1.

Kirchoff’s Current Law

KCL is based on the principle of conservation of electric charge and

states that at any junction (or node) in an electrical circuit, the total
current flowing into the junction is equal to the total current flowing out
of the junction. In other words, the algebraic sum of currents at a
node is zero.

The mathematical expression of Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) can be

written as follows

2. Kirchoff’s Voltage Law

KVL is based on the principle of conservation of energy and states that in
a closed loop of an electrical circuit, the sum of all the voltage drops
across the circuit elements (such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors) is
equal to the sum of the voltage rises across the energy sources (such as
batteries or generators) within that loop. In other words, the algebraic
sum of voltages around a closed loop is zero.

Mathematically, Kirchhoff's Voltage Law can be expressed as follows:

3. Thevenin’s Theorem
The theorem states that any linear electrical network consisting of
voltage sources, current sources, and resistors can be replaced with an
equivalent circuit, which comprises a single voltage source in series with
a single resistor. This simplified circuit is called the Thevenin equivalent
circuit.

The process of finding the Thevenin equivalent circuit involves two steps:

Determining the Thevenin voltage (Vth): This is the voltage across the
output terminals of the original circuit when all the loads are removed and
the terminals are left open.

Calculating the Thevenin resistance (Rth): This is the equivalent

resistance seen from the output terminals when all the independent
sources within the original circuit are turned off (replaced with their
internal resistances if they have any).

4. Norton’s Theorem

Similar to Thevenin's Theorem, Norton's Theorem states that any linear

electrical network consisting of voltage sources, current sources, and
resistors can be replaced with an equivalent circuit, which comprises a
single current source in parallel with a single resistor. This simplified
circuit is called the Norton equivalent circuit.

The process of finding the Norton equivalent circuit involves two steps:

Determining the Norton current (IN): This is the current that would
flow through a short circuit connecting the output terminals of the
original circuit, with all the voltage sources replaced by short circuits and
the current sources retained.

Calculating the Norton resistance (RN): This is the equivalent

resistance seen from the output terminals when all the independent
sources within the original circuit are turned off (replaced with their
internal resistance if they have any).
5. Superposition Theorem

The theorem states that the response (current or voltage) in any element
of a linear circuit with multiple sources is equal to the algebraic sum of
the responses caused by each source acting individually, with all other
sources turned off.

To apply the superposition theorem, the following steps are followed:

 Turn off all but one independent source in the circuit. This is done by
replacing voltage sources with short circuits and current sources with
open circuits.

 Calculate the response (current or voltage) in the desired element of

the circuit due to the single active source using conventional circuit
analysis techniques.

 Repeat steps 1 and 2 for each independent source in the circuit,

considering them one at a time while turning off the rest.

 Finally, find the overall response in the desired element by adding up

the individual responses from each source algebraically.

6. Maximum power transfer Theorem

It states that for maximum power transfer, the load resistance must
be equal to the internal resistance of the source.

The theorem is applicable to linear circuits, which means that the

components within the circuit must follow Ohm's law and have constant
parameters (e.g., resistors). Nonlinear elements, such as diodes and
transistors, are not suitable for analysis using the Maximum Power
Transfer Theorem.

When the load resistance is equal to the internal resistance of the

source, the load receives the maximum amount of power from the
source. In this condition, the load impedance matches the source
impedance, and the maximum power is delivered to the load.