Induction Motor Review

By
Mr.M.Kaliamoorthy
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
PSNA College of Engineering and Technology

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 Outline
 Introduction
 Construction
 Concept
 Per-Phase Equivalent Circuit
 Power Flow
 Torque Equation
 T- Characteristics
 Starting and Braking
 References

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 Introduction
 Induction motors (IM) most widely used
 IM (particularly squirrel-cage type) compared to
DC motors
 Rugged
Lower maintenance
More reliable
Lower cost, weight, volume
Higher efficiency
Able to operate in dirty and explosive
environments
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 Introduction
• IM mainly used in applications requiring
constant speed
– Conventional speed control of IM expensive or
highly inefficient
• IM drives replacing DC drives in a number of
variable speed applications due to
– Improvement in power devices capabilities
– Reduction in cost of power devices

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 Induction Motor – Construction
 Stator
 balanced 3-phase winding
 distributed winding – coils a
distributed in several slots 120o 120o
 produces a rotating magnetic c’
field
b’
 Rotor
 usually squirrel cage
 conductors shorted by end rings
 Rotating magnetic field induces
voltages in the rotor b c
 Induced rotor voltages have a’
same number of phases and
poles as in stator winding
120o

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Induction Motor – Construction

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 Induction Motor – Concept
• Stator supplied by balanced 3-phase AC source (frequency f Hz or 
rads/sec )
– field produced rotates at synchronous speed s rad/sec
2 4 120 (1)
s    f ns  f
P P P
where P = number of poles
• Rotor rotates at speed m rad/sec (electrical speed r = (P/2) m)
• Slip speed, sl – relative speed
(2)
between rotating field and rotor sl  s  m
• Slip, s – ratio between slip speed
and synchronous speed   m (3)
s s
s
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 Induction Motor – Concept
• Relative speed between stator rotating field and rotor induces:
– emf in stator winding (known as back emf), E1
– emf in rotor winding, Er
• Frequency of rotor voltages and currents:
(4) f r  sf
• Torque produced due to interaction between induced rotor currents
and stator field
• Stator voltage equation: Vs  Rs I s  j2πf Lls I s  E1
• Rotor voltage equation:
sEr  Rr I r  js2πf Llr I r

Er   Rr  I  j 2πf L I
 r
 s 
lr r

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 Induction Motor – Concept
• E1 and Er related by turns ratio aeff
Lls Is Llr Ir
Rs
+ + +

Vs Lm E1 Er Rr/s
Im
– – –

• Rotor parameters can be referred to the stator side :

E1  aeff Er I r'  I r
aeff
Rr'  aeff
2
Rr L'r  aeff
2
Lr

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 Induction Motor –
Per Phase Equivalent Circuit
Is Lls Llr’ Ir ’
Rs

+ +
Lm Rr’/s
Vs E1
Im
– –

• Rs – stator winding resistance

• Rr’ – referred rotor winding resistance
• Lls – stator leakage inductance
• Llr’ – referred rotor leakage inductance
• Lm – mutual inductance
• Ir’ – referred rotor current
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 Induction Motor – Power Flow
Airgap Converted
Power Mechanical
Power Pconv
Pag Power
Rr' P  3I ' 2 R '  1  s  Pout  TLm
'2
Electrical Pag  3I r conv r r
Power s  s 
Pin 
3VT I L cos

Rotational losses Prot

Rotor (Friction and windage, core and Note:
Stator Copper stray losses)
Copper Loss (RCL) Pconv  1  s Pag
Loss (SCL)
'2
P
PSCL  3I Rs RCL
2  3I Rr
'
r
PRCL  sPag
s
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Induction Motor – Torque Equation
• Motor induced torque is related to converted power by:
Pconv
Te 
m (5)

• Since Pconv  1  s Pag and r  1  s s , hence

'2
Pag3I Rr'
Te   r
(6)
s ss
• Substituting for Ir’ from the equivalent circuit:
2
3Rr' Vs
Te 
ss  Rr' 
2
 (7)
 Rs     X ls  X lr  
2

 s  
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 Induction Motor –
T- Characteristic
• T-
characteristic
of IM during
generating,
motoring and
braking

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 Induction Motor –
T- Characteristic
 Maximum torque or pullout
Te torque occurs when slip is:
Pull out
Torque
Rr' (8)
(Tmax) smax  
Rs   X ls  X lr 
2 2

Trated  The pullout torque can be

calculated using:
r
0 smax rated 3 Vs
2
s Tmax 
s 2s  R  R 2   X  X 2 
1 0  s s ls
(9) 
lr

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 Induction Motor –
T- Characteristic
Linear region of operation
(small s)
Te
 Te  s
Pull out
Torque  High efficiency
(Tmax)
 Pout = Pconv – Prot
 Pconv = (1- s )Pag
Trated
 Stable motor operation

s
0 smax rated r
s
1 0
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 Induction Motor –
NEMA Classification of IM
 NEMA = National Electrical
Manufacturers Association
 Classification based on T-
 characteristics
 Class A & B – general
purpose
 Class C – higher Tstart (eg:
driving compressor
pumps)
s
 Class D – provide high Tstart
and wide stable speed
range but low efficiency

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 Induction Motor – Starting
• Small motors can be started ‘direct-on-line’
• Large motors require assisted starting
• Starting arrangement chosen based on:
– Load requirements
– Nature of supply (weak or stiff)
• Some features of starting mechanism:
– Motor Tstart must overcome friction, load torque and inertia of motor-
load system within a prescribed time limit
– Istart magnitude ( 5-7 times I rated) must not cause
• machine overheating
• Dip in source voltage beyond permissible value

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 Induction Motor – Starting
• Methods for starting:
– Stat-delta starter
– Autotransformer starter
– Reactor starter
– Soft Start

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 Induction Motor – Starting

• Star-delta starter
– Special switch used
– Starting: connect as ‘star’ (Y)
• Stator voltages and currents
reduced by 1/√3
• Te  VT2  Te reduced by 1/3
– When reach steady state speed
• Operate with ‘delta’ ( )
connection
– Switch controlled manually or
automatically

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 Induction Motor – Starting

• Autotransformer starter
– Controlled using time relays
– Autotransformer turns ratio aT
• Stator voltages and currents
reduced by aT
• Te  VT2  Te reduced by aT2
– Starting: contacts 1 & 2 closed
– After preset time (full speed
reached):
• Contact 2 opened
• Contact 3 closed
• Then open contact 1

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 Induction Motor – Starting

• Reactor starter
– Series impedance (reactor)
added between power line
and motor
– Limits starting current
– When full speed reached,
reactors shorted out in stages

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 Induction Motor – Starting

• Soft Start
– For applications which require
stepless control of Tstart
– Semiconductor power switches
(e.g. thyristor voltage controller
scheme) employed
• Part of voltage waveform
applied
• Distorted voltage and current
waveforms (creates
harmonics)
– When full speed reached, motor
connected directly to line
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 Induction Motor – Braking
• Regenerative Braking:
– Motor supplies power back to line
• Provided enough loads connected to line to absorb power
– Normal IM equations can be used, except s is negative
– Only possible for  > s when fed from fixed frequency source
• Plugging:
– Occurs when phase sequence of supply voltage reversed
• by interchanging any two supply leads
– Magnetic field rotation reverses  s > 1
– Developed torque tries to rotate motor in opposite direction
– If only stopping is required, disconnect motor from line when  = 0
– Can cause thermal damage to motor (large power dissipation in rotor)

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 Induction Motor – Braking

• Dynamic Braking:
– Step-down transformer and
rectifier provides dc supply
– Normal: contacts 1 closed, 2 & 3
opened
– During braking: Contacts 1
opened, contacts 2 & 3 closed
– Two motor phases connected to
dc supply - produces stationary
field
– Rotor voltages induced
– Energy dissipated in rotor
resistance – dynamic braking

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 References
• Chapman, S. J., Electric Machinery Fundamentals, McGraw
Hill, New York, 2005.
• Rashid, M.H, Power Electronics: Circuit, Devices and
Applictions, 3rd ed., Pearson, New-Jersey, 2004.
• Trzynadlowski, Andrzej M. , Control of Induction Motors,
Academic Press, 2001.
• Nik Idris, N. R., Short Course Notes on Electrical Drives,
UNITEN/UTM, 2008.
• Ahmad Azli, N., Short Course Notes on Electrical Drives,
UNITEN/UTM, 2008.

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