DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER AND

ELECTRIAL ENGINEERING
(UENR)

ELECTRIC CIRCUITS DESIGN

(CENG 201)

K. A. KYEREMEH
kwabena.kyeremeh@uenr.edu.gh
Room 7, Odum Block
 INTRODUCTION
• 2 hours/week lectures

• 1hour/week tutorial class

• Everything explained during lectures and tutorials is

examinable

• Exam

• CA – Attendance, Assignments & Quizzes : 25 marks

– Midsem : 15 marks

– Final Exam: 60 marks

 INTRODUCTION
• Suggested Books/Documents

– Fundamentals of Electric Circuits: Charles K.

Alexander, Matthew N. O. Sadiku

– Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Basic

Circuit Analysis

– Lecture Slides

– Tutorial Texts and Solutions

– Past Exams and Solutions

 COURSE CONTENT
• Basic Concepts

• Network Theorems

• Capacitors and Inductors

– Laplace Transforms

– First – Order Circuits

– Second – Order Circuits

• Operational Amplifiers

• Passive and Active Filters

 OBJECTIVES
• Understand the basic concepts of electric
circuits
• Know some theorems to analyze circuits
• Use relevant analytical tools to design
circuits such as filters, amplifiers, etc.
BASIC CONCEPTS
 BASIC CONCEPTS
• A resistor is either fixed or variable. Variable resistors have
variable resistance.

• A useful quantity in circuit analysis is the reciprocal of

resistance, known as conductance and denoted by G
measured in mho (ohm spelt backwards) or siemens (S)
NODES, BRANCHES AND LOOPS

• A branch represents a single element such as a voltage

source or a resistor.

• A node is the point of connection between two or more

branches

• A loop is any closed path in a circuit

 TRIAL
How many branches and nodes does the circuit below
have? Identify the elements that are in series and in
parallel.
 ELEMENTS IN SERIES AND
PARALLEL
• Two or more elements are in series if they exclusively share a
single node and consequently carry the same current

• Two or more elements are in parallel if they are connected to

the same two nodes and consequently have the same voltage
across them
EQUIVALENT IMPEDANCE
EQUIVALENT IMPEDANCE
 BASIC CONCEPTS
• A short circuit is a circuit element with resistance
approaching zero.

• An open circuit is a circuit element with resistance

approaching infinity.
 KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS
• Next to Ohm’s Law, on of the most important
laws of electricity is the set of Kirchhoff’s Laws.

• The two are Kirchhoff laws are:

– Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

– Kirchhoff’s Current law

KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW
• Kirchhoff’s voltage law, abbreviated as KVL, states that the
summation of voltage rises and voltage drops around a closed
loop is equal to zero. Symbolically stated as follows:

• Alternatively, the summation of voltage rises is equal to the

summation of voltage drops around a closed loop.
 EXAMPLE
• Verify Kirchhoff’s voltage law for the circuit
below
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
 Voltage Divider Rule
• The voltage division or voltage divider rule
applies to resistors in series.

• Find the voltage V2

KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW
Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum
of currents entering a node (or a closed boundary) is zero.
ASSIGNMENT
 SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
• It states that the total current through or voltage across a
resistor or branch may be determined by summing the
effects due to each independent source.

• In order to apply the superposition theorem, it is necessary to

remove all sources other than the one being examined.

• In order to “zero” a voltage source, we replace it with a short

circuit, since the voltage across a short circuit is zero volts

• Current sources are replaced with an open circuit

 EXAMPLE
• Determine the current in the load resistor
RL
 EXAMPLE
Determine the voltage drop across the
resistor R2 of the circuit shown
 RECIPROCITY THEOREM
The reciprocity theorem is a theorem that can only be used with
single – source circuits. This theorem, however, may be applied
to either voltage sources or current sources.

The theorem states the following:

•A voltage source causing a current ‘I’ in any branch of a

circuit may be removed from the original location and
placed into that branch having the current I. The voltage
source in the new location will produce a current in the
original source location that is exactly equal to the
originally calculated current, ‘I’
 RECIPROCITY THEOREM
When applying the reciprocity theorem for a voltage source, the
following steps must be followed:

1.The voltage source is replaced by a short circuit in the original

location

2.The polarity of the source in the new location is such that the
current direction in that branch remains unchanged.
 EXAMPLE
Calculate the current I using the reciprocity theorem
 RECIPROCITY THEOREM
A current source causing a voltage ‘V’ at any node of a
circuit may be removed from the original location and
connected to that node. The current source in the new
location will produce a voltage in the original source
location that is exactly equal to the originally calculated
voltage, V.
 RECIPROCITY THEOREM
When applying the reciprocity theorem for a current source, the
following conditions must be met:

1.The current source is replaced by an open circuit in the original

location

2.The direction of the source in the new location is such that the
polarity of the voltage at the node to which the current source is
now connected remains unchanged
 RECIPROCITY THEOREM
Determine the voltage V across resistor R3
using reciprocity theorem