ .
Sketch i versus t for 0 ≤ t < ¥.

v (V)
1

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 t (s)

-1
Fig. 1. Voltage across the inductor.
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At first, the expression for the inductor voltage is derived.

ì0.5t , 0s £ t £ 2s
ï1, 2s £ t £ 3s
ïï
v (t ) = í1 - 2(t - 3), 3s £ t £ 4s
ï- 1, 4s £ t £ 7s
ï
ïî0, 7s £ t £ ¥

The expression for the inductor current can be derived from equation:
t
1
i(t ) = ò v(t ) dt + i (t0 )
L t0
0s ≤ t ≤ 2s:
t
1 1t
i (t ) = ò 0.5tdt = | 0.25t 2 = 2.5t 2 (1/L = 10)
L0 L0
i (2s) = 10 A

2s ≤ t ≤ 3s:
t t
1
i (t ) = ò 1dt + i (2 s) = 10 | t + 10 = 10t - 20 + 10 = 10t - 10
L2 2

i (3s ) = 20 A
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 3s ≤ t ≤ 4s:
t t
1
i (t ) = ò ( -2t + 7)dt + i (3s ) = 10 |( -t 2 + 7t ) + i (3s ) = -10t 2 + 70t - 100
L3 3

i (4s) = 20 A

4s ≤ t ≤ 7s:
t t
1
i (t ) = ò - 1dt + i (4 s ) = 10 | (-t ) + i ( 4s ) = -10t + 60
L4 4

i (7 s) = -10 A

7s ≤ t < ¥:
t
1
i (t ) = ò 0dt + i (7 s ) = -10 A
L7

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 Current waveform
25

20

15

10

-5

-10

-15
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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Basic circuit calculations
Exercise 1.2.
Find the Thevenin equivalent for the circuit shown in Fig. 2. The rms
voltage of the sinusoidal voltage source is 230 V, frequency 50 Hz and
phase angle 0°. R1 = 36 W, R2 = 10 W, L1 = 190 mH, L2 = 50 mH and
C = 79 mF.
L1 R1 L2 R2
a

+ v
- g C

b
Fig. 2.

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The frequency domain equivalent circuit:

jXL1 R1 jXL2 R2
a X L1 = wL1 = 2pfL1 » 59.69W

X L 2 = wL2 = 2pfL2 » 15.71W

Z1 Z2
+ V 1 1
- g -jXC XC = = » 40.29W
wC 2pfC
V g = 230Ð0°
b

Source transformations are used to simplify the circuit.

Z2
a
Vg 230Ð0°
Ig = = A
Z1 36 + j59.69
Ig Z1 -jXC
230Ð0°
» » 3.30Ð - 58.91°
69.71Ð58.91°
Z3 b

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 Parallel connection of Z1 and –jXC:

Z3 =
Z 1Z C
=
(36 + j59.69) × - j 40.29 W = 2404.01 - j1450.44 » 68.68Ð - 59.41°
Z1 + Z C 36 + j 59.69 - j 40.29 36 + j19.4

Another source transformation:

Z3 Z2 a

+ V
- g2

V g 2 = I g × Z 3 » 3.30Ð - 58.91° × 68.68Ð - 59.41°V » 226.6Ð - 118.3°V

ZTh = Z 3 + Z 2 » (68.68Ð - 59.41° + 10 + j15.71)W » (44.95 - j 43.41)W » 62.49Ð - 44°W

V Th = V g 2

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Basic power calculations
Exercise 1.3.
A voltage source is feeding a load through a feeder. The source voltage is
325cos(314.16t+30°)V. The feeder impedance is 1+j1 W and the load
impedance is 10 – j5 W.
a) Determine the current. Draw the phasor diagram of the current and
voltage.
b) Determine the real power, reactive power, apparent power and the power
factor of the source. Draw the power triangle.
c) Determine the real power, reactive power, apparent power and the power
factor of the load. Draw the power triangle.

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a)

I Zfeeder
Z feeder = (1 + j1)W
Z load = (10 - j 5)W
+ V Zload
- source
V source = 230 Ð30 °

V source 230Ð30°V 230Ð30°V

I= = » » 19.6Ð50°
Z feeder + Z load (11 - j 4)W 11.705Ð - 19.98°W

I
Not scaled
V source

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b)

P = Vrms I rms cos(q v - q i ) » 230V ×19.6497 A × cos( -19.98°) » 4.25kW

Q = Vrms I rms sin(q v - q i ) » 230V ×19.6497 A × sin( -19.98°) » -1.54kVAr

S = P + jQ » (4.2474 - j1.5443)kVA » 4.52Ð - 20°kVA

pf = cos(q v - q i ) = cos( -19.98°) » 0.94

Alternatively:
P = RI rms
2
» (10 + 1)W × (19.6497 A) 2 » 4.25kW P
-20°

Q = XI rms
2
» (1 - 5)W × (19.6497 A) 2 » -1.54kVAr S
Q

S = V I * » 230Ð30°V ×19.6497Ð - 50° A » 4.52Ð - 20°kVA

P 4247.4W
pf = = » 0.94
S 4519.4VA

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c)
Pload = Rload I rms
2
» 10W × (19.6497 A) 2 » 3.86kW
Qload = - X load I rms
2
» -5W × (19.6497 A) 2 » -1.93kVAr
Capacitive load

S = Pload + jQload » (3.8611 - j1.9306) kVA » 4.32Ð - 26.6°kVA

P
-26.6°
P 3861.1W
pf = = » 0.89 Q
S 4316.8VA S

Alternatively:
Voltage division is used to determine the voltage across the load.
Z load 10 - j 5 11.1803Ð - 26.57°
V load = × V source = × 230Ð30° » × 230VÐ30°
Z feeder + Z load 11 - j 4 11.7046Ð - 19.98°
» 219.697Ð23.41°
The same equations as in b) are used.
P = Vrms I rms cos(q v - q i ) » 219.697V ×19.6497 A × cos( 23.41° - 49.98°) » 3.86kW
Etc.

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