DIRECTIONAL RELAY-Amended A.S

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Directional Overcurrent Protection Settings 0
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WORK INSTRUCTION 4 1 of 20
REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
Directional EARTH-Fault DEF Relay (PDF of previous research done by Adnan Samarji on earth fault protection)
REF615_20_StdBroch_756818_LRENb (PDF manual of REF615)
RE_615_tech_756887_ENb (PDF manual of REF615)
RE_615_tech_756887_En (PDF manual of REF615)
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Directional Phase Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection NONE

WORK INSTRUCTION NONE 2 of 20
1. PURPOSE AND SCOPE
The Purpose of this document is to provide an insight of the working of Directional Relays
(67/67N) by illustrating the concept of operation for both phase over current and earth fault
current. In addition, ABB REF 615 is taken as an example to demonstrate the required settings to
be provided to achieve the desired outcome.
2. THEORY
The Directional relay operates in zones in which these are defined with the help of both
Polarizing voltage and Characteristic angle. Whenever, fault occurs on the busbars the voltage is
severely reduced while as the fault current which lags by nature, is significantly larger than
normal values. This in turn creates a difficulty for the relay to be able to spot on the fault with
conventional healthy voltage and current values. Thus, a new approach is adopted in being able to
sense the fault current by either positive line to line or zero sequence voltages depending on the
type of fault protection whether over current or earth fault protection.
The following are definitions needed to grasp the working concept of the operation of the
directional relay:
Polarizing Voltage: this is a reference voltage that is used to identify the fault current for a given
protection scheme (over-current or earth fault protection).
Relay Characteristic Angle (RCA): The characteristic angle is the phase angle by which
reference or polarising voltage is adjusted such that the directional relay operates with maximum
sensitivity. Characteristic Angle is also called Directional angle as it decides the direction of
operation of the relay.
Maximum Torque Angle (MTA): It is the angle made by the fault current with respect to
reference or polarizing voltage. This is expected fault angle, and completely predictable. This
angle is different for phase faults and earth faults. It serves as the center of forward zone line or
Maximum Torque Line (MTL).
Zero Torque Line: Perpendicular to MTL, it is the boundary line which separates the plane of
operation between forward and reverse. There will also be a blind spot for the relay as well that
will begin with this boundary line and end with the reverse boundary operation.
Forward Zone: it is 0-90 degrees of either side of the Maximum Torque Line or Centre of
forward zone line for over-current protection whilst for earth-fault protection it is 0-180 degrees.
Reverse Zone: It is the mirror image of the forward zone.

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Directional Over-Current Protection for Phase Faults (67):
The directional phase depends on Quadrature connection to prevent loss of polarising quantity for
phase faults. Since the fault reduces the phase voltage significantly line to line voltage is used as
reference to detect the fault. For example, if a fault occurs on phase A then we should depend on
volage VBC to detect the fault. Thus, creating a 90° phase shift (current leading voltage) between
reference and operating quantities.
Figure 1 Phasor Diagram with Phase A faulted
The angle by which the current applied to the relay must be displaced from the voltage applied to
the relay to produce maximum torque. e.g. If the setting is MTA = +30°, it means that it is
operating on the MTA when the actual current is leading the polarizing voltage by +30°.
Hence, if it is a Quadrature connection I A and VBC, when IA is leading VBC by +30°, therefore IA is
lagging VA by 60°, the system phase angle of IA relative to VA is -60° at center of forward zone or
maximum torque line (IA phasor).
RCA= Angle of Quadrature – Maximum Torque Angle
RCA= 90° – 30° = 60°
The Maximum Torque angle is the expected fault angle and is used to calculate the RCA.
Note: Maximum Torque Angle (MTA) is usually -30° for overhead lines and -45° for
underground cables for phase faults.

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Figure 2 Illustration of Tripping Zones using Phasor Diagram with phase A faulted
It is worth noting that the Centre of forward zone is where the relay is most sensitive.
Following default settings (REF 615) can be noted in general:
Parameter Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
1=non-directional
Directional 2=Forward
2=Forward - - Directional mode
mode
3=Reverse
Characteristic
-179...180 deg 1 60 Relay Characteristic angle
angle
Max forward Maximum phase angle in
0...90 deg 1 80
angle forward direction
Max reverse Maximum phase angle in reverse
0...90 deg 1 80
angle direction
Min forward Minimum phase angle in
0...90 deg 1 80
angle forward direction
Min reverse Minimum phase angle in
0...90 deg 1 80
angle reverse direction
2=Pos. seq. volt.
1=Self pol 5=Cross Reference quantity used to
Pol quantity - -
4=Neg. seq. volt. pol determine fault direction
5=Cross pol

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Directional Current Protection for Earth Faults (67N):

The directional earth fault element depends on sensing the Earth fault’s zero phase sequence of the
polarising voltage. The function uses the residual current components Iocos(φ) or Iosin(φ)
according to the earthing method, where φ is the angle between the residual current and the
reference residual voltage (-Uo) thus having a zero degree shift which is the angle of the zero
sequence serving as reference for our polarising voltage.
In addition, the function can be based on the phase angle criterion with extended operating Sector.
These polarising voltages are defined internally in the relay itself with no need to be set
externally.
If the system is initially unloaded and a fault at phase A is assumed, currents IB and IC=0 whilst IA=3I0.
Note: zero sequence current I0= (IA+IB+IC)/3.
For a single line to ground fault at A there will be severe voltage drop at phase A while the other two
phases remain intact as shown in the phasor diagram below.
Figure 3 Phasor Diagram
The sum of the zero sequence voltage under fault is as follows:
V0= (VA+VB+VC)/3 as in 3V0= VA+VB+VC
From the below phasor diagram the summation will lead to a phase opposition of 1800 with VA in
which the reference phasor or polarising voltage will be taken as -3V0.
Figure 4 Phasor Diagram Summation

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The Maximum Torque angle is the expected fault angle and is used to calculate the RCA in which it
usually varies between 00 to -900 depending on the type of Neutral Earthing employed on the
facility.
Resisted Earth Systems = 0 degrees.
Earthing Transformer with Resistor= – 15 degrees.
Solidly Earthed Distribution System= - 45 degrees.
Solidly Earthed Transmission System= - 65 degrees.
Reactance Earthed Systems = - 90 degrees.
The Relay Characteristic Angle (RCA) is given in relay phase fault protection settings. The range is -
179 degrees to +180 degrees. The relay characteristic angle (RCA) is set to positive if the
operating current lags the polarizing quantity. It is set to negative if it leads the polarizing
quantity.
If we consider a phase fault occurring at angle of -15 degrees ( resistance earthed system ) thus the fault
angle lags voltage by 15 degrees (MTA) . In addition, the Maximum Torque Angle is -15
degrees.
RCA=0 Degrees ( Angle of zero sequence ) – Maximum Torque Angle
RCA- 0 – (-15) = 15 degrees.
It is worth noting that the Centre of forward zone is where the relay is most sensitive.
The Minimum Voltage Setting is set to detect the fall in polarising voltage level so as to obscure the
relay’s visibility in order not to give any directional output hence direction protection will be
inhibited. This is used to prevent mal-operation or spurious tripping of the relay during a fuse
failure/MCB trip.
The Earth Faults uniqueness is that the fault current path also includes a capacitive component where
the fault current leaves at the fault site and returns via all the other connected feeders in the
reverse direction.

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If we would consider an isolated neutral network system:
Figure 5. Earth Fault Situation in an Isolated Unearthed Network
In Figure 1, we see an unearthed network. Since there is no apparent resistive earth path, this implies
that single line to ground faults tend to have low magnitude, but still a hazard to address.
In an ungrounded network, the fault current is only capacitive, which means that directional earth fault
protection must distinguish between the sign of the fault current as in is in reverse or forward
direction. This means that the residual current is mainly capacitive and has -90 degrees phase
shift compared to the residual voltage (-Vo). In addition, the neutral earthing employed in the
facility can be considered reactance earthed which means MTA= 90 degrees.
In isolated networks, there is no intentional connection between the system neutral point and earth. The
only connection is through the line-to-earth capacitances (Ci) of phases and leakage resistances
(Ri).
In this Network, the fault current flows out through the fault site, then returns through the star point of
the upstream transformer.
The current, has no resistive component, so the faulted feeder will see the sum of all the capacitive
currents, and un-faulted feeders will only see a reverse capacitive current proportional to the
feeders’ capacitance.
RCA= 0 Degrees ( Angle of zero sequence ) – Maximum Torque Angle
RCA= 0 -90
RCA=- 90 degrees.
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Figure 6. Operating Zone for DEF on Unearthed Network

The width of the operating sector in the phase angle criteria can be selected with the settings Min
forward angle, Max forward angle, Min reverse angle or Max reverse angle.
ABB REF615 Feeder Protection and Control Standard Configurations:

The REF615 relay supports directional overcurrent, as well as earth fault protection settings according
to the following technical manual provided by the manufacturer ABB.

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Figure 7 ABB REF615 Supported functions with codes and symbols
Under the function F, the ABB REF615 relay can provide both over-current and earth-fault protection
settings as seen in Figure 3.
Figure 8 Function Block Symbol
DPHxPDOC is activated when the current exceeds the set limit and directional criterion is met such
the direction of the current, time being elapsed, and ENA-MULT is true. The protection is used for
one-phase, two-phase or three-phase directional overcurrent and short circuit protection for feeders.
The time characteristics for low stage DPHLPDOC and high stage DPHHPDOC can be selected to be
either definite time (DT) or inverse definite minimum time (IDMT) in which DT works with a
predefined time and resets afterwards whilst IDMT is more current dependent.
The Pol Quantity settings is used to define the polarizing method for directional calculation in which it
can be either positive sequence voltage, negative sequence voltage, Self-polarization ( faulted) voltage,
and cross polarizing (healthy) voltages also known as Cross pol. It is worth noting the user must allow
Non Dir to be true for non-directional operation to be activated and by inputting the Characteristic
angle the direction characteristics are turned on.
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When the fault occurs and the voltage falls below Min operate voltage at a close fault, the fictive
voltage is used to determine the phase angle via built in memory of the relay. This value can be
neglected if the time is exceeding a predefined Voltage Mem time. It is useful when there is a 3 phase
fault in which none of the current voltages can be measured.
The measured phase currents are compared phase-wise with the set Start value in which if the value
exceeds the set Start value as in the minimum level then the set Start value setting is multiplied by the
Start value Mult setting. The start value multiplication is normally done when the inrush detection
function ( INRPHAR) is connected to the ENA-MULT input. The below figure illustrates the concept.
Figure 9 Start value behaviour with ENA-MULTI input activated
Oonce all the above criteriums are met and the phase selection logic detects the phase or phases of
which the fault is occurring in which the measured current exceeds the settings and phase information
matches the Num of start phases setting, the phase selection logic initiates the timer which in turn
activates the START output.
There are two options to be chosen for time characteristics either DT or IDMT. When the operation
reaches value of Operate delay time, the OPERATE output is activated. When IDMT is selected, the
operation time depends on the parameters of Curve parameter A, B, C, D, and E.
In case a drop-off situation happens as in the fault suddenly disappears before operation delay is
exceeded the reset state is activated and START output is deactivated. For DT a Reset delay time
value must be exceeded. For IDMT there are three options either Immediate, Def time reset, or
Inverse reset. It is worth noting that Inverse option only supports ANSI or user programmable types of
the IDMT operating curves, else an immediate reset will initiate. The setting Time multiplier is used
for scaling the IDMT operate and reset times.
It is worth noting that Minimum operate time that defines the desired operate time for IDMT should
always be taken into consideration, in which operation time of the curve should be at least equal to the
minimum operate time defined.
There is also a blocking mechanism comprised of three options either Freeze timers of which the
operate timers are kept at their prevailing state, Block all of which all functions are blocked and the
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timers are reset, and Block OPERATE in which the function operates normally but the OPERATE
output is not activated.
Directional overcurrent characteristics:
The forward and reverse regions are defined separately. The forward sector is confined by Min
forward angle and Max forward angle settings, whilst the reverse sector is confined with Min
reverse angle and Max reverse angle settings. All of the values should be given in positive degree.
The Max forward angle gives the counterclockwise sector and the Min forward angle gives the
clockwise sector, measured from the Characteristic angle setting.
The Max reverse angle gives the counterclockwise sector and the Min reverse angle gives the
clockwise sector, measured from the Complement Characteristic angle setting as in 180 degree phase
shifted.
Applications of REF 615 relay:
Parallel lines: When lines are in parallel if a fault occurs in one, there is a risk of de-energizing the
whole system connected to the LV side, DPHxPDOC cab detect the direction of the fault in case it
feeds in reverse direction.
Parallel transformers: When a fault occurs, the fault current can also be fed from the LV side up to
the HV side thus DPHxPDOC is used to detect the reverse current fault.
Figure 6 Overcurrent protection of parallel lines using Figure 7 Overcurrent protection of parallel
directional relays operating transformers
Closed ring network topology: This topology is used for critical facilities such as data centers in
which network fault situations are intolerable, thus the power is fed at least from two directions which
implies the direction of current is changed thus achieving selectivity would be impossible without time
delays. Directional relays are a practical solution as illustrated below of which the arrows define the
operating direction of each relay.

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Figure 8 Closed ring network topology where feeding lines are protected
Some useful notes:
For Earth-Fault protection settings considering compensated networks, the phase angle criterion with
extended operating sector is applicable. When the relay characteristic angle RCA is 0 degrees, the
negative quadrant of the operation sector can be extended with the Min forward angle setting the
operation sector can be set between 0 and -180 degrees, so that the total operation sector is from +90 to
-180 degrees. In other words, the sector can be up to 270 degrees wide. This allows the protection
settings to stay the same when the resonance coil is disconnected from between the neutral point and
earth.
Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection Settings Configuration for ABB REF615:
The following refer to the default settings for the REF615:

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Table 1 DPHLPDOC Group settings
Parameter Values(Range) Unit Step Default Description

Start value 0.05...5.00 xIn 0.01 0.05 Start value
Start value Mult 0.8...10.0 0.1 1.0 Multiplier for scaling the start value
Time multiplier 0.05...15.00 0.05 1.00 Time multiplier in IEC/ANSI IDMT
curves
Operate delay time 40...200000 ms 10 40 Operate delay time
Operating curve 1=ANSI Ext. inv. 15=IEC Def. Selection of time delay curve type
type 2=ANSI Very inv. Time
3=ANSI Norm. inv.
4=ANSI Mod. inv.
5=ANSI Def. Time
6=L.T.E. inv.
7=L.T.V. inv.
8=L.T. inv.
9=IEC Norm. inv.
10=IEC Very inv.
11=IEC inv.
12=IEC Ext. inv.
13=IEC S.T. inv.
14=IEC L.T. inv.
15=IEC Def. Time
17=Programmable
18=RI type
19=RD type
Type of reset curve 1=Immediate 1=Immediate Selection of reset curve type
2=Def time reset
3=Inverse reset
Voltage Mem time 0...3000 ms 1 40 Voltage memory time
Directional mode 1=Non-directional 2=Forward Directional mode
2=Forward
3=Reverse
Characteristic angle -179...180 deg 1 60 Characteristic angle
Max forward angle 0...90 deg 1 80 Maximum phase angle in forward
direction
Max reverse angle 0...90 deg 1 80 Maximum phase angle in reverse
direction
Min forward angle 0...90 deg 1 80 Minimum phase angle in forward
direction
Min reverse angle 0...90 deg 1 80 Minimum phase angle in reverse
direction
Pol quantity -2=Pos. seq. volt. 5=Cross pol Reference quantity used to determine
1=Self pol fault direction
4=Neg. seq. volt.
5=Cross pol
Table 2 DPHHPDOC Group settings


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2=Forward
3=Reverse
curves
type 3=ANSI Norm. inv. Time
5=ANSI Def. Time
9=IEC Norm. inv.
10=IEC Very inv.
12=IEC Ext. inv.
15=IEC Def. Time
17=Programmable
2=Def time reset
3=Inverse reset
Operate delay time 40...200000 ms 10 40 Voltage memory time
Characteristic angle -179…180 deg 1 60 Characteristic angle
Max forward angle 0…90 deg 1 80 Maximum phase angle in forward
direction
Max reverse angle 0…90 deg 1 80 Maximum phase angle in reverse
direction
Min forward angle 0…90 deg 1 80 Minimum phase angle in forward
direction
Min reverse angle 0…90 deg 1 80 Minimum phase angle in reverse
direction
Voltage Mem time 0...3000 ms 1 40 Voltage memory time
Pol quantity -2=Pos. seq. volt. 5=Cross pol Reference quantity used to determine
1=Self pol fault direction
4=Neg. seq. volt.
5=Cross pol
Table 3 DEFLPDEF Group settings

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2=Forward
3=Reverse
curves
type 2=ANSI Very inv. Time
3=ANSI Norm. inv.
4=ANSI Mod. inv.
5=ANSI Def. Time
6=L.T.E. inv.
7=L.T.V. inv.
8=L.T. inv.
9=IEC Norm. inv.
10=IEC Very inv.
11=IEC inv.
12=IEC Ext. inv.
13=IEC S.T. inv.
14=IEC L.T. inv.
15=IEC Def. Time
17=Programmable
18=RI type
19=RD type
2=Def time reset
3=Inverse reset
Characteristic angle -179…180 deg 1 -90 Characteristic angle
direction
direction
direction
direction
Voltage start time 0.010...1.000 xUn 0.001 0.010 Voltage start time
Operation mode 1=Phase angle 1=Phase angle Operation criteria
2=IoSin
3=IoCos
4=Phase angle 80
5=Phase angle 88
Enable voltage 0=False 1=True 1=True Enable voltage limit
limit
Table 4 DEFHPDEF Group settings

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2=Forward
3=Reverse
curves
type 3=ANSI Norm. inv. Time
5=ANSI Def. Time
15=IEC Def. Time
17=Programmable
2=Def time reset
3=Inverse reset
Characteristic angle -179…180 deg 1 -90 Characteristic angle
direction
direction
direction
direction
Voltage start time 0.010...1.000 xUn 0.001 0.010 Voltage start time
Operation mode 1=Phase angle 1=Phase angle Operation criteria
2=IoSin
3=IoCos
4=Phase angle 80
5=Phase angle 88
Enable voltage 0=False 1=True 1=True Enable voltage limit
limit
Table 5 DPHLPDOC Non group settings

Operation 1=on 1=on Operation Off / On
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5=off
Num of start phases 1=1 out of 3 1=1 out of 3 Number of phases required for operate
2=2 out of 3 activation
3=3 out of 3
Minimum operate 20...60000 ms 1 20 Minimum operate time for IDMT curves
time
Reset delay time 0...60000 ms 1 20 Reset delay time
Measurement mode 1=RMS 2=DFT Selects used measurement mode
2=DFT
3=Peak-to-Peak
Curve parameter A 0.0086...120.0000 28.2000 Parameter A for customer programmable
curve
Curve parameter B 0.0000...0.7120 0.1217 Parameter B for customer programmable
curve
Curve parameter C 0.02...2.00 2.00 Parameter C for customer programmable
curve
Curve parameter D 0.46...30.00 29.10 Parameter D for customer programmable
curve
Curve parameter E 0.0...1.0 1.0 Parameter E for customer programmable
curve
Allow Non Dir 0=False 0=False Allows prot activation as non-dir when
1=True dir info is invalid
Min operate current 0.01...1.00 xIn 0.01 0.01 Minimum operating current
Min operate 0.01...1.00 xUn 0.01 0.01 Minimum operating voltage
voltage
Table 6 DPHHPDOC Non group settings

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5=off
3=3 out of 3
time
2=DFT
3=Peak-to-Peak
curve
curve
curve
curve
curve
voltage
Table 7 DEFLPDEF Non group settings

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5=off
time
2=DFT
3=Peak-to-Peak
curve
curve
curve
curve
curve
voltage
Correction angle 0.0...10.0 deg 0.1 0.0 Angle correction
Pol reversal 0=False 1=True 0=False Rotate polarizing quantity
Io signal Sel 1=Measured Io 1=Measured Selection for used Io signal
2=Calculated Io Io
Uo signal Sel 1=Measured Uo 1=Measured Selection for used Uo signal
2=Calculated Uo Uo
Pol quantity 3=Zero seq. volt. 3=Zero seq. Reference quantity used to determine
4=Neg. seq. volt. volt fault direction
Table 8 DEFHPDEF Non group settings

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5=off
3=3 out of 3
time
2=DFT
3=Peak-to-Peak
curve
curve
curve
curve
curve
voltage
Correction angle 0.0...10.0 deg 0.1 0.0 Angle correction
Pol reversal 0=False 1=True 0=False Rotate polarizing quantity
Io signal Sel 1=Measured Io 1=Measured Selection for used Io signal
2=Calculated Io Io
Uo signal Sel 1=Measured Uo 1=Measured Selection for used Uo signal
2=Calculated Uo Uo
Pol quantity 3=Zero seq. volt. 3=Zero seq. Reference quantity used to determine
4=Neg. seq. volt. volt fault direction

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Premium Power Quality Documentation System DOCUMENT NUMBER

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1. PURPOSE AND SCOPE

Reverse Zone: It is the mirror image of the forward zone.

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Directional Over-Current Protection for Phase Faults (67):

Figure 1 Phasor Diagram with Phase A faulted

RCA= Angle of Quadrature – Maximum Torque Angle

RCA= 90° – 30° = 60°

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Following default settings (REF 615) can be noted in general:

Parameter Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description

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Directional Current Protection for Earth Faults (67N):

Note: zero sequence current I0= (IA+IB+IC)/3.

Figure 3 Phasor Diagram

The sum of the zero sequence voltage under fault is as follows:

V0= (VA+VB+VC)/3 as in 3V0= VA+VB+VC

Figure 4 Phasor Diagram Summation

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RCA=0 Degrees ( Angle of zero sequence ) – Maximum Torque Angle

RCA- 0 – (-15) = 15 degrees.

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If we would consider an isolated neutral network system:

Figure 5. Earth Fault Situation in an Isolated Unearthed Network

RCA= 0 Degrees ( Angle of zero sequence ) – Maximum Torque Angle

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Figure 6. Operating Zone for DEF on Unearthed Network

ABB REF615 Feeder Protection and Control Standard Configurations:

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Figure 7 ABB REF615 Supported functions with codes and symbols

Figure 8 Function Block Symbol

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Figure 9 Start value behaviour with ENA-MULTI input activated

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Directional overcurrent characteristics:

Applications of REF 615 relay:

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Some useful notes:

The following refer to the default settings for the REF615:

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Table 1 DPHLPDOC Group settings

Parameter Values(Range) Unit Step Default Description

Table 2 DPHHPDOC Group settings

Parameter Values(Range) Unit Step Default Description

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Directional mode 1=Non-directional 2=Forward Directional mode

Table 3 DEFLPDEF Group settings

Parameter Values(Range) Unit Step Default Description

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Table 4 DEFHPDEF Group settings

Parameter Values(Range) Unit Step Default Description