2.

Electric Potential and Capacitance

2-1. Potential Difference and Electric Potential
Change in Potential Energy
  B B  
U  U B  U A   A F  ds  q0 A E  ds

(Electric) Potential : Potential energy per unit charge

UB UA B  
V  VB  VA     A E  ds
q0 q 0 Unit : V

1V  1 J C
1eV  1.6  10 19 C  V  1.6  10 19 J

• Point Charge

q • •
rB rA
  B B q
V  VB  VA   A E  ds  ke A 2 r̂  r̂dr
r
q q
 ke  ke
rB rA
If rA  , q q
VB  k e ,VA  k e 0
rB rA
q
 
V r  ke ( Scalar Quantity )
r
2-2. Potential Differences in A Uniform Electric Field

E  
B  
 VAB   A E  ds  d  E  lE
B
d C    
VAC   A E  ds  l  E  lE
A  C
l
Equipotential Surfaces

• Electric Field
 -   q A
 (III)
 C   E  dA  2 AE  inc 
(I) + (II) 0 0
+  
+  E 
A + A  2 0
+ 
+    qinc  A
C+ C  C   E  dA  2 AE    
+  –
0 0
d

E 
2 0
(I) (II) (III)
     
E   x̂  E  x̂ E  x̂
2 0 2 0 2 0
     
E   x̂  E   x̂  E  x̂
2 0 2 0 2 0
         
E  E  E  0 E  E  E  x̂ E  E  E  0
0
E Potential Difference

 
d
0
V  Vd  V0   0 E  ds
d 
 d  E  
x
0
0 d

For a point charge q0

 - K  12 mv 2  0 at x = 0
+ 
+  E  K0  U 0  Kd  U d
+ 
q0 
+  K d  K 0  U 0  U d  q0 V0  Vd   d
+  0
+ 
q0 
2
+ q0  K d  mv 
1
2 d
v=0 0

• Point Charge
q
Ve  ke ( Scalar Quantity )
r

• Multi-Point Charge ; q1, q2, q3, q4, ····

qi
Ve  ke  ( Scalar Sum )
i ri
2-3. Obtaining E-field from the Electric Potential
f  
V f  V0   0 E  ds
 
dV   E  ds
 dV   V V V 
E     V    x̂  ŷ  ẑ 
ds  x y z 
If the E-field has only one component, Ex,
 dV
E  E x x̂   x̂
dx
If the charge distribution has spherical symmetry, the E-field is
radial, Er,  dV
E  Er r̂   r̂
dr
• Equipotential Surface ; perpendicular to field lines

 
E  E x x̂ E  Er r̂

Equipotential Surface
for a electric dipole
Example 20.4 Electric Potential of a dipole

2a •
P
-q +q

qi  q q  2k e qa
V  ke   ke    2 2
ri  xa xa x a
dV 2k qa  2 x
Ex    ke e
dx 
x2  a2
2

If x >> a ,
2k e qa dV 4ke qa
V , Ex   
x2 dx x3

2-4. E-potential due to Continuous Charge distributions

dq
dV  k e
r
dq
 V  ke 
r
Example 2-5 Potential Due to a Uniformly Charged Ring

dq dq
V  ke   ke 
r x2  a2
keQ

x2  a2

 dV d 2  1 2  2 x 
E x̂   keQ 
x a 2 1 2

  keQ x̂
dx dx 2
x a 2 32

 k eQx
E x̂ Same result as before
2

x a 2 32

Example 2-6 Potential of a Uniformly Charged Sphere
Q
E  ke for r  R
r2
Q
E  ke 2 r for r  R
R
Q Q
V r     k e 2 dr  k e
r
for r  R
r r
Q
V r   V R    R ke 2 rdr for r  R
r

R
Q
R
1 Q 2
V r   k e   ke 2 r  R 2
2 R
 
k eQ  r2 
V r    3  2  for r  R
2R  R 
2-5. Electric Potential of a Charged Conductor
Q • Entire Charges are on the Surface

 Q
E  ke 2 r̂ r  R 
r
0 r  R 
r    
V (r )    E  ds   E  dr
 r

Q
 ke r  R 
r
0
r   R    
V (r )    E  ds   E  dr   E  dr
 r R

Q
 ke r  R 
R

• A Cavity within a Conductor


B E 0 inside of the cavity

Charges move freely  VA  VB

A  
B
VB  VA   A E  ds  0 ( Always )

 E 0
2-6. Capacitance
Capacitor : consists tow conductors, which are charged oppositely.

-Q Opposite Charges.
+Q
V

Capacitance : Capacitor 의 용량 , C

Q
C Unit : farad (F)
V
V Q 1F  1C V

• Spherical Conductor
Assume another conductor at .

Q Q
V  ke
R
Q R
C   4 0 R
V ke

CR
• Parallel Plate Conductor

 Q A Q
E  
0 0 0 A

Q
V  d
0 A

Q 0 A
C   A, 1 d
V d

• Cylindrical Capacitor
  d
 c   E  dA  2r  d  E 
0
 1 
E rˆ
2 0 r
a 1 
b
V   b E  dr  a dr
2 0 r
 b Q l b
 ln   ln 
Q 20  a  20  a 

l
Q 2 0l
C 
V lnb / a 
C 2 0 1
 
l lnb / a  2ke ln b / a 
2-7. Combination of Capacitors

Capacitor

 +
Battery

Switch

• Parallel Combination

C1V  Q1 C2V  Q2

Q  Q1  Q2  C1  C2 V

Ceq  C1  C2
C eq  C1  C2  C3  
• Series Combination

Q1  C1V1
Q2 C 2V2 Q1  Q2

Q Q
V1  V2 
C1 C2
 1 1  Q
V  V1  V2  Q   
 C1 C2  Ceq
1 1 1
 
Ceq C1 C2

 1 1 1 1 
     
C 
 eq C1 C2 C3 
 2-8. Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor
+  Q  CV  dQ  CdV
+ 
+ 
+  Work
+  dW  VdQ  CVdV
2
+  1 Q
+  W   CVdV  CV 2 
2 2C
dQ  CdV

dV dQ dW  VdQ
Q
V 1 2 Q2
W   CV dV  CV 
2 2C
C
2
Electrostatic Energy : U  Q
 12 QV  12 CV 2
2C
Parallel Plate with Area A  A
C 0
d
1 0 A 2 1 0 A
U V  d  E 2
2 d 2 d
1
U   0 dE 2 A
2
Energy Density : U U 1
  u  0 E 2
(Energy per unit Volume) Vol A  d 2
* Energy density of any electrostatic field
u  12  0 E 2
Example 20.10 Rewiring Two Charged Capacitors

Q1 = C1V1
Q  Q1  Q2
+ 
Ceq  C1  C2

 +
Q Q1  Q2
Q2 = C2V2 V  
C1  C2 C1  C2
C1V1  C2V2

C1  C2

C1  C2
If V1  V2  V0  V  V0
C1  C2

1 1 1
U i  C1 (V0 )  C2 (V0 )  (C1  C2 )(V0 ) 2
2 2

2 2 2
1 2 1 ( C1  C2 )2
U f  ( C1  C2 )( V )  ( V0 )2
2 2 C1  C2

2
U f   C1  C2 
     
 Ui   C1  C2 
2-9. Capacitors with Dielectrics
A   Q0
C0   0 E 
d 0 0 A
Q
V0  d
0 A
1 2 Q02
U 0  C0 (V0 ) 
2 2C0
Dielectric Materials
+ + + + + 
+ 
+ + + + + 
+ + + + + 
+ 
+ + + + 
+
+ + + + + 
+ Q0 Q0
Q0
Qeff  Q0  q 

 1

Qeff1 Q0 E 1 1  V 
2
Ed    0 U  Cd ( Vd )2  kC0  0 
0 A k 0 A k 2 2  k 
V0 1 Q0 d 1 1 U
Vd    C0 ( V )2  0
k k 0 A 2 k k
Q0 k A
Cd   0  kC 0 Increase of Capacitance
Vd d
 • Table 20.1 Dielectric Constant and Dielectric Strength
Materials Dielectric Constant  Dielectric Strength (V/m)

Vacuum 1.00000 ----

Air (dry) 1.00059 3  106
Bakelite 4.9 24  106
Fused quartz 3.78 8  106
Pyrex glass 5.6 14  106
Polystyrene 2.56 24  106
Teflon 2.1 60  106
Neoprene rubber 6.7 12  106
Nylon 3.4 14  106
Paper 3.7 16  106
Strontium titanate 233 8  106
Water 80 ----
Silicone Oil 2.5 15  106

Example
I II III  Q
I; E 
+ +  0 0 A
+ + 
+  Qeff 1 Q
+ 
+  II ; E 
+ +  0 A K 0 A
+ 
+  Q
+ Q0 l Q0 III ; E 
0 0 A
d
Q 1 Q
Vd  ( d l ) l
V0 0 A K 0 A
Vd Q Ql  1
 d  1  
0 A 0 A  K 
0 A
C
x d l  l
K