I.

ELECTRICAL
SYSTEMS
AR. HARVIN JULIUS LASQUERO, UAP
AR. EARL QUINN VARILLA, UAP
WILLIAM GILBERT
Father of Electricity
ELECTRICUS
Latin word
To produce amber by friction
Bohr Model Valence Shell

Nucleus
Bohr Model

Protons (Positive)

+
0 Neutrons ( 0 Charge)
Bohr Model
-
Protons (Positive)

+
0 Neutrons ( 0 Charge)

- Electrons (Negative)

-
Electrical Terms and Units

• Current or electric current is a flow of

electric charge through a conductor. When
opposite charges are placed across a
conductor, negatively charged subatomic
particles move from negative charge to the
positive charge.
Electron Flow
• When the movement of electric charge is from a negative terminal to
positive.
Conventional Flow
• when the movement is from positive to negative
Ampere or Inductive flow
• The unit of measurement used for electrical current
• it is the rate of current flow in a closed electrical system, also
frequently called Amp.
• A or I -abbreviation
2 Types of Electric Current
• Direct Electric Current(DC)
• Alternating Electric current(AC)
DIRECT
CURRENT
is the type of electric current that is
produced from electrochemical cells
such as the dry cells and simple cells.
It is unidirectional, which means, it
flows in one direction and has a
constant intensity.
ALTERNATING
CURRENT
refers to the flow of charge that
periodically reverses. It starts, say, from
zero,grows to maximum, decreases to
zero,reverses, reaches a maximum in the
opposite direction, returns again to the
original value, and repeats this cycle
indefinitely.
DIRECT ATERNATING
CURRENT CURRENT

BY THOMAS EDISON BY NIKOLAI TESLA

DIRECT ATERNATING
CURRENT CURRENT

CANT WORK WITH TRANSFORMERS WORKS WITH TRANSFORMERS

DIRECT ATERNATING
CURRENT CURRENT

COMPLEX & HIGH MAINTENANCE HAS INDUCTION MOTOR TO USE AC

READILY
DIRECT ATERNATING
CURRENT CURRENT
UNITS OF
ELECTRICITY

• Coulomb of electricity comprises

approximately 6.5 x 1018 electrons
• An ampere is related to the number of
electrons flowing through a section of
conductor over a period of time equal to
one (1) Coulomb passing through one
point in an electrical circuit in one (1)
second. Abbreviated (I) or (A).

Andre M. Ampere
 • Voltage is the driving force behind current flow.
A difference in charge creates an electrical
pressure, which moves current in one direction.
Voltage level governs the amount of electrical
Voltage energy that will flow through a conductor. A
boost in voltage increases current flow and a
drop in voltage reduces flow. Abbreviated (E)
or (EME)
 Ohm

• is the unit of electrical resistance which will

allow one ampere of current to flow when on
volt is impressed upon it

The length of a conductor, the diameter of the conductor, type of

material and temperature of the conductor affect resistance to
flow of current. Metals like copper and aluminum have low
resistance and are the common material for electrical conductors
Resistance for a given material varies inversely
as the area of the cross section and directly as
the length of wire. In direct current circuit, this
unit is called Resistance(R). In an alternating-
current current, it is called Impedance (Z)
 Electric power

• Electric power is the rate at which work is

accomplished. It is work of energy released
divided by time, the unit is Watt (W) or the
Kilowatt (kW). One kilowatt is equal to 1,000
watts. 1 Megawatt (MW) is 1,000,000 watts. 1
Watt is 3.413 BTU/hr.
 ENERGY
- the measurement of electrical energy
consumption. It is the rate at which power is
being consumed over a specified period of time
in hours, result in Watt-Hour (WH) of energy.

The standard billing for energy consumption is the

Kilowatt-hour (kWh), which is equivalent to 1000 watt-
hour.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
• Voltage in the Philippines is 220V. Say, you plug in your
desktop computer and the amount of current flowing from the
outlet to your computer is 3.0 Amps, then that means it is a 660
watts computer. 220 volts multiplied by 3 amps equals 660
watts. The computer is using 0.66 Kilowatts (Kw).If you are
using it for an hour, you will use 0.66 kWh. If Meralco charges
P8.9951 per kilowatt-hour, then the power company will charge
you P5.94 for every hour you use the computer.
GULONG GULO
pa rin?
 BALIK TAYO SA
PLUMBING SYSTEM
Producing Current Flow
• Current must be forced to flow in a conductor by the presence
of a charge:
Static Electricity

Produced through friction.

Simply rubbing two
materials together produces
a charge of static electricity.
Thermoelectricity

- electricity from heat. When two

dissimilar metals are joined,
thermoelectric charge is created
when the joined metals are
heated. This device is a
thermocouple. Heat frees
electrons in one metal and they
transfer to the other metal
creating the charge. When the
materials cool, the charge
dissipates.
Electrochemistry
- electricity from chemical reaction. A galvanic reaction
produces opposite electrical charges in two dissimilar metals
when they are placed in certain chemical solution. The ordinary
flashlight and car battery produce electricity using this principle.
Piezoelectricity- electricity from
pressure
Photo-electricity- electricity from light
Magnetoelectricity- electricity from
magnetism
BASIC SOURCES
OF ELECTRICITY
 BATTERY
• A combination of two or more electric cells capable of storing and supplying direct current by
electro-chemical means(converts chemical energy into electrical energy). These are used for
Low voltage requirements
• Primary Batteries delivers electricity as soon as its parts are assembled, or put together,
provided that it is connected to a circuit
A UPS has a Rectifier that is fed
from a power line and delivers DC
power to a large bank of batteries,
keeping them fully charged, and to
an Inverter, which converts the
DC back into AC.
TAKE NOTE!

RADDCI
RECTIFIER INVERTER
AC-DC DC- AC
Secondary/Storage Batteries-electricity
• from some external source must be passed through it before it
can deliver an electric current( charging the battery)

Main uses are: to supply emergency lighting circuits for

hallways, stairways, exits and to energize police and fire
alarm systems and certain types of signal systems.(e.g.
emergency light, energizer, laptop battery, cell phone
battery)
 Generator
A machine that converts mechanical energy
into electrical energy
Alternating Current Generators or
Alternators

The bulk of electrical energy utilized today

is in the form of alternating current,
including energy for power and lighting. It
is 95% efficient.
Direct Current Generators

These furnish electrical energy utilized for elevators,

escalators, intercommunicating telephone systems,
control of signal systems, and clock systems. A DC
generator is the only means of changing DC voltage, and
is about 75% efficient.
Power Producing Plants
• Fossil Fuel Plant-burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, or gas) to produce electricity
• Geothermal Plant- Heat from the earth’s core is used to heat water or another
working fluid. The working fluid is then used to turn a turbine of a generator,
thereby producing electricity.
• Nuclear Plant- A nuclear plant or nuclear power station is a thermal power
station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. As in typical in all
conventional thermal power stations, the heat is used to generate steam which
drives a steam turbine connected to an electric generator which produces
electricity.
• Natural Gas Plant- Natural gas usually methane, is a major source of electricity
generation through the use of cogeneration, gas turbines and steam turbines.
• Hybrid System combines wind energy and solar energy in a system
Hydroelectric Plant

These capture the energy of falling

water to generate electricity. A
turbine converts the kinetic energy of
falling water into mechanical energy.
Then, a generator converts the
mechanical energy from the turbine
into electrical energy.
 is carbon neutral electricity generated from
renewable organic waste that would otherwise
Biomass be dumped in landfills, openly burned, or left as
fodder for forest fires. When burned, the energy
Plant in biomass is released as heat.
Wind Turbine Farm
Components include generator, batteries, inverters, and rotor
Systems: Stand-alone and Grid Connected
Types: Horizontal Axis and Vertical Axis
 A PV cell is a power-generating device that produces
direct current when exposed to light PV cells are
constructed of a semiconducting material, usually silicon
When a cell absorbs light, electrons in the
semiconducting material are dislodged, producing a flow
of electric current
A typical PV consists of a weatherproof glass cover, an
anti-reflective layer to keep light from reflecting away from
Solar Farm the cell, a top metallic grid that serves as a contact to
allow the electrons to enter a circuit.
Sandwiched between these contacts are the
semiconductor layers where electrical flow develops.
These layers are made of various thin-film materials
usually crystalline silicon and amorphous silicon.
Systems: Stand-Alone(Off-grid), On-Grid, Hybrid
References:
Online References
Kashy, Robinson and Others (February 03, 2020) ”Electricity” Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. Retreived
from https://www.britannica.com/science/electricity
Evans, Paul(2019,September 10) Inductors Explained-The basics how inductors work working principle.
Retreived from https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCk0fGHsCEzGig-rSzkfCjMw
Tonningen, Scott van “Alternating Current: Definition, Advantages & Disadvantages.” 2014. Retreived
from https://study.com/academy/lesson/alternating-current-definition-advantages-disadvantages.html
 MarshallBrain, William Harris & Robert Lamb "How Electricity Works" 28 May 2004.
Retrieved from HowStuffWorks.com. <https://science.howstuffworks.com/electricity.htm> 16 August 2020
 Ohm’s Law
The current that will flow in a direct current circuit is directly
proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance
of the circuit
I=V/R (I for current, V for Voltage and R for Resistance)
 Amperage
is the rate of current flow and may be referred to as inductive flow while resistance refers to
the ability of a conductor to resist current flow.

Voltage, amperage, and resistance I an active electrical

circuit are related through Ohm’s Law.
Note: The higher the voltage, the larger the current.
The higher the resistance, the lower the current.
Here are the other equations associated with the Ohm’s
Law:

W(watts)=I² R or VI
Whr= I²R t
kWhr=I²Rt/1000
Inductor
- is a coil of wire that creates an electromagnetic field. On AC
circuits, inductive loads are created as current flows through coils
or windings found in motors, inductive loads are created as
current flows through coils or windings found in motors,
transformers, and lighting ballast. The inductive effect on a series
AC circuit causes the phase of the current to lag behind the
phase of the voltage-that is, peak amperage lags peak voltage
Capacitors
is composed of metal plates separated by air or dielectric
material such as paper, ceramic or mica. Capacitors store
electrical energy in an electrostatic field and release it later. The
capacitive effect on a series AC circuit causes the phase of the
current to lead the phase of the voltage, that is, the peak voltage
lags peak current
COMPONENTS OF AC POWER
Real Power- is the working power that performs useful effort in a circuit(e.g. creating heat, light,
and motion) it is expressed in watts or kilowatts. Inductance on an AC circuit can result in
periodic reversals of the direction of energy flow. Real power is the net result after discounting
these periodic reversals. In a circuit, a watt-meter reads real power
 
Reactive Power- is the power that generates the magnetic field required for inductive devices to
operate. It dissipates no energy in the load but which returns in the source on each AC cycle; it is
expressed in volt-amps-reactive (VAR) or kilovolt-amperes-reactive(KVAR)
 
Reactive power required by inductive loads increases the amount of apparent power in a
distribution system
 
Apparent Power- is the power available to use. It is expressed in volt-amperes VA or kilovolt-
ampere KVA, because it is the simple product of voltage and current.
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
Open circuits (Broken or incomplete)
• this results if the path of current flow is interrupted, such as if
the switch in a circuit is opened(turned off). The switch breaks
the conductor path, which prevents current from flowing from
the power source through the conductor to the lamp.
Closed circuit
is an uninterrupted path that allows a continuous flow of current
through an electrical circuit. A circuit is closed when a switch is
turned on, allowing current to flow uninterrupted and the lamp to
light. The switch completes the conductor path, which allows
current to flow from the power source through the conductor to
the lamp. To complete the circuit, a second conductor runs from
the lamp back to the power source.
Short Circuit
a short circuit occurs when current leaks out of the intended
conductor path such as out a wire damaged insulation. A short
circuit is a dangerous condition.
Circuiting configurations

Series circuit- Series circuit is connected so that current passes through each
component in the circuit without branching off to individual components of the
circuit.
All separate loads of the circuit carry the same equal current and the total
resistance, R, is the sum of the resistances around the circuit.
 
Parallel circuit- The current branches off to individual components in the
circuit.
Each outlet has a live wire connected to the current carrying wire of the circuit
and also a neutral wire connected to the return of wire of the circuit. With this
system, the total current flowing through the circuit is the sum of the current
flowing through each outlet.
Classification of Branch Circuits
Branch circuits- are the portions of an electrical system extending from the final overcurrent device
protecting a circuit to the outlets served by the circuit. Each branch circuit is sized according to the
amount of load it must carry. About 20% of its capacity is reserved for flexibility,expansion, and safety.
To avoid excessive drop in voltage, a branch circuit should not exceed 100’(30m) in length
 
General purpose circuits- supply current to a number of outlets for lighting and appliances.
Receptacles in wet locations, such as in bathrooms, should be protected by a ground fault interrupter
(GFI).
A GFI is a circuit breaker that senses currents caused by ground faults and instantaneously shuts off
power before damage or injury can occur. This protection may be provided by a GFI receptacle or by a
GFI breaker at the service panel.
 
Applicance circuits- supply current to one or more outlets specifically intended for appliances
 
Individual circuits- supply current only to a single piece of electrical equipment.
 
Low voltage circuits- carry alternating current below 50V, supplied by a step-down transformer from
the normal line voltage. These circuits are used in residential systems to control doorbells, intercoms,
heating and cooling systems, and remote lighting fixtures. Low voltage wiring does not require a
protective raceway.