Scribd
Upload
298 views14 pages

Directional Relay Applications Guide

A directional relay uses voltage and current inputs to determine the direction of faults on power lines. It has separate overcurrent and directional elements, with the directional element using a polarizing voltage input. Popular implementations use a 90-degree phase comparison scheme between voltage and current quantities. Improved designs use positive and negative sequence components to determine direction for unbalanced faults. Close-in faults present a challenge for directional elements due to distorted voltage waveforms during the fault.

Uploaded by

avg
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
298 views14 pages

Directional Relay Applications Guide

A directional relay uses voltage and current inputs to determine the direction of faults on power lines. It has separate overcurrent and directional elements, with the directional element using a polarizing voltage input. Popular implementations use a 90-degree phase comparison scheme between voltage and current quantities. Improved designs use positive and negative sequence components to determine direction for unbalanced faults. Close-in faults present a challenge for directional elements due to distorted voltage waveforms during the fault.

Uploaded by

avg
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Directional Relay

A B C
F1 F2

A B

~
Selectivity, security, co-ordination
Applications
Application in distribution and transmission
systems
With overcurrent relay
High speed transmission protection
To supervise distance elements
Form quadrilateral ground distance characteristics
Determine fault direction
Used for earth fault protection when selectivity is
required
Fault current regions for directional comparison

IY

Vp
Ipre

Vp polarizing voltage
Ipre prefault current
Ix, Iy fault currents Ix
It has two units One overcurrent unit
and one directional unit, called
polarizing unit. Polarizing unit
actuated by voltage input
Directional-overcurrent relay connection

C CT

B CT

A CT

1 D 2
OC
VT

Phase A

Phase B

Phase C Breaker Trip


Coil
Popular 90 connected
phase directional element

Phase Operating Polarizing


quantity (Iop) quantity (Vpol)

A IA VBC

B IB VCA

C IC VAB
cont

TA VBC . I A .cos(VBC I A )
TB VCA . I B .cos(VCA I B )
TC VAB . I C .cos(VAB I C )

Torque sign is positive forward fault condition

Torque sign is negative reverse fault condition

Limitations- for unbalanced fault


Improved directional relay

Sequence L-L Fault L-L-G Fault


quantity
V1 Yes Yes
V2 Yes Yes
V0 No Yes
I1 Yes Yes
I2 Yes Yes
I0 No Yes
Both positive and negative sequence components are present for
unbalanced fault
Improved directional relay

positive sequence directional relay

Operating Polarizing
quantity quantity

3I1(1 ZL1) 3V1


Problem-close-in three phase fault
The voltage waveforms
during close-in fault at 0.3s
5
x 10 100
1.5

1
50

0.5

Voltage Voltage 0
(volt) 0 (volt)

-0.5
-50
-1

-1.5 -100
0.24 0.26 0.28 0.3 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.3 0.32 0.34 0.36
Time (sec)
Time (sec)

Voltage waveform of the line during close-in CCVT secondary waveform during
fault close-in fault

i
The current waveforms
during close-in fault at 0.3s
80
60

60
40

40
20

Current(A)
20 0
Current(A)

0 -20

-20 -40

-40 -60

-60 -80
0.24 0.26 0.28 0.3 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.3 0.32 0.34 0.36
Time (sec)
Time (sec)
CT secondary waveform during close-in fault at F1 CT secondary waveform during close-in fault at F2
Notes on close-in fault
In this application it is not possible to use a voltage memory method to decide
the direction because there is no zero-sequence voltage before the fault has
occurred.

Therefore ground directional relay has a sensitive directional measuring and will
give a correct operation if the input voltage is more than 0-5 V.

In systems with low zero-sequence voltage values, the directional measuring


properties of a directional relay may be influenced by harmonics in the voltage.

The relay is provided with a filter for suppression of third harmonics.

You might also like