Chapter 10, Solution 1.

We first determine the input impedance.

1H 
 j L  j1x10  j10
1 1
1F 
    j 0.1
j C j10 x1

1
 1 1 1
Zin  1      1.0101 j 0.1  1.015  5.653o
 j10  j 0.1 1

2  0o
I o
 1.9704  5.653o
1.015  5.653

i(t) = 1.9704cos(10t+5.65˚) A
Chapter 10, Solution 2.

Using Fig. 10.51, design a problem to help other students better understand nodal
analysis.

Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the
same kind of problem asked in the third edition.

Problem

Solve for V o in Fig. 10.51, using nodal analysis.

2

+ j4  Vo
o
40 V _ –j5 

Figure 10.51 For Prob. 10.2.

Solution

Consider the circuit shown below.

2
Vo

+ –j5 j4
o
40 V- _

At the main node,

4  Vo V V
 o  o 
 40  Vo (10  j )
2  j5 j 4

V o = 40/(10–j) = (40/10.05)5.71˚ = 3.985.71˚ V

Chapter 10, Solution 3.

 4
2 cos(4 t ) 
 20
16 sin(4 t ) 
 16 - 90  -j16
2H 
 jL  j8
1 1
1 12 F 
   - j3
jC j (4)(1 12)

The circuit is shown below.

4 -j3  Vo j8  6

+
-j16 V 1 20 A


Applying nodal analysis,

- j16  Vo Vo Vo
2 
4  j3 1 6  j8

- j16  1 1 
 2  1   V
4  j3  4  j3 6  j8  o

3.92  j2.56 4.682  - 33.15

Vo    3.835 - 35.02
1.22  j0.04 1.2207 1.88

Therefore,
v o ( t )  3.835cos(4t – 35.02) V
Chapter 10, Solution 4.

Step 1. Convert the circuit into the frequency domain and solve for the node
voltage, V 1 , using analysis. The find the current I C = V 1 /[1+(1/(j4x0.25)] which
then produces V o = 1xI C . Finally, convert the capacitor voltage back into the time
domain.
Ix j1 –j1 Ω
V1

160º V 0.5I x Vo

Note that we represented 16sin(4t–10º) volts by 160º V. That will make our
calculations easier and all we have to do is to offset our answer by a –10º.

Our node equation is [(V 1 –16)/j] – (0.5I x ) + [(V 1 –0)/(1–j)] = 0. We have two
unknowns, therefore we need a constraint equation. I x = [(16–V 1 )/j] = j(V 1 –16).
Once we have V 1 , we can find I o = V 1 /(1–j) and V o = 1xI o .

Step 2. Now all we need to do is to solve our equations.

[(V 1 –16)/j] – [0.5j(V 1 –16] + [(V 1 –0)/(1–j)] = [–j–j0.5+0.5+j0.5]V 1 +j16+j8 = 0

or

[0.5–j]V 1 = –j24 or V 1 = j24/(–0.5+j) = (2490º)/(1.118116.57º)

= 21.47–26.57º V.

Finally, I x = V 1 /(1–j) = (21.47–26.57º) (0.707145º) = 15.18118.43º A and

V o = 1xI o = 15.18118.43º V or

v o (t) = 15.181sin(4t–10º+18.43º) = 15.181sin(4t–8.43º) volts.

Chapter 10, Solution 5.

0.25H 
 j L  j 0.25 x4 x103  j1000
1 1
2 F 
    j125
j C j 4 x10 x2 x106
3

Consider the circuit as shown below.

Io 2000 Vo -j125

250o V + j1000
_ + 10I o
–

At node V o ,

Vo  25 Vo  0 Vo  10I o
  0
2000 j1000  j125
Vo  25  j2Vo  j16Vo  j160I o  0
(1  j14)Vo  j160I o  25

But I o = (25–V o )/2000

(1  j14)Vo  j2  j0.08Vo  25
25  j2 25.084.57
Vo   1.7768  81.37
1  j14.08 14.11558.94

Now to solve for i o ,

25  Vo 25  0.2666  j1.7567
Io    12.367  j0.8784 mA
2000 2000
 12.3984.06

i o = 12.398cos(4x103t + 4.06˚) mA.

Chapter 10, Solution 6.

Let V o be the voltage across the current source. Using nodal analysis we get:

Vo  4Vx Vo 20
3  0 where Vx  Vo
20 20  j10 20  j10

Combining these we get:

Vo 4Vo Vo
 3  0  (1  j0.5  3)Vo  60  j30
20 20  j10 20  j10

60  j30 20(3)
Vo  or Vx  
 2  j0.5  2  j0.5

29.11–166˚ V.
Chapter 10, Solution 7.

At the main node,

120  15 o  V V V 115.91  j31.058

 630 o   
  5.196  j3 
40  j20  j30 50 40  j20
 1 j 1
V   
 40  j20 30 50 

 3.1885  j4.7805
V  124.08  154 o V
0.04  j0.0233
Chapter 10, Solution 8.

  200,

100mH 
 jL  j200x 0.1  j20

1 1
50F 
    j100
jC j200x 50x10  6

The frequency-domain version of the circuit is shown below.

0.1 V o

40 
V1 Io V2

+ -j100 
615 o 20  Vo j20 
-

At node 1,

V V1 V  V2
615 o  0.1V1  1   1
20  j100 40
or 5.7955  j1.5529  (0.025  j 0.01)V1  0.025V2 (1)

At node 2,

V1  V2 V
 0.1V1  2  0  3V1  (1  j2)V2 (2)
40 j20
From (1) and (2),

(0.025  j0.01)  0.025 V1   (5.7955  j1.5529) 

    AV  B
(1  j2)  V2  
or
 3 0 

Using MATLAB,
 V = inv(A)*B

leads to V1  70.63  j127.23, V2  110.3  j161.09

V  V2
Io  1  7.276  82.17 o
40
Thus,
i o ( t )  7.276 cos( 200t  82.17 o ) A
Chapter 10, Solution 9.

10 cos(10 3 t ) 
 10 0,   10 3
10 mH 
 jL  j10
1 1
50 F 
   - j20
jC j (10 )(50  10 -6 )
3

Consider the circuit shown below.

20  V1 -j20  V2 j10 

Io
+
+
100 V 20  4 Io 30  Vo



At node 1,
10  V1 V1 V1  V2
 
20 20 - j20
10  (2  j) V1  jV2 (1)

At node 2,
V1  V2 V V2 V1
 (4) 1  , where I o  has been substituted.
- j20 20 30  j10 20
(-4  j) V1  (0.6  j0.8) V2
0.6  j0.8
V1  V2 (2)
-4 j

Substituting (2) into (1)

(2  j)(0.6  j0.8)
10  V2  jV2
-4 j
170
or V2 
0.6  j26.2

30 3 170
Vo  V2    6.154 70.26
30  j10 3  j 0.6  j26.2
Therefore, v o ( t )  6.154 cos(103 t + 70.26) V
Chapter 10, Solution 10.

50 mH 
 jL  j2000x50 x10  3  j100,   2000
1 1
2F 
    j250
jC j2000 x 2x10  6
Consider the frequency-domain equivalent circuit below.

V1 -j250 V2

360o
2k  j100 0.1V 1 4k 

At node 1,

V1 V V  V2
36   1  1 
 36  (0.0005  j0.006)V1  j0.004V2 (1)
2000 j100  j250

At node 2,

V1  V2 V
 0.1V1  2  0  (0.1  j0.004)V1  (0.00025  j0.004)V2 (2)
 j250 4000

Solving (1) and (2) gives

Vo  V2  535.6  j893.5  8951.193.43o

v o (t) = 8.951 sin(2000t +93.43o) kV

Chapter 10, Solution 11.

Consider the circuit as shown below.

Io –j5 

2 2
V1 V2

+ j8 
40o V _ 2I o

At node 1,

V1  4 V  V2
 2I o  1 0
2 2
V1  0.5V2  2I o  2

But, I o = (4–V 2 )/(–j5) = –j0.2V 2 + j0.8

Now the first node equation becomes,

V 1 – 0.5V 2 + j0.4V 2 – j1.6 = 2 or

V 1 + (–0.5+j0.4)V 2 = 2 + j1.6

At node 2,

V2  V1 V2  4 V2  0
  0
2  j5 j8
–0.5V 1 + (0.5 + j0.075)V 2 = j0.8

Using MATLAB to solve this, we get,

>> Y=[1,(-0.5+0.4i);-0.5,(0.5+0.075i)]

Y=
 1.0000 -0.5000 + 0.4000i
-0.5000 0.5000 + 0.0750i

>> I=[(2+1.6i);0.8i]

I=

2.0000 + 1.6000i
0 + 0.8000i

>> V=inv(Y)*I

V=

4.8597 + 0.0543i
4.9955 + 0.9050i

I o = –j0.2V 2 + j0.8 = –j0.9992 + 0.01086 + j0.8 = 0.01086 – j0.1992

= 199.586.89˚ mA.
Chapter 10, Solution 12.

Using Fig. 10.61, design a problem to help other students to better understand Nodal analysis.

Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the same kind
of problem asked in the third edition.

Problem

By nodal analysis, find i o in the circuit in Fig. 10.61.

Figure 10.61

Solution

20 sin(1000t ) 
 20 0,   1000
10 mH 
 jL  j10
1 1
50 F 
   - j20
jC j (10 )(50  10 -6 )
3

The frequency-domain equivalent circuit is shown below.

2 Io

V1 10  V2
Io

200 A 20  -j20  j10 

At node 1,
 V1 V1  V2
20  2 I o   , where
20 10
V2
Io 
j10
2V2 V1 V1  V2
20   
j10 20 10
400  3V1  (2  j4) V2
(1)
At node 2,
2V2 V1  V2 V V
  2  2
j10 10 - j20 j10
j2 V1  (-3  j2) V2
or V1  (1  j1.5) V2
(2)

Substituting (2) into (1),

400  (3  j4.5) V2  (2  j4) V2  (1  j0.5) V2

400
V2 
1  j0.5

V2 40
Io    35.74 - 116.6
j10 j (1  j0.5)

Therefore, i o ( t )  35.74 sin(1000t – 116.6) A

Chapter 10, Solution 13.

Nodal analysis is the best approach to use on this problem. We can make our work easier
by doing a source transformation on the right hand side of the circuit.

–j2  18  j6 

+
+ +
4030º V  Vx 3 500º V 

Vx  4030 Vx Vx  50
  0
 j2 3 18  j6

which leads to V x = 29.3662.88˚ A.

Chapter 10, Solution 14.

At node 1,
0  V1 0  V1 V2  V1
   2030
- j2 10 j4
- (1  j2.5) V1  j2.5 V2  173.2  j100 (1)

At node 2,
V2 V2 V2  V1
   20 30
j2 - j5 j4
- j5.5 V2  j2.5 V1  173.2  j100 (2)

Equations (1) and (2) can be cast into matrix form as

1  j2.5 j2.5  V1   - 200 30

 j2.5
 - j5.5 V2   200 30 

1  j2.5 j2.5
  20  j5.5  20.74 - 15.38
j2.5 - j5.5

- 200 30 j2.5

1   j3 (20030)  600120
200 30 - j5.5
1  j2.5 - 20030
2   (200 30)(1  j5)  1020108.7
j2.5 20030

1
V1   28.93135.38 V

2
V2   49.18124.08 V

Chapter 10, Solution 15.

We apply nodal analysis to the circuit shown below.

5A

2 V1 j V2

I
+
-j20 V -j2  2I 4


At node 1,
- j20  V1 V V  V2
 5 1  1
2 - j2 j
- 5  j10  (0.5  j0.5) V1  j V2 (1)

At node 2,
V1  V2 V2
5  2I   ,
j 4
V
where I  1
- j2
5
V2  V1 (2)
0.25  j

Substituting (2) into (1),

j5
- 5  j10   0.5 (1  j) V1
0.25  j
j40
(1  j) V1  -10  j20 
1  j4
160 j40
( 2  - 45) V1  -10  j20  
17 17
V1  15.81313.5

V1
I  (0.590)(15.81313.5)
- j2

I  7.90643.49 A
Chapter 10, Solution 16.

Consider the circuit as shown in the figure below.

V1 j4  V2

+ Vx –

20o A –j3  345o A

5

At node 1,

V  0 V1  V2
2 1  0
5 j4 (1)
(0.2  j0.25)V1  j0.25V2  2

At node 2,

V2  V1 V2  0
  345  0
j4  j3 (2)
j0.25V1  j0.08333V2  2.121  j2.121
In matrix form, (1) and (2) become

0.2  j0.25 j0.25   V1   2 

 j0.25   
 j0.08333 V2  2.121  j2.121


Solving this using MATLAB, we get,

>> Y=[(0.2-0.25i),0.25i;0.25i,0.08333i]

Y=

0.2000 - 0.2500i 0 + 0.2500i

0 + 0.2500i 0 + 0.0833i

>> I=[2;(2.121+2.121i)]

I=
 2.0000
2.1210 + 2.1210i

>> V=inv(Y)*I

V=

5.2793 - 5.4190i
9.6145 - 9.1955i

V s = V 1 – V 2 = –4.335 + j3.776 = 5.749138.94˚ V.

Chapter 10, Solution 17.

Consider the circuit below.

j4  1
Io 2
+
10020 V V1 V2


3 -j2 

At node 1,
10020  V1 V1 V1  V2
 
j4 3 2
V1
100 20  (3  j10)  j2 V2
3
(1)

At node 2,
10020  V2 V1  V2 V2
 
1 2 - j2
100 20  -0.5 V1  (1.5  j0.5) V2
(2)

From (1) and (2),

10020  - 0.5 0.5 (3  j)  V1 
10020  1  j10 3 - j2  V2 
  

- 0.5 1.5  j0.5

  0.1667  j4.5
1  j10 3 - j2

10020 1.5  j0.5

1   -55.45  j286.2
10020 - j2

- 0.5 10020
2   -26.95  j364.5
1  j10 3 10020
 1
V1   64.74  - 13.08

2
V2   81.17  - 6.35

V  V2  1   2 - 28.5  j78.31
Io  1  
2 2 0.3333  j 9

I o  9.25-162.12 A
Chapter 10, Solution 18.

Consider the circuit shown below.

V1 8 j6  V 4 j5 
2

+ +
445 A 2 Vx 2 Vx -j  -j2  Vo
 

At node 1,
V1 V1  V2
445  
2 8  j6
200 45  (29  j3) V1  (4  j3) V2
(1)

At node 2,
V1  V2 V V2
 2Vx  2  , where Vx  V1
8  j6 - j 4  j5  j2
(104  j3) V1  (12  j41) V2
12  j41
V1  V
104  j3 2
(2)

Substituting (2) into (1),

(12  j41)
200 45  (29  j3) V  (4  j3) V2
104  j3 2
200 45  (14.2189.17) V2
20045
V2 
14.2189.17

- j2 - j2 - 6  j8
Vo  V2  V2  V2
4  j5  j2 4  j3 25
10233.13 200 45
Vo  
25 14.2189.17

Vo  5.63189 V
Chapter 10, Solution 19.

We have a supernode as shown in the circuit below.

j2 

V1 V2 4
V3
+
2 Vo -j4  0.2 V o


Notice that Vo  V1 .

At the supernode,
V3  V2 V2 V1 V1  V3
  
4 - j4 2 j2
0  (2  j2) V1  (1  j) V2  (-1  j2) V3 (1)
At node 3,
V1  V3 V3  V2
0.2V1  
j2 4
(0.8  j2) V1  V2  (-1  j2) V3  0 (2)

Subtracting (2) from (1),

0  1.2V1  j V2 (3)

But at the supernode,

V1  12 0  V2
or V2  V1  12 (4)

Substituting (4) into (3),

0  1.2V1  j (V1  12)
j12
V1   Vo
1.2  j

1290
Vo 
1.56239.81
Vo  7.68250.19 V
Chapter 10, Solution 20.

The circuit is converted to its frequency-domain equivalent circuit as shown below.

+
+ 1
V m 0 jL Vo
 jC


L
1 C jL
Let Z  jL ||  
jC 1 1  2 LC
jL 
jC

jL
Z 1  2 LC jL
Vo  V  Vm  V
RZ m jL R (1  2 LC)  jL m
R
1  2 LC
L Vm  L 
Vo  90  tan -1 
R 2 (1  2 LC) 2  2 L2  R (1  2 LC) 

If Vo  A , then
L Vm
A
R 2 (1   2 LC) 2   2 L2

L
and   90  tan -1
R (1   2 LC)
Chapter 10, Solution 21.

1
Vo jC 1
(a)  
Vi 1 1  2 LC  jRC
R  jL 
jC
Vo 1
At   0 ,   1
Vi 1
Vo
As    ,  0
Vi
1 Vo 1 -j L
At   ,  
LC Vi 1 R C
jRC 
LC

Vo jL  2 LC
(b)  
Vi 1 1  2 LC  jRC
R  jL 
jC
Vo
At   0 ,  0
Vi
Vo 1
As    ,   1
Vi 1
1 Vo 1 j L
At   ,  
LC Vi 1 R C
jRC 
LC
Chapter 10, Solution 22.

Consider the circuit in the frequency domain as shown below.

R1

R2 +
+ 1
Vs Vo
 jC
jL 

1
Let Z  (R 2  jL) ||
jC
1
(R  jL)
jC 2 R 2  jL
Z 
1 1  jR 2  2 LC
R 2  jL 
jC

R 2  jL
Vo Z 1  2 LC  jR 2 C
 
Vs Z  R 1 R 2  jL
R1 
1  2 LC  jR 2 C

Vo R 2  jL

Vs R 1  R 2   LCR 1  j (L  R 1 R 2 C)
2
Chapter 10, Solution 23.

V  Vs V
  jCV  0
R 1
jL 
j C

jRCV
V  jRCV  Vs
 2LC  1

 1  2LC  jRC  jRC  j3RLC2 

  V  Vs
 2
1   LC 
 

(1   2 LC )V s
V 
1   2 LC  jRC ( 2   2 LC )
Chapter 10, Solution 24.

Design a problem to help other students to better understand mesh analysis.

Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the
same kind of problem asked in the third edition.

Problem

Use mesh analysis to find V o in the circuit in Prob. 10.2.

Solution

Consider the circuit as shown below.

2

+ I1 j4  Vo
40 V o
_ –j5 
I2
–

For mesh 1,
4  (2  j 5) I1  j 5 I1 (1)
For mesh 2,
1
0  j 5I 1  ( j 4  j 5) I 2 
 I1  I2 (2)
5
Substituting (2) into (1),

1 1
4  (2  j 5) I 2  j 5I 2 
 I2 
5 0.1  j

V o = j4I 2 = j4/(0.1+j) = j4/(1.00499 84.29°) = 3.98 5.71° V

Chapter 10, Solution 25.

 2
10 cos(2 t ) 
 100
6 sin(2t ) 
 6  - 90  -j6
2H 
 jL  j4
1 1
0.25 F 
   - j2
jC j (2)(1 4)

The circuit is shown below.

4 j4 

Io
+ +
100 V I1 -j2  I2 6-90 V
 

For loop 1,
- 10  (4  j2) I 1  j2 I 2  0
5  (2  j) I 1  j I 2
(1)

For loop 2,
j2 I 1  ( j4  j2) I 2  (- j6)  0
I1  I 2  3
(2)

In matrix form (1) and (2) become

 2  j j   I 1   5
 1 1   I    3
  2   

  2 (1  j) ,  1  5  j3 ,  2  1  j3

1   2 4
I o  I1  I 2    1  j  1.414245
 2 (1  j )
Therefore,
i o ( t )  1.4142cos(2t + 45) A
Chapter 10, Solution 26.

0.4 H 
 j L  j10 3 x 0.4  j 400
1 1
1 F 
    j1000
j C j10 x10 6
3

The circuit becomes that shown below.

2 k
–j1000

Io

100o + I1 + –j20
_ j400 _
I2

For loop 1,
10  (12000  j 400) I1  j 400 I 2  0  1  (200  j 40) I1  j 40 I 2 (1)
For loop 2,
 j 20  ( j 400  j1000) I 2  j 400 I1  0  12  40 I1  60 I 2
(2)
In matrix form, (1) and (2) become
 1   200  j 40  j 40   I1 
 12    40 60   I 2 
  
Solving this leads to
I 1 =0.0025-j0.0075, I 2 = -0.035+j0.005

I o = I 1 – I 2 = 0.0375 – j0.0125 = 39.5 –18.43° mA

i o (t) = 39.5cos(103t–18.43°) mA
Chapter 10, Solution 27.

For mesh 1,
- 40 30  ( j10  j20) I 1  j20 I 2  0
4 30  - j I 1  j2 I 2 (1)

For mesh 2,
50 0  (40  j20) I 2  j20 I 1  0
5  - j2 I 1  (4  j2) I 2 (2)

From (1) and (2),

 430  - j j2  I 1 
 5    - j2 - (4  j2)  I 
    2 

  -2  4 j  4.472116.56

 1  -(4 30)(4  j2)  j10  21.01211.8

 2  - j5  8120  4.44 154.27

1
I1   4.69895.24 A


2
I2   992.837.71 mA

Chapter 10, Solution 28.

1 1
1H 
 jL  j4, 1F 
    j0.25
jC j1x 4
The frequency-domain version of the circuit is shown below, where

V1  100 o , V2  20  30 o .

1 j4 j4 1

-j0.25
+ +

V1 I1 1 I2
V2
- -

V1  100 o , V2  20  30 o

Applying mesh analysis,

10  (2  j3.75)I1  (1  j0.25)I 2 (1)

 20  30 o  (1  j0.25)I1  (2  j3.75)I 2 (2)

From (1) and (2), we obtain

 10   2  j3.75  1  j0.25  I1 
     
  17.32  j10    1  j0.25 2  j3.75  I 2 

Solving this leads to

I1  2.741  41.07 o , I 2  4.11492 o

Hence,

i 1 (t) = 2.741cos(4t–41.07˚)A, i 2 (t) = 4.114cos(4t+92˚)A.

Chapter 10, Solution 29.

Using Fig. 10.77, design a problem to help other students better understand mesh analysis.

Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the same kind
of problem asked in the third edition.

Problem

By using mesh analysis, find I 1 and I 2 in the circuit depicted in Fig. 10.77.

Figure 10.77

Solution

For mesh 1,
(5  j5) I 1  (2  j) I 2  30 20  0
30 20  (5  j5) I 1  (2  j) I 2
(1)

For mesh 2,
(5  j3  j6) I 2  (2  j) I 1  0
0  - (2  j) I 1  (5  j3) I 2
(2)

From (1) and (2),

3020  5  j5 - (2  j)  I 1 
 0    - (2  j) 5 - j3  I 
    2 

  37  j6  37.489.21
 1  (30 20)(5.831 - 30.96)  175 - 10.96
 2  (30 20)(2.356 26.56)  67.0846.56
 1
I1   4.67–20.17 A


2
I2   1.7937.35 A

 Chapter 10, Solution 30.

300mH 
 j L  j100 x300 x10 3  j30
200mH 
 j L  j100 x200 x10 3  j20
400mH 
 j L  j100 x400 x10 3  j40
1 1
50  F 
    j200
j C
j100 x50 x10 6
The circuit becomes that shown below.

j40 j20
20 

+
12090 o
10 
+
I1 j30 –j200 vo I 3`
_
I2 -
+ 800o
_

For mesh 1,
120  90o  (20  j30) I1  j 30 I 2  0   j120  (20  j 30) I1  j 30 I 2 (1)
For mesh 2,
 j 30 I1  ( j 30  j 40  j 200) I 2  j 200 I 3  0  0  3I1  13I 2  20 I 3 (2)
For mesh 3,
80  j200I 2  (10  j180)I 3  0  8  j20I 2  (1  j18)I 3 (3)

We put (1) to (3) in matrix form.

2  j3  j3 0   I1   j12
  3  13
 20  I 2    0 
 0 j20 1  j18  I 3    8

This is an excellent candidate for MATLAB.

>> Z=[(2+3i),-3i,0;-3,-13,20;0,20i,(1-18i)]

Z=

2.0000 + 3.0000i 0 - 3.0000i 0

 -3.0000 -13.0000 20.0000
0 0 +20.0000i 1.0000 -18.0000i

>> V=[12i;0;-8]

V=

0 +12.0000i
0
-8.0000

>> I=inv(Z)*V

I=

2.0557 + 3.5651i
0.4324 + 2.1946i
0.5894 + 1.9612i

V o = –j200(I 2 – I 3 ) = –j200(–0.157+j0.2334) = 46.68 + j31.4 = 56.2633.93˚

v o = 56.26cos(100t + 33.93˚) V.
Chapter 10, Solution 31.

Consider the network shown below.

80  Io j60  20 

+ +
100120 V I1 -j40  I2 -j40  I3 60-30 V
 

For loop 1,
- 100120  (80  j40) I1  j40 I 2  0
10 20  4 (2  j) I 1  j4 I 2 (1)
For loop 2,
j40 I 1  ( j60  j80) I 2  j40 I 3  0
0  2 I1  I 2  2 I 3 (2)

For loop 3,
60  - 30  (20  j40) I 3  j40 I 2  0
- 6 - 30  j4 I 2  2 (1  j2) I 3 (3)
From (2),
2 I 3  I 2  2 I1

Substituting this equation into (3),

- 6  - 30  -2 (1  j2) I 1  (1  j2) I 2 (4)

From (1) and (4),

 10120   4 (2  j) j4  I 1 
 - 6  - 30   - 2 (1  j2) 1  j2 I 
    2 

8  j4 - j4
  32  j20  37.7432
- 2  j4 1  j2

8  j4 10120
2   -4.928  j82.11  82.2593.44
- 2  j4 - 6 - 30

2
Io  I2   2.17961.44 A

Chapter 10, Solution 32.

Consider the circuit below.

j4 

Io
+
+
4-30 V 2 Vo I1

3 Vo I2 -j2 


For mesh 1,
(2  j4) I 1  2 (4  - 30)  3 Vo  0
where Vo  2 (4  - 30  I 1 )

Hence,
(2  j4) I 1  8 - 30  6 (4  - 30  I 1 )  0
4  - 30  (1  j) I 1
or I 1  2 2 15

3 Vo 3
Io   (2)(4 - 30  I 1 )
- j2 - j2
I o  j3 (4 - 30  2 2 15)

I o  8.48515 A

- j2 I o
Vo   5.657-75 V
3
 5A
Chapter 10, Solution 33.

Consider the circuit shown below.

I4

2 j

I
+
-j20 V I1 -j2  I2 2I I3 4


For mesh 1,
j20  (2  j2) I 1  j2 I 2  0
(1  j) I 1  j I 2  - j10 (1)

For the supermesh,

( j  j2) I 2  j2 I 1  4 I 3  j I 4  0 (2)

Also,
I 3  I 2  2 I  2 (I 1  I 2 )
I 3  2 I1  I 2 (3)

For mesh 4,
I4  5 (4)

Substituting (3) and (4) into (2),

(8  j2) I 1  (- 4  j) I 2  j5 (5)

Putting (1) and (5) in matrix form,

 1 j j  I 1   - j10 
8  j2 4  j I    j5 
  2   

  -3  j5 ,  1  -5  j40 ,  2  -15  j85

 1   2 10  j45
I  I1  I 2   
 - 3  j5

7.90643.49 A
Chapter 10, Solution 34.

The circuit is shown below.

Io
5 I2 3A
20 

8 -j2  I3

10 
+
4090 V j15 
 I1
j4 

For mesh 1,
- j40  (18  j2) I 1  (8  j2) I 2  (10  j4) I 3  0 (1)

For the supermesh,

(13  j2) I 2  (30  j19) I 3  (18  j2) I 1  0 (2)

Also,
I2  I3  3 (3)

Adding (1) and (2) and incorporating (3),

- j40  5 (I 3  3)  (20  j15) I 3  0
3  j8
I3   1.46538.48
5  j3
I o  I 3  1.46538.48 A
Chapter 10, Solution 35.
4 j2 
Consider the circuit shown below.
I3

8 1 -j3 

10 
+ I1 I2
20 V -j4 A

-j5 

For the supermesh,

- 20  8 I 1  (11  j8) I 2  (9  j3) I 3  0 (1)

Also,
I 1  I 2  j4 (2)

For mesh 3,
(13  j) I 3  8 I 1  (1  j3) I 2  0 (3)

Substituting (2) into (1),

(19  j8) I 2  (9  j3) I 3  20  j32 (4)

Substituting (2) into (3),

- (9  j3) I 2  (13  j) I 3  j32 (5)

From (4) and (5),

 19  j8 - (9  j3)  I 2   20  j32 
 - (9  j3) 13  j  I    j32 
  3   

  167  j69 ,  2  324  j148

 2 324  j148 356.2  - 24.55

I2   
 167  j69 180.69  - 22.45

I 2  1.971–2.1 A
Chapter 10, Solution 36.

Consider the circuit below.

j4  -j3 

+
I1 I2 +
490 A 2 Vo 
120 V


2 2
I3

20 A

Clearly,
I 1  4 90  j4 and I 3  -2

For mesh 2,
(4  j3) I 2  2 I 1  2 I 3  12  0
(4  j3) I 2  j8  4  12  0
- 16  j8
I2   -3.52  j0.64
4  j3

Thus,
Vo  2 (I 1  I 2 )  (2)(3.52  j4.64)  7.04  j9.28

Vo  11.64852.82 V
Chapter 10, Solution 37.

I1

+ Ix
120  90 o V Z
- I2 Z=80-j35 

Iz
- Iy
120  30 V
o
Z
+ I3

For mesh x,

ZI x  ZI z   j120 (1)
For mesh y,

ZI y  ZI z  12030 o  103.92  j60 (2)

For mesh z,

 ZI x  ZI y  3ZI z  0 (3)

Putting (1) to (3) together leads to the following matrix equation:

 (80  j35) 0 (80  j35)  I x    j120 

    
 0 (80  j35) (80  j35)  I y     103.92  j60  
 AI  B
 (80  j35) (80  j35) (240  j105)  I   
  z   0 

Using MATLAB, we obtain

 - 0.2641  j2.366 
 
I  inv(A) * B   - 2.181 - j0.954 
 - 0.815  j1.1066 
 

I 1  I x  0.2641  j 2.366  2.38  96.37 o A

I 2  I y  I x  1.9167  j1.4116  2.38143.63 o A
I 3   I y  2.181  j 0.954  2.38 23.63 o A
Chapter 10, Solution 38.

Consider the circuit below.

Io

I1 I2
+
20 A 2 
1090 V
j2  -j4 

1 I3 40 A I4 1

Clearly,
I1  2 (1)
For mesh 2,
(2  j4) I 2  2 I 1  j4 I 4  10 90  0 (2)

Substitute (1) into (2) to get

(1  j2) I 2  j2 I 4  2  j5

For the supermesh,

(1  j2) I 3  j2 I 1  (1  j4) I 4  j4 I 2  0
j4 I 2  (1  j2) I 3  (1  j4) I 4  j4 (3)
At node A,
I3  I4  4 (4)
Substituting (4) into (3) gives
j2 I 2  (1  j) I 4  2 (1  j3) (5)
From (2) and (5),
1  j2 j2  I 2   2  j5
 j2 1  j I    2  j6
  4   

  3  j3 ,  1  9  j11

-  1 - (9  j11) 1
Io  -I2    (-10  j)
 3  j3 3
I o  3.35174.3 A
Chapter 10, Solution 39.

For mesh 1,
(28  j15)I1  8I 2  j15I 3  1264 o (1)
For mesh 2,

 8I1  (8  j9)I 2  j16I 3  0 (2)

For mesh 3,

j15I1  j16I 2  (10  j)I 3  0 (3)

In matrix form, (1) to (3) can be cast as

 (28  j15) 8 j15  I1  1264 o 

  
 8 (8  j9)  j16  I 2    0  or AI  B
  
 j15  j16 (10  j)  I 3   0 
 

Using MATLAB,

I = inv(A)*B

I 1  0.128  j 0.3593  381.4109.6° mA

I 2  0.1946  j 0.2841  344.3124.4° mA
I 3  0.0718  j 0.1265  145.5–60.42° mA
I x  I 1  I 2  0.0666  j 0.0752  100.548.5° mA

381.4109.6° mA, 344.3124.4° mA, 145.5–60.42° mA, 100.548.5° mA

Chapter 10, Solution 40.

Let I o = I o1 + I o2 , where I o1 is due to the dc source and I o2 is due to the ac source. For I o1 ,
consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
Clearly,
4 2

I o1 +
8V


(a)
I o1 = 8/2 = 4 A

For I o2 , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

4 2

I o2
+
100 V
 j4 

(b)
If we transform the voltage source, we have the circuit in Fig. (c), where 4 || 2  4 3  .

I o2

2.50 A 4 2 j4 

(c)
By the current division principle,
43
Io2  (2.50)
4 3  j4
I o 2  0.25  j 0.75  0.79 - 71.56
Thus, I o 2  0.79 cos(4t  71.56) A
Therefore,
I o = I o1 + I o2 = [4 + 0.79cos(4t–71.56)] A
Chapter 10, Solution 41.

We apply superposition principle. We let

vo = v1 + v2
where v 1 and v 2 are due to the sources 6cos2t and 4sin4t respectively. To find v 1 ,
consider the circuit below.

-j2

+
+
60o _ 2 V1

1 1
1/ 4F 
    j2
j C j2 x1/ 4

(6) = 3+j3 = 4.243 45°

Thus,
v 1 (t) = 4.243cos(2t+45°) volts.

To get v 2 (t), consider the circuit below,

–j

+
+
40o _ 2 V2

–
 1 1
1/ 4 F 
    j1
j C j 4 x1/ 4

or

v 2 (t) = 3.578sin(4t+25.56°) volts.

Hence,

v o = [4.243cos(2t+45˚) + 3.578sin(4t+25.56˚)] volts.

Chapter 10, Solution 42.

Using Fig. 10.87, design a problem to help other students to better understand the
superposition theorem.

Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the
same kind of problem asked in the third edition.

Problem

Solve for I o in the circuit of Fig. 10.87.

Io
j10  60 

50  –j40 
200 Vo + + 3045o V
_ _

Figure 10.87 For Prob. 10.42.

Solution

Let I o  I1  I 2
where I 1 and I 2 are due to 20<0o and 30<45o sources respectively. To get I 1 , we use the
circuit below.
I1
j10  60 

50  –j40 
o +
200 V
_

Let Z 1 = -j40//60 = 18.4615 –j27.6927, Z 2 = j10//50=1.9231 + j9.615

Transforming the voltage source to a current source leads to the circuit below.
 I1

Z2 Z1
–j2

Using current division,

Z2
I1  ( j 2)  0.6217  j 0.3626
Z1  Z 2
To get I 2 , we use the circuit below.

I2
j10  60 

50  –j40 
+
3045o V
_

After transforming the voltage source, we obtain the circuit below.

I2

Z2 Z1
0.545o

Using current division,

 Z1
I2  (0.5  45o )  0.5275  j 0.3077
Z1  Z 2
Hence, I o = I 1 + I 2 = 0.0942+j0.0509 = 109 30° mA.
Chapter 10, Solution 43. Let I x  I 1  I 2 , where I 1 is due to the voltage source and
I 2 is due to the current source.

 2
5 cos(2t  10) 
 510
10 cos(2t  60) 
 10  - 60
4H  jL  j8
1 1 1
F 
   -j4
8 jC j (2)(1 / 8)

For I 1 , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

-j4  3 I1

+
j8  10-60 V


(a)

10 - 60 10  - 60

I1  
3  j8  j4 3  j4

For I 2 , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

-j4  3 I2

510 A j8 

(b)

- j8 - j40 10
I2  (510) 
3  j8  j4 3  j4

1
I x  I1  I 2  (10 - 60  j4010)
3  j4
49.51 - 76.04
Ix   9.902 - 129.17
553.13

Therefore, i x  9.902 cos(2t – 129.17) A

Chapter 10, Solution 44.

Let v x  v1  v 2 , where v 1 and v 2 are due to the current source and voltage source
respectively.

For v 1 ,   6 , 5 H 
 jL  j30

The frequency-domain circuit is shown below.

20  j30

+
16  V1
Is -

16(20  j30)
Let Z  16 //(20  j30)   11.8  j3.497  12.3116.5 o
36  j30
V1  I s Z  (1210 o )(12.3116.5 o )  147.726.5 o 
 v1  147.7 cos(6 t  26.5 o ) V
For v 2 ,   2 , 5 H 
 jL  j10

The frequency-domain circuit is shown below.

20  j10

+
16  V2 +
Vs
- -
-

Using voltage division,

 16 16(500 o )
V2  Vs   21.41  15.52 o 
 v 2  21.41sin(2t  15.52 o ) V
16  20  j10 36  j10

Thus,
v x  [147.7cos(6t+26.5°)+21.41sin(2t–15.52°)] V
Chapter 10, Solution 45.

Let i  i1  i2 , where i 1 and i 2 are due to 16cos(10t +30o) and 6sin4t sources respectively.
To find i 1 , consider the circuit below.

I1 20 

+
_
16 30o V

jX

X   L  10 x300 x103  3

Type equation here.

= 0.7913 21.47°

i 1 (t) = 791.1cos(10t+21.47°) mA.

To find i 2 (t), consider the circuit below,

I2 20 

+
_
 60o V

jX

X   L  4 x300 x103  1.2

= 0.2995 176.57° or

i 2 (t) = 299.5sin(4t+176.57°) mA.

Thus,
i(t) = i 1 (t) + i 2 (t) = [791.1cos(10t+21.47°) + 299.5sin(4t+176.57°)] mA.
Chapter 10, Solution 46.

Let v o  v1  v 2  v 3 , where v1 , v 2 , and v 3 are respectively due to the 10-V dc source, the ac
current source, and the ac voltage source. For v1 consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

6 2H

+
+
1/12 F v1 10 V


(a)

The capacitor is open to dc, while the inductor is a short circuit. Hence,
v1  10 V

For v 2 , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

 2
2H   jL  j4
1 1 1
F     - j6
12 jC j (2)(1 / 12)

+
6 -j6  V2 40 A j4 

(b)

Applying nodal analysis,

V V V 1 j j 
4  2  2  2      V2
6 - j6 j4  6 6 4 

24
V2   21.4526.56
1  j0.5

Hence, v 2  21.45 sin( 2 t  26.56) V

For v 3 , consider the circuit in Fig. (c).

3
 2H   jL  j6
1 1 1
F 
   - j4
12 jC j (3)(1 / 12)

6 j6 

+
+
120 V -j4  V3


(c)

At the non-reference node,

12  V3 V3 V3
 
6 - j4 j6
12
V3   10.73 - 26.56
1  j0.5
Hence, v 3  10.73 cos(3t  26.56) V

Therefore,
v o  [10+21.45sin(2t+26.56)+10.73cos(3t–26.56)] V
Chapter 10, Solution 47.

Let i o  i1  i 2  i 3 , where i1 , i 2 , and i 3 are respectively due to the 24-V dc source, the
ac voltage source, and the ac current source. For i1 , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

24 V
1 1/6 F 2H
 +
i1

2 4

(a)

Since the capacitor is an open circuit to dc,

24
i1  4A
42

For i 2 , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

1
2H   jL  j2
1 1
F    - j6
6 jC

1 -j6  j2 

I2
+
10-30 V I1 2 I2 4


(b)
For mesh 1,
- 10  - 30  (3  j6) I 1  2 I 2  0
10  - 30  3 (1  2 j) I 1  2 I 2 (1)

For mesh 2,
0  -2 I 1  (6  j2) I 2
I 1  (3  j) I 2 (2)

Substituting (2) into (1)

 10  - 30  13  j15 I 2
I 2  0.504 19.1
Hence, i 2  0.504 sin( t  19.1) A

For i 3 , consider the circuit in Fig. (c).

3
2H   jL  j6
1 1 1
F     - j2
6 jC j (3)(1 / 6)

1 -j2  j6 

I3

2 20 A 4

(c)

2 (1  j2)
2 || (1  j2) 
3  j2

Using current division,

2 (1  j2)
 (20)
3  j2 2 (1  j2)
I3  
2 (1  j2) 13  j3
4  j6 
3  j2
I 3  0.3352  - 76.43
Hence i 3  0.3352 cos(3t  76.43) A

Therefore, i o  [4 + 0.504 sin(t + 19.1) + 0.3352 cos(3t – 76.43)] A

Chapter 10, Solution 48.

Let i O  i O1  i O 2  i O 3 , where i O1 is due to the ac voltage source, i O 2 is due to the dc

voltage source, and i O3 is due to the ac current source. For i O1 , consider the circuit in
Fig. (a).
  2000
50 cos(2000t )   500
40 mH 
 jL  j (2000)(40  10 -3 )  j80
1 1
20 F 
   - j25
jC j (2000)(20  10 -6 )

I -j25  I O1

+
500 V
 80  100 

j80  60 
(a)

80 || (60  100)  160 3

50 30
I 
160 3  j80  j25 32  j33

Using current division,

- 80 I -1 10180
I O1   I
80  160 3 4645.9
I O1  0.217 134.1
Hence, i O1  0.217 cos(2000 t  134.1) A

For i O 2 , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

i O2
80 
100 

60  +
24 V


(b)
 24
i O2   0.1 A
80  60  100

For i O3 , consider the circuit in Fig. (c).

  4000
2 cos(4000t )   20
40 mH 
 jL  j (4000)(40  10 -3 )  j160
1 1
20 F 
   - j12.5
jC j (4000)(20  10 -6 )

-j12.5 

I2
I O3
80 
j160 
I3 100 

20 A I1 60 

(c)
`
For mesh 1,
I1  2
(1)

For mesh 2,
(80  j160  j12.5) I 2  j160 I 1  80 I 3  0

Simplifying and substituting (1) into this equation yields

(8  j14.75) I 2  8 I 3  j32
(2)

For mesh 3,
240 I 3  60 I 1  80 I 2  0

Simplifying and substituting (1) into this equation yields

I 2  3 I 3  1.5
(3)
Substituting (3) into (2) yields
(16  j44.25) I 3  12  j54.125
12  j54.125
I3   1.17827.38
16  j44.25

I O 3  - I 3  -1.17827.38
Hence, i O 3  -1.1782 sin( 4000t  7.38) A

Therefore,
i O  {0.1 + 0.217 cos(2000t + 134.1) – 1.1782 sin(4000t + 7.38)} A
Chapter 10, Solution 49.

8 sin( 200t  30) 

 830,   200
5 mH 
 jL  j (200)(5  10 -3 )  j
1 1
1 mF 
   - j5
jC j (200)(1  10 -3 )

After transforming the current source, the circuit becomes that shown in the figure below.
5 3 I

j
+
4030 V

-j5 

40 30 40 30
I   4.47256.56
5  3  j  j5 8  j4

i  [4.472sin(200t+56.56)] A
Chapter 10, Solution 50.

Using Fig. 10.95, design a problem to help other students to better understand source
transformation.

Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the same kind
of problem asked in the third edition.

Problem

Use source transformation to find v o in the circuit in Fig. 10.95.

Figure 10.95

Solution

5 cos(10 5 t )  50,   10 5

0.4 mH 
 jL  j (10 5 )(0.4  10 -3 )  j40
1 1
0.2 F 
   - j50
jC j (10 )(0.2  10 -6 )
5

After transforming the voltage source, we get the circuit in Fig. (a).
j40 

+
0.250 20  -j50  80  Vo

(a)

- j100
Let Z  20 || - j 50 
2  j5
- j25
and Vs  (0.250) Z 
2  j5
With these, the current source is transformed to obtain the circuit in Fig.(b).
Z j40 

+
+
Vs 80  Vo


(b)

By voltage division,
80 80 - j25
Vo  Vs  
Z  80  j40 - j100 2  j5
 80  j40
2  j5
8 (- j25)
Vo   3.615 - 40.6
36  j42
Therefore, v o  3.615 cos(105 t – 40.6) V
Chapter 10, Solution 51.

There are many ways to create this problem, here is one possible solution. Let V 1 =

40 30° V, X L = 10 Ω, X C = 20 Ω, R 1 = R 2 = 80 Ω, and V 2 = 50 V.

If we let the voltage across the capacitor be equal to V x , then

I o = [V x /(–j20)] + [(V x –50)/80] = (0.0125+j0.05)V x – 0.625 = (0.051539 75.96°)V x –

0.625.

The following circuit is obtained by transforming the voltage sources.

Vx

4-60 V j10  -j20  40  1.250 A

V x = (4-60+1.25)/(–j0.1+j0.05+0.025) = (2–j3.4641+1.25)/(0.025–j0.05)

= (3.25–j3.4641)/( 0.025–j0.05) = (4.75 –46.826°)/(0.055902 –63.435°)

= 84.97 16.609° V.

Therefore,
I o = (0.051539 75.96°)(84.97 16.609°) – 0.625 = 4.3793 92.569° – 0.625

= –0.196291+j4.3749 – 0.625 = –0.821291+j4.3749 = 4.451 100.63° A.

Chapter 10, Solution 52.

We transform the voltage source to a current source.

60 0
Is   6  j12
2  j4
The new circuit is shown in Fig. (a).
-j2 

Ix
2
4
I s = 6 – j12 6 590 A
j4  -j3 

(a)

6 (2  j4)
Let Z s  6 || (2  j4)   2.4  j1.8
8  j4
Vs  I s Z s  (6  j12)(2.4  j1.8)  36  j18  18 (2  j)

With these, we transform the current source on the left hand side of the circuit to a voltage
source. We obtain the circuit in Fig. (b).
Zs -j2 

Ix

4
+
Vs j5 A

-j3 

(b)

Let Z o  Z s  j2  2.4  j0.2  0.2 (12  j)

Vs 18 (2  j)
Io    15.517  j6.207
Z o 0.2 (12  j)
With these, we transform the voltage source in Fig. (b) to a current source. We obtain the circuit
in Fig. (c).

Ix

4
Io Zo j5 A
-j3 

(c)

Using current division,

Zo 2.4  j0.2
Ix  (I o  j5)  (15.517  j1.207)
Z o  4  j3 6.4  j3.2

I x  5  j1.5625  5.23817.35 A
Chapter 10, Solution 53.

We transform the voltage source to a current source to obtain the circuit in Fig. (a).

-j3  j4 

+
50 A 4 j2  2 Vo -j2 

(a)
j8
Let Z s  4 || j2   0.8  j1.6
4  j2
Vs  (50) Z s  (5)(0.8  j1.6)  4  j8

With these, the current source is transformed so that the circuit becomes that shown in
Fig. (b).
Zs -j3  j4 

+
+
Vs 2 -j2  Vo


(b)
Let Z x  Z s  j3  0.8  j1.4
V 4  j8
Ix  s   3.0769  j4.6154
Z s 0.8  j1.4

With these, we transform the voltage source in Fig. (b) to obtain the circuit in Fig. (c).
j4 

+
Ix Zx 2 -j2  Vo

(c)

1.6  j2.8
Let Z y  2 || Z x   0.8571  j0.5714
2.8  j1.4
 Vy  I x Z y  ( 3.0769  j4.6154)  (0.8571  j0.5714)  j5.7143

With these, we transform the current source to obtain the circuit in Fig. (d).
Zy j4 

+
+
Vy -j2  Vo


(d)

Using current division,

- j2 - j2 ( j5.7143)
Vo  Vy   (3.529 – j5.883) V
Z y  j4  j2 0.8571  j0.5714  j4  j2
Chapter 10, Solution 54.

50 x( j 30)
50 //(  j 30)   13.24  j 22.059
50  j 30
We convert the current source to voltage source and obtain the circuit below.

13.24 – j22.059 
40  j20 

+ + -
V s =115.91 –j31.06V I
V 134.95-j74.912 V
- +

Applying KVL gives

-115.91 + j31.058 + (53.24-j2.059)I -134.95 + j74.912 = 0

 250.86  j105.97
or I   4.7817  j1.8055
53.24  j 2.059

But  Vs  (40  j20)I  V  0 

 V  Vs  (40  j20)I

V  115.91  j 31.05  (40  j 20)( 4.7817  j1.8055)  124.06  154 o V

which agrees with the result in Prob. 10.7.

Chapter 10, Solution 55.

(a) To find Z th , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

j20  10 

Z th
-j10 

(a)

( j20)(- j10)
Z N  Z th  10  j20 || (- j10)  10 
j20  j10
 10  j20  22.36-63.43 

To find Vth , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

j20  10 

+
+
5030 V -j10  V th



(b)

- j10
Vth  (50 30)  -5030 V
j20  j10

Vth - 50 30
IN    2.236273.4 A
Z th 22.36  - 63.43

(b) To find Z th , consider the circuit in Fig. (c).

-j5 

Z th
8 j10 

(c)
 ( j10)(8  j5)
Z N  Z th  j10 || (8  j5)   1026 
j10  8  j5

To obtain Vth , consider the circuit in Fig. (d).

-j5 

Io
+
40 A 8 j10  V th


(d)

By current division,
8 32
Io  (4 0) 
8  j10  j5 8  j5

j320
Vth  j10 I o   33.9258 V
8  j5

Vth 33.92 58

IN    3.39232 A
Z th 10 26
Chapter 10, Solution 56.

(a) To find Z th , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

j4 
6

Z th
-j2 

(a)

( j4)(- j2)
Z N  Z th  6  j4 || (- j2)  6   6  j4
j4  j2
= 7.211-33.69 

By placing short circuit at terminals a-b, we obtain,

I N  20 A

Vth  Z th I th  (7.211 - 33.69) (2 0)  14.422-33.69 V

(b) To find Z th , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

j10 

Z th
30  60  -j5 

(b)

30 || 60  20
(- j5)(20  j10)
Z N  Z th  - j5 || (20  j10) 
20  j5
= 5.423-77.47 
To find Vth and I N , we transform the voltage source and combine the 30 
and 60  resistors. The result is shown in Fig. (c).
j10  a

IN
445 A 20  -j5 

(c) b

20 2
IN  (4 45)  (2  j)(445)
20  j10 5
= 3.57818.43 A

Vth  Z th I N  (5.423 - 77.47) (3.57818.43)

= 19.4-59 V
Chapter 10, Solution 57.

Using Fig. 10.100, design a problem to help other students to better understand Thevenin and
Norton equivalent circuits.

Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the same kind
of problem asked in the third edition.

Problem

Find the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits for the circuit shown in
Fig. 10.100.

Figure 10.100

Solution

To find Z th , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

5 -j10  2

Z th
j20 

(a)

( j20)(5  j10)
Z N  Z th  2  j20 || (5  j10)  2 
5  j10
 18  j12  21.633-33.7 
To find Vth , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

5 -j10  2

+
+
60120 V j20  V th



(b)

j20 j4
Vth  (60 120)  (60120)
5  j10  j20 1  j2
= 107.3146.56 V

Vth 107.3146.56
IN    4.961-179.7 A
Z th 21.633 - 33.7
Chapter 10, Solution 58.

Consider the circuit in Fig. (a) to find Z eq .

8 Z eq
j10 
-j6 

(a)

( j10)(8  j 6)
Z eq  j10 || (8  j 6)   5 (2  j )
8  j4
= 11.1826.56 

Consider the circuit in Fig. (b) to find V Thev .

Io +
8
545 A j10  V Thev
-j6 

(b)

8  j6 4  j3
Io  (545)  (545)
8  j6  j10 4  j2

( j10)(4  j 3)(545)
VThev  j10 I o 
(2)(2  j )
= 55.971.56 V
Chapter 10, Solution 59.

Calculate the output impedance of the circuit shown in Fig. 10.102.

–j2 Ω
10 
+ 
Vo
0.2V o j40 Ω

Figure 10.102
For Prob. 10.59.

Solution

Since there are no independent sources, we need to inject a current, best value is
to make it 1 amp, into the terminals on the right and then to determine the voltage
at the terminals.
–j2 Ω
10 
V1
a
+ 
Vo
0.2V o j40 Ω 1A

Clearly V o = –(–j2) = j2 and V 1 = (0.2V o + 1)j40 = (1+j0.4)j40 = –16+j40 V.

Next, V ab = 10 – j2 – 16 + j40 = –6+j38 = 38.47 98.97° V or

Z eq = (–6+j38) Ω.
Chapter 10, Solution 60.

(a) To find Z eq , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

10  -j4 
a

Z eq
j5  4

b
(a)

Z eq  4 || (- j 4  10 || j 5)  4 || (- j 4  2  j 4)
Z eq  4 || 2
= 1.333 

To find VThev , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

10  V1 -j4  V2

+
+
200 V j5  40 A 4 V Thev



(b)

At node 1,
20  V1 V1 V1  V2
 
10 j5 - j4
(1  j0.5) V1  j2.5 V2  20 (1)

At node 2,
V1  V2 V2
4 
- j4 4
V1  (1  j) V2  j16 (2)

Substituting (2) into (1) leads to

28  j16  (1.5  j3) V2
28  j16
V2   8  j5.333
1.5  j3
 Therefore,
VThev  V2  9.61533.69 V

(b) To find Z eq , consider the circuit in Fig. (c).

Z eq
c d

10  -j4 

j5  4

(c)

 j10 
Z eq  - j 4 || (4  10 || j 5)  - j 4 ||  4  
 2  j 

- j4
Z eq  - j 4 || (6  j 4)  (6  j 4)  (2.667 – j4) 
6

To find VThev ,we will make use of the result in part (a).
V2  8  j5.333  (8 3 ) (3  j2)
V1  (1  j) V2  j16  j16  (8 3) (5  j)

VThev  V1  V2  16 3  j8  9.61456.31 V
Chapter 10, Solution 61.

Find the Thevenin equivalent at terminals a-b of the circuit in Fig. 10.104.

V 1 and V 2 4
a
Ix
+
20 A o
-j3  1.5I x V oc I sc


Figure 10.104
For Prob. 10.61.

Solution

Step 1. First we solve for the open circuit voltage using the above circuit and
writing two node equations. Then we solve for the short circuit current which
only need one node equation. For being able to solve for V oc , we need to solve
these three equations,

–2 + [(V 1 –0)/(–j3)] + [(V 1 –V oc )/4] = 0 and

[(V oc –V 1 )/4] – 1.5I x = 0 where I x = [(V 1 –0)/(–j3)].

To solve for I sc , all we need to do is to solve these three equations,

–2 + [(V 2 –0)/(–j3)] + [(V 2 –0)/4] = 0, I sc = [V 2 /4] + 1.5I x , and

I x = [V 2 /–j3].

Finally, V Thev = V oc and Z eq = V oc /I sc .

Step 2. Now all we need to do is to solve for the unknowns. For V oc ,

I x = j0.33333V 1 and (0.25+(1.5)(j0.33333))V 1 = 0.25V oc or

(0.25+j0.5)V 1 = (0.55902 63.43°)V 1 = 0.25V oc or

 V 1 = (0.44721 –63.43°)V oc which leads to,

(0.25+j0.33333)V 1 – 0.25V oc = 2

= (0.41666 53.13°)(0.44721 –63.43°)V oc – 0.25V oc

= (0.186335 –10.3°)V oc – 0.25V oc = (0.183333–0.25–j0.033333)V oc

= (–0.066667–j0.033333)V oc = (0.074536 –153.435°)V oc = 2 or

V oc = V Thev = 26.83 153.44° V = (–24+j12) V.

Now for I sc ,

I sc = [V 2 /4] + 1.5I x = (0.25+(1.5)(j0.33333))V 2 = (0.25+j0.5)V 2 .

[(V 2 –0)/(–j3)] + [(V 2 –0)/4] = 2 = (0.25+j0.3333)V 2

= (0.41667 53.13°)V 2 = 2 or V 2 = 4.8 –53.13°

I sc = (0.25+j0.5)V 2 = (0.55901 63.435°)(4.8 –53.13°)

 = 2.6832 10.305° A

Finally,

Z eq = V oc /I sc = 26.833 153.435°/2.6832 10.305°

= 10 143.13° Ω or = (–8+j6) Ω.
Chapter 10, Solution 62.

First, we transform the circuit to the frequency domain.

12 cos( t )  120,   1
2H  jL  j2
1 1
F 
  - j4
4 jC
1 1
F 
  - j8
8 jC

To find Z eq , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

3 Io

Io 4 Vx j2  Ix
1 2
+
-j4  -j8  1V


(a)
At node 1,
Vx Vx 1  Vx - Vx
  3Io  , where I o 
4 - j4 j2 4

Vx 2 Vx 1  Vx
Thus,  
- j4 4 j2
Vx  0.4  j0.8
At node 2,
1 1  Vx
I x  3Io  
- j8 j2
3
I x  (0.75  j0.5) Vx  j
8
I x  -0.1  j0.425

1
Z eq   -0.5246  j 2.229  2.29 - 103.24 
Ix
To find VThev , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

3 Io

Io 4 V1 j2  V2
1 2
+
+
120 V -j4  -j8  V Thev



(b)
At node 1,
12  V1 V V  V2 12  V1
 3Io  1  1 , where I o 
4 - j4 j2 4
24  (2  j) V1  j2 V2 (1)
At node 2,
V1  V2 V2
 3Io 
j2 - j8
72  (6  j4) V1  j3 V2 (2)

From (1) and (2),

 24  2  j - j2  V1 
 72    6  j4 - j3  V 
    2

  -5  j6 ,  2  - j24
2
Vth  V2   3.073 - 219.8

Thus,
2 (2)(3.073 - 219.8)
Vo  Vth 
2  Z th 1.4754  j2.229
6.146 - 219.8
Vo   2.3 - 163.3
2.673 - 56.5

Therefore,
v o  2.3cos(t–163.3) V
Chapter 10, Solution 63.

Transform the circuit to the frequency domain.

4 cos(200t  30) 
 4 30,   200
10 H 
 jL  j (200)(10)  j2 k
1 1
5 F 
   - j k
jC j (200)(5  10 -6 )

Z N is found using the circuit in Fig. (a).

-j k

ZN
j2 k 2 k

(a)

Z N  - j  2 || j2  - j  1  j  1 k

We find I N using the circuit in Fig. (b).

-j k

430 A j2 k 2 k IN

(b)

j2 || 2  1  j

By the current division principle,

1 j
IN  (4 30)  5.657 75
1 j  j

Therefore,
i N (t) = 5.657 cos(200t + 75) A
Z N  1 k
Chapter 10, Solution 64.

Z N is obtained from the circuit in Fig. (a).

60  ZN 40 

j80  -j30 

(a)
(100)( j50)
Z N  (60  40) || ( j80  j30)  100 || j50 
100  j50
Z N  20  j40  44.7263.43 

To find I N , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

60  I1 40 
IN
360 A Is

j80  I2 -j30 

(b)

I s  360

For mesh 1,
100 I 1  60 I s  0
I 1  1.860

For mesh 2,
( j80  j30) I 2  j80 I s  0
I 2  4.860

I N = I 2 – I 1 = 360 A
Chapter 10, Solution 65.

Using Fig. 10.108, design a problem to help other students to better understand Norton’s
theorem.

Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the same kind
of problem asked in the third edition.

Problem

Compute i o in Fig. 10.108 using Norton's theorem.

Figure 10.108

Solution

5 cos(2 t ) 
 50,   2
4H  jL  j (2)(4)  j8
1 1 1
F 
   - j2
4 jC j (2)(1 / 4)
1 1 1
F 
   -j
2 jC j (2)(1 / 2)

To find Z N , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

2

ZN
-j2  -j 

(a)
 - j (2  j2) 1
Z N  - j || (2  j2)   (2  j10)
2  j3 13

To find I N , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

50 V
2
+ 

-j2  IN -j 

(b)

50
IN   j5
-j

The Norton equivalent of the circuit is shown in Fig. (c).

Io

IN ZN j8 

(c)

Using current division,

ZN (1 13)(2  j10)( j5) 50  j10
Io  IN  
Z N  j8 (1 13)(2  j10)  j8 2  j94
I o  0.1176  j0.5294  0542 - 77.47

Therefore, i o  542 cos(2t – 77.47) mA

Chapter 10, Solution 66.

  10
0.5 H jL  j (10)(0.5)  j5
1 1
10 mF 
   - j10
jC j (10)(10  10 -3 )

To find Z th , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

-j10  Vx

+
10  Vo j5  2 Vo 1A


(a)

Vx Vx 10Vx
1  2 Vo   , where Vo 
j5 10  j10 10  j10
19 Vx V - 10  j10
1  x   Vx 
10  j10 j5 21  j2

Vx 14.142 135
Z N  Z th    670129.56 m
1 21.0955.44

To find Vth and I N , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

120 V
-j10 
 +
+ +
-j2 A 10  Vo I j5  2 Vo V th
 

(b)

(10  j10  j5) I  (10)(- j2)  j5 (2 Vo )  12  0

where Vo  (10)(- j2  I )
Thus,
(10  j105) I  -188  j20
188  j20
I
- 10  j105

Vth  j5 (I  2 Vo )  j5 (19I  j40)   j95 I  200

 j 95 (188  j 20) (95  90)(189.066.07)
Vth   200   200
- 10  j105 105.4895.44
 170.28  179.37  200  170.27  j1.8723  200  29.73  j1.8723

Vth  29.79–3.6 V

Vth 29.79  3.6

IN    44.46–133.16 A
Z th 0.67129.56
Chapter 10, Solution 67.

10(13  j 5) 12(8  j 6)
Z N  Z Th  10 //(13  j 5)  12 //( 8  j 6)    11.243  j1.079
23  j 5 20  j 6

10 (8  j6)
Va  (6045 o )  13.78  j21.44, Vb  (6045 o )  12.069  j26.08
23  j5 20  j6

VTh  Va  Vb  1.711  j 4.64  4.945  69.76 o V,

VTh 4.945  69.76
IN    437.8  75.24 o mA
Z Th 11.295 5.48
Chapter 10, Solution 68.

1H  jL  j10x1  j10

1 1 1
F     j2
20 j C 1
j10x
20
We obtain V Th using the circuit below.

Io 4
a

+ +

+ -j2 j10 Vo
6<0o V o /3 - 4I o
- -
b

j10( j2)
j10 //( j2)    j2.5
j10  j2
Vo  4I o x ( j2.5)   j10I o (1)
1
 6  4I o  Vo  0 (2)
3

Combining (1) and (2) gives

6  j60
Io  , VTh  Vo   j10I o   11.52  50.19 o
4  j10 / 3 4  j10 / 3

v Th  11.52 sin(10t  50.19 o )

To find R Th, we insert a 1-A source at terminals a-b, as shown below.

Io 4
a

+ -j2 j10 Vo
V o /3 - 4I o 1<0o
-

1 V
4I o  Vo  0  Io   o
3 12

Vo Vo
1  4I o  
 j2 j10
Combining the two equations leads to

1
Vo   1.2293  j1.4766
0.333  j0.4
V
Z Th  o  1.2293  1.477
1
Chapter 10, Solution 69.

This is an inverting op amp so that

Vo - Z f -R
   –jRC
Vs Zi 1 jC

When Vs  Vm and   1 RC ,
1
Vo  - j   RC  Vm  - j Vm  Vm  - 90
RC

Therefore,
v o ( t )  Vm sin(t  90)  - V m cos(t)
Chapter 10, Solution 70.

Using Fig. 10.113, design a problem to help other students to better understand op amps in AC
circuits.

Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the same kind
of problem asked in the third edition.

Problem

The circuit in Fig. 10.113 is an integrator with a feedback resistor. Calculate v o (t) if v s =
2 cos 4  104t V.

Figure 10.113

Solution

This may also be regarded as an inverting amplifier.

2 cos(4  10 4 t )  2 0,   4  10 4
1 1
10 nF     - j2.5 k
jC j (4  10 )(10  10 -9 )
4

Vo - Z f

Vs Zi
- j100
where Z i  50 k and Z f  100k || (- j2.5k )  k .
40  j
Vo - (- j2)
Thus, 
Vs 40  j

If Vs  2 0 ,
 j4 490
Vo    0.191.43
40  j 40.01 - 1.43

Therefore,
v o ( t )  100 cos(4x104 t + 91.43) mV
Chapter 10, Solution 71.

8 cos(2t  30 o )  830 o

1 1
0. 5F     j1M
jC j2x 0.5x10  6
At the inverting terminal,

Vo  830 o Vo  830 o 830 o

  

 j1000k 10k 2k
Vo (1  j100)  830  800  60  4000   60

6.928  j4  2400  j4157 4800  59.9

Vo    4829.53o
1  j100 100  89.43

v o (t) = 48cos(2t+29.53o) V
Chapter 10, Solution 72.

4 cos(10 4 t ) 
 4 0,   10 4
1 1
1 nF     - j100 k
jC j (10 )(10 -9 )
4

Consider the circuit as shown below.

50 k Vo
+ Vo
 Io
+
40 V -j100 k
 100 k

At the noninverting node,

4  Vo Vo 4
 
 Vo 
50 - j100 1  j0.5

Vo 4
Io   mA  35.78 - 26.56 A
100k (100)(1  j0.5)

Therefore,
i o ( t )  35.78cos(104t–26.56) A
Chapter 10, Solution 73.

As a voltage follower, V2  Vo

1 1
C1  10 nF 
   -j20 k
jC1 j (5  10 )(10  10 -9 )
3

1 1
C 2  20 nF 
   -j10 k
jC 2 j (5  10 )(20  10 -9 )
3

Consider the circuit in the frequency domain as shown below.

-j20 k

I s 10 k 20 k V2 Io
+
V1 Vo

+
VS -j10 k


Z in

At node 1,
Vs  V1 V1  Vo V1  Vo
 
10 - j20 20
2 Vs  (3  j)V1  (1  j)Vo
(1)

At node 2,
V1  Vo Vo  0

20 - j10
V1  (1  j2)Vo
(2)

Substituting (2) into (1) gives

1
2 Vs  j6Vo or Vo  -j Vs
3

2 1
V1  (1  j2)Vo    j  Vs
3 3
 Vs  V1 (1 3)(1  j)
Is   Vs
10k 10k
Is 1 j

Vs 30k

Vs 30k
Z in    15 (1  j) k
Is 1  j
Z in  21.21–45 k
Chapter 10, Solution 74.

1 1
Zi  R1  , Zf  R 2 
jC1 jC 2

1
R2 
V - Zf jC 2  C   1  j R 2 C 2 
Av  o      1   
Vs Zi 1  C 2   1  jR 1C1 
R1 
jC1

C1
At   0 , Av  –
C2

R2
As    , Av  –
R1

1  C   1  j R 2 C 2 R 1C1 
At   , A v  – 1   
R 1 C1  C2   1 j 

1 C  1 j 
At   , A v  – 1   
R 2C2  C 2   1  j R 1C1 R 2 C 2 
Chapter 10, Solution 75.

  2  10 3
1 1
C1  C 2  1 nF 
   -j500 k
jC1 j (2  10 )(1  10 -9 )
3

Consider the circuit shown below.

Let V s = 10V. 100 k

-j500 k -j500 k V2
+
V1 
40 k +
+
VS 100 k Vb
 Vo
20 k


At node 1,
[(V 1 –10)/(–j500k)] + [(V 1 –V o )/105] + [(V 1 –V 2 )/(–j500k)] = 0
or (1+j0.4)V 1 – j0.2V 2 – V o = j2 (1)

At node 2,
[(V 2 –V 1 )/(–j500k)] + [(V 2 –0)/100k] + 0 = 0 or
–j0.2V 1 + (1+j0.2)V 2 = 0 or V 1 = [–(1+j0.2)/(–j0.2)]V 2
= (1–j5)V 2 (2)

At node b,
R3 V
Vb = Vo  o  V 2 (3)
R3  R4 3

From (2) and (3),

V 1 = (0.3333–j1.6667)V o (4)

Substituting (3) and (4) into (1),

(1+j0.4)(0.3333–j1.6667)V o – j0.06667V o – V o = j2

(1+j0.4)(0.3333–j1.6667) = (1.07721.8˚)(1.6997–78.69˚)
= 1.8306–56.89˚ = 1–j1.5334
 (1–1+j(–1.5334–0.06667))V o = (–j1.6001)V o = 1.6001–90˚

Therefore,
V o = 290˚/(1.6001–90˚) = 1.2499180˚

Since V s = 10,

V o /V s = 0.12499180˚.
Chapter 10, Solution 76.

Let the voltage between the -jk  capacitor and the 10k  resistor be V 1.

230 o  V1 V1  Vo V1  Vo
  

 j4k 10k 20k (1)
230 o  (1  j0.6)V1  j0.6Vo
= 1.7321+j1

Also,
V1  Vo V
 o  V1  (1  j5)Vo (2)
10k  j2k

Solving (2) into (1) yields

230  (1  j0.6)(1  j5)Vo  j0.6Vo  (1  3  j0.6  j5  j6)Vo

= (4+j5)V o
230
Vo   0.3124  21.34 o V
6.40351.34

= 312.4–21.34˚ mV

I o = (V 1 –V o )/20k = V o /(–j4k) = (0.3124/4k)(–21.43+90)˚

= 78.168.57˚ µA

We can easily check this answer using MATLAM. Using equations (1) and (2) we can
identify the following matrix equations:

YV = I where

>> Y=[1-0.6i,0.6i;1,-1-0.5i]

Y=
1.0000 - 0.6000i 0 + 0.6000i
1.0000 -1.0000 - 5.0000i

>> I=[1.7321+1i;0]

I=
1.7321 + 1.0000i
0
>> V=inv(Y)*I

V=
0.8593 + 1.3410i
0.2909 - 0.1137i = V o = 312.3–21.35˚ mV. The answer checks.
Chapter 10, Solution 77.

Consider the circuit below.

R3

2 C2 R2
V1
R1 
+
1 V1 +
VS + Vo
C1



At node 1,
Vs  V1
 jC V1
R1
Vs  (1  jR 1C1 ) V1 (1)

At node 2,
0  V1 V1  Vo
  jC 2 (V1  Vo )
R3 R2
 R3 
V1  (Vo  V1 )   jC 2 R 3 
R2 
 1 
Vo  1   V1 (2)
 (R 3 R 2 )  jC 2 R 3 

From (1) and (2),

Vs  R2 
Vo  1  
1  jR 1C1  R 3  jC 2 R 2 R 3 

Vo R 2  R 3  jC 2 R 2 R 3

Vs (1  jR 1C 1 ) ( R 3  jC 2 R 2 R 3 )
Chapter 10, Solution 78.
2 sin(400t )   20,   400
1 1
0.5 F     - j5 k
jC j (400)(0.5  10 -6 )
1 1
0.25 F     - j10 k
jC j (400)(0.25  10 -6 )
Consider the circuit as shown below.

20 k

10 k V -j5 k V2
1
+
Vo

40 k
+
20 V -j10 k 10 k

20 k

At node 1,
2  V1 V V  V2 V1  Vo
 1  1 
10 - j10 - j5 20
4  (3  j6) V1  j4 V2  Vo (1)
At node 2,
V1  V2 V2

 j5 10
V1  (1  j0.5) V2 (2)
But
20 1
V2  Vo  Vo (3)
20  40 3
From (2) and (3),
1
V1   (1  j0.5) Vo (4)
3
Substituting (3) and (4) into (1) gives
1 4  1
4  (3  j6)   (1  j0.5) Vo  j Vo  Vo  1  j  Vo
3 3  6
24
Vo   3.945  9.46
6 j
Therefore,
v o ( t )  3.945sin(400t–9.46) V
Chapter 10, Solution 79.
0.5 cos(1000t )  0.50,   1000
1 1
0.1 F     - j10 k
jC j (1000)(0.1  10 -6 )
1 1
0.2 F     - j5 k
jC j (1000)(0.2  10 -6 )

Consider the circuit shown below.

20 k

-j10 k
40 k

10 k
 V1

+
+ + +
V s = 0.50 -j5 k
 Vo


- Zf
Since each stage is an inverter, we apply Vo  V to each stage.
Zi i
- 40
Vo  V1 (1)
- j5
and
- 20 || (- j10)
V1  Vs (2)
10

From (1) and (2),

 - j8  - ( 20)(-j10) 
Vo     0.50
 10  20  j10 
Vo  1.6 ( 2  j)  35.7826.56
Therefore, v o ( t )  3.578cos(1000t + 26.56) V
Chapter 10, Solution 80.

4 cos(1000t  60)  4  - 60,   1000

1 1
0.1 F     - j10 k
jC j (1000)(0.1  10 -6 )
1 1
0.2 F     - j5 k
jC j (1000)(0.2  10 -6 )

The two stages are inverters so that

 20 20  - j5 
Vo    (4 - 60)  V  
 - j10 50 o  10 
-j -j 2
  ( j2)  (4 - 60)   Vo
2 2 5
(1  j 5) Vo  4 - 60
4 - 60
Vo   3.922  - 71.31
1 j 5
Therefore, v o ( t )  3.922 cos(1000t – 71.31) V
 1

Chapter 10, Solution 81.

We need to get the capacitance and inductance corresponding to –j2  and j4 .

1 1
 j2   C   0.5 F
 X c 1x 2
X
j4   L  L  4H


The schematic is shown below.

When the circuit is simulated, we obtain the following from the output file.

FREQ VM(5) VP(5)

1.592E-01 1.127E+01 -1.281E+02

From this, we obtain

V o = 11.27128.1o V.
Chapter 10, Solution 82.

The schematic is shown below. We insert PRINT to print V o in the output file. For AC
Sweep, we set Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.1592, and End Freq = 0.1592. After
simulation, we print out the output file which includes:

FREQ VM($N_0001) VP($N_0001)

1.592 E-01 7.684 E+00 5.019 E+01

which means that V o = 7.68450.19o V

Chapter 10, Solution 83.

1000
The schematic is shown below. The frequency is f   / 2   159.15
2

When the circuit is saved and simulated, we obtain from the output file

FREQ VM(1) VP(1)

1.592E+02 6.611E+00 -1.592E+02

Thus,
v o = 6.611cos(1000t – 159.2o) V
Chapter 10, Solution 84.

The schematic is shown below. We set PRINT to print V o in the output file. In AC
Sweep box, we set Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.1592, and End Freq = 0.1592. After
simulation, we obtain the output file which includes:

FREQ VM($N_0003)
VP($N_0003)
1.592 E-01 1.664 E+00 –1.646
E+02

Namely, V o = 1.664–146.4o V
Chapter 10, Solution 85.

Using Fig. 10.127, design a problem to help other students to better understand performing AC
analysis with PSpice.

Although there are many ways to solve this problem, this is an example based on the same kind
of problem asked in the third edition.

Problem

Use PSpice to find V o in the circuit of Fig. 10.127. Let R 1 = 2 Ω, R 2 = 1 Ω, R 3 = 1 Ω, R 4 = 2 Ω,

I s = 20˚ A, X L = 1 Ω, and X C = 1 Ω.

Solution

The schematic is shown below. We let   1 rad/s so that L=1H and C=1F.

When the circuit is saved and simulated, we obtain from the output file

FREQ VM(1) VP(1)

1.591E-01 2.228E+00 -1.675E+02

From this, we conclude that

V o = 2.228–167.5° V.
Chapter 10, Solution 86.

The schematic is shown below. We insert three pseudocomponent PRINTs at nodes 1, 2,

and 3 to print V 1 , V 2 , and V 3 , into the output file. Assume that w = 1, we set Total Pts =
1, Start Freq = 0.1592, and End Freq = 0.1592. After saving and simulating the circuit,
we obtain the output file which includes:

FREQ VM($N_0002)
VP($N_0002)
1.592 E-01 6.000 E+01 3.000
E+01

FREQ VM($N_0003)
VP($N_0003)
1.592 E-01 2.367 E+02 -8.483
E+01

FREQ VM($N_0001)
VP($N_0001)
1.592 E-01 1.082 E+02 1.254
E+02

Therefore,

V 1 = 6030o V V 2 = 236.7-84.83o V V 3 = 108.2125.4o V

Chapter 10, Solution 87.

The schematic is shown below. We insert three PRINTs at nodes 1, 2, and 3. We set
Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.1592, End Freq = 0.1592 in the AC Sweep box. After
simulation, the output file includes:

FREQ VM($N_0004)
VP($N_0004)
1.592 E-01 1.591 E+01 1.696
E+02

FREQ VM($N_0001)
VP($N_0001)
1.592 E-01 5.172 E+00 -1.386
E+02

FREQ VM($N_0003)
VP($N_0003)
1.592 E-01 2.270 E+00 -1.524
E+02

Therefore,

V 1 = 15.91169.6o V V 2 = 5.172-138.6o V V 3 = 2.27-152.4o V

Chapter 10, Solution 88.

The schematic is shown below. We insert IPRINT and PRINT to print I o and V o in the
output file. Since w = 4, f = w/2 = 0.6366, we set Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.6366,
and End Freq = 0.6366 in the AC Sweep box. After simulation, the output file includes:

FREQ VM($N_0002)
VP($N_0002)
6.366 E-01 3.496 E+01 1.261
E+01

FREQ IM(V_PRINT2) IP
(V_PRINT2)
6.366 E-01 8.912 E-01
-8.870 E+01

Therefore, V o = 34.9612.6o V, I o = 0.8912-88.7o A

v o = 34.96 cos(4t + 12.6o)V, i o = 0.8912cos(4t – 88.7o )A

Chapter 10, Solution 89.

Consider the circuit below.

R1 R2 R3 C R4
V in 2 V in 4
1 3
I in
+ V in
 
+ + 

At node 1,
0  Vin Vin  V2

R1 R2
R
- Vin  V2  2 Vin
R1
(1)

At node 3,
V2  Vin Vin  V4

R3 1 jC
Vin  V2
- Vin  V4 
jCR 3
(2)

From (1) and (2),

- R2
- Vin  V4  V
jCR 3 R 1 in

Thus,
Vin  V4 R2
I in   V
R4 jCR 3 R 1 R 4 in

Vin jCR 1R 3 R 4
Z in    jL eq
I in R2

R 1R 3 R 4C
where L eq 
R2
Chapter 10, Solution 90.

1 R
Let Z 4  R || 
jC 1  jRC
1 1  jRC
Z3  R  
jC jC

Consider the circuit shown below.

Z3 R1

Vi +
+ Vo


Z4 R2

Z4 R2
Vo  Vi  V
Z3  Z 4 R1  R 2 i

R
Vo 1  jC R2
 
Vi R 1  jRC R 1  R 2

1  jC jC

jRC R2
 
jRC  (1  jRC) 2
R1  R 2

Vo jRC R2
 
Vi 1   R C  j3RC R 1  R 2
2 2 2

Vo
For Vo and Vi to be in phase, must be purely real. This happens when
Vi
1  2 R 2 C 2  0
1
  2f
RC
1
or f
2RC
At this frequency,
Vo 1 R2
Av   
Vi 3 R 1  R 2
Chapter 10, Solution 91.

(a) Let V2  voltage at the noninverting terminal of the op amp

Vo  output voltage of the op amp
Z p  10 k  R o
1
Z s  R  jL 
jC

As in Section 10.9,
V2 Zp Ro
 
Vo Z s  Z p j
R  R o  jL 
C
V2 CR o

Vo C (R  R o )  j ( 2 LC  1)

For this to be purely real,

1
o2 LC  1  0 
 o 
LC
1 1
fo  
2 LC 2 (0.4  10 -3 )(2  10 -9 )

f o  180 kHz

(b) At oscillation,
V2 o CR o Ro
 
Vo o C (R  R o ) R  R o

This must be compensated for by

Vo 80
Av   1 5
V2 20

Ro 1
 
 R  4R o  40 k
R  Ro 5
Chapter 10, Solution 92.

Let V2  voltage at the noninverting terminal of the op amp

Vo  output voltage of the op amp
Zs  R o
1 1 RL
Z p  jL || || R  
jC 1 1 L  jR ( 2 LC  1)
 jC 
R jL

As in Section 10.9,
RL
V2 Zp L  jR (2 LC  1)
 
Vo Z s  Z p RL
Ro 
L  jR (2 LC  1)
V2 RL

Vo RL  R o L  jR o R (2 LC  1)

For this to be purely real,

1
o2 LC  1 
 f o 
2 LC

(a) At   o ,
V2 o RL R
 
Vo o RL  o R o L R  R o

This must be compensated for by

Vo Rf 1000k
Av   1  1  11
V2 Ro 100k

Hence,
R 1
 
 R o  10R  100 k
R  R o 11

1
(b) fo 
2 (10  10 -6 )(2  10 -9 )
f o  1.125 MHz
Chapter 10, Solution 93.

As shown below, the impedance of the feedback is

jL

1 1 ZT
jC2 jC1

1  1 
ZT  ||  jL  
jC1  jC 2 

-j  -j 
 jL   1
 LC 2
C1  C 2  
ZT  
-j -j j (C1  C 2   2 LC1C 2 )
 jL 
C1 C 2

In order for Z T to be real, the imaginary term must be zero; i.e.

C1  C 2  o2 LC1 C 2  0
C  C2 1
o2  1 
LC1C 2 LC T
1
fo 
2 LC T
Chapter 10, Solution 94.

If we select C1  C 2  20 nF
C1 C 2 C1
CT    10 nF
C1  C 2 2

1
Since f o  ,
2 LC T
1 1
L   10.13 mH
(2f ) C T (4 )(2500  10 6 )(10  10 -9 )
2 2

1 1
Xc    159 
C 2 ( 2 )(50  10 3 )(20  10 -9 )

We may select R i  20 k and R f  R i , say R f  20 k .

Thus,
C1  C 2  20 nF, L  10.13 mH R f  R i  20 k
Chapter 10, Solution 95.

First, we find the feedback impedance.

C

ZT
L2 L1

 1 
Z T  jL1 ||  jL 2  
 jC 

 j 
jL1  jL 2  
 C  2 L1C (1  L 2 )
ZT  
j j (2 C (L1  L 2 )  1)
jL1  jL 2 
C

In order for Z T to be real, the imaginary term must be zero; i.e.

o2 C (L 1  L 2 )  1  0
1
 o  2 f o 
C (L1  L 2 )
1
fo 
2 C ( L1  L2 )
Chapter 10, Solution 96.

(a) Consider the feedback portion of the circuit, as shown below.

jL R
V1 V2

+
Vo R jL


jL R  jL
V2  V 
 V1  V2 (1)
R  jL 1 jL

Applying KCL at node 1,

Vo  V1 V1 V1
 
jL R R  jL

1 1 
Vo  V1  jL V1   
 R R  jL 

 j2RL  2 L2 
Vo  V1 1  
 R (R  jL) 
(2)

From (1) and (2),

 R  jL  j2RL  2 L2 
Vo   1  V
 jL  R (R  jL)  2

Vo R 2  jRL  j2RL  2 L2

V2 jRL

V2 1

Vo R  2 L2
2
3
jRL

V2 1

Vo 3  j (L R  R L )
 V2
(b) Since the ratio must be real,
Vo
o L R
 0
R o L
R2
o L 
o L
R
 o  2 f o 
L
R
fo 
2 L

(c) When   o
V2 1

Vo 3

This must be compensated for by A v  3 . But

R2
Av  1 3
R1
R 2  2 R1
Chapter 11, Solution 1.

v( t )  160 cos(50t )
i(t) = –33sin(50t–30˚) = 33cos(50t–30˚+180˚–90˚) = 33cos(50t+60˚)

p(t) = v(t)i(t) = 160x33cos(50t)cos(50t+60˚)

= 5280(1/2)[cos(100t+60˚)+cos(60˚)] = [1.320+2.640cos(100t+60˚)] kW.

P = [V m I m /2]cos(0–60˚) = 0.5x160x33x0.5 = 1.320 kW.