Tutorial 9: Fault Analysis

9.1 The one-line diagram for a power system is given in the following figure. The
parameters of the generators and transformers are given as:
G1 and G2: 100MVA, 20kV, X 1  X 2  20%, X 0  6% and X N =5%.
Transformers T1 and T2: 100MVA, 20 / 345Y kV and X=10%
Line (on bases 100MVA, 345kV): X 1  X 2  10%, X 0  25% .
A bolted single line-to-ground fault occurs on phase a at bus 2. Vf=100 .

Transmission Line
jX N

a) Draw the sequence networks.

b) Calculate the per unit sequence and phase currents at the fault point;
c) Determine the per-unit phase currents flowing from Y side of T1 to fault point;
d) Determine the per-unit current flowing out of phase b of G1.
Solution:
a) Sequence networks: Z(1) , (0)
th  Z th  j 0.3 / / j 0.4  j 0.1714 Z th  j 0.35 / / j 0.1  j 0.0778
(2)

1 2 3 4
j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1
j 0.2 j 0.20 j 0.2 j 0.20
+ +
100 100
- -
(a) Positive-sequence network

j 0.1 j 0.25 j 0.1

j 0.06 j 0.06

j 0.15

1
 The Thevenin equivalent circuits as viewed from bus 2:
j 0.1714 I (1)
fa
j 0.1714 I(2)
fa
j 0.0778 I (0)
fa

100 V2f(1) V2f(2) V2f(0)

b) Sequence networks connection: j 0.0778 I(0)

fa

The per unit sequence currents at the V2f(0)

fault point:
Vf
I (fa2 )  I fa  I fa   j 0.1714 I(1)
1 0 fa

Z th( 0 )  Z th(1)  Z th( 2 )

100 V2f(1)
 2.3776  90 o

The per unit fault current at phase a: j 0.1714 I(2)

fa

Ifa  I(1)
fa  Ifa  Ifa
(2) (0)

V2f(2)
 3  2.3776  90 =7.1328  90 pu0 0

c) The sequence currents from Y side of T1 to fault Bus 2:

j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1

j 0.2 j 0.20
I(1)
fa

100 100

Superposition
j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1 (1) j 0.1 j 0.1
Ia12
j 0.2 j 0.20 j 0.2
j 0.20
(1)
I fa
10 0
100

The per unit positive sequence current flowing from T1 to fault bus 2:
j 0.1  j 0.1  j 0.2
a12 
I(1)  2.3776  900 =1.3586  900 pu
( j 0.1  j 0.1  j 0.2)  ( j 0.1  j 0.2)

2
 j 0.1 (2) j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.25 j 0.1
Ia12 I(0)
j 0.06 a12
j 0.06
j 0.2 I (0)
j 0.20 fa

I (2)
fa
j 0.15

The per unit negative sequence current flowing from T1 to fault bus 2:
j 0.1  j 0.1  j 0.2
a12 
I(2)  2.3776  900 =1.3586  900 pu
( j 0.1  j 0.1  j 0.2)  ( j 0.1  j 0.2)

The per unit zero sequence current flowing from T1 to fault bus 2:
j 0.25  j 0.1
a12 
I(0)  2.3776  900 =1.8492  900 pu
( j 0.25  j 0.1)  j 0.1

The per unit fault currents flowing from T1 to fault Bus 2:

 Ia12  1 1 1   I(0) a12  1.8492  900   4.5664  900 
    (1)     
 I b12   1 a
2
a   I a12    A  1.3586  900    0.4906  900  pu

 Ic12  1 a a 2   Ia12
(2)
 1.3586  900   0.4906  900 
      

d) The per unit sequence currents of phase-a out of G1:

a,G1  0
I(0)

a,G1  I a12  1  30  1.3586( 90  30 )  1.3586  120

I(1) (1) 0 0 0 0

a,G1  I a12  130  1.3586( 90  30 )  1.3586  60

I(2) (2) 0 0 0 0

The per unit fault current out of Phase b of G1:

a,G1 +a I a,G1  aI a,G1  1.3586120  1.358660
I b,G1 =I(0) 2 (1) (2) 0 0

 2.3532900 pu

3
9.2 A bolted double line-to-ground fault between phase b and c occurs at
bus 2 in the power system shown in question 9.1.
a) Calculate the per unit sequence currents at the fault point;
b) Calculate the per unit phase voltages at bus 3.
Solution:
a) Sequence currents at the fault location:
j 0.1714 I(1)
fa
j 0.1714 I(2)
fa
j 0.0778 I(0)
fa

1.000 V2f(1) V2f(2) V2f(0)

Vf 1 Z(0)
I = (1) (2) (0)   j 4.4462 Ifa =-Ifa (0) th (2) =j1.3881
(1)
fa
(2)

Zth +Zth //Zth , Zth +Zth

(0) 1Z(2)
I =-Ifa (0) th (2) =j3.0581
fa
Zth +Z th
b) The phase-to-ground voltages at bus 3:

j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1

I(1)
a23
j 0.2 j 0.20
I (1)
10 0 fa
100

The positive sequence current flowing from bus 2 to bus 3:

j 0.1  j 0.2
I(1)
a23      j 4.4462  =j1.9055pu
( j 0.1  j 0.1  j 0.2)  ( j 0.1  j 0.2)
The positive sequence voltages at bus 3:

V3(1) =1.000  ( j 0.1  j 0.2)  I(1)

a23  1.00  j 0.3  j1.9055  0.4284 pu
0

4
 j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1
I(2)
a23
j 0.2 j 0.20
I(2)
fa

The negative sequence current flowing from bus 2 to bus 3:

j 0.1  j 0.2
I (2)
a23    j1.3881=  j 0.5949pu
( j 0.1  j 0.1  j 0.2)  ( j 0.1  j 0.2)

The negative sequence voltages at bus 3:

a23  j 0.3    j 0.5949   0.1785 pu
V3(2) = (j 0.1  j 0.2)  I (2)

j 0.1 I (0) j 0.25 j 0.1

a23
j 0.06 j 0.06
I(0)
j 0.15 fa

The zero sequence current flowing from bus 2 to bus 3:

j 0.1
a23  
I (0)  j 3.0581=  j 0.6796pu
( j 0.25  j 0.1)  j 0.1

The zero sequence voltages at bus 3:

V3(0) =j 0.1    j 0.6796   0.0680 pu

The phase voltages at bus 3:

 V3a  1 1 1   V3(0)   0.6749 
     V (1)   0.3198  137.40  p.u.
V
    1 a 2
a
3b
  3(2)   
 V3c  1 a a   V3   0.3198137.4 
2 0

5
9.3 A double line fault between phase b and c with the fault impedance
Xf=0.1pu occurs at bus 1 in the power system shown in question 9.1.
a) Calculate the per unit sequence currents through transmission line.
(Students: calculate phase currents from the sequence currents)
b) Calculate the sequence voltages at bus 3. (Students: calculate phase
voltages from the sequence voltages)

Solution:

j 0.1
j 0.1
j 0.1 j 0.1
j 0.20 j 0.1 j 0.1
j 0.2
j 0.2 j 0.20
100 100

Thevenin positive and negative, equivalent impedances viewed from

th  Z th  j 0.2 / / j 0.5  j 014286
bus 1: Z(2) (1)

(2)
j 0.1429 I (1)
fa
j 0.1 Ifa j 0.1429
Sequence currents:
  Vf (1)
I (1)
2
fa   I fa    j 2.592 1.000V1a V1a(2)
Z th(1)  Z th(2)  Z f

6
 a) The phase current through transmission line:

j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1

I(1) I(2)
a12
j 0.2
a12
j 0.20 j 0.2 j 0.20
I(1) I(2)
fa
10 0 fa
100

Sequence currents from bus 1 to ∆ side of T1:

(1) j 0.2
Ia12      j 2.592  =j 0.741pu
( j 0.1  j 0.1  j 0.2)  ( j 0.1  j 0.2)
(2) j 0.2
Ia12     j 2.592  =-j 0.741pu
( j 0.1  j 0.1  j 0.2)  ( j 0.1  j 0.2)
a12  0
I (0)

Sequence currents from bus 2 to 3 (Y side of T1):

(1) (1)
Ia23  Ia1230 =0.741120 pu=-0.3705+j0.6417pu
o o

(2) (2)
Ia23  Ia12  30 =0.741  120 pu=-0.3705-j0.6417pu
o o

a23  0
I(0)

Phase currents through line:

 Ia23  1 1 1   Ia23 (0)
 ? 
     I(1)   ? p.u.
I
 b23    1 a 2
a
  a23   
 Ic23  1 a a   Ia23
2 (2)
 ? 

7
 b) The phase voltages at bus 3

j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1 j 0.1

I(1) I(2)
a12
j 0.2
a12
j 0.20 j 0.2 j 0.20
V (1) V3(2)
I(1) 3
I(2)
fa
10 0 fa
100

The sequence voltages at bus 3 without considering current phase shift:

V3(1) =1.000  ( j 0.1  j 0.2)  Ia12
(1)
 ? pu
V3(2) =( j 0.1  j 0.2)  I (2)
a12  ? pu

V3(0) =0 pu

The phase voltages at bus 3 after considering phase shift (bus 3 is on Y

side of T1):

 V3a  1 1 1  V3(0)  ?

    
 V3b   1 a
2
a   V3(1) 30o   ? p.u.
  
 V3c  1 a  
a   V3   30  ?
2 (2) o