Subject Code / Name: EE6601 / Solid State Drives

1.

UNIT-I
DRIVE CHARACTERISTICS
PART-A
Sketch the speed - torque characteristics curve of a fan type load.

(AU 2016)

2.

State the condition for steady state stability of motor load system.

(AU 2016)

The fundamental torque equation balance between the various torques in the drive may be
considered while investing the dynamic behavior is

3.

What is dynamic torque?

4.

The dynamic torque component J(dWm/dt) is called the dynamic torque because it is present only
during the transient operations.
Draw the load torque characteristics of constant power loads.
(AU 2015)

5.

6.

SSD 1

(AU 2015)-2

What are active and passive load torqueses? Give example.

(AU 2015)
Load torques which has the potential to drive the motor under equilibrium conditions are called
active load torques. Such load torques usually retains their sign when the drive rotation is changed
(reversed) Eg: Torque due to force of gravity Torque due tension Torque due to compression and
torsion etc.
Load torques which always oppose the motion and change their sign on the reversal of motion are
called passive load torques. Eg: Torque due to friction, cutting etc.
What is an electrical drive?
(AU 2014)
Systems employed for motion control are called drives and they employ any of the prime movers
such as diesel or petrol engines, gas or steam turbines, hydraulic motors and electric motors for
supplying mathematical energy for motion control. Drives employing electric motion are called
electric drives.
KCE / EEE/QB / III YR / SSD

Subject Code / Name: EE6601 / Solid State Drives

7.

8.

What is regenerative breaking?

(AU 2014)
Regenerative braking occurs when the motor speed exceeds the synchronous speed. In this case the
IM runs as the induction m\c is converting the mechanical power into electrical power which is
delivered back to the electrical system. This method of braking is known as regenerative braking.
Draw the block diagram of an electrical drive.
(AU 2014)

9.

What are the modes of operation of an electric drive?

(AU 2014)-4

The different modes of operation of electric drives are

(i)Steady state (ii) acceleration including starting (iii) deceleration including stopping.
10. List down the different factors for the selection of electric drives?
(AU 2014)-3
(i) Steady state operation requirements:
Nature of speed torque characteristics, Speed regulation, efficiency, speed range, duty cycle,
quadrants of operation, speed fluctuations if any, ratings.
(ii) Transient operation requirements:
Values of acceleration and deceleration, starting, braking and reversing performance.
(iii) Requirements related to the source.
(iv) Capital and running cost, maintenance needs life.
11. Define active load torque.
(AU 2014)
Active load torqueses are which have the potential to drive the motor under equilibrium condition
are called active load torque.
12. When does an equilibrium point be stable in speed torque plane of motor-load (AU 2013)-2
system?
The equilibrium point be stable in speed torque plane of motor-load system are when an increase
in speed causes load torque to exceed the motor torque. ie)dTl/dwm>dT/dwm
13. What are the components of load torque?
(AU 2013)
The components of load torque are
(i)Friction torque (ii)Windage torque
(iii)Torque required to do the useful mechanical work.
13. Write the differential equation which describes the motor-load system?
(AU 2012)-2
T= Tl+J (dWm/dt)
where ,
J = Polar moment of inertia of motor-load system referred to the motor shaft,kg-m2
Wm = Instantaneuous angular velocity of motor shaft,rad/sec.
T = Instantaneuous value of developed motor torque,N-m.
Tl = Instantaneuous value of load (resisting) torque, referred to the motor shaft,N-m.

SSD 2

KCE / EEE/QB / III YR / SSD

Subject Code / Name: EE6601 / Solid State Drives

14. What are the disadvantages of DC motors as compared to AC motors?

(AU 2012)
The disadvantages of DC motors as compared to AC motors are
(i)Higher cost
(ii)Higher rotor inertia
(iii)Maintenance problems with commutator and brushes.
(iv)EMI problems.
15. What is meant by continuous rating of a motor?
(AU 2012)
Continuous rating of a motor is denotes operation at constant load (full load)of sufficient duration.
Centrifugal pumps, fans, compressors and conveyors are examples of equipment which run
continuously with constant load.
16. List the types of loads.
(AU 2011)
The types of loads are
(i) Constant torque type load.
(ii) Torque proportional to speed (generator type load).
(iii) Torque proportional to square of the speed (fan type load).
(iv) Torque inversely proportional to speed (constant power type load).
17. What are the functions of a power modulator?
(AU 2010)
(i) Modulates flow of power from the source to the motor in such a manner that motor is imparted
speed torque characteristics required by the load.
(ii) During transient operations, such as starting, braking and speed reversal, it restricts source and
motor currents within permissible values.
(iii) Converts electrical energy of the source in the form of suitable to the motor.
(iv)Selects the modes of operation of the motor i.e motoring or braking.
18. State the recent status of DC and AC drives?
(AU 2010)
DC drives:
(i)The power circuit and control circuit is simple.
(ii)It require frequent maintenance.
(iii)Speed and design rating are limited due to commutation.
(iv)Fast response and wide speed range achieved by conventional and solid state control.
AC drives :
(i) The power circuit and control circuit are complex.
(ii)Less maintenance
(iii)It can be used in all locations.
(iv) Speed and design rating have no upper limits.
19. What are the advantages of electrical drives over other types of drives?
(AU 2010)
(i) They have flexible control characteristics. the steady state and dynamic characteristics of
electrical drives can be shaped to satisfy load requirements.
(ii)Drives can be provided with automatic fault detection systems, programmable logic
controllers and computers can be employed to automatically ctrl the drive operations in a
desired sequence.
(iii) They are available in which range of torque, speed and power.
(iv) It can operate in all the four quadrants of speed-torque plane. Electric braking gives
smooth deceleration and increases life of the equipment compared to other forms of braking.
SSD 3

KCE / EEE/QB / III YR / SSD

Subject Code / Name: EE6601 / Solid State Drives

20. What is the use of providing feedback loop in an electrical drive?

The use of providing feedback loop in an electrical drives are
(i)Protection
(ii)Inhancement of speed of response.
(iii)To improve steady state accuracy.
PART - B
1. (i) Classify and explain various types of load of electrical drive based on the
Speed-torque characteristics.
(10)
(ii) Discuss the various factors involved in the selection of electrical drives.
(6)
2. (i) Explain in detail the multi quadrant dynamics in the speed torque plane.
(8)
(ii) Based on the mathematical condition, examine the stability of equilibrium point as
shown in fig. below.
(8)

3.

4.
5.
6.

7.

SSD 4

(AU 2010)

(AU 2016)

(AU 2016)

(i) A motor drives two loads. One has rotational motion.It is coupled through a
reduction gear with a=0.1 and efficiency of 90%.The load has a moment of inertia
of 10 kg-m2 and a torque of 10N-m. Other load has a translational motion and
consists of 1000 kg weight to be lifted up at an uniform speed of 1.5 m/s. Coupling
between this load and the motor has an efficiency of 85%.Motor has an inertia of
0.2 kg-m2 and runs at a constant speed of 1420 rpm. Determine equivalent inertia
referred to the motor shaft and power developed by the motor.
(10)

(AU 2015)-2

(ii) Explain the multi-quadrant operations of low speed hoist in speed torque
plane.
(6)
Derive the mathematical condition for steady state stability of electric drives. Based
On the mathematical condition, examine the stability equilibrium points.
(i)Draw and explain the speed-torque characteristics of various types of loads.
(8)

(AU 2015)-2

(ii) Describe the various modes of operation of an electrical drive.

Explain how the following speed transitions are carried out:
(i) Increase in speed in same direction.
(ii) Decrease in speed in same direction.
(iii) Speed reversal
(i) A motor is coupled to a load having the following characteristics:
Motor:Tm =15-0.5m
Load:TL=0.5 m2
Find out the stable operating point for this condition.

(AU 2015)-4
(AU 2015)

(8)

(AU 2015)-4
(AU 2015)-3

(16)
(AU 2014)

(8)

KCE / EEE/QB / III YR / SSD

Subject Code / Name: EE6601 / Solid State Drives

8.
9.

10.
11.
12.

13.
14.
15.

1.

(ii) Explain in detail about steady state stability in electrical drive system.
(8)
Derive an equation to find out equivalent load torque in a motor load system with
translational and rotational motion?
(i) State the essential parts of electrical drive. What are the functions of Power
modulator?
(8)
(ii) What are the main factors which decide the choice of electrical drive for a
given application?
(8)
Explain about Electrical and Mechanical characteristics of commonly used electric
motors?
(16)
Draw the block diagram of an electric drive and explain in detail about major parts of
electric drive system.
(16)
(i) Describe using a circuit how a separately excited dc motor can be regenerative
braked.
(8)
(ii) Explain the regenerative braking torque speed characteristics of the separately
excited dc motor.
(8)
(i) Describe about the classification of power modulators of electric drive system. (8)
(ii) Explain the thermal model of motor under heating and cooling conditions.
(8)
Derive and describe the equations governing motor load dynamics.
(16)
(i) A drive has following parameters: J= 10 kg-m2 ,T=100 0.1N,N-m.Passive load
torque Tl=0.05N, N-m where N is the speed in rpm.Initially the drive is operating
is steady state.Now it is to be reversed.For this motor characteristics is changed
to T=100 0.1N,N-m Calculate the time of reversal.
(8)
(ii) Explain the principle of regenerative braking used in fourquadrant industrial
drives.
(8)
UNIT-2
CONVERTER / CHOPPER FED DC MOTOR DRIVE
PART-A
What are the applications of chopper fed DC drives?

(AU 2014)
(AU 2014)-2
(AU 2012)

(AU 2012)
(AU 2012)
(AU 2012)

(AU 2012)
(AU 2011)
(AU 2010)

(AU 2016)

(i) Subway cars (ii)Cranes (iii)Traction (iv) Battery operated vehicles

2.

SSD 5

Draw the torque speed characteristics of single phase fully controlled rectifier fed
separately excited DC motor with different firing angles.

KCE / EEE/QB / III YR / SSD

(AU 2016)

Subject Code / Name: EE6601 / Solid State Drives

3.

4.

What are the drawbacks of rectifier fed DC drives?

(AU 2015)-3

(i) Distortion of supply

(ii) Low power factor
(iii) Ripple in motor current.
Write down the speed torque equation of a sing phase fully controlled converter fed
separately excited dc motor drive.

(AU 2015)

Where, Vm= the peak value of the supply voltage in volts

= angle at which the armature current drops to zero values
= sin-1 (E/Vm) that is, angle at which the source voltage Vs is equal to the back emf E
=
= - sin-1 (E/Vm)
5. What are the control strategies of chopper?
(AU 2014)-2
The control strategies of chopper are
(a)Time ratio control
(b)Current limit control.
6. Why does the armature voltage control is not preferred for the speeds above the
(AU 2013)
rated value in dc motors?
The armature voltage control is not preferred for the speeds above the rated value in dc motors
because of Armature voltage cannot be allowed to exceed the rated value. If its increasing the
Armature voltage above the rated value the armature insulation maybe damage.
7. What are the causes of discontinuous conduction mode operation of controlled
(AU 2013)
converter fed dc drives?
Effect of discontinuous conduction is to make speed regulation poor.In discontinuous conduction,
any increase in torque and accompanied increase in Ia causes to increase and Va to drop.
Consequently, speed drops by a larger amount.
8. What is CLC in chopper fed dc drives?
(AU 2013)
CLC Current limit control to limit the converter and motor current below a safe limit during
transient operations.
9. What are the advantages of closed loop control of DC drives?
(AU 2012)
(i) Greatest Accuracy
(ii) Improved dynamic response
(iii) Reduced effects of disturbances.
10. How does the discontinuous conduction may be eliminated in chopper fed DC
(AU 2012)
drives?
Current limit control is used in chopper. In current limit control, the load current is allowed to vary
between two given limits. The ON and OFF times of the chopper adjust automatically, when the
current increases beyond the upper limit the chopper is turned off, the load current freewheels and
starts to decrease. When it falls below the lower limit the chopper is turned ON. The current starts
increasing in the load.

SSD 6

KCE / EEE/QB / III YR / SSD

Subject Code / Name: EE6601 / Solid State Drives

11. What is meant by continuous and discontinuous operations?

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

(AU 2012)

In discontinuous operations, the armature current flows from to . At to + , there is no

armature current. It is the discontinuous operations.(or)When armature current does not flow
continuously, the motor is said to operate in discontinuous conduction. When current flows
continuously, the conduction is said to be continuous.
What is static Ward-Leonard drive?
Controlled rectifiers are used to get variable d.c. voltage from an a.c. source of fixed voltage
controlled rectifier fed dc drives are also known as static Ward-Leonard drive.
What is a line commutated inverter?
Full converter with firing angle delay greater than 90 deg. is called line commutated inverter. Such
an operation is used in regenerative braking mode of a dc motor in which case a back emf is
greater than applied voltage.
What are the advantages in operating choppers at high frequency?
The operation at a high frequency improves motor performance by reducing current ripple and
eliminating discontinuous conduction.
Why self commutated devices are preferred over thyristors for chopper circuits?
Self commutated devices such as power MOSFETs power transistors, IGBTs, GTOs
and IGCTs are preferred over thyristors for building choppers because they can be
commutated by a low power control signal and don't need commutation circuit.
State the advantages of dc chopper drives?
DC chopper device has the advantages of high efficiency, flexibility in control, light weight,
small size, quick response and regeneration down to very low speed.
What are the advantages of closed loop of dc drives?
Closed loop control system has the advantage of improved accuracy, fast dynamic response and
reduced effects of disturbance and system non-linearities.
What causes poor input power factor in phase controlled dc drives?
Phase controlled converter requires power for control and commutation. The harmonics do not
contribute to the active power loading but they contribute to the reactive loading of the line. So
that the line power factor becomes poor.
Draw the regenerative braking characteristics of a separately excited motor.

20. Define positive and negative motor torque.

Positive motor torque is defined as the torque which produces acceleration or the positive rate of
change of speed in forward direction. Positive load torque is negative if it produces deceleration.

SSD 7

KCE / EEE/QB / III YR / SSD

Subject Code / Name: EE6601 / Solid State Drives

1.

2.

3.

4.

PART - B
(i) Describe the operation of a four quadrant chopper fed separately excited DC
motor with neat diagram.
(10)
(ii) Explain in detail about time ratio and current limit control.
(6)
Explain the operation of a three phase fully controlled rectifier fed separately excited
DC motor and obtain the expression of motor speed and torque for continuous
conduction mode.
(16)
Explain the steady state analysis of the single phase fully controlled converter fed
separately excited DC motor drive for continuous current mode. Also explain its
operation in motoring and regenerative braking mode.
(16)
(i) Explain the operation of four quadrant dc chopper drive.
(10)

(ii) A 220V,20A,1000 rpm separately excited dc motor has an armature resistance of

2.5 .The motor is controlled by a step-down chopper with a frequency of 1kHz.The
input dc voltage to the chopper is 250V.What will be the duty cycle of the chopper
for the motor to operate at a speed of 600 rpm delivering the rated torque?
(6)
5. A 200 V ,875 rpm,150 A separately excited dc motor has an armature resistance of
0.06 .It is fed from a single phase fully controlled rectifier with an ac source voltage
of 220V,50Hz.Assuming continuous conduction, calculate
(i) Firing angle for rated motor torque and (-750) rpm
(ii) Motor speed for =160 deg and rated torque.
6. A 220 V, 1500 rpm, 10 A separately excited dc motor has an armature resistance of
1. It is fed from a single phase fully controlled rectifier with an ac source voltage of
230V,50Hz.Assuming continuous load current, Compute
(i) Motor speed at the firing angle of 30deg and torque of 5 N-m
(ii) Developed torque at the firing angle of 45 deg and speed of 1000rpm.
7. Describe the operation of closed loop DC drive with suitable block diagram. Also
obtain the transfer function.
(16)
8. (i) Explain motoring control and regenerative braking control of chopper fed DC
motor drive.
(10)
(ii) A 220V, 24A, 100rpm separately excited DC motor has an armature resistance of
2 . Motor is controlled by a chopper with frequency of 500Hz and source voltage
of 230V.Calculate the duty ratio for 1.2 times rated torque and 500rpm.
(6)
9. A chopper used to control the speed of a separately excited dc motor, has supply
voltage of 230V, Ton =15ms, Toff = 5ms. Assuming continuous conduction of motor
current, calculate the average load current when the motor speed is 3000 rpm.
Assume voltage constant Kv = 0.5V/rad/sec and Ra = 4.
10. A 250 V, separately excited dc motor has an armature resistance of 2.5. When
driving a load at 600 rpm with constant torque, the armature takes 20 A. This motor
is controlled by a chopper circuit with a frequency of 400 Hz and an input voltage of
250 V.
(i) What should be the value of duty ratio if one desires to reduce the speed from
600 to 400rpm, with the torque maintained constant?
(8)
(ii) What should be the minimum value of the armature inductance, if the maximum
SSD 8

KCE / EEE/QB / III YR / SSD

(AU 2016)

(AU 2016)-4

(AU 2015)-3

(AU 2015)-3
(AU 2015)

(AU 2015)

(AU 2014)

(AU 2014)
(AU 2013)

(AU 2013)

(AU 2013)

Subject Code / Name: EE6601 / Solid State Drives

11.

12.
13.
14.

15.

armature current ripple expressed as a percentage of the rated current, is not to

exceed 10 percent?
(8)
(i) Explain the operation of dual converter?
(8)
(ii) A chopper used for ON and OFF control of a dc separately excited motor has
supply voltage of 230 V, TON = 10ms, TOFF = 15ms. Neglecting armature inductance
and assuming continuous conduction of motor current. Calculate the average load
current when the motor speed is 1500 rpm, has a voltage constant K v = 0.5
V/rad/sec. The armature resistance is 2.
Explain about the Ward Leonard method of speed control of DC motor.
Explain the operation of a two quadrant chopper fed DC drives.
Explain the motoring and braking operation of three phase fully controlled rectifier
control of DC separately excited motor with aid of diagrams and waveforms
(for a = 30, 600, 90, 120, 150, 180). Also obtain the expression for motor
terminal voltage and speed.
Explain the control strategies of chopper fed drives.

(AU 2010)

UNIT III
INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVES
PART-A
1.

Compare current source and voltage source inverter fed drives.

(AU 2016)-2

VSI
VSI is fed from a DC voltage source having
small or negligible impedance.
Input voltage is maintained constant
Output voltage does not dependent on the
load
The waveform of the load current as well as
its magnitude depends upon the nature of
load impedance.
VSI requires feedback diodes

2.

CSI
CSI is fed with adjustable current from a DC
voltage source of high impedance.
The input current is constant but adjustable.
The amplitude of output current is
independent of the load.
The magnitude of output voltage and its
waveform depends upon the nature of the
load impedance.
The CSI does not require any feedback
diodes.
The commutation circuit is complicated
Commutation circuit is simple as it contains
only capacitors.
Power BJT, Power MOSFET, IGBT, GTO with They cannot be used as these devices have to
self commutation can be used in the circuit.
withstand reverse voltage.
What are the drawbacks of stator voltage control method?
(AU 2016)-2
(i) The input power factor is very low.
(ii) Voltage and current waveforms are highly distorted due to harmonics, which affects the
efficiency of the machine.
(iii) Performance is poor under running condition at low speeds.
(iv) Operating efficiency is low is resistance losses are high.

SSD 9

KCE / EEE/QB / III YR / SSD

Subject Code / Name: EE6601 / Solid State Drives

3.

Why stator voltage is control method suitable fan and pump drives?

(AU 2015)-3

5.

The stator voltage control method is suitable for application where torque demand reduces with
speed, which points towards its suitability for (i) fan (ii) Pump drives.
What are the advantages of vector control over scalar control technique?
(AU 2015)-2
(i) In vector control, machine dynamic model rather than steady-state model is used to design the
controller.
(ii) Vector control is used for precise control, optimum efficiency and fast response, control over
the rotor field is needed and alternative methods of indirect control have been developed.
(iii) Because of the low cost of computing power, vector control is being used in more and more
brushless motor applications.
What are the different methods of speed control of induction motor?
(AU 2014)

6.

Stator voltage control

Supply frequency control
Rotor resistance control
Slip power recovery control
Draw the torque-slip characteristics of a 3-phase induction motor.

4.

7.

8.

(AU 2014)

State the principle of vector control in induction motor.

(AU 2014)-2
The vector control decouples the two components of stator current. One providing the air gap
flux and the other producing the torque. It provides independent control of flux and torque, and
the control characteristics are linearized.
In a dc machine, the developed torque is given by
Where, Kt = Torque constant
Ia = Armature current (Torque component)
If = Field current. (Field component)
The construction of a dc machine is such that the field flux linkage f produced by If is
perpendicular to the armature flux linkage a produced by Ia.These space vectors, which are
stationary in space, are orthogonal or decoupled in nature. Due to this, a dc motor has fast
transient response.
What are the reasons for maintaining v/f ratio constant?
(AU 2013)
The low frequency operation at a constant v/f ratio is not satisfactory particularly at very low
frequency, due to this low frequency; the starting and breakdown torques considerably decreases
and no load current increases. The air gap flux cannot be maintained constant at low-frequency

SSD 10

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Subject Code / Name: EE6601 / Solid State Drives

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

maintaining a constant v/f ratio. Therefore we can maintain the v/f ratio constant, supply voltage
should be increasing.
What are the effects of unbalanced supply voltage in induction motors?
(AU 2013)
The effect of unbalanced voltages on poly phase induction motors is equivalent to the introduction
of a "negative sequence voltage" having a rotation opposite to that occurring with balanced
voltages. This negative sequence voltage produces in the air gap a flux rotating against the rotation
of the rotor, tending to produce high currents. A small negative sequence voltage may produce in
the windings currents considerably in excess of those present under balanced voltage conditions.
What is slip power recovery scheme?
(AU 2013)
In chopper method of speed control for SRIM, the slip power is wasted in the external resistance
and the efficiency also reduced. However, instead of wasting the slip power can be recovered by
various schemes for the speed control of slip ring induction motor. This system is called as slip
power recovery system.
What is meant by super synchronous operation?
(AU 2013)
Super synchronous speed operation means, the SRIM speed can be controlled above
Synchronous speed. The supply is fed back to the rotor side.
What are the differences between scalar and vector control techniques of induction
(AU 2013)
motor?
Scalar Method:
(i) It is only suitable for adjustable speed applications in which the load speed or positions is not
controlled like in a servo system.
(ii) Instantaneous frequency control with a view to control motor speed or position cannot be
defined, and therefore, instantaneous torque control cannot be addressed by scalar control
methods.
Vector Method:
(i) Vector control technique allows a squirrel-cage induction motor to be driven with high dynamic
performance, comparable to that of a dc motor.
(ii) The vector method are based on the dynamic equivalent circuit of the induction method.
Write down the advantages of vector control method.
(AU 2012)
(i) In vector control, machine dynamic model rather than steady-state model is used to design the
controller.
(ii) Vector control is used for precise control, optimum efficiency and fast response, control over
the rotor field is needed and alternative methods of indirect control have been developed.
(iii) Because of the low cost of computing power, vector control is being used in
more and more brushless motor applications.
Give some drawbacks and uses of Ward-Leonard drive.
The drawbacks of Ward Leonard drive are.
a. High initial cost b. Low efficiency
The Ward-Leonard drive is used in rolling mills, mine winders, paper mills, elevators,
machine tools etc.

SSD 11

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Subject Code / Name: EE6601 / Solid State Drives

15. How will you select the motor rating for a specific application?
When operating for a specific application motor rating should be carefully chosen that the
insulation temperature never exceed the prescribed limit. Otherwise either it will lead to its
immediate thermal breakdown causing short circuit and damage to winding, or it will lead to
deterioration of its quality resulting into thermal breakdown in near future.
16. What are the two modes of operation in the motor?
The two modes of operation in the motor are, motoring and braking. In motoring, it converts
electrical energy to mechanical energy, which supports its motion. In braking, it works as a
generator converting mechanical energy to electrical energy and thus opposes the motion.
17. What is a soft-start?
The AC voltage controllers allow a stepless control of supply voltage from zero to rated voltage.
They are used for soft start of motors.
18. Frequency control is not normally used. Why?
The supply voltage is maintained fixed value but the supply frequency is reduced, the flux will
increase. Due to this, saturation of air gap flux, and the motor parameters would not be valid in
determining the speed torque characteristics. At low frequency, the reactances will decrease and
motor current will increase. So that, the frequency control is normally used.
19. Why the control of a three-phase induction motor is more difficult than DC motors?
The control of a three phase induction motor, particulary when the dynamic performance involved
is more difficult than DC motors. This is due to
a. Relatively large internal resistance of the converter causes voltage fluctuations following
load fluctuations because the capacitor cannot be ideally large.
b. In a DC motor there is a decoupling between the flux producing magnetizing current and
torque producing armature current. They can be independently controlled. This is not the
case with induction motors.
c. An induction motor is very poorly damped compared to a DC motor.
20. Why the power factor of the slip power recovery scheme of speed control of
induction motor is low?
Drive input power is the difference between motor input power and the power fed back. Reactive
input power is the sum of the motor and inverter reactive powers, Therefore, this drive has poor
power factor throughout the range of operation.
PART - B
1. (i) Explain the concept of v/f control of induction motor drives.
(8) (AU 2016)-2
(ii) A 3 phase, 50Hz induction motor, has the following parameters for its equivalent
circuit R1=R2=0.02 and X1=X2=0.1 is to be operated at one half of its rated
voltage and 25Hz frequency. Calculate (i) The maximum torque at this reduced
voltage and frequency operation in terms of its normal value and (ii) the starting
torque at this reduced frequency and voltage in terms of its normal value.
(8)
2. (i) Describe the operation of voltage sources inverter fed induction motor drives.
(AU 2016)-2
(12)
(ii) State the drawbacks of an induction motor drive fed from stepped wave inverter.
(4)
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Subject Code / Name: EE6601 / Solid State Drives

3.

4.

5.

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

(i) A 2.8 kW, 400V, 50 Hz, 4 pole, 1370 rpm, delta connected squirrel cage induction
(AU2015)
motor has following parameters referred to the stator: Rs=2, Rr=5,
Xs=Xr=5, Xm=80 .Motor speed is controlled by stator voltage control.When
driving a fan load it runs at rated speed and rated voltage .Calculate motor
terminal voltage, current and torque at 1200 rpm.
(10)
(ii) Write short notes on energy efficient drives.
(6)
(i) Explain constant air gap flux based closed loop v/f control technique of induction
(AU2015)
motor drive in detail with neat sketch and necessary equations.
(8)
(ii) Make a detailed comparison between VSI and CSI fed induction motor drives. (8)
(AU 2015)
(i) Why a cycloconverter fed induction motor drive is preferred over inverter
(AU 2015)
controlled synchronous motor drive for low speed applications?
(6)
(ii) Explain the principle of vector control of induction motor drive.
(10) (AU 2015)-2
Explain the four modes of operation of a static Scherbius drive.
(16)
(AU 2015)
Explain in detail about the VSI fed induction motor drive. And explain how the multi(AU 2014)
quadrant operation of VSI fed induction motor drive is achieved?
(16)
Discuss about the various slip power recovery schemes.
(16) (AU 2014)-2
With necessary equation and diagram explain the static rotor resistance control of
(AU 2013)
induction motor.
Explain in detail about constant slip speed control of induction motors.
(8)
(AU 2012)
Explain the closed loop speed control of CSI fed induction motor drives.
(8)
(AU 2012)
Explain the principles of operation and drive strategy of constant air gap flux control
(AU 2010)
of induction motors.
Explain with schematic diagram two methods of super synchronous speed control of
slip ring induction motor under slip power recovery scheme.
Discuss how V/f speed control scheme of a three phase induction motor is similar to
the armature voltage control method of a DC motor.
Describe briefly the PWM inverter fed induction motor drive.
A static Kramer drive is used for the speed control of a 4 pole SRIM fed from 414V,
50Hz supply. The inverter is connected directly to the supply. If the motor is
required to operate at 1200 rpm, find the firing advance angle of the inverter.
Voltage across the open-circuited slip rings at standstill is 700.allow a voltage drop
of 0.7V and 1.5V across each of the diodes and SCRs respectively. Inductor drop is
neglected.

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KCE / EEE/QB / III YR / SSD

Subject Code / Name: EE6601 / Solid State Drives

1.

UNIT IV
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR DRIVES
PART-A
Write down the torque equation of salient pole synchronous motor.

(AU 2016)

2.

Where,ms =(4f/p); f=supply frequency, p=No.of poles

Xsd = Synchronous reactance of direct axis
Xsq = Synchronous reactance of quadrature axis
= Power angle
E =Excitation emf
V = Supply voltage
What is self-control mode of synchronous motor?

(AU 2016)

4.

In self-control mode, the stator supply frequency is changed in proportion to the rotor speed so
that the rotating field produced by the stator always moves at the same speed as that of the rotor.
What are the types of permanent magnet synchronous motor drives?
(AU 2015)-2
(i) Surface Mounted Permanent Magnet Machine(SPM)
(a) Projecting type
(b) Inset type
(ii) Interior or Buried Permanent Magnet Machine (IPM)
Give the advantages of using cycloconverter for synchronous motor speed control.
(AU 2015)

5.

(i) Smooth low speed operation.

(ii) Four quadrant operation with regenerative braking.
(iii) Good dynamic response.
Why a self controlled synchronous motor is free from hunting oscillations?

3.

6.

7.

(AU 2015)-2

In self controlled mode, the supply frequency is changed so that the synchronous speed is same
as that of the rotor speed. Hence, rotor cannot pull out of slip and hunting eliminations are
eliminated. For such a mode of operation the motor does not require a damper winding.
Why v/f ratio is kept constant upto base speed and V constant above base speed in
(AU 2015)
variable frequency control?
The speed control of three phase induction motor mostly prepares this control
method. In that, the increase in the supply frequency increases the motor speed and
also reduces the maximum torque of the motor. But the increase in voltage results in
an increase in the maximum torque of the motor. By combining the above features to
achieve a control design by which the speed increase and the torque is kept the
same. This is known as voltage/frequency (v/f).
f increase : N increases : T max decreases
V increase : Tmax increases
When can a synchronous motor be load commutated?
(AU 2014)-2
When the synchronous motor operates at a leading power factor, thyristors of the load side
converter can be commutated by the motor induced voltages in the same way as the thyristors of a
line commutated converter are commutated by line voltages.

SSD 14

KCE / EEE/QB / III YR / SSD

Subject Code / Name: EE6601 / Solid State Drives

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

Write down the torque equation of synchronous motor.

(AU 2014)
T=(3 V E)/(Xs s) * sin
Where,V=supply voltage; E=excitation emf; = torque angle; X s=synchronous reactance
s=synchronous speed.
When is a synchronous motor said to be self controlled?
(AU 2014)
A synchronous motor is said to be self controlled if it gets its variable frequency from an inverter
whose thyristors are fired in a sequence using the information of rotor position or stator voltages.
What is the function of hall sensors in BLDC motors?
(AU 2013)
The Hall effect sensors that are used to detect the position of the rotor are also used to detect
speed by measuring the time it takes for the sensors to switch.
What are the drive circuit requirements for stepper motors?
(AU 2013)
The basic requirement of the driver circuit of the stepper motor is to provide necessary voltage
for energisation of stator winding and to maintain proper sequence of energisation. The supply to
the stator winding is neither dc nor conventional ac. It is in the form of train of pulse generated by
some form of pulse generator.
What do you mean by margin angle control mode in synchronous motor?
(AU 2013)
In self control mode, the stator supply frequency is changed in proportion to the rotor speed so
that the rotating field produced by the stator always moves at the same speed as the rotor.
What are the advantages of self control technique?
(AU 2013)
(i) No hunting oscillations. (ii) No damper winding in the synchronous motor.
(iii) Eliminate stability problem.
What is meant by super synchronous operation?
(AU 2012)
Super synchronous operation is meant by When the shaft speed of induction motor increases
beyond the synchronous speed.
Define marginal angle control.
(AU 2012)
In self controlled synchronous motor drive, the load side converter is operated as an inverter and
maximizes motor power factor. This control is called margin angle control.
What is self control of synchronous motor drive?
(AU 2012)
A synchronous machine is said to be self controlled if it gets its operating frequency form an
inverter whose thyristors are fixed from a rotor position sensing unit. This unit measures the
rotor position with respect to a stator reference and sends pulses to the thyristors.
How are the stator and rotor of the synchronous motor supplied?
The stator of the synchronous motor is supplied from a thyristor power converter capable of
providing a variable frequency supply. The rotor, depending upon the situation, may be
constructed with slip rings, where it conforms to a conventional rotor. It is supplied with D.C.
through slip rings. Sometimes rotor may also be free from sliding contacts (slip rings), in which
case the rotor is fed from a rectifier rotating with rotor.
What is the difference between an induction motor and synchronous motor?
An induction motor operates at lagging power factor and hence the converter supplying the same
must invariable is a force commutated one. A synchronous motor, on the other hand, can be
operated at any power factor by controlling the field current.

SSD 15

KCE / EEE/QB / III YR / SSD

Subject Code / Name: EE6601 / Solid State Drives

19. What are the disadvantages of machine commutation?

The disadvantages of machine commutation are,
a. Limitation on the speed range.
b.The machine size is large
c. Due to overexciting it is underutilized.
20. What are the advantages of closed loop control of dc drives?
Closed loop control system has the advantages of improved accuracy, fast dynamic response and
reduced effects of disturbance and system non-linearities.
21. Mention the main difference between the wound field and permanent magnet
motors.
When a wound filed motor is started as an induction motor, D.C. field is kept off. In
case of a permanent magnet motor, the field cannot be 'turned off.
PART - B
1. Explain the concept of self-control technique of synchronous motor in detail with the
(AU 2016)
operation of rotor position encoder.
2. Explain the forward motoring and braking operation of open loop volts/Hz control
(AU 2016)
of multiple PM synchronous motor with relevant neat phasor diagram and control
characteristics curve.
3. (i) Explain the concept of self control in detail.
(8)
(AU2015)
4.
5.

6.

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

(ii) Explain the open loop v/f control of synchronous motor drives.
(8)
Explain the constant marginal angle control technique of self controlled synchronous
motor drive employing load commutated thyristor inverter.
(16)
(i) Write in detail about power factor angle control of synchronous motors.
(6)
(ii) With necessary diagram explain the closed loop speed control of load
commutated inverter synchronous motor drive.
(10)
(i) Write brief notes on different types of permanent magnet synchronous motors.
(8)
(ii) A 3-phase 400V, 50Hz, 6 pole a star connected round-rotor synchronous motor
has Zs=0+j2.Load torque, proportional to speed squared, is 340Nm at rated
synchronous speed. The speed of the motor is lowered by keeping v/f constant
and maintaining unity PF by field control of the motor. For the motor operation at
600rpm, calculate (i) Supply voltage (ii) the armature current (iii) excitation
voltage (iv) load angle (v) pullout torque. Neglect rotational losses.
(8)
Explain load commutated inverter fed self-controlled synchronous motor drive.
Explain the closed loop operation of permanent magnet synchronous motor drive in
detail.
Explain cycloconverter fed synchronous motor.
(8)
With a neat block diagram explain the closed loop speed control of synchronous
motor drive.
Describe using a diagram the construction of a trapezoidal surface mounted
permanent magnet synchronous motor.
Explain the construction and working of permanent magnet synchronous motor.
Explain the vector control of sinusoidal SPM in constant torque region.

SSD 16

(AU2015)-2
(AU2015)-3
(AU 2015)-2
(AU 2015)
(AU 2014)
(AU 2014)

(AU 2014)
(AU 2014)
(AU 2013)
(AU 2013)
(AU 2012)-2
(AU 2012)-2
(AU 2011)

KCE / EEE/QB / III YR / SSD

Subject Code / Name: EE6601 / Solid State Drives

14. A 7MW, three phase 12 kV star connected 6 pole 50Hz 0.9 leading power factor
synchronous motor has Xs= 10 and Rs=0. The rated field current is 40A. The
machine is controlled by variable frequency control at constant V/f ratio up to the
base speed and at constant V above base speed. Evaluate (i) Torque (ii) The field
current for the rated armature current 750rpm and 0.8 leading power factor.
15. A 500kW, 3 phase, 3.3 kV, 50 Hz, 0.8 lagging power factor, 4 pole, star connected
synchronous motor has the following parameters Xs=15, Rs=0.Rated field current s
10A. Calculate armature current and power factor at half the rated torque and field
current.

UNIT V
DESIGN OF CONTROLLERS FOR DRIVES
PART-A
1.

Draw the basic block diagram of a closed loop control of DC motor.

2.

What are the roles of inner current control and outer speed control loops?

3.

A closed loop position control scheme consists of a closed loop speed control system with an inner
current control loop inside an outermost position loop, Current and speed-loop restrict the current
and speed within safe limits, enhance the speed of respons, reduce the effects of non-linearities in
the converter, motor and load on the transient and steady state performance of position control
system.
Write any two parameters of converter selection and characteristics.
(AU 2015)

4.

The ratings of the power converters and its power switches are derived from the motor and load
specifications.
State the methods of speed sensing.
(AU 2015)

5.

(AU 2016)-2

(AU 2015)

Various kinds of principles are employed in speed sensors. Some of them are listed below

Variable reluctance based

Hall effect based

Eddy Current based

Radar Doppler based

LIDAR based

Accelerometer based

Pitot tube based.

Pitometer based.
What is the function of current control loop in closed loop speed control system?
(AU 2014)
Inner current limit control scheme is employed to limit the converter and motor current below a
safe limit during transient operations. It has a current feedback loop with a threshold logic circuit.

SSD 17

KCE / EEE/QB / III YR / SSD

Subject Code / Name: EE6601 / Solid State Drives

6.
7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

What are the factors to be considered for the selection of controller?

(AU 2014)
(i) Rating of the converter (ii) Power switches usage (iii) Motor-load specifications
Write down the advantages of PI controller.
(AU 2014)
Stabilize the drive
Adjust the damping ratio at the desired value
Makes the steady state speed error close to zero by integral action and filters out noise again
due to the integral action.
Write down the transfer function of converter.
(AU 2014)-2
Converter transfer function is represented a
Gr(s) = Va(s)/Vc(s)
Gr(s) =Kr/(1+s Tr)
Where, Kr = Converter gain; Tr = Converter time delay (sec). ;s = Laplace operator
What is field weakening mode control?
(AU 2013)-2
The field weakening mode control are the motor speeds can be increased above the rated speed by
decreasing the field flux.
Name any four simulation software packages that can be used for electrical drives.
(AU 2013)
(i) MATLAB (ii) MATH-Cad (iii) P- Spice (iv) Sim power system
(v) Simplorer (vi) Psim
Mention the types of current controllers for drive system.
(AU 2012)
The types of current controllers for drive systems are
(i) PI current controller,
(ii) Linearizing controller.
Write the purpose of current limit controller in a drive system.
(AU 2012)
Current limit control scheme is employed to limit the converter and motor current
below a safe limit during transient operations. It has a current feedback loop with a
threshold logic circuit. As long as the current is within a set maximum value,
feedback loop does not affect operation of the drive.
What is mechanical time constant of D.C. machine?
(AU 2012)
Mechanical time constant of D.C. machine was
Ta=La/Ra
Where
Ta = Time constant
La = Armature Inductance
Ra = Armature Resistance
What are the advantages of closed loop speed control?
(AU 2012)
(i) Improve the steady state accuracy
(ii) Improve the speed response of the drive.
(iii) Protection to the drive system
Name the factors to be considered for the selection of motor.
(AU 2011)
(i)Power,hp (ii)service factor (iii)Armature and field voltage (iv)Armature and field current.
(v)Efficiency (vi) Rated speed.
What is a current feedback?
The motor current can be sensed by current transducer. The signal is compared with reference
signal. The error signal is fed to the current controller. The error signal is fed to the current

SSD 18

KCE / EEE/QB / III YR / SSD

Subject Code / Name: EE6601 / Solid State Drives

17.

18.

19.

20.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

controller. The current controller produces a control signal. This signal is fed to the power
converter for controlling the output.
What is a closed loop control system?
A closed loopa control system operation is mainly used to maintain constant speed operation. For
example if an electric drive requires constant-speed operation, the firing angle has to change to
maintain a constant speed. This can be achieved in a closed loop control system.
What is armature voltage control?
The DC motor speed can be varied by varying armature voltage while field voltage is constant.
This voltage can be varied by using power converter. This method is only applicable for below
base speed.
Give the transfer function relating speed and armature current of a dc motor.
N(s)/Ia(s) = Km2 /(1+m s)
Where, m = Mechanical time constant of the motor
Km2= Motor constant
What are the design procedures for a closed loop speed control system?
Assuming that the feedback gains Kt and Kr are fixed.
Clamping value of EI also must be chosen
Calculate current controller gain KI
Calculate speed controller gain Ks
PART - B
Explain in detail the design of speed controller of closed loop speed control system
(AU 2016)
of separately excited DC motor.
Explain the armature voltage control with field weakening mode of closed loop (AU 2016)-5
operation of separately excited DC motor drive.
Design the speed controller of converter fed separately excited dc motor with inner
(AU2015)
current control and outer speed control loops.
From basic principles derive the transfer function for separately excited DC motor (AU2015)-2
load system.
Explain the step by step procedure for the design of current controller.
(8)
(AU2014)

6.

(i) Explain about slip power recovery scheme of induction motor drives.
(8)
(AU 2014)
(ii) Explain the adjustable frequency constant air gap flux control method of speed
(AU 2014)
control of induction motor drives.
(8)
7. (i) Give the design procedure for speed controller of an electrical drive system. (8) (AU 2013)-2
(ii) Mention the factors involved in converter selection and equations involved in (AU 2013)-2
controller characteristics.
(8)
8. Derive the transfer function of dc motor load system with converter fed armature
(AU 2013)
voltage control.
(16)
9. Discuss the current controller design using
(AU 2013)
(i) P controller and (ii) PI controller for a separately excited dc motor drive system.
10. (i) Describe the need of current controller in drives and its design procedure.
(8)
(AU 2012)
(ii) Describe the design of speed controller.
(8)
11. Describe with necessary diagrams the design of current and speed controller.
(AU 2012)
SSD 19

KCE / EEE/QB / III YR / SSD

Subject Code / Name: EE6601 / Solid State Drives

12. A 50 kW, 240V, 1700rpm separately excited dc motor is controlled by a converter.

The field current is maintained at If = 1.4 A and the machine back emf constant is
kv = 0.91 v/A rad/s. The armature resistance is Rm = 0.1 and the viscous friction
constant is B = 0.3 Nm/rad/s. The amplification of the speed sensor is
K1 = 95 mV/rad/s and the gain of the power controller is K2 = 100.
(i) Determine the reference voltage Vr to drive the motor at the rated speed.
(ii) If the reference voltage is kept unchanged, determine the speed at which the
motor develops and rated torque.
13. Design PI based speed and current controllers to regulate the speed and limit the
current of an ac-dc converter fed armature voltage controlled separately excited dc
motor.
14. Draw the circuit diagram and explain the operation of closed loop control with
inner-current loop and field weakening.
15. Using suitable block diagram explain the following controls.
(i) Current limit control
(ii) Closed loop torque control
(iii) Closed loop speed control

SSD 20

KCE / EEE/QB / III YR / SSD

(AU 2012)

(AU 2012)