Symmetrical Components I

An Introduction to Power System Fault

Analysis Using Symmetrical Components

Dave Angell
Idaho Power
21st Annual
Hands-On Relay School
 What Type of Fault?
VA VB VC IA IB IC
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V A

0
-25

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V B

0
-25

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V C

0
-25
2500
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IA

-2500
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 What Type of Fault?
IA IB IC IR
10000

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IA

-10000

10000

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IB

-10000

10000

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IC

-10000

10000

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IR

-10000

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 What Type of Fault?
IA IB IC
10000

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IA

-10000
10000

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IB

-10000
10000

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IC

-10000

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 What Type of Fault?
IA IB IC IR
5000

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IA

-5000
5000

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IB

-5000
5000

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IC

-5000
2500

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IR

-2500

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 What Type of Fault?
IA IB IC IR

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IA

-100

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IB

-100

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IC

-100

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-0
IR

-200

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 What Type of Fault?
IA IB IC IR
200

0
IA

-200
200

0
IB

-200
200

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IC

-200
500

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IR

-500
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 What Type of Fault?
IA IB IC IR
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-250
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IB

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IC

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 Basic Course Topics
 Terminology

 Phasors

 Equations

 FaultAnalysis Examples
 Calculations
Unbalanced Fault
Ia
Ia
Ia

Ib
Ib

Ic
Ic
 Symmetrical Component
Phasors
 Theunbalanced three phase system
can be transformed into three
balanced phasors.
– Positive Sequence
– Negative Sequence
– Zero Sequence
 Positive Phase Sequence (ABC)
Va Vb Vc

1.0

0.5
Magnitude

0.0
0.000 0.017 0.033 0.050

-0.5

-1.0
Time
 Positive Phase Sequence
 Each have the
same magnitude.
Vc1
 Each positive
sequence voltage
or current quantity
is displaced 120° Va1
from one another.
Vb1
 Positive Phase Sequence
 The positive
sequence
quantities have a-
Vc1
b-c, counter clock-
wise, phase
rotation. Va1
Vb1
 Reverse Phase Sequence (ACB)
Va Vb Vc

1.0

0.5
Magnitude

0.0
0.000 0.017 0.033 0.050

-0.5

-1.0
Time
 Negative Phase Sequence
 Each have the
same magnitude.
Vb2
 Each negative
sequence voltage
or current quantity
is displaced 120° Va2
from one another.
Vc2
 Negative Phase Sequence
 The negative
sequence
quantities have a-
Vb2
c-b, counter clock-
wise, phase
rotation. Va2
Vc2
 Zero Phase Sequence
Va Vb Vc

1.0

0.5
Magnitude

0.0
0.000 0.017 0.033 0.050

-0.5

-1.0
Time
 Zero Phase Sequence
 Each zero
sequence quantity
has the same Vc0
magnitude.
Vb0
 All three phasors
with no angular
displacement
Va0
between them, all
in phase.
 Symmetrical Components
Equations
 Each
phase quantity is equal to the
sum of its symmetrical phasors.

 Va = Va0 + Va1 +Va2

 Vb = Vb0 + Vb1 +Vb2
 Vc = Vc0 + Vc1 +Vc2

 Thecommon form of the equations

are written in a-phase terms.
 The a Operator
 Used to shift the a-phase terms to
coincide with the b and c-phase
 Shorthand to indicate 120° rotation.

 Similar to the j operator of 90°.

Va
 Rotation of the a Operator
 120° counter clock-wise rotation.
 A vector multiplied by 1 /120° results in
the same magnitude rotated 120°.
aVa

Va
 Rotation of the a2 Operator
 240° counter clock-wise rotation.
 A vector multiplied by 1 /240° results in
the same magnitude rotated 240°.

Va

a2Va
 B-Phase Zero Sequence
 We replace the
Vb sequence
terms by Va
sequence terms Vc0
shifted by the a Vb0
operator.
Va0
 Vb0 = Va0
 B-Phase Positive Sequence
 We replace the Vb
sequence terms by
Va sequence terms Vc1
shifted by the a
operator
 Vb1 = a2Va1
Va1
Vb1
 B-Phase Negative Sequence
 We replace the Vb
sequence terms by
Va sequence terms Vb2
shifted by the a
operator
 Vb2 = aVa2 Va2
Vc2
 C-Phase Zero Sequence
 We replace the
Vc sequence
terms by Va Vc0
sequence terms
shifted by the a Vb0
operator.
Va0
 Vc0 = Va0
 C-Phase Positive Sequence
 We replace the Vc
sequence terms by
Va sequence terms Vc1
shifted by the a
operator
 Vc1 = aVa1 Va1
Vb1
 C-Phase Negative Sequence
 We replace the
Vc sequence
Vb2
terms by Va
sequence terms
shifted by the a Va2
operator
Vc2
 Vc2 = a2Va2
What have we produced?

 Va = Va0 + Va1 + Va2

 Vb = Va0 + a2Va1 + aVa2

 Vc = Va0 + aVa1 + a2Va2

 Symmetrical Components
Equations
 Analysis
– To find out of the amount of the
components
 Synthesis
– The combining of the component
elements into a single, unified entity
Symmetrical Components
Synthesis Equations

 Va = Va0 + Va1 + Va2

 Vb = Va0 + a2Va1 + aVa2

 Vc = Va0 + aVa1 + a2Va2

Symmetrical Components
Analysis Equations

 Va0 = 1/3 ( Va + Vb + Vc)

 Va1= 1/3 (Va + aVb + a2Vc)

 Va2= 1/3 (Va + a2Vb + aVc)

 Symmetrical Components
Analysis Equations - 1/3 ??
 Where does the 1/3 come from?

 Va1= 1/3 (Va + aVb + a2Vc)

0 0
 Va = Va0 + Va1 + Va2

 When balanced
 Symmetrical Components
Analysis Equations - 1/3 ??
 Va1= 1/3 (Va + aVb + a2Vc)
 Adding the phases

Va
 Symmetrical Components
Analysis Equations - 1/3 ??
 Va1= 1/3 (Va + aVb + Vc
a2Vc) Va
 Adding the phases yields

Vb

Va aVb
 Symmetrical Components
Analysis Equations - 1/3 ??
 Va1= 1/3 (Va + aVb + Vc
a2Vc) Va
 Adding the phases yields
3 Va.
 Divide by the 3 and now
Vb
Va = Va1
Va aVb a2Vc
 Example Vectors
An Unbalanced Voltage
Vc

 Va = 13.4 /0°
 Vb = 59.6 /-
Va 104°
 Vc = 59.6 /104°

Vb
 Analysis Results in These
Sequence Quantities
Vc1
Vc2
Va0 Va2
Vb0 Va1
Vc0
Vb2
Vb1

 Va0 = -5.4 s Va1 = 42.9 s Va2 = -24.1

Synthesize by Summing the
Positive, Negative and …
Vc2

Vc1
Va2
Va1

Vb1

Vb2
Zero Sequences
Vc0
Vc2

Vc1
Va0 Va2
Va1

Vb1

Vb2
Vb0
The Synthesis Equation Results
in the Original Unbalanced
Voltage
Vc0
Vc Vc2

Vc1
Va0 Va2
Va1
Va
Vb1
Vb Vb2
Vb0
 Symmetrical Components
Present During Shunt Faults
 Three phase fault  Phaseto
– Positive ground fault
– Positive
 Phase to phase – Negative
fault – Zero
– Positive
– Negative
 Symmetrical Component
Review of Faults Types
 Let’s
return to the example fault
reports and view the sequence
quantities present
 Three Phase Fault, Right?
VA VB VC IA IB IC
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V A

0
-25

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V B

0
-25

25
V C

0
-25
2500
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IA

-2500
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IB

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-2500

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 A Symmetrical Component View
of an Three-Phase Fault
90

135 45

Component Magnitude Angle

Ia0 7.6 175
Ia1 2790 -64
Ia2 110 75.8
180
V1 0
Va0 0 0
Va1 18.8 0
Va2 0.7 337

225 I1 315

270
 A to Ground Fault, Okay?
IA IB IC IR
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 A Symmetrical Component View
of an A-Phase to Ground Fault
90

135 45

Component Magnitude Angle

Ia0 7340 -79
Ia1 6447 -79
Ia2 6539 -79 V2
180 V0 V1 0
Va0 46 204
Va1 123 0
Va2 79 178

225 315
I1 I0
I2
270
 Single Line to Ground Fault
 Voltage
– Negative and zero sequence 180 out of
phase with positive sequence
 Current
– All sequence are in phase
 A to B Fault, Easy?
IA IB IC
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A Phase Symmetrical Component
View of an A to B Phase Fault
90

135 45

Component Magnitude Angle

Ia0 3 -102
Ia1 5993 -81
Ia2 5961 -16
180
V1 0
Va0 1 45
Va1 99 0 I2
Va2 95 -117
V2

225 315
I1

270
C Phase Symmetrical Component
View of an A to B Phase Fault
90

I2
135 45

Component Magnitude Angle

Ic0 3 138
Ic1 5993 279
Ic2 5961 104 V2 V1
180 0
Vc0 1 -75
Vc1 99 0
Vc2 95 2.5

225 315
I1

270
 Line to Line Fault
 Voltage
– Negative in phase with positive
sequence
 Current
– Negative sequence 180 out of phase
with positive sequence
 B to C to Ground
IA IB IC IR
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 A Symmetrical Component View
of a B to C to Ground Fault
90

135 45
I2
Component Magnitude Angle
Ia0 748 97
I0
Ia1 2925 -75
Ia2 1754 101 V1
Va0 8 351
180 V2 V0 0

Va1 101 0
Va2 18 348

225 315
I1

270
 Line to Line to Ground Fault
 Voltage
– Negative and zero in phase with positive
sequence
 Current
– Negative and zero sequence 180 out of
phase with positive sequence
 Again, What Type of Fault?
IA IB IC IR

100
0
IA

-100

100
0
IB

-100

100
0
IC

-100

200

-0
IR

-200

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 C Symmetrical Component View
of a C-Phase Open Fault
90

135 45

Component Magnitude Angle

Ic0 69 184
Ic1 101 4 V2

Ic2 32 183 I1
180 I0 I2 0
Vc0 0 162 V1
Vc1 79 0
Vc2 5 90

225 315

270
 One Phase Open (Series)
Faults
 Voltage
– No zero sequence voltage
– Negative 90 out of phase with positive
sequence
 Current
– Negative and zero sequence 180 out of
phase with positive sequence
 What About This One?
IA IB IC IR
200

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Ground Fault with Reverse Load
90

135 45

Ic0 164 -22

Ic1 89 -113
Ic2 41 -6
I2 V1
Vc0 4 -123 180 0

Vc1 38 0
V2 V0
Vc2 6 -130 I0

I1

225 315

270
 Finally, The Last One!
IA IB IC IR
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 Fault on Distribution System
with Delta – Wye Transformer
90

135 45

Component Magnitude Angle

Ic0 45 40
V2
Ic1 153 -4 I0
Ic2 132 180 I2
180 I1 0
Vc0 0.5 331 V1
V0
Vc1 40 0
Vc2 0.5 93

225 315

270
 Use of Sequence Quantities in
Relays
 Zero Sequence filters
– Current
– Voltage
 Relay operating quantity
 Relay polarizing quantity
Zero Sequence Current
Ia Ia+Ib+Ic
3I0
Ib
Ic

Direction of the
protected line
Zero Sequence Voltage
(Broken Delta)
Va
3V0

Vb

Vc
Zero Sequence Voltage

3Vo

Vc Va

Vb
Sequence Operating Quantities
 Zero and negative sequence currents
are not present during balanced
conditions.
 Good indicators of unbalanced faults
Sequence Polarizing Quantities
 Polarizingquantities are used to
determine direction.
 The quantities used must provide a
consistent phase relationship.
 Zero Sequence Voltage
Polarizing
 3Vo is out of phase with Va
 -3Vo is used to polarize for ground faults

3Vo

Va

Vb
 Learning Check
 Given three current sources
 How can zero sequence be produced
to test a relay?

 Howcan negative sequence

produced?
 How can zero sequence be
produced to test a relay?
A single source provides positive,
negative and zero sequence
– Note that each sequence quantity will
be 1/3 of the total current
 Connect the three sources in parallel
and set their amplitude and the
phase angle equal to one another
– The sequence quantities will be equal to
each source output
 How can negative sequence
produced?
 A single source provides positive, negative
and zero sequence
– Each sequence quantity will be 1/3 of the total
current
 Set the three source’s amplitude equal to
one another and the phase angles to
produce a reverse phase sequence (Ia at
/0o, Ib at /120o and Ic at /-120o)
– Only negative sequence will be produced
 Advanced Course Topics
 Sequence Networks
 Connection of Networks for Faults

 Per Unit System

 Power System Element Models

 References

 Symmetrical Components for Power

Systems Engineering, J Lewis
Blackburn
 Protective Relaying, J Lewis Blackburn

 Power System Analysis, Stevenson

 Analysis of Faulted Power System, Paul

Anderson
 Conclusion
 Symmetrical components provide:
– balanced analysis of an unbalanced
system.
– a measure of system unbalance
– methods to detect faults
– an ability to distinguish fault direction