How To Perform

Three Phase Fault

Analysis in Power
World Simulator
By Dr. J. A. Laghari

Power System Modelling in PWS

This example is taken
from the book Power System
Analysis by Hadi Sadat.

Chapter 9,
Example 9.1-9.2.
 Example
A three phase fault with a fault impedance Zf = j0.16
per unit occurs at bus 3 in the network given below.
Using the bus impedance
matrix method, compute
(1) the fault current,
(2) the bus voltages and
(3) the line currents
during the fault.
 Solution:
 1. Formation of Impedance Matrix
In this example the bus impedance matrix
is obtained by finding the inverse of the bus
admittance matrix.

Y11 Y12 Y13 


YBus  Y21 Y22 Y23 
Y31 Y32 Y33 
 Solution:
 1. Formation of Impedance Matrix
To form admittance bus matrix, first impedances
are converted into their admittances.
1 1
y12  
z12 0  j 0.8
1 0  j 0.8
y12     j1.25
0  j 0.8 0  j 0.8
1 1 1 0  j 0.4
y13       j 2.5
z13 0  j 0.4 0  j 0.4 0  j 0.4
1 1 1 0  j 0.4
y23       j 2.5
z 23 0  j 0.4 0  j 0.4 0  j 0.4
 Solution:
 1. Formation of Impedance Matrix
The generator & transformers impedances are need to be converted in admittances.
1 1 1 0  j 0.2
y(G T )1       j5
Z (G T )1 j 0.1  j 0.1 0  j 0.2 0  j 0.2
1 1 1 0  j 0.4
y ( G T ) 2       j 2.5
Z ( G T ) 2 j 0.2  j 0.2 0  j 0.4 0  j 0.4

Y11  y12  y13  y(G T )1   j1.25  j 2.5  j 5   j8.5

Y22  y12  y23  y(G T ) 2   j1.25  j 2.5  j 2.5   j 6.25
Y33  y13  y23   j 2.5  j 2.5   j 5.0
 Solution:
 1. Formation of Impedance Matrix
Y12  Y21   y12  ( j1.25)  j1.25
Y13  Y31   y13  ( j 2.5)  j 2.5
Y23  Y32   y23  ( j 2.5)  j 2.5
Now, the bus admittance matrix Using MATLAB inverse function inv,
can be formed as below: the bus impedance matrix is obtained:

 j8.5 j1.25 j 2.5   j 0.16 j 0.08 j 0.12 

YBus   j1.25  j 6.25 j 2.5 
Z Bus   j 0.08 j 0.24 
j 0.16 
 j 2.5 j 2.5  j5   j 0.12 j 0.16 j 0.34
 Solution:
 2. Calculation of Fault Current
For a fault at bus 3 with fault impedance Zf =j0.16
per unit, the fault current is given by:

Vk (0)
Ik (F ) 
Z kk  Z f
V3 (0)
I3 (F ) 
Z 33  Z f
1.0
I3 (F )    j 2.0 p.u
j 0.34  j 0.16
 Solution:
 3. Calculation of Bus Voltages
The bus voltages during the fault are calculated as below:

Vi ( F )  Vi (0)  Z ik  I k ( F )
V1 ( F )  V1 (0)  Z13  I 3 ( F )  1.0  ( j 0.12)  ( j 2.0)  1  0.24  0.76 p.u

V2 ( F )  V2 (0)  Z 23  I 3 ( F )  1.0  ( j 0.16)  ( j 2.0)  1.0  0.32  0.68 p.u

V3 ( F )  V3 (0)  Z 33  I 3 ( F )  1.0  ( j 0.34)  ( j 2.0)  1.0  0.68  0.32 p.u

 Solution:
 3. Calculation of Bus Voltages
Note by J.A.Laghari: It may be noted that according to
theory, the voltage at faulted bus must be zero. However, in the
above, voltage at faulted bus V3 is not zero, but 0.32 p.u. Why?
The answer is that in the example, ground impedance is provided,
therefore, there exists some voltage due to ground impedance. If ground
impedance is zero, then voltage at bus 3 will be zero as proved below.
Vk (0) V3 (0) 1.0
I k (F )  ; I3 (F )     j 2.941 p.u
Z kk  Z f Z 33  Z f j 0.34  0
V3 ( F )  V3 (0)  Z 33  I 3 ( F )  1.0  ( j 0.34)  ( j 2.941)  1.0  1.0  0 p.u
 Solution:
 4. Calculation of Line Currents
The short circuit currents in the lines are: For current, actual impedance
Vi ( F )  V j ( F )
is used denoted by small z as
I ij ( F )  written in the formula.
zij
V1 ( F )  V2 ( F ) 0.76  0.68 0.08
I12 ( F )      j 0.1 p.u
z12 j 0.8 j 0.8
V1 ( F )  V3 ( F ) 0.76  0.32 0.44
I13 ( F )      j1.1 p.u
z13 j 0.4 j 0.4
V2 ( F )  V3 ( F ) 0.68  0.32 0.36
I 23 ( F )      j 0.9 p.u
z 23 j 0.4 j 0.4
 Solution:

 If Fault Occurred at Bus 2:

 Calculation of Fault Current
For a fault at bus 2 with fault impedance Zf =j0.16
per unit, the fault current is given by:
Vk (0)
Ik (F ) 
Z kk  Z f

V2 (0)
I2 (F ) 
Z 22  Z f
1.0 1.0
I2 (F )     j 2.5 p.u
j 0.24  j 0.16 j 0.4
 Solution:

 If Fault Occurred at Bus 2:

 Calculation of Bus Voltages
The bus voltages during the fault are calculated as below:

Vi ( F )  Vi (0)  Z ik  I k ( F )
V1 ( F )  V1 (0)  Z12  I 2 ( F )  1.0  ( j 0.08)  ( j 2.5)  1  0.2  0.8 p.u
V2 ( F )  V2 (0)  Z 22  I 2 ( F )  1.0  ( j 0.24)  ( j 2.5)  1.0  0.6  0.4 p.u
V3 ( F )  V3 (0)  Z 32  I 2 ( F )  1.0  ( j 0.16)  ( j 2.5)  1.0  0.4  0.6 p.u
 Solution:

 If Fault Occurred at Bus 2:

 Calculation of Line Currents
The short circuit currents in the lines are:
Vi ( F )  V j ( F )
I ij ( F ) 
zij
V1 ( F )  V2 ( F ) 0.8  0.4 0.4
I12 ( F )      j 0.5 p.u
z12 j 0.8 j 0.8
V1 ( F )  V3 ( F ) 0.8  0.6 0.2
I13 ( F )      j 0.5 p.u
z13 j 0.4 j 0.4
V3 ( F )  V2 ( F ) 0.6  0.4 0.2
I 32 ( F )      j 0.5 p.u
z32 j 0.4 j 0.4
 Solution:

 If Fault Occurred at Bus 1:

 Calculation of Fault Current
For a fault at bus 1 with fault impedance Zf = j0.16 per unit,
the fault current is given by:
Vk (0)
Ik (F ) 
Z kk  Z f
V1 (0)
I1 ( F ) 
Z11  Z f

1.0 1.0
I1 ( F )     j 3.125 p.u
j 0.16  j 0.16 j 0.32
 Solution:

 If Fault Occurred at Bus 1:

 Calculation of Bus Voltages
The bus voltages during the fault are calculated as below:

Vi ( F )  Vi (0)  Z ik  I k ( F )
V1 ( F )  V1 (0)  Z11  I1 ( F )  1.0  ( j 0.16)  ( j 3.125)  1  0.5  0.5 p.u
V2 ( F )  V2 (0)  Z 21  I1 ( F )  1.0  ( j 0.08)  ( j 3.125)  1.0  0.25  0.75 p.u
V3 ( F )  V3 (0)  Z 31  I1 ( F )  1.0  ( j 0.12)  ( j 3.125)  1.0  0.375  0.625 p.u
 Solution:

 If Fault Occurred at Bus 1:

 Calculation of Line Currents
The short circuit currents in the lines are:
Vi ( F )  V j ( F )
I ij ( F ) 
zij
V2 ( F )  V1 ( F ) 0.75  0.5 0.25
I 21 ( F )      j 0.3125 p.u
z 21 j 0.8 j 0.8
V3 ( F )  V1 ( F ) 0.625  0.5 0.125
I 31 ( F )      j 0.3125 p.u
z31 j 0.4 j 0.4
V2 ( F )  V3 ( F ) 0.75  0.625 0.125
I 23 ( F )      j 0.3125 p.u
z 23 j 0.4 j 0.4
THANK YOU VERY MUCH