2.

Solved Example for Lecture (2):

2.7. What is the Stage that Consumes DC Currunt of 60 A in the Running status within the
off-grid PV Plant?

2.8. What is Surge Arrestor, Explain Internal Components and Working Principle , What
is it Protecting the PV Plant from ?

It is a magnesium resistance whose value is very high (the circuit is open and not connected) between
the beginning and the end of that Resistance - when the system voltage exceeds the maximum
allowable limit - the lightning arrester screen turns color Green to red, and the fault must be detected
and repaired, and the rest of the station's missions and components must be tested.
The lightning arrester is chosen according to the voltage to be protected from (the type and value of the
voltage).
DC ( 600 – 1000 – 1500 ) Vdc – Double phase protection ( positive and negative )
AC ( 600 – 1K – 4.4K – 11 K – 22 K – 33 K – 66 K – 150 K – 220 K – 500 K )
AC ( 3 phases protection – R S T )

2.9. What is the Anti Islanding Protection? In Which Conditions Exactly It Happens?

There are two main problems caused by photovoltaic systems when the network encounters abnormal
conditions that are interrupted:

1. Islanding
A situation in which a distributed generator (such as a grid-connected photovoltaic system)
continues to supply power to part of the grid after the utility (grid) power generator has stopped
providing power, creating an island. The exported power can pose a safety issue for utility
workers who may be working on the supply lines at the time and can cause further problems to
supply the grid.
2. Network protection
If islanding occurs, there is a risk that the power transmitted from the photovoltaic system will
not operate at the same voltage or frequency as the rest of the grid. When network supply is
restored and islanding stops,
These voltage or frequency differences can damage distribution wiring, the inverter, and
equipment on the grid. To avoid these problems, transformers connected to the grid must have
circuitry in place so that they do not emit power when abnormal grid conditions are registered.
This effectively shuts down the photovoltaic system, although the DC side survives. This
shutdown feature is known as “anti-islanding” and means that PV generation cannot exacerbate
grid conditions or cause injury to technicians working on the lines.

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 When the grid is normalized, the inverter will reconnect to the grid after the inverter is cycled
through a delay start playback, which is usually at least 1 minute.

2.10. Explain Centrifugal Pumps Working Principle, Mention the Types?

-work principles:

The following steps are taken to complete an energy conversion by a centrifugal pump:

 Fluid enters the pump suction.

 It enters the rotating impeller eye. Impeller gets its energy from a motor, engine, or
turbine.
 The impeller pushes fluid outward by centrifugal force. During this process, the fluid
reaches velocity and pressure.
 Fluid enters inside the volute (sometimes with a diffuser), reducing its velocity and
increasing the pressure. It also delivers fluid into the discharge nozzle.

Impeller and volute are the main components that are responsible for energy conversion. Impeller gives
the energy to the fluid, and the volute helps to provide the same hydraulic head.
The following equation shows how the efficiency of a centrifugal pump can be calculated:

η=ρgHQ/Pm

In this equation, Pm is the mechanical input power to the pump (measured in W). ρ, g, Q, and H are fluid
density (kg/m3), gravity acceleration (m/s2), flow rate (kg/m3), and head added to the fluid flow (m),
respectively.
The added head to the fluid is a sum of the static lift and any losses due to friction, valves, or pipe bends.
Power is usually stated as kilowatts or horsepower. The pump efficiency may be expressed for the pump
or as a combined efficiency for both the pump and motor.

-Types:

 Radial Pumps 
In radial pumps, the fluid comes out of the impeller after 90 degrees of rotation relative to the suction.
The most common centrifugal pumps are in this category. Fluid enters the horizontal suction flange and
exits through a vertical outflow flange. So, the discharge is perpendicular to the shaft of the pump. This
design is applied when there is a flow limitation and you want to raise discharge pressure. Therefore,
radial design is high pressure and low flow rate pump. Most pumps utilized in the oil and gas industries
fall into this category.
 Axial Pumps 
In an axial flow pump, the fluid moves parallel to the shaft. This procedure resembles the working of a
propellant. The most significant application of this pump is when there is a large flow rate and very little
pressure head. For example, they are common in dewatering pumps and water circulation pumps.
 Mixed Pumps 
As the name implies, in a mixed flow pump, the fluid flows mixing both radial and axial properties. So,
that is a tradeoff between axial and radial pumps. Mixed pumps operate at high flow rates with a decent
increase in the head.

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2.11. What did you Understand with 5S - 3R ? How is it Useful for PV installation Systems?
-Definition of 5S:

 Sort out
Eliminate all unnecessary items by sorting and prioritizing them by frequency of use and dates
 Set in order
Location Mark/ Product Mark

 Shine and Inspect

How to Do Shine and Inspect:
1. Assigning cleaning area
2. Standardizing The way of cleaning
3. Select cleaning tools
4. cleaning
 Spic-and-Span
 Sustain

-Definition of 3R:

 Right product.
 Right Quantity
 Right Location

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2.12. Calculate Isc and Voc for the following arrays, PV Trina 495 Wp

A-(15 Series , 1 Parallel) ,

B-(15 Series , 3 Parallel) ,
C-(15 Series , 6 Parallel)

V oc I sc
NO of Series= , NO of ∥¿
Vpanel I panel
V oc panel =51.5V , I sc panel =12.21

A. V oc =772.5 , I sc=12.21
B. V oc =772.5 , I sc=36.63
C. V oc =772.5 , I sc=73.26

2.13. Design a complete isolated PV plant to run the following load profile, Divide the Total
System to Many Sub-Systems that suits the Following Components E=163624 Wh/Day

Jinko 540 PV Panel - 51.7 Voc - 42.8 Vmpp - Ioc = 13.1 A DC

Opti Handy 5KVA - 450 V Mpp - 220 V AC
New Max 200 AH 12V

I need only
1. Total PV Power to install?
2. How many Sub-Systems?
3. How Many PV Panels and Batteries for Each Sub System?

1-
-for Gel battery ( Dod =0.8, ηbattery =100 % ), Autonomy in Egypt = 1 day , V sys =48 V

163624 (1)
Battery Capacity= =4261.04 AH
0.8(1)(48)

Total PV power= ( 4261.06

3.5 )
( 48 )=58437.12 watt

2-

58437.12
NO of panelstotal= =108.216=110 panels
540
5000
1 inverter take = =9.252=9 panels
540
110
NO of system = =12.22=13system
9

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3-

-For Panel

NO of series=10 panels
NO of paralle=11 panels
-for Battery

4261.04
( )
200
NO of battery∥¿ =1.638=2
13
48
NO of series= =4
12

2.14. PV generation can be used to offset the amount of energy consumed from the grid and
therefore the cost of electricity for that location should reduce. an energy assessment can be
completed at this time , consequently the solar pump speed depends on the irradiance also
the produced frequency from VFD inverter , we need to design a completed system for the
following Client's Requirements :

A Farm Has 20 Acres of Oranges, 5 Acres of Vegetables, 5 Acres Tomatoes, And 10 Farmers living there.
Total Dynamic Head H (m) = 50 m
Q “Oranges” = 30 m3 / D
Q “Vegetables” = 20 m3 / D
Q “Tomatoes” = 30 m3 / D
For 1 Acre Each
You Can Use the Following Components
PV Jinko 540 Wp “ Voc = 51.7 V - Vmpp = 42.8V “
Inverter SIS “ Voc = 650V - Vmpp = 540v “

I need only
1. Total Water Requirements M3/h?
2. Pump HP?
3. Total PV Power to install?
4. Inverter's Nearest Suitable Power?
5. How Many Series Panels and Parallel Lines?

Don't Write Down the Steps, Just Final Answers

3
1- Q tot =116.02 m / h
3
2- Q tot =116.02 m /h H=50 from data sheet page 49

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 ∴ Pump=40 HP
3- Total PV =45.36 kwp
4- PV inverter =40.53 kw
5- NO series =12 NO ¿=7

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