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Disadvantage: … J (r)
A (r ) 0 d
4 r
11 12
Retarded Potentials V (r, t )
Retarded Potentials
Satisfy the Inhomogeneous Wave Equations
In the nonstatic case, it is not the status of the source right Show that the retarded scalar potentials satisfy the
now that matters, but rather its condition at some earlier time inhomogeneous wave equations.
tr when the “message” left. 1 (r, tr ) 2V 1
d V 0 0 2
2
r V (r , t )
tr t (called the retarded time) 4 0 r t 0
c
Sol: 1 (r, tr ) 1 r ( ) (r )
Retarded potentials:
1 (r, tr )
V
4 0 r d
4 0 r2
d
V (r , t )
4 0 r
d Argument: The light we see now
left each star at the retarded time f gf f g
J (r, tr ) corresponding to that star’s Using quotient rule:
A (r , t ) 0 d distance from the earth. g g2
4 r
1
(r, tr ) tr r r rˆ
This heuristic argument sounds reasonable, but is it tr c
1 1
correct? Yes, we will prove it soon. 1 rˆ rˆ tr r r, ˆ
V [
4 0 cr r
2 ]d c c
13 if r is independet of tr . 14
tr c c c c t 0
rˆ 1 rˆ
2 and 2 4 3 (r )
r r r
rˆ rˆ 1 1 1 2V (r , t )
[ 2 ] [ 2 ] [ 2 4 3 (r )] V 2 2
2
cr r c cr r r c c t 0
1 3
2 4 (r )
c r 15 16
Retarded Potentials A(r, t )
The Principle of Causality
Satisfy the Inhomogeneous Wave Equations
Show that the retarded vector potentials satisfy the This proof applies equally well to the advanced potentials.
inhomogeneous wave equations . Advanced potentials:
0 J (r, tr ) 2A (r, ta ) 2V 1
1 2V 0 0
4 r
A (r , t ) d 2
A 0 J
4 0 r
0 0
t 2 V (r, t ) d t 2
0
J (r, ta ) A
2
Sol: A(r, t ) 0 d 2 A 0 0 2 0 J
4 r t
J (r, tr ) r ( J ) J (r ) r- r
tr t r- r
r r2 c ta t
c
A g ( A) A (g ) The advanced potentials violate the most sacred tenet in
Using quotient rule:
g g2 all physics: the principle of causality.
Also see Prob. 10.8… Show that the retarded potential No direct physical significance.
satisfy the Lorentz gauge condition.
17 18
Example 10.2 I 2
( ct ) s 2
1
0 for t 0 A( s, t ) ( 0 0 zˆ ) dz
An infinite straight wire carries the current I (t ) 4 2
( ct ) s 2
s z2
2
0 J (r, tr ) 0 I (tr )
4 r 4 r
A(r, t ) A( s, t ) d zˆ dz A 0 I 0 c
E zˆ
t 2 (ct ) 2 s 2
For t s/c, the “news” has not yet reached P, and the potential Az ˆ 0 I 0 ct
B A ˆ
is zero. s 2 s ( ct ) s
2 2
19 20
Retarded Fields? 10.2.2 Jefimenko’s Equations
Can we express the electric field and magnetic field using the Retarded potentials:
concept of the retarded potentials? No, but... 1 (r, tr ) J (r, tr )
V (r, t )
4 0 r
d and A(r, t ) 0
4 r d
Retarded potentials: Retarded fields: (wrong)
1 rˆ rˆ
1 (r, tr ) 1 (r, tr ) V [ ]d
V (r, t )
4 0 r
d E(r, t )
4 0 r2
rˆd A 4 0 cr r2
E V
J (r, tr ) J (r, tr ) rˆ t A 0 J (r, t ) t J
A(r, t ) 0
4 r
d B (r , t ) 0
4 r2
d
t
(
tr 4 r r d ) tr 40 r d
How to correct this problem? 1 rˆ rˆ 0 J
E [
4 0 cr r 2
]d
4 r
d
Jefimenko’s equations. 1 rˆ rˆ J
4 0 r 2 cr c 2 r
[ ]d
Suppose there are two such points, with retarded time t1 and The retardation obliges us to evaluate at different times for
t2 : different parts of the configuration.
r1 c(t t1 ) and r2 c(t t2 ) r1 r2 c(t1 t2 )
This means the average velocity of the particle in the The source in motion lead to a distorted picture of the total
direction of r would have to be c. violate special relativity. charge.
q No matter how small the
Only one retarded point contributes to the potentials at any (r, t )d 1 rˆ v / c
r
charge is.
given moment.
To be proved.
25 26
L cos L L L
L L L L L
L c v 1 v cos / c
c v 1 v / c
This effect does not distort the dimensions perpendicular to
L
L Approaching train appears longer. the motion.
1 v / c
The apparent volume of the train is
L
L A train going away from you looks shorter. related to the actual volume by 1 rˆ v / c
1 v / c 27 28
Lienard-Wiechert Potentials Example 10.3
It follows that Find the potentials of a point charge moving with constant
1 (r, tr ) 1 q velocity. Assume the particle passes through the origin at time
V (r , t )
4 0 r
d
4 0 r (1 rˆ v / c)
,
t 0.
(r, tr ) v(tr ) v ( tr ) Sol: The trajectory is: W(t ) vt
A (r , t ) 0
4 r
d 0 (r, tr )d
4 r First compute the retarded time: r W(tr ) r vtr c(t tr )
qv v
0 2 V (r , t ) r 2 2r vtr v 2tr2 c 2 (t 2 2ttr tr2 )
4 r (1 rˆ v / c) c
where (r, tr ) q (r r, tr ). (c 2 v 2 )tr2 2(r v c 2t )tr (c 2t 2 r 2 ) 0
The famous Lienard-Wiechert potentials for a moving point (c 2t r v) (r v c 2t ) 2 (c 2 v 2 )(c 2t 2 r 2 ) Which sign
tr is correct?
charge. 1 q 1 (c 2 v 2 )
V (r, t ) 4 r (1 rˆ v / c )
0
Consider v =0 tr t t 2 (t 2 r 2 / c 2 ) t r / c
A (r , t ) v V (r , t )
We want the minus sign
c2 29 30
Contd.: (c 2t r v) (r v c 2t ) 2 (c 2 v 2 )(c 2t 2 r 2 )
tr 10.3.2 The Fields of a Moving Point Charge
(c 2 v 2 )
r vtr
Using the Lienard-Wiechert potentials we can calculate the
r c(t tr ), and rˆ fields of a moving point charge.
c(t tr )
v r vtr v r v2 1 q v
r r v / c c(t tr ) 1 c ( t t ) ( tr ) V (r , t ) and A(r, t ) 2 V (r, t )
r 4 0 r (1 rˆ v / c) c
c c ( t tr ) c c
1 A
( c 2t r v ) ( c 2 v 2 )tr Find: E V and B A
c t
1
(r v c 2t )2 ( c 2 v 2 )(c 2t 2 r 2 ) (t )
c The separation vector: r r r r W(tr ) and v W r
1 q scalar : fg
V (r r v / c) The product rule:
4 0 (r r v / c) 2
vector : fA
d df dg
r c(t tr ) ctr ( fg ) g f ( fg ) gf fg
See Chap.1 p.23 dx dx dx
( fA) f A f ( A) ( fA) f A f ( A)
(r v ) (r ) v ( v )r r ( v ) v ( r )
#1 #2 #3 #4
scalar : A B
#1 (r ) v (rx ry rz )v vector : A B
x y z
dv tr dv tr dv tr ( A B) A ( B) B ( A ) ( A )B (B ) A
(rx ry rz )
dt x dtr y dtr z ( A B) B ( A) A ( B) 少見
r
a(r tr )
( A B) (B ) A ( A )B A( B) B( A)
acceleration
33 34
(r v ) (r ) v ( v )r r ( v ) v ( r )
#2 ( v )r ( v )r ( v ) W(tr ) v ( v x
vy v z ) W ( tr )
x y z #1 #2 #3 #4
dW tr dW tr dW tr
v (vx vy vz ) v(1 ( v tr )) a(r tr ) v(1 ( v tr )) r a tr v v tr
dtr x dtr y dtr z
v (r a v 2 )tr
vz v y v v v v r 1 1
tr r (r r )1/2
1
#3 r ( v ) r ( )xˆ ( x z ) yˆ ( y x )zˆ 1/2 (r r )
y z z x x y c c c 2c ( r r )
1
1/2 2 r ( r ) (r )r
v t v t v t v t v t v t
=
r ( z r y r )xˆ ( x r z r ) yˆ ( y r x r ) zˆ
tr y tr z tr z tr x tr x tr y 2c ( r r )
r a tr r ( r ) r ( v tr )
where
(r )r (r )(r W(tr )) r v(r tr )
( z Wz ) ( y Wy ) ( x Wx ) 1
( ) ˆ
x ( tr 1/2 r ( v tr ) r v(r tr )
y z z c(r r )
#4 v ( r ) v
( z Wz ) ˆ ( y Wy ) ( x Wx ) ˆ 1 r
)y ( )z r (r v )tr ) tr = W(tr ) is function of tr .
x x y cr cr r v
v v tr P.14, tr
1 1
r rˆ because r is independet of tr .
35 c c 36
1 qc Curl of the Vector Potential
V 3 (rc r v ) v (c v r a)r
2 2
4 0 (rc r v )
1 1
A 2
(Vv ) 2 V ( v ) v V
c c
Similar calculations 1 q r
3 r (c v ) v (r a) v (r u)a
2 2
c 4 0 (r u)
(rc r v )( v r a / c)
A 1 qc r 2 1 q r 1
3 r ( c v )u r ( u a) rˆ E
2 2
t 4 0 (rc r v )3 (c v r a) v
2
c 4 0 (r u) c
c
where r v r u.
A q r
E V 3 ( c v )u r (u a)
2 2
t 4 0 (r u)
1 The magnetic field of a point charge is always
B rˆ E perpendicular to the electric field, and to the
where u crˆ v c
vector from the retarded point.
37 38
q 1 v2 / c2 Rˆ
E , where R r vt
4 0 (1 v 2 sin 2 / c 2 )3/2 R 2
39 40
Fields of a Moving Point Charge Homework of Chap.10
q 1 v2 / c2 Rˆ
E ,
4 0 (1 v 2 sin 2 / c 2 )3/2 R 2
where R r vt
Obtain the same result by using the
Lorentz transformation. Chap.12
Problem 10.16 Show that the scalar potential of a point charge moving
with constant velocity Eq. 10.49 can be written more simply as?
1 q
V (r , t ) , 10.51
1 1 4 0 R 1 v 2 sin 2 / c 2
B (rˆ E) 2 ( v E) where R r vt is the vector from the present ! position of the particle
c c to thefield point r, and is the angle between R and v.
Note that for nonrelativistic velocities (v 2 c 2 ),
1 q
V r, t
41
4 0 R 42
Homework of Chap.10
43