UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS

We make the following assumptions:

1
Before a fault occurs the
currents Ia, Ib and Ic
are zero.

2
 i0

V0

V1

V2

3
Sequence networks at a general three-phase bus in a balanced system
4
bus 2. Prefault voltage is VF=1.05∠00 per unit. Prefault load current
and Δ-Y transformer phase shift are neglected.
For the positive-sequence equivalent, the Thevenin voltage source is
the prefault voltage VF = 1.050o p.u.

The positive-sequence impedance at bus 2 is the motor impedance

j0.20, in parallel with j(0.15+0.10+0.105+0.10)=j0.455 per unit,

The negative-sequence Thévenin impedance is

j0.21//j(0.10+0.10+0.105+0.10) = j0.21//j0.475 = j0.14562 per unit,

The zero-sequence Thévenin impedance = j(0.10+0.15) = j0.25 per

unit.

5
 Imotor o
2

6
2

7
8
Three-phase short-circuit calculations using
sequence networks
Calculate the per-unit subtransient fault currents in phase a, b and c
for a bolted three-phase-to-ground short circuit at bus 2 in the
previous example .

The positive-sequence fault current is

0
VF 1.050
I1     j 7.558 per  unit
Z1 j 0.13893

9
 =0

The subtransient fault currents in each phase are,

10
 I a"  1 1 1  0  7.558  90 
 0

 "  2     0 
 I b   1 a a   j 7.558   7.558150  p.u.
 I c"  1 a a 2   0   7.55830 0 
 
The sequence components of the line-to-ground voltages at the fault
terminals are :

V0   0   Z 0 0 0 I0 
V   V    0 Z1  
0   I1  
 1  F  
V2   0   0 0 Z 2   I 2 
During a bolted three-phase fault, the sequence fault currents are

I 0  I 2  0 and I1  VF / Z1 11
Therefore the sequence fault voltages are

V0  V1  V2  0
Vag  Vbg  Vcg  0

Ib  Ic  0
Vag  Z F I a
12
 Fault conditions in sequence
domain :

I 0  I1  I 2
V0  V1  V2   3Z F I1
I0  1 1 1 I a  I a 
 I   1 1 a 2   1 
a  0   3 I a  
 1 3 
 I 2  1 a 2 a   0   I a 

13
Also

V0  V1  V2   Z F I 0  I1  I 2 
The sequence components of the fault currents are:

VF
I 0  I1  I 2 
Z 0  Z1  Z 2  3Z F 
3 VF
I a  I 0  I1  I 2  3 I1 
Z 0  Z1  Z 2  3Z F 

I b  I 0  a I1  aI 2   1  a  a I1  0
2 2

I c  I 0  aI1  a I 2   1  a  a I1  0
2 2

14
Calculate the subtransient fault current in per-unit and in kA for a
bolted single line-to-ground short circuit from phase a to ground at
bus 2 in the previous example. Also calculate the per-unit line-to-
ground voltages at faulted bus 2.

ZF  0 The sequence currents are :

0
1.050
I 0  I1  I 2 
j 0.25  0.13893  0.14562
1.05
   j1.96427 per  unit
j 0.53455
I  3 j1.96427   j 5.8928 per  unit
"
a
15
The base current at bus 2 is 100 / (13.8√3) = 4.1837 kA.
Therefore,

I   j 5.89284.1837  24.65  90 kA
"
a
0
16
The sequence components of the voltages at the fault are
V0   0   j 0.25 0 0   j1.96427
V   1.0500    0 j 0.13893 0   j1.96427
 1   
V2   0   0 0 j14562  j1.96427
 0.49107
 
  0.77710  per  unit
  0.28604
The line-to-ground voltages at faulted bus 2 are
Vag  1 1 1   0.49107  0 
   2     0
Vbg   1 a a   0.77710   1.179231.3  p.u.
Vcg  1 a a 2    0.28604 1.179128.7 0  17
 
 Fault conditions in
phase domain
Ia  0
Ic  Ib
V  Vcg   Z F I b
bg
Fault conditions in
sequence domain
I0  0
I 2   I1
V1  V2   Z F I1 18
I0  1 1 1  0   0 
a   I b    3 a  a I b 
 I   1 1 a 2   1  2 
 1 3 
 I 2  1 a 2
a   I b   3 a  a I b 
1 2

19
V
0
2
  2
  2
 a V1  aV2  V0  aV1  a V2  Z F I 0  a I1  aI 2 
I 0  0 and I 2   I1,

a 2
  2
 
 a V1  a  a V2  Z F a  a I1 2

Or
V1  V2  Z F I1
The fault currents are :
VF
I1   I 2  , I0  0
Z1  Z 2  Z F 
20
 2
 2
I b  I 0  a I1  aI 2  a  a I1 
a 2

 a   j 3,
 j 3VF
I b   j 3 I1 
Z1  Z 2  Z F 
I a  I 0  I1  I 2  0
and
2

I c  I 0  aI1  a I 2  a  a I1   I b 2

21
Example

the previous example

22
 0
1.050 0
I1   I 2   3.690  90
j 0.13893  0.14562
I0  0
The subtransient fault current in phase b is
I "
b   j 3  3.690  90   6.391  6.391180
0 0
p.u.

Using 4.1837 kA as the base current at bus 2,

"

I  6.391180
b
0
 4.1837  26.74180 kA 0

" " 0
I 0 a I  26.740 kA
c 23
 Fault condition in
phase domain
Ia  0
Vbg  Vcg  Z F I b  I c 

24
 Fault conditions in sequence domain
I 0  I1  I 2  0
V0  V1  3Z F I 0 V1  V2 25
I 0  I1  I 2  0
V 0  
2
 aV1  a V2  V0  a V1  aV2 2

a 2
 a V  a  a V
2
2
1

or V2  V1
V0
2
  2
 a V1  aV2  Z F I 0  a I1  aI 2  I 0  aI1  a I 22

a 2

 a  1
V0  V1   Z F 2 I 0  I1  I 2 
I 0  I1  I 2 ; V0  V1  3Z F I 0
26
 VF VF
I1  
Z1  Z 2 // Z 0  3Z F   Z 2 Z 0  3Z F  
Z1   
 Z 2  Z 0  3Z F 

 Z 0  3Z F 
I 2   I1  
 Z 0  3Z F  Z 2 
 Z2 
I 0   I1  
 Z 0  3Z F  Z 2 
27
 the previous example.

0 0
1.050 1.050
I1  

j 0.13893 
0.14562 0.25 j 0.23095
 0 . 14562  0. 25 

28
  j 4.5464 per  unit
 0.25 
I 2   j 4.5464    j 2.8730 p.u.
 0.25  0.14562 
 0.14562 
I 0   j 4.5464    j1.6734 p.u.
 0.25  0.14562 

 I a"  1 1 1    j1.6734   0 
 " 
I
 b   1 a 2
a   j 4.5464   6.8983158.660  p.u.
 I c"  1 a a 2   j 2.8730  6.898321.340 
 

29
 I a"   0   0 
 "  0 28.86158.660  kA
I
 b   6 .8983 158 .66  4. 1837    
 I c"   6.898321.340  
 28.86  21 .34 0

 

I n  I  I   3I 0  j 5.0202 per  unit

"
b
"
c

  j 5.0202 4.1837   21.0090 kA 0

30
I line 0  0; I motor 0  I 0  j1.6734 per  unit

" "
E E
g m
"
X
I line1  " m
I1
"

X m  X g  X T1  X line1  X T2
0.20
  j 4.5464   j1.3882 p.u.
0.20  0.455 31
 0.455
I motor1   j 4.5464   j3.1582 p.u.
0.20  0.455

0.21
I line 2   j 2.8730  j 0.8808 p.u.
0.21  0.475
0.475
I motor 2   j 2.8730  j1.9922 p.u.
0.21  0.475
Transforming to the phase domain with base currents of
0.41837 kA for the line and 4.1837 kA for the motor.

32
 I line
"
a
 1 1 1  0 
 "   2   
 I line b   1 a a   j1.3882
 I line
"   a   j 0.8808 
2
 c  1 a
 0.5074  90  0
 0.2123  90  0

 0  0
 1.9813172.643  p.u.  0.8289172.643  kA
 1.98137.357 0   0.82897.357 0 
   
I "
motor a
 1 1 1   j1.6734 
 "   2   
 I motor b 
  1 a a   j 3.1582
I "  1 a 2
a   j1.9922 
 
33
motor c
  0.507490  0
 2.12390  0

 0  0
 4.9986153.17  p.u.  20.91153.17  kA.
 4.998626.830   20.9126.830 
   
The sequence networks with ideal phase-shifting transformer
representing phase shifts.
Iline0 Imotor0

34
Iline1 Imotor1

Iline2
Imotor2

35
  
I line 1   j1.3882 130  1.3882  60 p.u.
0 0

I motor 1   j 3.1582 p.u.

 
I line 2   j 0.8808 1  30  0.880860 p.u.
0 0

I motor 2  j1.9922 p.u.

I "
line a
 1 1 1  0 
 "   2   0
 I line b 
  1 a a  1.3882  60 
I "  1 a 2 0
a   0.880860 
 line c  36
1.2166  21.17 0  0.5090  21.17 0 
 0   0 
 2. 2690180  p.u.   0.9492180  kA.
 1.216621.17 0   0.509021.17 0 
   

37